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ABSTRACTS (BY NUMBER). Tissue Eng Part A 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.29025.abstracts] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Lim Lam VK, Hin Wong JY, Chew SY, Chan BP. Rac1-GTPase regulates compression-induced actin protrusions (CAPs) of mesenchymal stem cells in 3D collagen micro-tissues. Biomaterials 2021; 274:120829. [PMID: 33933985 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells can sense mechanical signals through cytoskeleton reorganization. We previously discovered the formation of omni-directional actin protrusions upon compression loading, namely compression-induced actin protrusions (CAPs), in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in 3D micro-tissues. Here, the regulatory roles of three RhoGTPases (CDC42, Rac1 and RhoA) in the formation of CAPs were investigated. Upon compression loading, extensive formation of CAPs was found, significantly associated with an upregulated mRNA expression of Rac1 only, but not CDC42, nor RhoA. Upon chemical inhibition of these RhoGTPase activity during compression, only Rac1 activity was significantly suppressed, associating with the reduced CAP formation. Silencing the upstream regulators of these RhoGTPase pathways including Rac1 by specific siRNA dramatically disrupted actin cytoskeleton, distorted cell morphology and aborted CAP formation. Silencing cortactin (CTTN), a downstream effector of the Rac1 pathway, induced a compensatory upregulation of Rac1, enabling the MSCs to respond to the compression loading stimulus in terms of CAP formation, although at a reduced number. The importance of Rac1 signalling in CAP formation and the corresponding upregulation of lamellipodial markers also suggest that these CAPs are lamellipodia in nature. This study delineates the mechanism of compression-induced cytoskeleton reorganization, contributing to rationalizing mechanical loading regimes for functional tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Kwok Lim Lam
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Johnny Yu Hin Wong
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Barbara Pui Chan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Petitjean N, Dusfour G, Cañadas P, Maumus M, Valorge P, Devic S, Berthelot J, Belamie E, Royer P, Jorgensen C, Noël D, Le Floc'h S. Validation of a new fluidic device for mechanical stimulation and characterization of microspheres: A first step towards cartilage characterization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 121:111800. [PMID: 33579447 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is made of chondrocytes surrounded by their extracellular matrix that can both sense and respond to various mechanical stimuli. One of the most widely used in vitro model to study cartilage growth is the model of mesenchymal stromal cells-derived cartilage micropellet. However, mechanical stimulation of micropellets has never been reported probably because of their small size and imperfect round shape. The objective of the study was to develop an original custom-made device allowing both the mechanical stimulation and characterization of cartilage micropellets. The fluidic-based device was designed for the concomitant stimulation or characterization of six microspheres placed into the conical wells of a tank. In the present study, the device was validated using alginate-, collagen- and crosslinked collagen-based microspheres. Different types and ranges of pressure signals (square, sinusoidal and constant) were applied. The mechanical properties of microspheres were equivalent to those determined by a conventional compression test. Accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility of all types of pressure signals were demonstrated even though square signals were less accurate and sinusoidal signals were less reproducible than the others. The interest of this new device lies in the reliability to mechanically stimulate and characterize microspheres with diameters in the range of 900 to 1500 μm. Mechanical stimulation can be performed on six microspheres in parallel allowing the mechanical and molecular characterization of the same group of cartilage micropellets. The device will be useful to evaluate the growth of cartilage micropellets under mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Petitjean
- LMGC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - G Dusfour
- LMGC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - P Cañadas
- LMGC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - M Maumus
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - P Valorge
- LMGC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - S Devic
- LMGC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - J Berthelot
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | - E Belamie
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | - P Royer
- LMGC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - C Jorgensen
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Disease Therapeutic Unit, Department of Rheumatology, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - D Noël
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Disease Therapeutic Unit, Department of Rheumatology, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - S Le Floc'h
- LMGC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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Li CW, Lau YT, Lam KL, Chan BP. Mechanically induced formation and maturation of 3D-matrix adhesions (3DMAs) in human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2020; 258:120292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Childs PG, Reid S, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Dalby MJ. Hurdles to uptake of mesenchymal stem cells and their progenitors in therapeutic products. Biochem J 2020; 477:3349-3366. [PMID: 32941644 PMCID: PMC7505558 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years have passed since the first clinical trial utilising mesenchymal stomal/stem cells (MSCs) in 1995. In this time academic research has grown our understanding of MSC biochemistry and our ability to manipulate these cells in vitro using chemical, biomaterial, and mechanical methods. Research has been emboldened by the promise that MSCs can treat illness and repair damaged tissues through their capacity for immunomodulation and differentiation. Since 1995, 31 therapeutic products containing MSCs and/or progenitors have reached the market with the level of in vitro manipulation varying