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Zhai X, Tao X, Wu Y, Jin K, Tan H, Zhou T, Chen Y. Injectable and Self-Adaptive Gel Scaffold Based on Heparin Microspheres for Adipogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4663-4671. [PMID: 37722066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
An injectable and self-adaptive heparin microsphere-based cell scaffold was developed to achieve adipose regeneration. Simultaneously, the cell scaffold exhibited a dynamic architecture, self-regulated glucose levels, sustained insulin delivery, and steady viscoelastic properties for adipogenesis. The dynamic cell scaffold is cross-linked by the boronate-diol interaction among heparin-based microspheres, which have boronate and maltose groups. Because of the boronate-maltose ester bonds, the gelatinous complex would be partially dismantled and readily display glucose-sensitive performance by free glucose via competitive displacement. The dynamic cross-linking heparin microsphere scaffold can deliver the lipogenic drug insulin to enhance lipid filling, which has an impact on fat tissue enhancement. A 4-week in vitro cell culture demonstrated that the dynamic heparin microsphere-based cell scaffold, through loading with insulin, showed significantly higher efficiency in promoting ASC differentiation compared with traditional 3D culture methods. In vivo histological results further demonstrated that there was a significant increase in adipose in the proposed cell scaffold, which proved to be statistically significant compared with traditional biomaterials. Notable stain expression of the FABP4 and PPAR-γ genes was also observed in the dynamic cell scaffold containing insulin, which was more similar to natural fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xinwei Tao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuqian Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Kesun Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Huaping Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Tianle Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
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2
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Lee SM, Ko EB, Go RE, Lee HK, Choi KC. Effect of the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil on cell proliferation and cardiac differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 104:76-84. [PMID: 34280493 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fludioxnil is extensively used as a fungicide in agricultural application, but its possible impact on embryonic development is not yet well understood. In this study, the potential effect of fludioxonil on cardiac differentiation was evaluated in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). The water-soluble tetrazolium (WST) and colony formation assays were conducted to confirm the effect of fludioxonil on proliferation of mESCs. The effect of fludioxonil on the ability of mESCs to form mouse embryoid bodies (mEBs) was determined by the hanging drop assay, whereas the ability of cardiomyocyte differentiation in the early stage was evaluated by determining the beating ratio (ratio of the number of contracting cells to the number of attached EBs) of cardiomyocytes. The viability of mESCs was significantly decreased (less than 50 %) at 10-5 M fludioxonil. Results of the colony formation assay revealed suppressed colony formation at 10-5 M fludioxonil (about 50 % at 5 days). Furthermore, the expressions of cell-cycle related proteins, i.e., cyclin D1, cyclin E, p21 and p27, were altered and trending towards inhibiting cell growth. Exposure to fludioxonil also resulted in reduced size of the mEB and induced increasing expression levels of the pluripotency markers Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog. Development of the beating ratio in the process of differentiation to cardiomyocytes derived from mESCs was completely inhibited after exposure to 10-5 M fludioxonil during the early stage of differentiation (day 5), whereas the beating ratio gradually increased after 5-day treatment. Simultaneously, expressions of the cardiomyocyte-related proteins, Gata4, Hand1 and cTnI, were inhibited after exposure to 10-5 M fludioxonil. Taken together, these results imply that fludioxonil may impact on the developmental process of mESCs, particularly the cardiac lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Moo Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eul-Bee Ko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Eun Go
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Roy V, Lamontagne R, Talagas M, Touzel-Deschênes L, Khuong HT, Saikali S, Dupré N, Gros-Louis F. Biofabrication of a three dimensional human-based personalized neurofibroma model. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000250. [PMID: 33689228 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromas are the most characteristic feature of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a multisystemic disorder caused by aberrations in the neurofibromin gene (NF1). Despite significant progress over the last several years in understanding this disease, a suitable in vitro model to better mimic neurofibroma formation and growth has yet to be described. There is therefore a need to establish an in vitro, three dimensional model that allows the incorporation of multicellular lineages and the modulation of the cellular microenvironment-known to be important for cellular crosstalk and distribution of soluble factors-to study neurofibroma biology and morphogenesis. A self-assembly approach was used to generate tissue-engineered skins (TES) in which patient-derived spheroids made of NF1-associated Schwann cells and fibroblasts were seeded. We describe the first in vitro three dimensional neurofibroma model-directly derived from NF1 patients presenting with histopathological features-having an ECM protein expression profile quite similar to that of a native tumor. We observed efficient incorporation, proliferation, and migration of spheroids within NF1-TES over time. This biotechnological approach could provide a unique tool for precision medicine targeting NF1 and for assessing the tumorigenic properties of each NF1 gene mutation linked to tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Roy
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada.,Division of Regenerative Medicine, LOEX, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Rémy Lamontagne
