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Hushmandi K, Saadat SH, Raei M, Aref AR, Reiter RJ, Nabavi N, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M. The science of exosomes: Understanding their formation, capture, and role in cellular communication. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 259:155388. [PMID: 38850846 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as a crucial method for transferring information among cells, which is vital in multicellular organisms. Among these vesicles, exosomes are notable for their small size, ranging from 20 to 150 nm, and their role in cell-to-cell communication. They carry lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids between cells. The creation of exosomes begins with the inward budding of the cell membrane, which then encapsulates various macromolecules as cargo. Once filled, exosomes are released into the extracellular space and taken up by target cells via endocytosis and similar processes. The composition of exosomal cargo varies, encompassing diverse macromolecules with specific functions. Because of their significant roles, exosomes have been isolated from various cell types, including cancer cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, and mesenchymal cells, with the aim of harnessing them for therapeutic applications. Exosomes influence cellular metabolism, and regulate lipid, glucose, and glutamine pathways. Their role in pathogenesis is determined by their cargo, which can manipulate processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, migration, and other molecular pathways in recipient cells. Non-coding RNA transcripts, a common type of cargo, play a pivotal role in regulating disease progression. Exosomes are implicated in numerous biological and pathological processes, including inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, wound healing, and ischemic-reperfusion injury. As a result, they hold significant potential in the treatment of both cancerous and non-cancerous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Hushmandi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hassan Saadat
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. Boston, MA, USA; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Chen Y, Yang F, Shi Y, Sheng J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhou J, Jin Y, Yan Y. RNF31 alleviates liver steatosis by promoting p53/BNIP3-related mitophagy in hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 219:163-179. [PMID: 38615890 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the liver illnesses that may be affected by mitophagy, which is the selective removal of damaged mitochondria. RNF31, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is carcinogenic in many malignancies. However, the influence of RNF31 on mitochondrial homeostasis and NAFLD development remains unknown. METHODS Oleic-palmitic acid treated hepatocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were established to observe the effect of RNF31 on hepatocyte mitophagy and steatosis. Mitophagy processes were comprehensively assessed by mt-Keima fluorescence imaging, while global changes in hepatic gene expression were measured by RNA-seq. RESULTS The present study discovered a reduction in RNF31 expression in lipotoxic hepatocytes with mitochondrial dysfunction. The observed decrease in RNF31 expression was associated with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, disturbed mitophagy, and increased steatosis. Additionally, the findings indicated that RNF31 is a pivotal factor in the initiation of mitophagy and the facilitation of mitochondrial homeostasis, resulting in a decrease in steatosis in lipotoxic hepatocytes. Mechanistically, RNF31 enhanced p53 ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Down-regulation of p53 led to increased expression of the mitophagy receptor protein BCL2 and adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), thereby promoting mitophagy in hepatocytes. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the transportation of RNF31 via small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells (referred to as sEV) had a substantial influence on reducing hepatic steatosis and restoring liver function in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight RNF31's essential role in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis in hepatocytes, emphasizing its potential as a therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, 213017, Changzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fuji Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, 213017, Changzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yujie Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, 213017, Changzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jingyu Sheng
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University (Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), 213017, Changzhou, China
| | - Yanjin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, 213017, Changzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, 213017, Changzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University (Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), 213017, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University (Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), 213017, Changzhou, China
| | - Yongmin Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, 213017, Changzhou, China; Wujin Institute of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine of Jiangsu University, 213017, Changzhou, China.