significantly. In this review, we summarise existing therapeutic products containing MSCs or mesenchymal progenitor cells and examine the challenges faced when developing new therapeutic products. Successful progression to clinical trial, and ultimately market, requires a thorough understanding of these hurdles at the earliest stages of in vitro pre-clinical development. It is beneficial to understand the health economic benefit for a new product and the reimbursement potential within various healthcare systems. Pre-clinical studies should be selected to demonstrate efficacy and safety for the specific clinical indication in humans, to avoid duplication of effort and minimise animal usage. Early consideration should also be given to manufacturing: how cell manipulation methods will integrate into highly controlled workflows and how they will be scaled up to produce clinically relevant quantities of cells. Finally, we summarise the main regulatory pathways for these clinical products, which can help shape early therapeutic design and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Childs
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, SUPA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, U.K
| | - Stuart Reid
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, SUPA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, U.K
| | - Manuel Salmeron-Sanchez
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Institute for Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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A Reconfigurable In Vitro Model for Studying the Blood-Brain Barrier. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:780-793. [PMID: 31741228 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Much of what is currently known about the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in regulating the passage of chemicals from the blood stream to the central nervous system (CNS) comes from animal in vivo models (requiring extrapolation to human relevance) and 2D static in vitro systems, which fail to capture the rich cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions of the dynamic 3D in vivo tissue microenvironment. In this work we have developed a BBB platform that allows for a high degree of customization in cellular composition, cellular orientation, and physiologically-relevant fluid dynamics. The system characterized and presented in this study reproduces key characteristics of a BBB model (e.g. tight junctions, efflux pumps) allowing for the formation of a selective and functional barrier. We demonstrate that our in vitro BBB is responsive to both biochemical and mechanical cues. This model further allows for culture of a CNS-like space around the BBB. The design of this platform is a valuable tool for studying BBB function as well as for screening of novel therapeutics.
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Park SE, Georgescu A, Oh JM, Kwon KW, Huh D. Polydopamine-Based Interfacial Engineering of Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels for the Construction and Long-Term Maintenance of Living Three-Dimensional Tissues. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:23919-23925. [PMID: 31199616 PMCID: PMC6953174 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Diverse biological processes in the body rely on the ability of cells to exert contractile forces on their extracellular matrix (ECM). In three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, however, this intrinsic cellular property can cause unregulated contraction of ECM hydrogel scaffolds, leading to a loss of surface anchorage and the resultant structural failure of in vitro tissue constructs. Despite advances in the 3D culture technology, this issue remains a significant challenge in the development and long-term maintenance of physiological 3D in vitro models. Here, we present a simple yet highly effective and accessible solution to this problem. We leveraged a single-step surface functionalization technique based on polydopamine to drastically increase the strength of adhesion between hydrogel scaffolds and cell culture substrates. Our method is compatible with different types of ECM and polymeric surfaces and also permits prolonged shelf storage of functionalized culture substrates. The proof-of-principle of this technique was demonstrated by the stable long-term (1 month) 3D culture of human lung fibroblasts. Furthermore, we showed the robustness and advanced application of the method by constructing a dynamic cell stretching system and performing over 100 000 cycles of mechanical loading on 3D multicellular constructs for visualization and quantitative analysis of stretch-induced tissue alignment. Finally, we demonstrated the potential of our technique for the development of microphysiological in vitro models by establishing microfluidic 3D co-culture of vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts to engineer self-assembled, perfusable 3D microvascular beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee E. Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrei Georgescu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jeong Min Oh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Keon Woo Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Lee DW, Choi N, Sung JH. A microfluidic chip with gravity-induced unidirectional flow for perfusion cell culture. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2701. [PMID: 30294886 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Perfusion flow is one of the essential elements and advantages of organ-on-a-chip technology. For example, microfluidics have enabled implementation of perfusion flow and recapitulation of fluidic environment for vascular endothelial cells. The most prevalent method of implementing flow in a chip is to use a pump, which requires elaborate manipulation and complex connections, and accompanies a large amount of dead volume. Previously we devised a gravity-induced flow system which does not require tubing connections, but this method results in bidirectional flow to enable recirculation, which is somewhat different from physiological blood flow. Here, we have developed a novel microfluidic chip that enables gravity-induced, unidirectional flow by using a bypass channel with geometry different from the main channel. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured inside the chip and the effect of flow direction was examined. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2701, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Lee