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada.,Division of Regenerative Medicine, LOEX, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Matthieu Talagas
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada.,Laboratory on Interactions Neurons Keratinocytes (EA4685), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France.,Department of Pathology, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Lydia Touzel-Deschênes
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, LOEX, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Hélène T Khuong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada.,Division of Regenerative Medicine, LOEX, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Stéphan Saikali
- Department of Medical Biology, CHU de Québec, Division of Anatomic Pathology and Neuropathology, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, LOEX, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada.,Division of Neurosciences, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada
| | - François Gros-Louis
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada.,Division of Regenerative Medicine, LOEX, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec City, Canada
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4
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Roy V, Magne B, Vaillancourt-Audet M, Blais M, Chabaud S, Grammond E, Piquet L, Fradette J, Laverdière I, Moulin VJ, Landreville S, Germain L, Auger FA, Gros-Louis F, Bolduc S. Human Organ-Specific 3D Cancer Models Produced by the Stromal Self-Assembly Method of Tissue Engineering for the Study of Solid Tumors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6051210. [PMID: 32352002 PMCID: PMC7178531 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6051210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer research has considerably progressed with the improvement of in vitro study models, helping to understand the key role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer development and progression. Over the last few years, complex 3D human cell culture systems have gained much popularity over in vivo models, as they accurately mimic the tumor microenvironment and allow high-throughput drug screening. Of particular interest, in vitrohuman 3D tissue constructs, produced by the self-assembly method of tissue engineering, have been successfully used to model the tumor microenvironment and now represent a very promising approach to further develop diverse cancer models. In this review, we describe the importance of the tumor microenvironment and present the existing in vitro cancer models generated through the self-assembly method of tissue engineering. Lastly, we highlight the relevance of this approach to mimic various and complex tumors, including basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous neurofibroma, skin melanoma, bladder cancer, and uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Roy
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Brice Magne
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Maude Vaillancourt-Audet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Blais
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Chabaud
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Emil Grammond
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Léo Piquet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Laverdière
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique J. Moulin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Solange Landreville
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François A. Auger
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François Gros-Louis
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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5
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Hoyle HW, Smith LA, Williams RJ, Przyborski SA. Applications of novel bioreactor technology to enhance the viability and function of cultured cells and tissues. Interface Focus 2020; 10:20190090. [PMID: 32194933 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the field of tissue engineering continues to advance rapidly, so too does the complexity of cell culture techniques used to generate in vitro tissue constructs, with the overall aim of mimicking the in vivo microenvironment. This complexity typically comes at a cost with regards to the size of the equipment required and associated expenses. We have developed a small, low-cost bioreactor system which overcomes some of the issues of typical bioreactor systems while retaining a suitable scale for the formation of complex tissues. Herein, we have tested this system with three cell populations/tissues: the culture of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, where an improved structure and basic metabolic function is seen; the culture of human pluripotent stem cells, in which the cultures can form more heterogeneous tissues resembling the in vivo teratoma and ex vivo liver tissue slices, in which improved maintenance of cellular viability is seen over the 3 days tested. This system has the flexibility to be used for a variety of further uses and has the potential to provide a more accessible alternative to current bioreactor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Hoyle
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - L A Smith
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - R J Williams
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - S A Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.,Reprocell Europe Ltd, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, UK
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6
