1
|
Kang MS, Lee H, Jeong SJ, Eom TJ, Kim J, Han DW. State of the Art in Carbon Nanomaterials for Photoacoustic Imaging. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061374. [PMID: 35740396 PMCID: PMC9219987 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging using energy conversion from light to ultrasound waves has been developed as a powerful tool to investigate in vivo phenomena due to their complex characteristics. In photoacoustic imaging, endogenous chromophores such as oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, melanin, and lipid provide useful biomedical information at the molecular level. However, these intrinsic absorbers show strong absorbance only in visible or infrared optical windows and have limited light transmission, making them difficult to apply for clinical translation. Therefore, the development of novel exogenous contrast agents capable of increasing imaging depth while ensuring strong light absorption is required. We report here the application of carbon nanomaterials that exhibit unique physical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties as imaging probes in photoacoustic imaging. Classified into specific structures, carbon nanomaterials are synthesized with different substances according to the imaging purposes to modulate the absorption spectra and highly enhance photoacoustic signals. In addition, functional drugs can be loaded into the carbon nanomaterials composite, and effective in vivo monitoring and photothermal therapy can be performed with cell-specific targeting. Diverse applied cases suggest the high potential of carbon nanomaterial-based photoacoustic imaging in in vivo monitoring for clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Haeni Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Seung Jo Jeong
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Tae Joong Eom
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.K.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (T.J.E.); (J.K.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.K.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (T.J.E.); (J.K.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.K.); (H.L.)
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
- Correspondence: (T.J.E.); (J.K.); (D.-W.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hosseinaee Z, Le M, Bell K, Reza PH. Towards non-contact photoacoustic imaging [review]. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100207. [PMID: 33024694 PMCID: PMC7530308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) takes advantage of both optical and ultrasound imaging properties to visualize optical absorption with high resolution and contrast. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is usually categorized with all-optical microscopy techniques such as optical coherence tomography or confocal microscopes. Despite offering high sensitivity, novel imaging contrast, and high resolution, PAM is not generally an all-optical imaging method unlike the other microscopy techniques. One of the significant limitations of photoacoustic microscopes arises from their need to be in physical contact with the sample through a coupling media. This physical contact, coupling, or immersion of the sample is undesirable or impractical for many clinical and pre-clinical applications. This also limits the flexibility of photoacoustic techniques to be integrated with other all-optical imaging microscopes for providing complementary imaging contrast. To overcome these limitations, several non-contact photoacoustic signal detection approaches have been proposed. This paper presents a brief overview of current non-contact photoacoustic detection techniques with an emphasis on all-optical detection methods and their associated physical mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hosseinaee
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Martin Le
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- IllumiSonics Inc., Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou J, Jokerst JV. Photoacoustic imaging with fiber optic technology: A review. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100211. [PMID: 33163358 PMCID: PMC7606844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has achieved remarkable growth in the past few decades since it takes advantage of both optical and ultrasound (US) imaging. In order to better promote the wide clinical applications of PAI, many miniaturized and portable PAI systems have recently been proposed. Most of these systems utilize fiber optic technologies. Here, we overview the fiber optic technologies used in PAI. This paper discusses three different fiber optic technologies: fiber optic light transmission, fiber optic US transmission, and fiber optic US detection. These fiber optic technologies are analyzed in different PAI modalities including photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), and minimally invasive photoacoustic imaging (MIPAI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shrestha B, DeLuna F, Anastasio MA, Yong Ye J, Brey EM. Photoacoustic Imaging in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2020; 26:79-102. [PMID: 31854242 PMCID: PMC7041335 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several imaging modalities are available for investigation of the morphological, functional, and molecular features of engineered tissues in small animal models. While research in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) would benefit from a comprehensive longitudinal analysis of new strategies, researchers have not always applied the most advanced methods. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a rapidly emerging modality that has received significant attention due to its ability to exploit the strong endogenous contrast of optical methods with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound methods. Exogenous contrast agents can also be used in PAI for targeted imaging. Applications of PAI relevant to TERM include stem cell tracking, longitudinal monitoring of scaffolds in vivo, and evaluation of vascularization. In addition, the emerging capabilities of PAI applied to the detection and monitoring of cancer and other inflammatory diseases could be exploited by tissue engineers. This article provides an overview of the operating principles of PAI and its broad potential for application in TERM. Impact statement Photoacoustic imaging, a new hybrid imaging technique, has demonstrated high potential in the clinical diagnostic applications. The optical and acoustic aspect of the photoacoustic imaging system works in harmony to provide better resolution at greater tissue depth. Label-free imaging of vasculature with this imaging can be used to track and monitor disease, as well as the therapeutic progression of treatment. Photoacoustic imaging has been utilized in tissue engineering to some extent; however, the full benefit of this technique is yet to be explored. The increasing availability of commercial photoacoustic systems will make application as an imaging tool for tissue engineering application more feasible. This review first provides a brief description of photoacoustic imaging and summarizes its current and potential application in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binita Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Frank DeLuna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jing Yong Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu WW, Li PC. Photoacoustic imaging of cells in a three-dimensional microenvironment. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:3. [PMID: 31948442 PMCID: PMC6966874 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging live cells in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system yields more accurate information and spatial visualization of the interplay of cells and the surrounding matrix components compared to using a two-dimensional (2D) cell culture system. However, the thickness of 3D cultures results in a high degree of scattering that makes it difficult for the light to penetrate deeply to allow clear optical imaging. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a powerful imaging modality that relies on a PA effect generated when light is absorbed by exogenous contrast agents or endogenous molecules in a medium. It combines a high optical contrast with a high acoustic spatiotemporal resolution, allowing the noninvasive visualization of 3D cellular scaffolds at considerable depths with a high resolution and no image distortion. Moreover, advances in targeted contrast agents have also made PA imaging capable of molecular and cellular characterization for use in preclinical personalized diagnostics or PA imaging-guided therapeutics. Here we review the applications and challenges of PA imaging in a 3D cellular microenvironment. Potential future developments of PA imaging in preclinical applications are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Chi Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gil CJ, Tomov ML, Theus AS, Cetnar A, Mahmoudi M, Serpooshan V. In Vivo Tracking of Tissue Engineered Constructs. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E474. [PMID: 31315207 PMCID: PMC6680880 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, the fields of biomaterials science and tissue engineering have shown great promise in creating bioartificial tissues and organs for use in a variety of regenerative medicine applications. With the emergence of new technologies such as additive biomanufacturing and 3D bioprinting, increasingly complex tissue constructs are being fabricated to fulfill the desired patient-specific requirements. Fundamental to the further advancement of this field is the design and development of imaging modalities that can enable visualization of the bioengineered constructs following implantation, at adequate spatial and temporal resolution and high penetration depths. These in vivo tracking techniques should introduce minimum toxicity, disruption, and destruction to treated tissues, while generating clinically relevant signal-to-noise ratios. This article reviews the imaging techniques that are currently being adopted in both research and clinical studies to track tissue engineering scaffolds in vivo, with special attention to 3D bioprinted tissue constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Gil
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Martin L Tomov
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrea S Theus
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alexander Cetnar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30309, USA.
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang YS, Yao J. Imaging Biomaterial-Tissue Interactions. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:403-414. [PMID: 29054313 PMCID: PMC5837919 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Modern biomedical imaging has revolutionized life science by providing anatomical, functional, and molecular information of biological species with high spatial resolution, deep penetration, enhanced temporal responsiveness, and improved chemical specificity. In recent years, these imaging techniques have been increasingly tailored for characterizing biomaterials and probing their interactions with biological tissues. This in turn has spurred substantial advances in engineering material properties to accommodate different imaging modalities that was previously unattainable. Here, we review advances in engineering both imaging modalities and material properties with improved contrast, providing a timely practical guide to better assess biomaterial-tissue interactions both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Junjie Yao
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li B, Fu C, Ma G, Fan Q, Yao Y. Photoacoustic Imaging: A Novel Tool for Detecting Carotid Artery Thrombosis in Mice. J Vasc Res 2017; 54:217-225. [PMID: 28689199 DOI: 10.1159/000477631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a main cause of acute cardiovascular events, and detecting thrombi in small arteries via noninvasive imaging remains challenging. In this study, we employed a novel imaging method, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), to study thrombosis in a mouse model of ferric chloride (FeCl3)-induced arterial thrombosis and compared the ability of this method to detect thrombosis with that of a conventional imaging method, namely, ultrasound. The mice (n = 20) were divided equally into the following 4 groups: (1) a normal group, and (2) 3 experimental groups, in which the left common carotid artery was treated with 20% FeCl3 for 1, 3, or 5 min, respectively. After 24 h, PAI detected thrombi of different sizes and generated images, enabling us to assess the changes in structure. The results of this study suggest that PAI is a useful, noninvasive visualization tool for investigating the mechanism underlying thrombosis development and is suitable for imaging arterial thrombosis in mouse carotid arteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lalwani G, D'agati M, Gopalan A, Patel SC, Talukdar Y, Sitharaman B. Three-dimensional carbon nanotube scaffolds for long-term maintenance and expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1927-1939. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Lalwani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook New York 11794-5281
| | - Michael D'agati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook New York 11794-5281
| | - Anu Gopalan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook New York 11794-5281