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
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Fan X, Zhu L, Wang K, Wang B, Wu Y, Xie W, Huang C, Chan BP, Du Y. Stiffness-Controlled Thermoresponsive Hydrogels for Cell Harvesting with Sustained Mechanical Memory. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28105774 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Most mechanobiological investigations focused on in situ mechanical regulation of cells on stiffness-controlled substrates with few downstream applications, as it is still challenging to harvest and expand mechanically primed cells by enzymatic digestion (e.g., trypsin) without interrupting cellular mechanical memory between passages. This study develops thermoresponsive hydrogels with controllable stiffness to generate mechanically primed cells with intact mechanical memory for augmented wound healing. No significant cellular property alteration of the fibroblasts primed on thermoresponsive hydrogels with varied stiffness has been observed through thermoresponsive harvesting. When reseeding the harvested cells for further evaluation, softer hydrogels are proven to better sustain the mechanical priming effects compared to rigid tissue culture plate, which indicates that both the stiffness-controlled substrate and thermoresponsive harvesting are required to sustain cellular mechanical memory between passages. Moreover, epigenetics analysis reveals that thermoresponsive harvesting could reduce the rearrangement and loss of chromatin proteins compared to that of trypsinization. In vivo wound healing using mechanically primed fibroblasts shows featured epithelium and sebaceous glands, which indicates augmented skin recovery compared with trypsinized fibroblasts. Thus, the thermoresponsive hydrogel-based cell harvesting system offers a powerful tool to investigate mechanobiology between cell passages and produces abundant cells with tailored mechanical priming properties for cell-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingliang Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Medicine; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Joint Center for Life Sciences; Tsinghua University-Peking University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Medicine; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Institute of Medical Equipment; Academy of Military Medical Sciences; Tianjin 300161 China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Medicine; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- School of Life Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yaozu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Medicine; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Wei Xie
- Joint Center for Life Sciences; Tsinghua University-Peking University; Beijing 100084 China
- School of Life Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chengyu Huang
- Department of Plastic; Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery; Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital; Tsinghua University; Beijing 102218 China
| | - Barbara Pui Chan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Department of Mechanical Engineering; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Medicine; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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Zhang W, Kong C, Tong M, Chooi W, Huang N, Li R, Chan B. Maturation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) in 3D collagen matrix: Effects of niche cell supplementation and mechanical stimulation. Acta Biomater 2017; 49:204-217. [PMID: 27890729 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC-CMs) are regarded as a promising source for regenerative medicine, drug testing and disease modeling. Nevertheless, cardiomyocytes are immature in terms of their contractile structure, metabolism and electrophysiological properties. Here, we fabricate cardiac muscle strips by encapsulating hESC-CMs in collagen-based biomaterials. Supplementation of niche cells at 3% to the number of hESC-CMs enhance the maturation of the hESC-CMs in 3D tissue matrix. The benefits of adding mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are comparable to that of adding fibroblasts. These two cell types demonstrate similar effects in promoting the compaction and cell spreading, as well as expression of maturation markers at both gene and protein levels. Mechanical loading, particularly cyclic stretch, produces engineered cardiac tissues with higher maturity in terms of twitch force, elastic modulus, sarcomere length and molecular signature, when comparing to static stretch or non-stretched controls. The current study demonstrates that the application of niche cells and mechanical stretch both stimulate the maturation of hESC-CMs in 3D architecture. Our results therefore suggest that this 3D model can be used for in vitro cardiac maturation study. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC-CMs) are regarded as being a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine, drug testing and disease modeling. Nevertheless, cardiomyocytes are immature in terms of their contractile structure, metabolism and electrophysiological properties. In the current study, we have fabricated cardiac muscle strips by encapsulating hESC-CMs in collagen-based biomaterials and demonstrated that supplementation of mesenchymal niche cells as well as provision of mechanical loading particularly stretching have significantly promoted the maturation of the cardiomyocytes and hence improved the mechanical functional characteristics of the tissue strips. Specifically, with 3% niche cells including both fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells, a more mature hESC-CMs derived cardiac strip was resulted, in terms of compaction and spreading of cells, and upregulation of molecular signature in both gene and protein expression of maturation. Mechanical loading, particularly cyclic stretch, produces engineered cardiac tissues with higher maturity in terms of molecular signature markers and functional parameters including twitch force, elastic modulus and sarcomere length, when comparing with static stretch or non-stretched controls. The current study demonstrates that the application of niche cells and mechanical stretch both stimulate the maturation of hESC-CMs in 3D architecture, resulting in more mature cardiac strips. Our results contribute to bioengineering of functional heart tissue strips for drug screening and disease modeling.