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Advanced developmental toxicity test method based on embryoid body’s area. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 72:74-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.06.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Kang HY, Choi YK, Jeung EB. Inhibitory effect of progesterone during early embryonic development: Suppression of myocardial differentiation and calcium-related transcriptome by progesterone in mESCs: Progesterone disturb cardiac differentiation of mESCs through lower cytosolic Ca(2.). Reprod Toxicol 2016; 64:169-79. [PMID: 27264040 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone (PG) and its derivates are used in prevention of spontaneous miscarriage. However, some studies have reported that exposure to PG and its derivates during pregnancy can cause malformations and affect both blood pressure and the cardiovascular system. The effect of PG on cardiomyogenesis of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is not well known. Expression of Pgr mRNA showed an opposite pattern of beating-ratio during differentiation. PG treatment resulted in reduction of the beating ratio to 60.45±1.54% from 92.17±2.98% in normal differentiation, reduced transcripts of heart morphogenesis and Ca(2+) binding-related genes in the next generation sequencing data and significantly decreased expression levels of Ca(2+)/contraction-related genes including Ryr2, Calm2, Trpv2, and Mylk3, the intracellular Ca(2+) level, and the beating frequency. These results suggest that PG exerts inhibitory effects on differentiation of mESCs into functional cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Schmelzer E, Gerlach JC. Multicompartmental Hollow-Fiber-Based Bioreactors for Dynamic Three-Dimensional Perfusion Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1502:1-19. [PMID: 27075977 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2016_335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The creation of larger-scale three-dimensional tissue constructs depends on proper medium mass and gas exchange, as well as removal of metabolites, which cannot be achieved in conventional static two-dimensional petri dish culture. In cultures of tissue-density this problem can be addressed by decentral perfusion through artificial micro-capillaries. While the static medium exchange in petri dishes leads to metabolite peaks, perfusion culture provides a dynamic medium supply, thereby preventing non-physiological peaks. To overcome the limitations of conventional static two-dimensional culture, a three-dimensional perfusion bioreactor technology has been developed, providing decentral and high-performance mass exchange as well as integral oxygenation. Similar to organ systems in vivo, the perfusion with medium provides nutrition and removes waste metabolites, and the perfusion with gas delivers oxygen and carbon dioxide for pH regulation. Such bioreactors are available at various dimensions ranging from 0.2 to 800 mL cell compartment volumes (manufactured by StemCell Systems, Berlin, Germany). Here, we describe in detail the setup and maintenance of a small-scale 4-chamber bioreactor with its tubing circuit and perfusion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schmelzer
- University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 3025 E. Carson St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA.
| | - Jörg C Gerlach
- University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 3025 E. Carson St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
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9
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Knöspel F, Freyer N, Stecklum M, Gerlach JC, Zeilinger K. Periodic harvesting of embryonic stem cells from a hollow-fiber membrane based four-compartment bioreactor. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:141-51. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Maria Stecklum
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH; Berlin Germany
| | - Jörg C. Gerlach
- McGowan Inst. for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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10
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Pettinato G, Wen X, Zhang N. Engineering Strategies for the Formation of Embryoid Bodies from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1595-609. [PMID: 25900308 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are powerful tools for regenerative therapy and studying human developmental biology, attributing to their ability to differentiate into many functional cell types in the body. The main challenge in realizing hPSC potential is to guide their differentiation in a well-controlled manner. One way to control the cell differentiation process is to recapitulate during in vitro culture the key events in embryogenesis to obtain the three developmental germ layers from which all cell types arise. To achieve this goal, many techniques have been tested to obtain a cellular cluster, an embryoid body (EB), from both mouse and hPSCs. Generation of EBs that are homogeneous in size and shape would allow directed hPSC differentiation into desired cell types in a more synchronous manner and define the roles of cell-cell interaction and spatial organization in lineage specification in a setting similar to in vivo embryonic development. However, previous success in uniform EB formation from mouse PSCs cannot be extrapolated to hPSCs possibly due to the destabilization of adherens junctions on cell surfaces during the dissociation into single cells, making hPSCs extremely vulnerable to cell death. Recently, new advances have emerged to form uniform human embryoid bodies (hEBs) from dissociated single cells of hPSCs. In this review, the existing methods for hEB production from hPSCs and the results on the downstream differentiation of the hEBs are described with emphases on the efficiency, homogeneity, scalability, and reproducibility of the hEB formation process and the yield in terminal differentiation. New trends in hEB production and directed differentiation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.,2 Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xuejun Wen
- 2 Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.,3 Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
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11