| | - Sunny C. Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook New York 11794-5281
| | - Yahfi Talukdar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook New York 11794-5281
| | - Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook New York 11794-5281
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Teodori L, Crupi A, Costa A, Diaspro A, Melzer S, Tarnok A. Three-dimensional imaging technologies: a priority for the advancement of tissue engineering and a challenge for the imaging community. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:24-45. [PMID: 27110674 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering/regenerative medicine (TERM) is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principle of engineering and life sciences to restore/replace damaged tissues/organs with in vitro artificially-created ones. Research on TERM quickly moves forward. Today newest technologies and discoveries, such as 3D-/bio-printing, allow in vitro fabrication of ex-novo made tissues/organs, opening the door to wide and probably never-ending application possibilities, from organ transplant to drug discovery, high content screening and replacement of laboratory animals. Imaging techniques are fundamental tools for the characterization of tissue engineering (TE) products at any stage, from biomaterial/scaffold to construct/organ analysis. Indeed, tissue engineers need versatile imaging methods capable of monitoring not only morphological but also functional and molecular features, allowing three-dimensional (3D) and time-lapse in vivo analysis, in a non-destructive, quantitative, multidimensional analysis of TE constructs, to analyze their pre-implantation quality assessment and their fate after implantation. This review focuses on the newest developments in imaging technologies and applications in the context of requirements of the different steps of the TERM field, describing strengths and weaknesses of the current imaging approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Teodori
- Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory FSN-TECFIS-DIM ENEA CR Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 44, 00044, Rome, Italy
| | - Annunziata Crupi
- Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory FSN-TECFIS-DIM ENEA CR Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 44, 00044, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione San Raffaele, S.S. Ceglie San Michele km 1200, 72013, Ceglie Messapica, Italy
| | - Alessandra Costa
- University of Pittsburgh McGowan Institute, 3550 Terrace St 5606, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
- Nikon Imaging Center, Genova, Italy, www.nic.iit.it
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Sächsische Inkubator für klinische Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, HELIOS Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Sächsische Inkubator für klinische Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, HELIOS Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lalwani G, D'agati M, Gopalan A, Rao M, Schneller J, Sitharaman B. Three-dimensional macroporous graphene scaffolds for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:73-83. [PMID: 27529473 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of carbon nanomaterials into three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds is critical to harness their unique physiochemical properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. In this study, we report the fabrication, characterization, and in vitro cytocompatibility of true 3D (>1 mm in all three dimensions), macroscopic (3-8 mm in height and 4-6 mm in diameter), chemically cross-linked graphene scaffolds prepared via radical initiated thermal cross-linking of single- and multiwalled graphene oxide nanoribbons (SWGONRs and MWGONRs). SWGONR and MWGONR scaffolds possess tunable porosity (∼65-80%) and interconnected macro-, micro-, and nanoscale pores. Human adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) and murine MC3T3 preosteoblast cells show good cell viability on SWGONR and MWGONR scaffolds after 1, 3, and 5 days comparable to 3D poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) scaffolds. Confocal live-cell imaging showed that cells were metabolically active and could spread on SWGONR and MWGONR scaffolds. Immunofluorescence imaging showed the presence of focal adhesion protein vinculin and expression of cell proliferation marker Ki-67 suggesting that cells could attach and proliferate on SWGONR and MWGONR scaffolds. These results indicate that cross-linked SWGONR and MWGONR scaffolds are cytocompatible and opens-avenues toward the development of 3D multifunctional graphene scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 73-83, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Lalwani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-5281
| | - Michael D'agati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-5281
| | - Anu Gopalan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-5281
| | - Manisha Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-5281
| | - Jessica Schneller
- Department of Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-5281
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Avigo C, Flori A, Armanetti P, Di Lascio N, Kusmic C, Jose J, Losi P, Soldani G, Faita F, Menichetti L. Strategies for non-invasive imaging of polymeric biomaterial in vascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine using ultrasound and photoacoustic techniques. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Avigo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Alessandra Flori
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Paolo Armanetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Nicole Di Lascio
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Claudia Kusmic
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Jithin Jose
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Paola Losi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Giorgio Soldani
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesco Faita