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Yang L, Carrington LJ, Erdogan B, Ao M, Brewer BM, Webb DJ, Li D. Biomechanics of cell reorientation in a three-dimensional matrix under compression. Exp Cell Res 2016; 350:253-266. [PMID: 27919745 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of studies have reported that cells cultured on a stretchable substrate align away from or perpendicular to the stretch direction, how cells sense and respond to compression in a three-dimensional (3D) matrix remains an open question. We analyzed the reorientation of human prostatic normal tissue fibroblasts (NAFs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in response to 3D compression using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. Results show that NAFs align to specific angles upon compression while CAFs exhibit a random distribution. In addition, NAFs with enhanced contractile force induced by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) behave in a similar way as CAFs. Furthermore, a theoretical model based on the minimum energy principle has been developed to provide insights into these observations. The model prediction is in agreement with the observed cell orientation patterns in several different experimental conditions, disclosing the important role of stress fibers and inherent cell contractility in cell reorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Léolène Jean Carrington
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Begum Erdogan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Mingfang Ao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Bryson M Brewer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Donna J Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA.
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA.
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Xie R, Hu J, Guo X, Ng F, Qin T. Topographical Control of Preosteoblast Culture by Shape Memory Foams. ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adem.201600343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Xie
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Smart Polymeric Materials Research Center for Biomedical Applications; Shenzhen Base; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Shen Zhen 518000 China
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Xia Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Frankie Ng
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Tingwu Qin
- Division of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610000 China
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Chooi WH, Chan BP. Compression loading-induced stress responses in intervertebral disc cells encapsulated in 3D collagen constructs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26449. [PMID: 27197886 PMCID: PMC4873809 DOI: 10.1038/srep26449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells protect themselves from stresses through a cellular stress response. In the interverebral disc, such response was also demonstrated to be induced by various environmental stresses. However, whether compression loading will cause cellular stress response in the nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) is not well studied. By using an in vitro collagen microencapsulation model, we investigated the effect of compression loading on the stress response of NPCs. Cell viability tests, and gene and protein expression experiments were conducted, with primers for the heat shock response (HSR: HSP70, HSF1, HSP27 and HSP90), and unfolded protein response (UPR: GRP78, GRP94, ATF4 and CHOP) genes and an antibody to HSP72. Different gene expression patterns occurred due to loading type throughout experiments. Increasing the loading strain for a short duration did not increase the stress response genes significantly, but over longer durations, HSP70 and HSP27 were upregulated. Longer loading durations also resulted in a continuous upregulation of HSR genes and downregulation of UPR genes, even after load removal. The rate of apoptosis did not increase significantly after loading, suggesting that stress response genes might play a role in cell survival following mechanical stress. These results demonstrate how mechanical stress might induce and control the expression of HSR and UPR genes in NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hon Chooi