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Abid AI, Conzatti G, Toti F, Anton N, Vandamme T. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as cell free nanotherapeutics and nanocarriers. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2024; 61:102769. [PMID: 38914247 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2024.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Many strategies for regenerating the damaged tissues or degenerating cells are employed in regenerative medicine. Stem cell technology is a modern strategy of the recent approaches, particularly the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MCSs). The ability of MSCs to differentiate as well as their characteristic behaviour as paracrine effector has established them as key elements in tissue repair (Shaer et al., 20141). Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed by MSCs have emerged as a promising cell free therapy (Citation}Rani, S., Ryan, A. E., Griffin, M. D., and Ritter, T., 20152). This comprehensive review encompasses MSCs-derived exosomes and their therapeutic potential as nanotherapeutics. We also discuss their potency as drug delivery nano-carriers in comparison with liposomes. A better knowledge of EVs behaviour in vivo and of their mechanism of action are key to determine parameters of an optimal formulation in pilot studies and to establish industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Imran Abid
- UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Guillaume Conzatti
- UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
| | - Florence Toti
- UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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4
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Wang P, Chen W, Li B, Yang S, Li W, Zhao S, Ning J, Zhou X, Cheng F. Exosomes on the development and progression of renal fibrosis. Cell Prolif 2024:e13677. [PMID: 38898750 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a prevalent pathological alteration that occurs throughout the progression of primary and secondary renal disorders towards end-stage renal disease. As a complex and irreversible pathophysiological phenomenon, it includes a sequence of intricate regulatory processes at the molecular and cellular levels. Exosomes are a distinct category of extracellular vesicles that play a crucial role in facilitating intercellular communication. Multiple pathways are regulated by exosomes produced by various cell types, including tubular epithelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells, in the context of renal fibrosis. Furthermore, research has shown that exosomes present in bodily fluids, including urine and blood, may be indicators of renal fibrosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of exosomes in renal fibrosis has not been fully elucidated. This article reviewed and analysed the various mechanisms by which exosomes regulate renal fibrosis, which may provide new ideas for further study of the pathophysiological process of renal fibrosis and targeted treatment of renal fibrosis with exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihan Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Wu Chen
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Bojun Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Songyuan Yang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhuo Ning
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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Chen SY, Liu PQ, Qin DX, Lv H, Zhou HQ, Xu Y. E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4L inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition by suppressing the β-catenin/HIF-1α positive feedback loop in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:831-843. [PMID: 38052867 PMCID: PMC10943232 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP) is a refractory inflammatory disease with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as one of the key features. Since ubiquitin modification has been shown to regulate the EMT process in other diseases, targeting ubiquitin ligases may be a potential strategy for the treatment of CRSwNP. In this study we investigated whether certain E3 ubiquitin ligases could regulate the EMT process in CRSwNP, and whether these regulations could be the potential drug targets as well as the underlying mechanisms. After screening the potential drug target by bioinformatic analyses, the expression levels of three potential E3 ubiquitin ligases were compared among the control, eosinophilic nasal polyp (ENP) and non-eosinophilic nasal polyp (NENP) group in clinical samples, and the significant decrement of the expression level of NEDD4L was found. Then, IP-MS, bioinformatics and immunohistochemistry studies suggested that low NEDD4L expression may be associated with the EMT process. In human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) and human nasal epithelial cell line RPMI 2650, knockdown of NEDD4L promoted EMT, while upregulating NEDD4L reversed this effect, suggesting that NEDD4L inhibited EMT in nasal epithelial cells. IP-MS and Co-IP studies revealed that NEDD4L mediated the degradation of DDR1. We demonstrated that NEDD4L inhibited the β-catenin/HIF-1α positive feedback loop either directly (degrading β-catenin and HIF-1α) or indirectly (mediating DDR1 degradation). These results were confirmed in a murine NP model in vivo. This study for the first time reveals the regulatory role of ubiquitin in the EMT process of nasal epithelial cells, and identifies a novel drug target NEDD4L, which has promising efficacy against both ENP and NENP by suppressing β-catenin/HIF-1α positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Pei-Qiang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Dan-Xue Qin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hao Lv
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hui-Qin Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Department of Rhinology and Allergy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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6