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Luca Menichetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leferink AM, van Blitterswijk CA, Moroni L. Methods of Monitoring Cell Fate and Tissue Growth in Three-Dimensional Scaffold-Based Strategies for In Vitro Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:265-83. [PMID: 26825610 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the field of tissue engineering, there is a need for methods that allow assessing the performance of tissue-engineered constructs noninvasively in vitro and in vivo. To date, histological analysis is the golden standard to retrieve information on tissue growth, cellular distribution, and cell fate on tissue-engineered constructs after in vitro cell culture or on explanted specimens after in vivo applications. Yet, many advances have been made to optimize imaging techniques for monitoring tissue-engineered constructs with a sub-mm or μm resolution. Many imaging modalities have first been developed for clinical applications, in which a high penetration depth has been often more important than lateral resolution. In this study, we have reviewed the current state of the art in several imaging approaches that have shown to be promising in monitoring cell fate and tissue growth upon in vitro culture. Depending on the aimed tissue type and scaffold properties, some imaging methods are more applicable than others. Optical methods are mostly suited for transparent materials such as hydrogels, whereas magnetic resonance-based methods are mostly applied to obtain contrast between hard and soft tissues regardless of their transparency. Overall, this review shows that the field of imaging in scaffold-based tissue engineering is developing at a fast pace and has the potential to overcome the limitations of destructive endpoint analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Leferink
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands .,3 BIOS/Lab-on-a-chip Group, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Santiesteban DY, Kubelick K, Dhada KS, Dumani D, Suggs L, Emelianov S. Monitoring/Imaging and Regenerative Agents for Enhancing Tissue Engineering Characterization and Therapies. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:750-72. [PMID: 26692081 PMCID: PMC4956083 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The past three decades have seen numerous advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) therapies. However, despite the successes there is still much to be done before TERM therapies become commonplace in clinic. One of the main obstacles is the lack of knowledge regarding complex tissue engineering processes. Imaging strategies, in conjunction with exogenous contrast agents, can aid in this endeavor by assessing in vivo therapeutic progress. The ability to uncover real-time treatment progress will help shed light on the complex tissue engineering processes and lead to development of improved, adaptive treatments. More importantly, the utilized exogenous contrast agents can double as therapeutic agents. Proper use of these Monitoring/Imaging and Regenerative Agents (MIRAs) can help increase TERM therapy successes and allow for clinical translation. While other fields have exploited similar particles for combining diagnostics and therapy, MIRA research is still in its beginning stages with much of the current research being focused on imaging or therapeutic applications, separately. Advancing MIRA research will have numerous impacts on achieving clinical translations of TERM therapies. Therefore, it is our goal to highlight current MIRA progress and suggest future research that can lead to effective TERM treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Y Santiesteban
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, BME Building, 1 University Station, C0800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kelsey Kubelick
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kabir S Dhada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, BME Building, 1 University Station, C0800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Diego Dumani
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Laura Suggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, BME Building, 1 University Station, C0800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Stanislav Emelianov
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang YS, Wang LV, Xia Y. Seeing Through the Surface: Non-invasive Characterization of Biomaterial-Tissue Interactions Using Photoacoustic Microscopy. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:649-66. [PMID: 26471785 PMCID: PMC4792739 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
At the intersection of life sciences, materials science, engineering, and medicine, regenerative medicine stands out as a rapidly progressing field that aims at retaining, restoring, or augmenting tissue/organ functions to promote the human welfare. While the field has witnessed tremendous advancements over the past few decades, it still faces many challenges. For example, it has been difficult to visualize, monitor, and assess the functions of the engineered tissue/organ constructs, particularly when three-dimensional scaffolds are involved. Conventional approaches based on histology are invasive and therefore only convey end-point assays. The development of volumetric imaging techniques such as confocal and ultrasonic imaging has enabled direct observation of intact constructs without the need of sectioning. However, the capability of these techniques is often limited in terms of penetration depth and contrast. In comparison, the recently developed photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has allowed us to address these issues by integrating optical and ultrasonic imaging to greatly reduce the effect of tissue scattering of photons with one-way ultrasound detection while retaining the high optical absorption contrast. PAM has been successfully applied to a number of studies, such as observation of cell distribution, monitoring of vascularization, and interrogation of biomaterial degradation. In this review article, we highlight recent progress in non-invasive and volumetric characterization of biomaterial-tissue interactions using PAM. We also discuss challenges ahead and envision future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim K, Wagner WR. Non-invasive and Non-destructive Characterization of Tissue Engineered Constructs Using Ultrasound Imaging Technologies: A Review. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:621-35. [PMID: 26518412 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid expansion of biomaterial development and coupled efforts to translate such advances toward the clinic, non-invasive and non-destructive imaging tools to evaluate implants in situ in a timely manner are critically needed. The required multi-level information is comprehensive, including structural, mechanical, and biological changes such as scaffold degradation, mechanical strength, cell infiltration, extracellular matrix formation and vascularization to name a few. With its inherent advantages of non-invasiveness and non-destructiveness, ultrasound imaging can be an ideal tool for both preclinical and clinical uses. In this review, currently available ultrasound imaging technologies that have been applied in vitro and in vivo for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are discussed and some new emerging ultrasound technologies and multi-modality approaches utilizing ultrasound are introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Kim