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Barbara Pui Chan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Zeng Y, Feng S, Liu W, Fu Q, Li Y, Li X, Chen C, Huang C, Ge Z, Du Y. Preconditioning of mesenchymal stromal cells toward nucleus pulposus-like cells by microcryogels-based 3D cell culture and syringe-based pressure loading system. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 105:507-520. [PMID: 26584248 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To precondition mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) with mechanical stimulation may enhance cell survival and functions following implantation in load bearing environment such as nucleus pulposus (NP) in intervertebral disc (IVD). In this study, preconditioning of MSCs toward NP-like cells was achieved in previously developed poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) microcryogels (PMs) within a syringe-based three-dimensional (3D) culture system which provided a facile and cost-effective pressure loading approach. PMs loaded with alginate and MSCs could be incubated in a sealable syringe which could be air-compressed to apply pressure loading through a programmable syringe pump. Expression levels of chondrogenic marker genes SOX9, COL II, and ACAN were significantly upregulated in MSCs when pressure loading of 0.2 MPa or 0.8 MPa was implemented. Expression levels of COL I and COL X were downregulated when pressure loading was applied. In a nude mouse model, MSCs loaded in PMs mechanically stimulated for three days were subcutaneously injected using the same culture syringe. Three weeks postinjection, more proteoglycans (PGs) were deposited and more SOX9 and COL II but less COL I and COL X were stained in 0.2 MPa group. Furthermore, injectable MSCs-loaded PMs were utilized in an ex vivo rabbit IVD organ culture model that demonstrated the leak-proof function and enhanced cell retention of PMs assisted cell delivery to a load bearing environment for potential NP regeneration. This microcryogels-based 3D cell culture and syringe-based pressure loading system represents a novel method for 3D cell culture with mechanical stimulation for better function. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 507-520, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Siyu Feng
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qinyouen Fu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Chenyu Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital; Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Zigang Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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15
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Unser AM, Tian Y, Xie Y. Opportunities and challenges in three-dimensional brown adipogenesis of stem cells. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:962-79. [PMID: 26231586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) via brown adipogenesis has become a notable process due to its ability to expend energy as heat with implications in the treatment of metabolic disorders and obesity. With the advent of complexity within white adipose tissue (WAT) along with inducible brown adipocytes (also known as brite and beige), there has been a surge in deciphering adipocyte biology as well as in vivo adipogenic microenvironments. A therapeutic outcome would benefit from understanding early events in brown adipogenesis, which can be accomplished by studying cellular differentiation. Pluripotent stem cells are an efficient model for differentiation and have been directed towards both white adipogenic and brown adipogenic lineages. The stem cell microenvironment greatly contributes to terminal cell fate and as such, has been mimicked extensively by various polymers including those that can form 3D hydrogel constructs capable of biochemical and/or mechanical modifications and modulations. Using bioengineering approaches towards the creation of 3D cell culture arrangements is more beneficial than traditional 2D culture in that it better recapitulates the native tissue biochemically and biomechanically. In addition, such an approach could potentially protect the tissue formed from necrosis and allow for more efficient implantation. In this review, we highlight the promise of brown adipocytes with a focus on brown adipogenic differentiation of stem cells using bioengineering approaches, along with potential challenges and opportunities that arise when considering the energy expenditure of BAT for prospective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Unser
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Yangzi Tian
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Yubing Xie
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA.