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Minteer DM, Young MT, Lin YC, Over PJ, Rubin JP, Gerlach JC, Marra KG. Analysis of type II diabetes mellitus adipose-derived stem cells for tissue engineering applications. J Tissue Eng 2015; 6:2041731415579215. [PMID: 26090087 PMCID: PMC4456321 DOI: 10.1177/2041731415579215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the functionality of diabetic adipose-derived stem cells in tissue engineering applications, adipose-derived stem cells isolated from patients with and without type II diabetes mellitus were cultured in bioreactor culture systems. The adipose-derived stem cells were differentiated into adipocytes and maintained as functional adipocytes. The bioreactor system utilizes a hollow fiber–based technology for three-dimensional perfusion of tissues in vitro, creating a model in which long-term culture of adipocytes is feasible, and providing a potential tool useful for drug discovery. Daily metabolic activity of the adipose-derived stem cells was analyzed within the medium recirculating throughout the bioreactor system. At experiment termination, tissues were extracted from bioreactors for immunohistological analyses in addition to gene and protein expression. Type II diabetic adipose-derived stem cells did not exhibit significantly different glucose consumption compared to adipose-derived stem cells from patients without type II diabetes (p > 0.05, N = 3). Expression of mature adipocyte genes was not significantly different between diabetic/non-diabetic groups (p > 0.05, N = 3). Protein expression of adipose tissue grown within all bioreactors was verified by Western blotting.The results from this small-scale study reveal adipose-derived stem cells from patients with type II diabetes when removed from diabetic environments behave metabolically similar to the same cells of non-diabetic patients when cultured in a three-dimensional perfusion bioreactor, suggesting that glucose transport across the adipocyte cell membrane, the hindrance of which being characteristic of type II diabetes, is dependent on environment. The presented observation describes a tissue-engineered tool for long-term cell culture and, following future adjustments to the culture environment and increased sample sizes, potentially for anti-diabetic drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew T Young
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yen-Chih Lin
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Over
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Peter Rubin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jorg C Gerlach
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kacey G Marra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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12
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Pekor C, Gerlach JC, Nettleship I, Schmelzer E. Induction of Hepatic and Endothelial Differentiation by Perfusion in a Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Model of Human Fetal Liver. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:705-15. [PMID: 25559936 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of functional engineered tissue constructs depends on high cell densities and appropriate vascularization. In this study we implemented a four-compartment three-dimensional perfusion bioreactor culture model for studying the effects of medium perfusion on endothelial, hepatic, and hematopoietic cell populations of primary human fetal liver in an in vivo-like environment. Human fetal liver cells were cultured in bioreactors configured to provide either perfusion or diffusion conditions. Metabolic activities of the cultures were monitored daily by measuring glucose consumption and lactate production. Cell viability during culture was analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase activity. Hepatic functionality was determined by the release of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in culture medium samples. After 4 days of culture, cells were analyzed for the expression of a variety of endothelial, hepatic, and hematopoietic genes, as well as the surface marker expression of CD31 and CD34 in flow cytometry. We found that medium perfusion increased the gene expression of endothelial markers such as CD31, von Willebrand factor (vWF), CD140b, CD309, and CD144 while decreasing the gene expression of the erythrocyte-surface marker CD235a. Hepatic differentiation was promoted under perfusion conditions as demonstrated by lower AFP and higher albumin secretion compared with cultures not exposed to medium perfusion. Additionally, cultures exposed to medium perfusion gave higher rates of glucose consumption and lactate production, indicating increased metabolic activity. In conclusion, high-density bioreactors configured to provide constant medium perfusion significantly induced hepatic and endothelial cell differentiation and provided improved conditions for the culture of human fetal liver cells compared with cultures without perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pekor
- 1 Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jörg C Gerlach
- 1 Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian Nettleship
- 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eva Schmelzer
- 1 Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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13
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Formation of well-defined embryoid bodies from dissociated human induced pluripotent stem cells using microfabricated cell-repellent microwell arrays. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7402. [PMID: 25492588 PMCID: PMC4261164 DOI: 10.1038/srep07402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, scalable, and reproducible technology that allows direct formation of large numbers of homogeneous and synchronized embryoid bodies (EBs) of defined sizes from dissociated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) was developed. Non-cell-adhesive hydrogels were used to create round-bottom microwells to host dissociated hiPSCs. No Rho-associated kinase inhibitor (ROCK-i), or centrifugation was needed and the side effects of ROCK-i can be avoided. The key requirement for the successful EB formation in addition to the non-cell-adhesive round-bottom microwells is the input cell density per microwell. Too few or too many cells loaded into the microwells will compromise the EB formation process. In parallel, we have tested our microwell-based system for homogeneous hEB formation from dissociated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Successful production of homogeneous hEBs from dissociated hESCs in the absence of ROCK-i and centrifugation was achieved within an optimal range of input cell density per microwell. Both the hiPSC- and hESC-derived hEBs expressed key proteins characteristic of all the three developmental germ layers, confirming their EB identity. This novel EB production technology may represent a versatile platform for the production of homogeneous EBs from dissociated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs).