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - William R Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lalwani G, Gopalan A, D’Agati M, Sankaran JS, Judex S, Qin YX, Sitharaman B. Porous three-dimensional carbon nanotube scaffolds for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3212-25. [PMID: 25788440 PMCID: PMC4552611 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of carbon nanomaterials into three-dimensional (3D) architectures is necessary to harness their unique physiochemical properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Herein, we report the fabrication and comprehensive cytocompatibility assessment of 3D chemically crosslinked macrosized (5-8 mm height and 4-6 mm diameter) porous carbon nanotube (CNT) scaffolds. Scaffolds prepared via radical initiated thermal crosslinking of single- or multiwalled CNTs (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) possess high porosity (>80%), and nano-, micro-, and macroscale interconnected pores. MC3T3 preosteoblast cells on MWCNT and SWCNT scaffolds showed good cell viability comparable to poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) scaffolds after 5 days. Confocal live cell and immunofluorescence imaging showed that MC3T3 cells were metabolically active and could attach, proliferate, and infiltrate MWCNT and SWCNT scaffolds. SEM imaging corroborated cell attachment and spreading and suggested that cell morphology is governed by scaffold surface roughness. MC3T3 cells were elongated on scaffolds with high surface roughness (MWCNTs) and rounded on scaffolds with low surface roughness (SWCNTs). The surface roughness of scaffolds may be exploited to control cellular morphology and, in turn, govern cell fate. These results indicate that crosslinked MWCNTs and SWCNTs scaffolds are cytocompatible, and open avenues toward development of multifunctional all-carbon scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Lalwani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281
| | - Anu Gopalan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281
| | - Michael D’Agati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281
| | | | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281
| | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281
| | - Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meir R, Motiei M, Popovtzer R. Gold nanoparticles for in vivo cell tracking. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:2059-69. [PMID: 25343353 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy offers a promising solution for the treatment of diseases and injuries that conventional medicines and therapies cannot cure effectively, and thus comprises an encouraging arena for future medical breakthroughs. The development of an accurate and quantitative noninvasive cell tracking technique is a highly challenging task that could help in evaluating the effectiveness of treatments. Moreover, cell tracking could provide essential knowledge regarding the fundamental trafficking patterns and poorly understood mechanisms underlying the success or failure of cell therapy. This article focuses on gold nanoparticles, which provide cells with 'visibility' in a variety of imaging modalities for stem cell therapy, immune cell therapy and cancer treatment. Current challenges and future prospects relating to the use of gold nanoparticles in such roles are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Meir
- Bar-Ilan University, Faculty of Engineering & the Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou M, Deng Y, Liang K, Liu X, Wei B, Hu W. One-step route synthesis of active carbon@La2NiO4/NiO hybrid coatings as supercapacitor electrode materials: Significant improvements in electrochemical performance. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
20
|
Nam SY, Ricles LM, Suggs LJ, Emelianov SY. Imaging strategies for tissue engineering applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2015; 21:88-102. [PMID: 25012069 PMCID: PMC4322020 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has evolved with multifaceted research being conducted using advanced technologies, and it is progressing toward clinical applications. As tissue engineering technology significantly advances, it proceeds toward increasing sophistication, including nanoscale strategies for material construction and synergetic methods for combining with cells, growth factors, or other macromolecules. Therefore, to assess advanced tissue-engineered constructs, tissue engineers need versatile imaging methods capable of monitoring not only morphological but also functional and molecular information. However, there is no single imaging modality that is suitable for all tissue-engineered constructs. Each imaging method has its own range of applications and provides information based on the specific properties of the imaging technique. Therefore, according to the requirements of the tissue engineering studies, the most appropriate tool should be selected among a variety of imaging modalities. The goal of this review article is to describe available biomedical imaging methods to assess tissue engineering applications and to provide tissue engineers with criteria and insights for determining the best imaging strategies. Commonly used biomedical imaging modalities, including X-ray and computed tomography, positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, optical imaging, and emerging techniques and multimodal imaging, will be discussed, focusing on the latest trends of their applications in recent tissue engineering studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yun Nam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura M. Ricles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura J. Suggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Stanislav Y. Emelianov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
3D Bioprinting and 3D Imaging for Stem Cell Engineering. BIOPRINTING IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21386-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
22
|
|
23
|
Dalecki D, Hocking DC. Ultrasound technologies for biomaterials fabrication and imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:747-61. [PMID: 25326439 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is emerging as a powerful tool for developing biomaterials for regenerative medicine. Ultrasound technologies are finding wide-ranging, innovative applications for controlling the fabrication of bioengineered scaffolds, as well as for imaging and quantitatively monitoring the properties of engineered constructs both during fabrication processes and post-implantation. This review provides an overview of the biomedical applications of ultrasound for imaging and therapy, a tutorial of the physical mechanisms through which ultrasound can interact with biomaterials, and examples of how ultrasound technologies are being developed and applied for biomaterials fabrication processes, non-invasive imaging, and quantitative characterization of bioengineered scaffolds in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Dalecki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 310 Goergen Hall, P.O. Box 270168, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Serrano MC, Gutiérrez MC, del Monte F. Role of polymers in the design of 3D carbon nanotube-based scaffolds for biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