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16
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Choy ATH, Chan BP. A Structurally and Functionally Biomimetic Biphasic Scaffold for Intervertebral Disc Tissue Engineering. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131827. [PMID: 26115332 PMCID: PMC4482706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering offers high hopes for the treatment of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Whereas scaffolds of the disc nucleus and annulus have been extensively studied, a truly biomimetic and mechanically functional biphasic scaffold using naturally occurring extracellular matrix is yet to be developed. Here, a biphasic scaffold was fabricated with collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), two of the most abundant extracellular matrix components in the IVD. Following fabrication, the scaffold was characterized and benchmarked against native disc. The biphasic scaffold was composed of a collagen-GAG co-precipitate making up the nucleus pulposus-like core, and this was encapsulated in multiple lamellae of photochemically crosslinked collagen membranes comprising the annulus fibrosus-like lamellae. On mechanical testing, the height of our engineered disc recovered by ~82-89% in an annulus-independent manner, when compared with the 99% recovery exhibited by native disc. The annulus-independent nature of disc height recovery suggests that the fluid replacement function of the engineered nucleus pulposus core might mimic this hitherto unique feature of native disc. Biphasic scaffolds comprised of 10 annulus fibrosus-like lamellae had the best overall mechanical performance among the various designs owing to their similarity to native disc in most aspects, including elastic compliance during creep and recovery, and viscous compliance during recovery. However, the dynamic mechanical performance (including dynamic stiffness and damping factor) of all the biphasic scaffolds was similar to that of the native discs. This study contributes to the rationalized design and development of a biomimetic and mechanically viable biphasic scaffold for IVD tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tsz Hang Choy
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Barbara Pui Chan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ho FC, Zhang W, Li YY, Chan BP. Mechanoresponsive, omni-directional and local matrix-degrading actin protrusions in human mesenchymal stem cells microencapsulated in a 3D collagen matrix. Biomaterials 2015; 53:392-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Chik TK, Chooi WH, Li YY, Ho FC, Cheng HW, Choy TH, Sze KY, Luk KKD, Cheung KMC, Chan BP. Bioengineering a multicomponent spinal motion segment construct--a 3D model for complex tissue engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:99-112. [PMID: 24846571 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is an important clinical problem but existing treatments have significant drawbacks. The ability to bioengineer the entire spinal motion segment (SMS) offers hope for better motion preservation strategies but is extremely challenging. Here, fabrication of a multicomponent SMS construct with complex hierarchical organization from mesenchymal stem cells and collagen-based biomaterials, using a module-based integrative approach, is reported. The construct consists of two osteochondral subunits, a nucleus pulposus (NP-)-like core and a multi-lamellae annulus fibrosus (AF-)-like component. Chondrogenic medium is crucial for stabilizing the osteochondral subunits, which are shown to allow passive nutrient diffusion, while cyclic compression is necessary for better fiber matrix organization. Cells adhere, survive, and interact with the NP-like core. Cyclic torsional loading stimulates cell alignment in the AF-like lamellae and the number of lamellae affects the mechanical properties of the construct. This work represents an important milestone in SMS tissue engineering and provides a 3D model for studying tissue maturation and functional remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Kit Chik
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Department of Mechanical Engineering; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Wai Hon Chooi
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Department of Mechanical Engineering; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Yuk Yin Li
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Department of Mechanical Engineering; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Fu Chak Ho
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Department of Mechanical Engineering; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Hiu Wa Cheng
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Department of Mechanical Engineering; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Tsz Hang Choy
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Department of Mechanical Engineering; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Kam Yim Sze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Keith Kei Dip Luk
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Kenneth Man Chi Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Barbara Pui Chan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Department of Mechanical Engineering; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
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19
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Li YY, Diao HJ, Chik TK, Chow CT, An XM, Leung V, Cheung KMC, Chan BP. Delivering mesenchymal stem cells in collagen microsphere carriers to rabbit degenerative disc: reduced risk of osteophyte formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1379-91. [PMID: 24372278 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to treat early intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. However, during intradiscal injection, the vast majority of cells leaked out even in the presence of hydrogel carrier. Recent evidence suggests that annulus puncture is associated with cell leakage and contributes to osteophyte formation, an undesirable side effect. This suggests the significance of developing appropriate carriers for intradiscal delivery of MSCs. We previously developed a collagen microencapsulation platform, which entraps MSCs in a solid microsphere consisting of collagen nanofiber meshwork. These solid yet porous microspheres support MSC attachment, survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and matrix remodeling. Here we hypothesize that intradiscal injection of MSCs in collagen microspheres will outperform that of MSCs in saline in terms of better functional outcomes and reduced side effects. Specifically, we induced disc degeneration in rabbits and then intradiscally injected autologous MSCs, either packaged within collagen microspheres or directly suspended in saline, into different disc levels. Functional outcomes including hydration index and disc height were monitored regularly until 6 months. Upon sacrifice, the involved discs were harvested for histological, biochemical, and biomechanical evaluations. MSCs in collagen microspheres showed advantage over MSCs in saline in better maintaining the dynamic mechanical behavior but similar performance in hydration and disc height maintenance and matrix composition. More importantly, upon examination of gross appearance, radiograph, and histology of IVD, delivering MSCs in collagen microspheres significantly reduced the risk of osteophyte formation as compared to that in saline. This work demonstrates the significance of using cell carriers during intradiscal injection of MSCs in treating disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Yin Li