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14
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Abstract
The concept of bioreactors in biochemical engineering is a well-established process; however, the idea of applying bioreactor technology to biomedical and tissue engineering issues is relatively novel and has been rapidly accepted as a culture model. Tissue engineers have developed and adapted various types of bioreactors in which to culture many different cell types and therapies addressing several diseases, including diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2. With a rising world of bioreactor development and an ever increasing diagnosis rate of diabetes, this review aims to highlight bioreactor history and emerging bioreactor technologies used for diabetes-related cell culture and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Minteer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jorg C Gerlach
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kacey G Marra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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Alessandri M, Lizzo G, Gualandi C, Mangano C, Giuliani A, Focarete ML, Calzà L. Influence of biological matrix and artificial electrospun scaffolds on proliferation, differentiation and trophic factor synthesis of rat embryonic stem cells. Matrix Biol 2013; 33:68-76. [PMID: 23954537 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional vs three-dimensional culture conditions, such as the presence of extracellular matrix components, could deeply influence the cell fate and properties. In this paper we investigated proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, growth and neurotrophic factor synthesis of rat embryonic stem cells (RESCs) cultured in 2D and 3D conditions generated using Cultrex® Basement Membrane Extract (BME) and in poly-(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) electrospun sub-micrometric fibres. It is demonstrated that, in the absence of other instructive stimuli, growth, differentiation and paracrine activity of RESCs are directly affected by the different microenvironment provided by the scaffold. In particular, RESCs grown on an electrospun PLLA scaffolds coated or not with BME have a higher proliferation rate, higher production of bioactive nerve growth factor (NGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to standard 2D conditions, lasting for at least 2 weeks. Due to the high mechanical flexibility of PLLA electrospun scaffolds, the PLLA/stem cell culture system offers an interesting potential for implantable neural repair devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alessandri
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - G Lizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - C Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology. Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - C Mangano
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Giuliani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - M L Focarete
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - L Calzà
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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16
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Schober A, Fernekorn U, Singh S, Schlingloff G, Gebinoga M, Hampl J, Williamson A. Mimicking the biological world: Methods for the 3D structuring of artificial cellular environments. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schober
- Department of Nanobiosystem Technology, Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
| | - Uta Fernekorn
- Department of Nanobiosystem Technology, Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
| | - Sukhdeep Singh
- Department of Nanobiosystem Technology, Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
| | - Gregor Schlingloff
- Department of Nanobiosystem Technology, Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
| | - Michael Gebinoga
- Department of Nanobiosystem Technology, Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
| | - Jörg Hampl
- Department of Nanobiosystem Technology, Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
| | - Adam Williamson
- Department of Nanobiosystem Technology, Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ilmenau University of Technology; Ilmenau Germany
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17
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Sivertsson L, Synnergren J, Jensen J, Björquist P, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Hepatic differentiation and maturation of human embryonic stem cells cultured in a perfused three-dimensional bioreactor. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:581-94. [PMID: 22970843 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a serious and frequently occurring adverse drug reaction in the clinics and is hard to predict during preclinical studies. Today, primary hepatocytes are the most frequently used cell model for drug discovery and prediction of toxicity. However, their use is marred by high donor variability regarding drug metabolism and toxicity, and instable expression levels of liver-specific genes such as cytochromes P450. An in vitro model system based on human embryonic stem cells (hESC), with their unique properties of pluripotency and self-renewal, has potential to provide a stable and unlimited supply of human hepatocytes. Much effort has been made to direct hESC toward the hepatic lineage, mostly using 2-dimensional (2D) cultures. Although the results are encouraging, these cells lack important functionality. Here, we investigate if hepatic differentiation of hESC can be improved by using a 3-dimensional (3D) bioreactor system. Human ESCs were differentiated toward the hepatic lineage using the same cells in either the 3D or 2D system. A global transcriptional analysis identified important differences between the 2 differentiation regimes, and we identified 10 pathways, highly related to liver functions, which were significantly upregulated in cells differentiated in the bioreactor compared to 2D control cultures. The enhanced hepatic differentiation observed in the bioreactor system was also supported by immunocytochemistry. Taken together, our results suggest that hepatic differentiation of hESC is improved when using this 3D bioreactor technology as compared to 2D culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Sivertsson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Liu WH, Liu ZC, You N, Zhang N, Wang T, Gong ZB, Liu HB, Dou KF. Several important in vitro improvements in the amplification, differentiation and tracing of fetal liver stem/progenitor cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47346. [PMID: 23056632 PMCID: PMC3467257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We previously isolated fetal liver stem/progenitor cells (FLSPCs), but there is an urgent need to properly amplify FLSPCs, effectively induce FLSPCs differentiation, and steadily trace FLSPCs for in vivo therapeutic investigation. Methods FLSPCs were maintained in vitro as adherent culture or soft agar culture for large-scale amplification. To direct the differentiation of FLSPCs into hepatocytes, FLSPCs were randomly divided into four groups: control, 1% DMSO-treated, 20 ng/ml HGF-treated and 1% DMSO+20 ng/ml HGF-treated. To trace FLSPCs, the GFP gene was introduced into FLSPCs by liposome-mediated transfection. Results For amplifying FLSPCs, the soft agar culture were more suitable than the adherent culture, because the soft agar culture obtained more homogeneous cells. These cells were with high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, few cell organelles, high expression of CD90.1 and CD49f, and strong alkaline phosphatase staining. For inducing FLSPCs differentiation, treatment with HGF+DMSO was most effective (P<0.05), which was strongly supported by the typical morphological change and the significant decrease of OV-6 positive cells (P<0.01). In addition, the time of indocyanine green elimination, the percentage of glycogen synthetic cells, and the expressions of ALB, G-6-P, CK-8, CK-18 and CYP450-3A1 in HGF+DMSO-treated group were higher than in any other group. For tracing FLSPCs, after the selection of stable FLSPC transfectants, GFP expression continued over successive generations. Conclusions FLSPCs can properly self-renew in soft agar culture and effectively differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells by HGF+DMSO induction, and they can be reliably traced by GFP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-hui Liu
- PLA Center of General Surgery, General Hospital of Chengdu Army Region, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-cai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- PLA Center of General Surgery, General Hospital of Chengdu Army Region, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-bin Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-bao Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (K-fD); (H-bL)
| | - Ke-feng Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (K-fD); (H-bL)
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19
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Jin X, Abbot S, Zhang X, Kang L, Voskinarian-Berse V, Zhao R, Kameneva MV, Moore LR, Chalmers JJ, Zborowski M. Erythrocyte enrichment in hematopoietic progenitor cell cultures based on magnetic susceptibility of the hemoglobin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39491. [PMID: 22952572 PMCID: PMC3428333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using novel media formulations, it has been demonstrated that human placenta and umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cells can be expanded and differentiated into erythroid cells with high efficiency. However, obtaining mature and functional erythrocytes from the immature cell cultures with high purity and in an efficient manner remains a significant challenge. A distinguishing feature of a reticulocyte and maturing erythrocyte is the increasing concentration of hemoglobin and decreasing cell volume that results in increased cell magnetophoretic mobility (MM) when exposed to high magnetic fields and gradients, under anoxic conditions. Taking advantage of these initial observations, we studied a noninvasive (label-free) magnetic separation and analysis process to enrich and identify cultured functional erythrocytes. In addition to the magnetic cell separation and cell motion analysis in the magnetic field, the cell cultures were characterized for cell sedimentation rate, cell volume distributions using differential interference microscopy, immunophenotyping (glycophorin A), hemoglobin concentration and shear-induced deformability (elongation index, EI, by ektacytometry) to test for mature erythrocyte attributes. A commercial, packed column high-gradient magnetic separator (HGMS) was used for magnetic separation. The magnetically enriched fraction comprised 80% of the maturing cells (predominantly reticulocytes) that showed near 70% overlap of EI with the reference cord blood-derived RBC and over 50% overlap with the adult donor RBCs. The results demonstrate feasibility of label-free magnetic enrichment of erythrocyte fraction of CD34+ progenitor-derived cultures based on the presence of paramagnetic hemoglobin in the maturing erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stewart Abbot
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xiaokui Zhang
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lin Kang
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Rui Zhao
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marina V. Kameneva
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lee R. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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20
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Stachelscheid H, Wulf-Goldenberg A, Eckert K, Jensen J, Edsbagge J, Björquist P, Rivero M, Strehl R, Jozefczuk J, Prigione A, Adjaye J, Urbaniak T, Bussmann P, Zeilinger K, Gerlach JC. Teratoma formation of human embryonic stem cells in three-dimensional perfusion culture bioreactors. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:729-41. [PMID: 22438087 DOI: 10.1002/term.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Teratoma formation in mice is today the most stringent test for pluripotency that is available for human pluripotent cells, as chimera formation and tetraploid complementation cannot be performed with human cells. The teratoma assay could also be applied for assessing the safety of human pluripotent cell-derived cell populations intended for therapeutic applications. In our study we examined the spontaneous differentiation behaviour of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in a perfused 3D multi-compartment bioreactor system and compared it with differentiation of hESCs and human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs) cultured in vitro as embryoid bodies and in vivo in an experimental mouse model of teratoma formation. Results from biochemical, histological/immunohistological and ultrastuctural analyses revealed that hESCs cultured in bioreactors formed tissue-like structures containing derivatives of all three germ layers. Comparison with embryoid bodies and the teratomas revealed a high degree of similarity of the tissues formed in the bioreactor to these in the teratomas at the histological as well as transcriptional level, as detected by comparative whole-genome RNA expression profiling. The 3D culture system represents a novel in vitro model that permits stable long-term cultivation, spontaneous multi-lineage differentiation and tissue formation of pluripotent cells that is comparable to in vivo differentiation. Such a model is of interest, e.g. for the development of novel cell differentiation strategies. In addition, the 3D in vitro model could be used for teratoma studies and pluripotency assays in a fully defined, controlled environment, alternatively to in vivo mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stachelscheid