25
|
Talukdar Y, Avti P, Sun J, Sitharaman B. Multimodal ultrasound-photoacoustic imaging of tissue engineering scaffolds and blood oxygen saturation in and around the scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:440-9. [PMID: 24107069 PMCID: PMC4005489 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical, noninvasive imaging of tissue engineering polymeric scaffold structure and/or the physiological processes such as blood oxygenation remains a challenge. In vitro or ex vivo, the widely used scaffold characterization modalities such as porosimetry, electron or optical microscopy, and X-ray microcomputed tomography have limitations or disadvantages-some are invasive or destructive, others have limited tissue penetration (few hundred micrometers) and/or show poor contrast under physiological conditions. Postmortem histological analysis, the most robust technique for the evaluation of neovascularization is obviously not appropriate for acquiring physiological or longitudinal data. In this study, we have explored the potential of ultrasound (US)-coregistered photoacoustic (PA) imaging as a noninvasive multimodal imaging modality to overcome some of the above challenges and/or provide complementary information. US-PA imaging was employed to characterize poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer scaffolds or single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-incorporated PLGA (SWCNT-PLGA) polymer scaffolds as well as blood oxygen saturation within and around the scaffolds. Ex vivo, PLGA and SWCNT-PLGA scaffolds were placed at 0.5, 2, and 6 mm depths in chicken breast tissues. PLGA scaffolds could be localized with US imaging, but generate no PA signal (excitation wavelengths 680 and 780 nm). SWCNT-PLGA scaffolds generated strong PA signals at both wavelengths due to the presence of the SWCNTs and could be localized with both US and PA imaging depths between 0.5-6 mm (lateral resolution = 90 μm, axial resolution = 40 μm). In vivo, PLGA and SWCNT-PLGA scaffolds were implanted in subcutaneous pockets at 2 mm depth in rats, and imaged at 7 and 14 days postsurgery. The anatomical position of both the scaffolds could be determined from the US images. Only SWCNT-PLGA scaffolds could be easily detected in the US-PA images. SWCNT-PLGA scaffolds had significant four times higher PA signal intensity compared with the surrounding tissue and PLGA scaffolds. In vivo blood oxygen saturation maps around and within the PLGA scaffolds could be obtained by PA imaging. There was no significant difference in oxygen saturation for the PLGA scaffolds at the two time points. The blood oxygen saturation maps complemented the histological analysis of neovascularization of the PLGA scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahfi Talukdar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Pramod Avti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - John Sun
- VisualSonics, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Feng P, Wei P, Shuai C, Peng S. Characterization of mechanical and biological properties of 3-D scaffolds reinforced with zinc oxide for bone tissue engineering. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87755. [PMID: 24498185 PMCID: PMC3909231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A scaffold for bone tissue engineering should have highly interconnected porous structure, appropriate mechanical and biological properties. In this work, we fabricated well-interconnected porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds via selective laser sintering (SLS). We found that the mechanical and biological properties of the scaffolds were improved by doping of zinc oxide (ZnO). Our data showed that the fracture toughness increased from 1.09 to 1.40 MPam(1/2), and the compressive strength increased from 3.01 to 17.89 MPa when the content of ZnO increased from 0 to 2.5 wt%. It is hypothesized that the increase of ZnO would lead to a reduction in grain size and an increase in density of the strut. However, the fracture toughness and compressive strength decreased with further increasing of ZnO content, which may be due to the sharp increase in grain size. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was investigated by analyzing the adhesion and the morphology of human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells cultured on the surfaces of the scaffolds. The scaffolds exhibited better and better ability to support cell attachment and proliferation when the content of ZnO increased from 0 to 2.5 wt%. Moreover, a bone like apatite layer formed on the surfaces of the scaffolds after incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF), indicating an ability of osteoinduction and osteoconduction. In summary, interconnected porous β-TCP scaffolds doped with ZnO were successfully fabricated and revealed good mechanical and biological properties, which may be used for bone repair and replacement potentially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Pingpin Wei
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Cijun Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CS); (SP)
| | - Shuping Peng
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CS); (SP)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nie L, Chen X. Structural and functional photoacoustic molecular tomography aided by emerging contrast agents. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:7132-70. [PMID: 24967718 PMCID: PMC4569000 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00086b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) can offer structural, functional and molecular contrasts at scalable observation level. By ultrasonically overcoming the strong optical scattering, this imaging technology can reach centimeters penetration depth while retaining high spatial resolution in biological tissue. Recent extensive research has been focused on developing new contrast agents to improve the imaging sensitivity, specificity and efficiency. These emerging materials have substantially accelerated PAT applications in signal sensing, functional imaging, biomarker labeling and therapy monitoring etc. Here, the potentials of different optical probes as PAT contrast agents were elucidated. We first describe the instrumental embodiments and the measured functional parameters, then focus on emerging contrast agent-based PAT applications, and finally discuss the challenges and prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Nie