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Li SJ, Cheng RJ, Wei SX, Xia ZJ, Pu YY, Liu Y. Advances in mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles therapy for Sjogren's syndrome-related dry eye disease. Exp Eye Res 2023; 237:109716. [PMID: 37951337 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects exocrine glands, particularly lacrimal glands, leading to dry eye disease (DED). DED is a common ocular surface disease that affects millions of people worldwide, causing discomfort, visual impairment, and even blindness in severe cases. However, there is no definitive cure for DED, and existing treatments primarily relieve symptoms. Consequently, there is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies based on the pathophysiology of DED. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic tool for various autoimmune disorders, including SS-related DED (SS-DED). A particularly intriguing facet of MSCs is their ability to produce extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain various bioactive components such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These molecules play a key role in facilitating communication between cells and modulating a wide range of biological processes. Importantly, MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) have therapeutic properties similar to those of their parent cells, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties. In addition, MSC-EVs offer several notable advantages over intact MSCs, including lower immunogenicity, reduced risk of tumorigenicity, and greater convenience in terms of storage and transport. In this review, we elucidate the underlying mechanisms of SS-DED and discuss the relevant mechanisms and targets of MSC-EVs in treating SS-DED. In addition, we comprehensively review the broader landscape of EV application in autoimmune and corneal diseases. This review focuses on the efficacy of MSC-EVs in treating SS-DED, a field of study that holds considerable appeal due to its multifaceted regulation of immune responses and regenerative functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jia Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, 264099, China
| | - Rui-Juan Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Shi-Xiong Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zi-Jing Xia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yao-Yu Pu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Wang K, Liao Q, Chen X. Research progress on the mechanism of renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18723. [PMID: 37593609 PMCID: PMC10428074 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common result for various chronic kidney diseases developing to the end stage. It is a pathological process characterized by the destruction of normal kidney structure and the subsequent replacement with fibrous tissue, which primarily involves fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. Obstruction is a common cause of renal fibrosis, and obstructive renal fibrosis is a common disease in urology. Obstructive renal fibrosis, characterized by its insidious onset, is the result of a complex interplay of multiple factors. These factors encompass renal tubular epithelial cell injury, the presence of a hypoxic microenvironment in affected kidney tissue, inflammatory cell infiltration, release of inflammatory mediators, and the release of renal fibrosis growth factors, among others. This paper reviews the research progress on the mechanism and treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangning Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410008, China
| | - Qiuling Liao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Urology Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410008, China
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8
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Han YP, Liu LJ, Yan JL, Chen MY, Meng XF, Zhou XR, Qian LB. Autophagy and its therapeutic potential in diabetic nephropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139444. [PMID: 37020591 PMCID: PMC10067862 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, is the most significant microvascular complication of diabetes and poses a severe public health concern due to a lack of effective clinical treatments. Autophagy is a lysosomal process that degrades damaged proteins and organelles to preserve cellular homeostasis. Emerging studies have shown that disorder in autophagy results in the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles in diabetic renal cells and promotes the development of DN. Autophagy is regulated by nutrient-sensing pathways including AMPK, mTOR, and Sirt1, and several intracellular stress signaling pathways such as oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. An abnormal nutritional status and excess cellular stresses caused by diabetes-related metabolic disorders disturb the autophagic flux, leading to cellular dysfunction and DN. Here, we summarized the role of autophagy in DN focusing on signaling pathways to modulate autophagy and therapeutic interferences of autophagy in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Lin Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Fei Meng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Ru Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Bo Qian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Isaković J, Šerer K, Barišić B, Mitrečić D. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for neurological disorders: The light or the dark side of the force? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1139359. [PMID: 36926687 PMCID: PMC10011535 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1139359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are recognized as major causes of death and disability worldwide. Because of this, they represent one of the largest public health challenges. With awareness of the massive burden associated with these disorders, came the recognition that treatment options were disproportionately scarce and, oftentimes, ineffective. To address these problems, modern research is increasingly looking into novel, more effective methods to treat neurological patients; one of which is cell-based therapies. In this review, we present a critical analysis of the features, challenges, and prospects of one of the stem cell types that can be employed to treat numerous neurological disorders-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Despite the fact that several studies have already established the safety of MSC-based treatment approaches, there are still some reservations within the field regarding their immunocompatibility, heterogeneity, stemness stability, and a range of adverse effects-one of which is their tumor-promoting ability. We additionally examine MSCs' mechanisms of action with respect to in vitro and in vivo research as well as detail the findings of past and ongoing clinical trials for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, ischemic stroke, glioblastoma multiforme, and multiple sclerosis. Finally, this review discusses prospects for MSC-based therapeutics in the form of biomaterials, as well as the use of electromagnetic fields to enhance MSCs' proliferation and differentiation into neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Isaković
- Omnion Research International, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klara Šerer
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Barišić
- University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dinko Mitrečić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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Lu Y, Wang L, Zhang M, Chen Z. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Approach for Kidney Disease Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3603-3618. [PMID: 35990308 PMCID: PMC9386173 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s372254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, kidney disease has become a serious health challenge, with approximately 10% of adults suffering with the disease, and increasing incidence and mortality rates every year. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are 30 nm-100 nm sized nanovesicles released by cells into the extracellular matrix (ECM), which serve as mediators of intercellular communication. Depending on the cell origin, sEVs have different roles which depend on internal cargoes including, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) exert anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and wound healing functions mainly via sEVs in a stable and safe manner. MSC-derived sEVs (MSC-sEVs) exert roles in several kidney diseases by transporting renoprotective cargoes to reduce oxidative stress, inhibit renal cell apoptosis, suppress inflammation, and mediate anti-fibrosis mechanisms. Additionally, because MSC-sEVs efficiently target damaged kidneys, they have the potential to become the next generation cell-free therapies for kidney disease. Herein, we review recent research data on how MSC-sEVs could be used to treat kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukang Lu
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanfeng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
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Zhao Y, Guo C, Zeng L, Li J, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhao K, Chen B. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Fibrosis by Enhancing Autophagy via Inhibiting Galectin-3/Akt/mTOR Pathway and by Alleviating the EMT via Inhibiting Galectin-3/Akt/GSK3β/Snail Pathway in NRK-52E Fibrosis. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 16:52-65. [PMID: 35483714 PMCID: PMC9978829 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the origins of myofibroblasts in renal interstitial fibrosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) alleviating EMT has been proved, but the concrete mechanism is unclear. To explore the mechanism, serum-free MSCs conditioned medium (SF-MSCs-CM) was used to treat rat renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) fibrosis induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) which ameliorated EMT. Methods and Results Galectin-3 knockdown (Gal-3 KD) and overexpression (Gal-3 OE) lentiviral vectors were established and transfected into NRK-52E. NRK-52E fibrosis model was induced by TGF-β1 and treated with the SF-MSCs-CM for 24 h after modelling. Fibrosis and autophagy related indexes were detected by western blot and immunocytochemistry. In model group, the expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN), Galectin-3, Snail, Kim-1, and the ratios of P-Akt/Akt, P-GSK3β/GSK3β, P-PI3K/PI3K, P-mTOR/mTOR, TIMP1/MMP9, and LC3B-II/I were obviously increased, and E-Cadherin (E-cad) and P62 decreased significantly compared with control group. SF-MSCs-CM showed an opposite trend after treatment compared with model group. Whether in Gal-3 KD or Gal-3 OE NRK-52E cells, SF-MSCs-CM also showed similar trends. However, the effects of anti-fibrosis and enhanced autophagy in Gal-3 KD cells were more obvious than those in Gal-3 OE cells. Conclusions SF-MSCs-CM probably alleviated the EMT via inhibiting Galectin-3/Akt/GSK3β/Snail pathway. Meanwhile, Gal-3 KD possibly enhanced autophagy via inhibiting Galectin-3/Akt/mTOR pathway, which synergistically ameliorated renal fibrosis. Targeting galectin-3 may be a potential target for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lianlin Zeng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jialing Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,Correspondence to Bo Chen, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No.1, Section 1, Lingxiang Road, Matan Long District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China, Tel: +86-08303160545, E-mail: ,
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