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Mandenius CF, Andersson TB, Alves PM, Batzl-Hartmann C, Björquist P, Carrondo MJ, Chesne C, Coecke S, Edsbagge J, Fredriksson JM, Gerlach JC, Heinzle E, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Johansson I, Küppers-Munther B, Müller-Vieira U, Noor F, Zeilinger K. Toward Preclinical Predictive Drug Testing for Metabolism and Hepatotoxicity by Using In Vitro Models Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Human Cell Lines — A Report on the Vitrocellomics EU-project. Altern Lab Anim 2011; 39:147-71. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291103900210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a common reason for drug attrition in late clinical phases, and even for post-launch withdrawals. As a consequence, there is a broad consensus in the pharmaceutical industry, and within regulatory authorities, that a significant improvement of the current in vitro test methodologies for accurate assessment and prediction of such adverse effects is needed. For this purpose, appropriate in vivo-like hepatic in vitro models are necessary, in addition to novel sources of human hepatocytes. In this report, we describe recent and ongoing research toward the use of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived hepatic cells, in conjunction with new and improved test methods, for evaluating drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Recent progress on the directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to the functional hepatic phenotype is reported, as well as the development and adaptation of bioreactors and toxicity assay technologies for the testing of hepatic cells. The aim of achieving a testing platform for metabolism and hepatotoxicity assessment, based on hESC-derived hepatic cells, has advanced markedly in the last 2–3 years. However, great challenges still remain, before such new test systems could be routinely used by the industry. In particular, we give an overview of results from the Vitrocellomics project (EU Framework 6) and discuss these in relation to the current state-of-the-art and the remaining difficulties, with suggestions on how to proceed before such in vitro systems can be implemented in industrial discovery and development settings and in regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Development DMPK & Bioanalysis, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Coecke
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Jörg C. Gerlach
- Experimental Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elmar Heinzle
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Inger Johansson
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Experimental Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Mueller D, Tascher G, Müller-Vieira U, Knobeloch D, Nuessler AK, Zeilinger K, Heinzle E, Noor F. In-depth physiological characterization of primary human hepatocytes in a 3D hollow-fiber bioreactor. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:e207-18. [DOI: 10.1002/term.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Miki T, Ring A, Gerlach J. Hepatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells is promoted by three-dimensional dynamic perfusion culture conditions. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:557-68. [PMID: 21210720 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) holds great promise to provide a source of human hepatocytes for use in drug discovery, toxicology, hepatitis research, and extracorporeal bioartificial liver support. There are, however, limitations to induce fully functional hepatocytes on conventional two-dimensional (2D) static culture. It had been shown that dynamic three-dimensional (3D) perfusion culture is superior to induce maturation in fetal hepatocytes and prolong hepatic functions of primary adult hepatocytes. We investigated the potential of using a four-compartment 3D perfusion culture to induce hepatic differentiation in hESC. Undifferentiated hESC were inoculated into hollow fiber-based 3D perfusion bioreactors with integral oxygenation. Hepatic differentiation was induced with a multistep growth factor cocktail protocol. Parallel controls were operated under equal perfusion conditions without the growth factor supplementations to allow for spontaneous differentiation, as well as in conventional 2D static conditions using growth factors. Metabolism, hepatocyte-specific gene expression, protein expression, and hepatic function were evaluated after 20 days. Significantly upregulated hepatic gene expression was observed in the hepatic differentiation 3D culture group. Ammonia metabolism activity and albumin production was observed in the 3D directed differentiation culture. Drug-induced cytochrome P450 gene expression was increased with rifampicin induction. Using flow cytometry analysis the mature hepatocyte marker asialoglycoprotein receptor was found on up to 30% of the cells in the 3D system with directed hepatic differentiation. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed structural formation of hepatic and biliary marker-positive cells. In contrast to 2D culture, the 3D perfusion culture induced more functional maturation in hESC-derived hepatic cells. 3D perfusion bioreactor technologies may be useful for further studies on generating hESC-derived hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Miki
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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De Boodt S, Truscello S, Özcan SE, Leroy T, Van Oosterwyck H, Berckmans D, Schrooten J. Bi-Modular Flow Characterization in Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Particle Imaging Velocimetry. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:1553-64. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian De Boodt
- Division M3-BIORES: Measure, Model, and Manage Bioresponses, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Truscello