- 1 Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
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20
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Yuan M, Yeung CW, Li YY, Diao H, Cheung KMC, Chan D, Cheah K, Chan PB. Effects of nucleus pulposus cell-derived acellular matrix on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3948-3961. [PMID: 23465833 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent attempts to treat disc degeneration with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showed encouraging results. Differentiating MSCs towards nucleus pulposus cell (NPC)-like lineages represents a speculative mechanism. Niche factors including hypoxia, growth factors and cell-cell interactions have been suggested but the matrix niche factor has not been studied. Our collagen microencapsulation provides a 3D model to study matrix niche as it enables the encapsulated cells to remodel the template matrix. We previously demonstrated the chondro-inductive role of of chondrocytes-derived matrix in MSCs and showed that NPCs maintained their phenotype and remodeled the template matrix of collagen microspheres into a glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich one. Here we aim to study the effects of NPC-derived matrix on MSC differentiation towards NPC-like lineages by firstly producing an NPC-derived matrix in collagen microspheres, secondly optimizing a decellularization protocol to discard NPCs yet retaining the matrix, thirdly repopulating the acellular NPC-derived matrix with MSCs and fourthly evaluating their phenotype. Finally, we injected these microspheres in a pilot rabbit disc degeneration model. Results showed that NPCs survived, maintained their phenotypic markers and produced GAGs. A decellularization protocol with maximal removal of the NPCs, minimal loss in major matrix components and partial retention of NPC-specific markers was identified. The resulting acellular matrix supported MSC survival and matrix production, and up-regulated the gene expression of NPC markers including type II collagen and glypican 3. Finally, injection of MSC in these microspheres in rabbit degenerative disc better maintained hydration level with more pronounced staining of GAGs and type II collagen than controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minting Yuan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chiu Wai Yeung
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yuk Yin Li
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Huajia Diao
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - K M C Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - D Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - K Cheah
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Pui Barbara Chan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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21
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Kwok CB, Ho FC, Li CW, Ngan AHW, Chan D, Chan BP. Compression-induced alignment and elongation of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) in 3D collagen constructs is collagen concentration dependent. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012. [PMID: 23184852 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Controlling cell organization is important in tissue engineering. Guidance by aligned features on scaffolds or stimulation by physical signals can be used to induce cell alignment. We have previously demonstrated a preferred alignment of human MSCs (hMSCs) along the compression loading axis in 3D collagen construct. In this study, we aim to investigate the collagen concentration dependence of the compression-induced hMSC organization. Results demonstrated that the compression-induced alignment and elongation of hMSCs exhibited a biphasic dose-dependent relationship with collagen concentration, and associated well with both collagen ligand density and elastic modulus of the constructs. Moreover, collagen concentration and compression loading significantly affected the expression level of integrin beta 1 and antibody neutralization against this molecule aborted the compression-induced alignment and elongation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Kwok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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22
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Mathieu PS, Loboa EG. Cytoskeletal and focal adhesion influences on mesenchymal stem cell shape, mechanical properties, and differentiation down osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic pathways. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:436-44. [PMID: 22741572 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for regenerative medicine and tissue-engineering applications. They have multipotent differentiation capabilities and have been shown to differentiate down various lineages, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, and possibly neurons. The majority of approaches to control the MSC fate have been via the use of chemical factors in the form of growth factors within the culture medium. More recently, it has been understood that mechanical forces play a significant role in regulating MSC fate. We and others have shown that mechanical stimuli can control MSC lineage specification. The cytoskeleton is known to play a large role in mechanotransduction, and a growing number of studies are showing that it can also contribute to MSC differentiation. This review analyzes the significant contribution of actin and integrin distribution, and the smaller role of microtubules, in regulating MSC fate. Osteogenic differentiation is more prevalent in MSCs with a stiff, spread actin cytoskeleton and greater numbers of focal adhesions. Both adipogenic differentiation and chondrogenic differentiation are encouraged when MSCs have a spherical morphology associated with a dispersed actin cytoskeleton with few focal adhesions. Different mechanical stimuli can be implemented to alter these cytoskeletal patterns and encourage MSC differentiation to the desired lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattie S Mathieu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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23
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Fabrication of three-dimensional collagen scaffold using an inverse mould-leaching process. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 34:903-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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