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ruckh TT, Clark HA. Implantable nanosensors: toward continuous physiologic monitoring. Anal Chem 2013; 86:1314-23. [PMID: 24325255 DOI: 10.1021/ac402688k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Continuous physiologic monitoring would add greatly to both home and clinical medical treatment for chronic conditions. Implantable nanosensors are a promising platform for designing continuous monitoring systems. This Feature reviews design considerations and current approaches toward such devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Ruckh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lalwani G, Cai X, Nie L, Wang LV, Sitharaman B. Graphene-based contrast agents for photoacoustic and thermoacoustic tomography. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2013; 1:62-67. [PMID: 24490141 PMCID: PMC3904379 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, graphene nanoribbons and nanoplatelets were investigated as contrast agents for photoacoustic and thermoacoustic tomography (PAT and TAT). We show that oxidized single-and multi-walled graphene oxide nanoribbons (O-SWGNRs, O-MWGNRs) exhibit approximately 5-10 fold signal enhancement for PAT in comparison to blood at the wavelength of 755 nm, and approximately 10-28% signal enhancement for TAT in comparison to deionized (DI) water at 3 GHz. Oxidized graphite microparticles (O-GMPs) and exfoliated graphene oxide nanoplatelets (O-GNPs) show no significant signal enhancement for PAT, and approximately 12-29% signal enhancement for TAT. These results indicate that O-GNRs show promise as multi-modal PAT and TAT contrast agents, and that O-GNPs are suitable contrast agents for TAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Lalwani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Xin Cai
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Liming Nie
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yao J, Wang LV. Photoacoustic Microscopy. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2013; 7:10.1002/lpor.201200060. [PMID: 24416085 PMCID: PMC3887369 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a hybrid in vivo imaging technique that acoustically detects optical contrast via the photoacoustic effect. Unlike pure optical microscopic techniques, PAM takes advantage of the weak acoustic scattering in tissue and thus breaks through the optical diffusion limit (~1 mm in soft tissue). With its excellent scalability, PAM can provide high-resolution images at desired maximum imaging depths up to a few millimeters. Compared with backscattering-based confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography, PAM provides absorption contrast instead of scattering contrast. Furthermore, PAM can image more molecules, endogenous or exogenous, at their absorbing wavelengths than fluorescence-based methods, such as wide-field, confocal, and multi-photon microscopy. Most importantly, PAM can simultaneously image anatomical, functional, molecular, flow dynamic and metabolic contrasts in vivo. Focusing on state-of-the-art developments in PAM, this Review discusses the key features of PAM implementations and their applications in biomedical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hu S, Wang L. Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy: auscultation of biological systems at the cellular level. Biophys J 2013; 105:841-7. [PMID: 23972836 PMCID: PMC3752103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) offers unprecedented sensitivity to optical absorption and opens a new window to study biological systems at multiple length- and timescales. In particular, optical-resolution PAM (OR-PAM) has pushed the technical envelope to submicron length scales and millisecond timescales. Here, we review the state of the art of OR-PAM in biophysical research. With properly chosen optical wavelengths, OR-PAM can spectrally differentiate a variety of endogenous and exogenous chromophores, unveiling the anatomical, functional, metabolic, and molecular information of biological systems. Newly uncovered contrast mechanisms of linear dichroism and Förster resonance energy transfer further distinguish OR-PAM. Integrating multiple contrasts and advanced scanning mechanisms has capacitated OR-PAM to comprehensively interrogate biological systems at the cellular level in real time. Two future directions are discussed, where OR-PAM holds the potential to translate basic biophysical research into clinical healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Hu
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ciofani G, Danti S, Genchi GG, Mazzolai B, Mattoli V. Boron nitride nanotubes: biocompatibility and potential spill-over in nanomedicine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1672-1685. [PMID: 23423826 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) represent an innovative and extremely intriguing class of nanomaterials. Thanks to their special chemical and physical characteristics, they have already found a large number of applications in the field of nanotechnology, and recent studies have shown their possible exploitation in the biomedical domain, both as nanocarriers and, more interestingly, as nanotransducers. In this review, the latest findings on the interactions between BNNTs and living systems are summarized, starting with the major issues of their stabilization in physiological media and their functionalization with bioactive molecules. Thereafter the biocompatibility data which have so far been made available are discussed, and the need for further extensive and standardized tests is highlighted. Finally, the appealing diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities offered by BNNT-based systems are described, envisioning the potential spill-over effects of such 'smart' and 'active' nanoparticles in nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Micro-BioRobotics@SSSA, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 Pontedera (Pisa) 56025, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cai X, Zhang YS, Xia Y, Wang LV. Photoacoustic Microscopy in Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2013; 16:67-77. [PMID: 23766667 PMCID: PMC3678877 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an attractive modality for noninvasive, volumetric imaging of scattering media such as biological tissues. By choosing the ultrasonic detection frequency, PAT enables scalable spatial resolution with desired imaging depth up to ~7 cm while maintaining a high depth-to-resolution ratio of ~200 and consistent optical absorption contrasts. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), the microscopic embodiment of PAT, aims to image at millimeter depth and micrometer-scale resolution. PAM is well-suited for characterizing three-dimensional scaffold-based samples, including scaffolds themselves, cells, and blood vessels, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Here we review our previous work on applications of PAM in tissue engineering and then discuss its future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chung E, Nam SY, Ricles LM, Emelianov SY, Suggs LJ. Evaluation of gold nanotracers to track adipose-derived stem cells in a PEGylated fibrin gel for dermal tissue engineering applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:325-36. [PMID: 23345978 PMCID: PMC3551459 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s36711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the regenerative capacity of a tissue-engineered device in a noninvasive and synchronous manner is critical to determining the mechanisms for success in clinical applications. In particular, directly tracking implanted cells in a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is desirable in that it enables the monitoring of cellular activity in a specific and localized manner. The authors' group has previously demonstrated that the PEGylation of fibrin results in a 3D scaffold that supports morphologic and phenotypic changes in mesenchymal stem cells that may be advantageous in wound healing applications. Recently, the authors have evaluated adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) as a mesenchymal cell source to regenerate skin and blood vessels due to their potential for proliferation, differentiation, and production of growth factors. However, tracking and monitoring ASCs in a 3D scaffold, such as a PEGylated fibrin gel, have not yet been fully investigated. In the current paper, nanoscale gold spheres (20 nm) as cell tracers for ASCs cultured in a PEGylated fibrin gel were evaluated. An advanced dual-imaging modality combining ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging was utilized to monitor rat ASCs over time. The ASCs took up gold nanotracers and could be detected up to day 16 with high sensitivity using photoacoustic imaging. There were no detrimental effects on ASC morphology, network formation, proliferation, and protein expression/secretion (ie, smooth muscle α-actin, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9) associated with gold nanotracers. Therefore, utilization of gold nanotracers can be an effective strategy to monitor the regenerative process of a stem cell source in a 3D gel for vascular and dermal tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunna Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xing W, Wang L, Maslov K, Wang LV. Integrated optical- and acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy based on an optical fiber bundle. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:52-54. [PMID: 23282835 PMCID: PMC4011141 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), whose spatial resolution and maximum imaging depth are both scalable, has made great progress in recent years. However, each PAM system currently achieves only one resolution with an associated maximum imaging depth. Here, we present an integrated optical-resolution (OR) and acoustic-resolution (AR) PAM system implemented by delivering light via an optical fiber bundle. A single fiber core is used to deliver light for OR illumination in order to achieve a small spot size and hence high lateral resolution, whereas all the fiber cores are used to deliver more energy for AR illumination. Most other components are shared by the OR and AR imaging. The lateral resolution can be seamlessly switched between 2.2 and 40 μm as the maximum imaging depth is switched between 1.3 and 3.0 mm. The system enables automatically coregistered higher-resolution OR and deeper AR photoacoustic imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Xing
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Preston M. Green Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lidai Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | | | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Preston M. Green Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chung E, Ricles LM, Stowers RS, Nam SY, Emelianov SY, Suggs LJ. Multifunctional nanoscale strategies for enhancing and monitoring blood vessel regeneration. NANO TODAY 2012; 7:514-531. [PMID: 28989343 PMCID: PMC5630157 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has great potential in biomedical applications, and specifically in regenerative medicine and vascular tissue engineering. Designing nanometer-sized therapeutic and diagnostic devices for tissue engineering applications is critical because cells experience and respond to stimuli on this spatial scale. For example, nanoscaffolds, including nanoscalestructured or nanoscale surface-modified vascular scaffolds, can influence cell alignment, adhesion, and differentiation to promote better endothelization. Furthermore, nanoscale contrast agents can be extended to the field of biomedical imaging to monitor and track stem cells to better understand the process of neovascularization. In addition, nanoscale systems capable of delivering biomolecules (e.g. peptides and angiogenic genes/proteins) can influence cell behavior, function, and phenotype to promote blood vessel regeneration. This review will focus on nanomedicine and nanoscale strategies applied to vascular tissue engineering. In particular, some of the latest research and potential applications pertaining to nanoscaffolds, biomedical imaging and cell tracking using nanoscale contrast agents, and nanodelivery systems of bioactive molecules applied to blood vessel regeneration will be discussed. In addition, the overlap between these three areas and their synergistic effects will be examined as related to vascular tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunna Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C0800, Austin, TX 78712-0238, USA
| | - Laura M. Ricles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C0800, Austin, TX 78712-0238, USA
| | - Ryan S. Stowers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C0800, Austin, TX 78712-0238, USA
| | - Seung Yun Nam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C0800, Austin, TX 78712-0238, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0238, USA
| | - Stanislav Y. Emelianov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C0800, Austin, TX 78712-0238, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0238, USA
| | - Laura J. Suggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C0800, Austin, TX 78712-0238, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|