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Biomechanics and Engineering Design, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sezin Eren Özcan
- Division M3-BIORES: Measure, Model, and Manage Bioresponses, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Toon Leroy
- Division M3-BIORES: Measure, Model, and Manage Bioresponses, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Biomechanics and Engineering Design, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Daniel Berckmans
- Division M3-BIORES: Measure, Model, and Manage Bioresponses, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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Knöspel F, Schindler RK, Lübberstedt M, Petzolt S, Gerlach JC, Zeilinger K. Optimization of a serum-free culture medium for mouse embryonic stem cells using design of experiments (DoE) methodology. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:557-71. [PMID: 20859764 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro culture behaviour of embryonic stem cells (ESC) is strongly influenced by the culture conditions. Current culture media for expansion of ESC contain some undefined substances. Considering potential clinical translation work with such cells, the use of defined media is desirable. We have used Design of Experiments (DoE) methods to investigate the composition of a serum-free chemically defined culture medium for expansion of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC). Factor screening analysis according to Plackett-Burman revealed that insulin and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) had a significant positive influence on the proliferation activity of the cells, while zinc and L: -cysteine reduced the cell growth. Further analysis using minimum run resolution IV (MinRes IV) design indicates that following factor adjustment LIF becomes the main factor for the survival and proliferation of mESC. In conclusion, DoE screening assays are applicable to develop and to refine culture media for stem cells and could also be employed to optimize culture media for human embryonic stem cells (hESC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Knöspel
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Center, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany,
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Schmelzer E, Triolo F, Turner ME, Thompson RL, Zeilinger K, Reid LM, Gridelli B, Gerlach JC. Three-dimensional perfusion bioreactor culture supports differentiation of human fetal liver cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2007-16. [PMID: 20088704 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of human fetal liver cells to survive, expand, and form functional tissue in vitro is of high interest for the development of bioartificial extracorporeal liver support systems, liver cell transplantation therapies, and pharmacologic models. Conventional static two-dimensional culture models seem to be inadequate tools. We focus on dynamic three-dimensional perfusion technologies and developed a scaled-down bioreactor, providing decentralized mass exchange with integral oxygenation. Human fetal liver cells were embedded in a hyaluronan hydrogel within the capillary system to mimic an in vivo matrix and perfusion environment. Metabolic performance was monitored daily, including glucose consumption, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and secretion of alpha-fetoprotein and albumin. At culture termination cells were analyzed for proliferation and liver-specific lineage-dependent cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4/3A7) gene expression. Occurrence of hepatic differentiation in bioreactor cultures was demonstrated by a strong increase in CYP3A4/3A7 gene expression ratio, lower alpha-fetoprotein, and higher albumin secretion than in conventional Petri dish controls. Cells in bioreactors formed three-dimensional structures. Viability of cells was higher in bioreactors than in control cultures. In conclusion, the culture model implementing three-dimensionality, constant perfusion, and integral oxygenation in combination with a hyaluronan hydrogel provides superior conditions for liver cell survival and differentiation compared to conventional culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schmelzer
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203, USA.
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Rungarunlert S, Techakumphu M, Pirity MK, Dinnyes A. Embryoid body formation from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells: Benefits of bioreactors. World J Stem Cells 2009; 1:11-21. [PMID: 21607103 PMCID: PMC3097911 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v1.i1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the ability to differentiate into all germ layers, holding great promise not only for a model of early embryonic development but also for a robust cell source for cell-replacement therapies and for drug screening. Embryoid body (EB) formation from ES cells is a common method for producing different cell lineages for further applications. However, conventional techniques such as hanging drop or static suspension culture are either inherently incapable of large scale production or exhibit limited control over cell aggregation during EB formation and subsequent EB aggregation. For standardized mass EB production, a well defined scale-up platform is necessary. Recently, novel scenario methods of EB formation in hydrodynamic conditions created by bioreactor culture systems using stirred suspension systems (spinner flasks), rotating cell culture system and rotary orbital culture have allowed large-scale EB formation. Their use allows for continuous monitoring and control of the physical and chemical environment which is difficult to achieve by traditional methods. This review summarizes the current state of production of EBs derived from pluripotent cells in various culture systems. Furthermore, an overview of high quality EB formation strategies coupled with systems for in vitro differentiation into various cell types to be applied in cell replacement therapy is provided in this review. Recently, new insights in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology showed that differentiation and lineage commitment are not irreversible processes and this has opened new avenues in stem cell research. These cells are equivalent to ES cells in terms of both self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Hence, culture systems for expansion and differentiation of iPS cells can also apply methodologies developed with ES cells, although direct evidence of their use for iPS cells is still limited.
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