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Jiang J, Röper L, Fuchs F, Hanschen M, Failer S, Alageel S, Cong X, Dornseifer U, Schilling AF, Machens HG, Moog P. Bone Regenerative Effect of Injectable Hypoxia Preconditioned Serum-Fibrin (HPS-F) in an Ex Vivo Bone Defect Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5315. [PMID: 38791352 PMCID: PMC11121588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofunctionalized hydrogels are widely used in tissue engineering for bone repair. This study examines the bone regenerative effect of the blood-derived growth factor preparation of Hypoxia Preconditioned Serum (HPS) and its fibrin-hydrogel formulation (HPS-F) on drilled defects in embryonic day 19 chick femurs. Measurements of bone-related growth factors in HPS reveal significant elevations of Osteopontin, Osteoprotegerin, and soluble-RANKL compared with normal serum (NS) but no detection of BMP-2/7 or Osteocalcin. Growth factor releases from HPS-F are measurable for at least 7 days. Culturing drilled femurs organotypically on a liquid/gas interface with HPS media supplementation for 10 days demonstrates a 34.6% increase in bone volume and a 52.02% increase in bone mineral density (BMD) within the defect area, which are significantly higher than NS and a basal-media-control, as determined by microcomputed tomography. HPS-F-injected femur defects implanted on a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) for 7 days exhibit an increase in bone mass of 123.5% and an increase in BMD of 215.2%, which are significantly higher than normal-serum-fibrin (NS-F) and no treatment. Histology reveals calcification, proteoglycan, and collagen fiber deposition in the defect area of HPS-F-treated femurs. Therefore, HPS-F may offer a promising and accessible therapeutic approach to accelerating bone regeneration by a single injection into the bone defect site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (J.J.); (L.R.); (F.F.); (S.A.); (X.C.)
| | - Lynn Röper
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (J.J.); (L.R.); (F.F.); (S.A.); (X.C.)
| | - Finja Fuchs
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (J.J.); (L.R.); (F.F.); (S.A.); (X.C.)
| | - Marc Hanschen
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (M.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Sandra Failer
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (M.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Sarah Alageel
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (J.J.); (L.R.); (F.F.); (S.A.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaobin Cong
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (J.J.); (L.R.); (F.F.); (S.A.); (X.C.)
| | - Ulf Dornseifer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Isar Klinikum, D-80331 Munich, Germany;
| | - Arndt F. Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Hans-Günther Machens
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (J.J.); (L.R.); (F.F.); (S.A.); (X.C.)
| | - Philipp Moog
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (J.J.); (L.R.); (F.F.); (S.A.); (X.C.)
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Anup A, Dieterich S, Oreffo ROC, Dailey HL, Lang A, Haffner-Luntzer M, Hixon KR. Embracing ethical research: Implementing the 3R principles into fracture healing research for sustainable scientific progress. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:568-577. [PMID: 38124294 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
As scientific advancements continue to reshape the world, it becomes increasingly crucial to uphold ethical standards and minimize the potentially adverse impact of research activities. In this context, the implementation of the 3R principles-Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement-has emerged as a prominent framework for promoting ethical research practices in the use of animals. This article aims to explore recent advances in integrating the 3R principles into fracture healing research, highlighting their potential to enhance animal welfare, scientific validity, and societal trust. The review focuses on in vitro, in silico, ex vivo, and refined in vivo methods, which have the potential to replace, reduce, and refine animal experiments in musculoskeletal, bone, and fracture healing research. Here, we review material that was presented at the workshop "Implementing 3R Principles into Fracture Healing Research" at the 2023 Orthopedic Research Society (ORS) Annual Meeting in Dallas, Texas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Anup
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sandra Dieterich
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Hannah L Dailey
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katherine R Hixon
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Mariano LC, Grenho L, Fernandes MH, de Sousa Gomes P. Integrative tissue, cellular and molecular responsiveness of an innovative ex vivo model of the Staphylococcus aureus-mediated bone infection. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23166. [PMID: 37650876 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300287rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a pathological condition of the bone, frequently associated with the presence of infectious agents - namely Staphylococcus aureus - that induce inflammation and tissue destruction. Recent advances in the understanding of its pathophysiology and the identification of innovative therapeutic approaches were gathered from experimental in vitro and in vivo systems. However, cell culture models offer limited representativeness of the cellular functionality and the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, further failing to mimic the three-dimensional tissue organization; and animal models allow for limited mechanistic assessment given the complex nature of systemic and paracrine regulatory systems and are endorsed with ethical constraints. Accordingly, this study aims at the establishment and assessment of a new ex vivo bone infection model, upon the organotypic culture of embryonic chicken femurs colonized with S. aureus, highlighting the model responsiveness at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. Upon infection with distinct bacterial inoculums, data reported an initial exponential bacterial growth, followed by diminished metabolic activity. At the tissue level, evidence of S. aureus-mediated tissue destruction was attained and demonstrated through distinct methodologies, conjoined with decreased osteoblastic/osteogenic and increased osteoclastic/osteoclastogenic functionalities-representative of the osteomyelitis clinical course. Overall, the establishment and characterization of an innovative bone tissue infection model that is simple, reproducible, easily manipulated, cost-effective, and simulates many features of human osteomyelitis, further allowing the maintenance of the bone tissue's three-dimensional morphology and cellular arrangement, was achieved. Model responsiveness was further demonstrated, showcasing the capability to improve the research pipeline in bone tissue infection-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Castro Mariano
- BoneLab-Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Grenho
- BoneLab-Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Fernandes
- BoneLab-Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro de Sousa Gomes
- BoneLab-Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Palumbo C, Sisi F, Checchi M. CAM Model: Intriguing Natural Bioreactor for Sustainable Research and Reliable/Versatile Testing. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1219. [PMID: 37759618 PMCID: PMC10525291 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We are witnessing the revival of the CAM model, which has already used been in the past by several researchers studying angiogenesis and anti-cancer drugs and now offers a refined model to fill, in the translational meaning, the gap between in vitro and in vivo studies. It can be used for a wide range of purposes, from testing cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, tumorigenesis, and invasion to the action mechanisms of molecules and validation of new materials from tissue engineering research. The CAM model is easy to use, with a fast outcome, and makes experimental research more sustainable since it allows us to replace, reduce, and refine pre-clinical experimentation ("3Rs" rules). This review aims to highlight some unique potential that the CAM-assay presents; in particular, the authors intend to use the CAM model in the future to verify, in a microenvironment comparable to in vivo conditions, albeit simplified, the angiogenic ability of functionalized 3D constructs to be used in regenerative medicine strategies in the recovery of skeletal injuries of critical size (CSD) that do not repair spontaneously. For this purpose, organotypic cultures will be planned on several CAMs set up in temporal sequences, and a sort of organ model for assessing CSD will be utilized in the CAM bioreactor rather than in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Checchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia—Largo del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
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Kato G, Araújo R, Rodrigues C, Gomes PS, Grenho L, Fernandes MH. Ex Vivo Osteogenesis Induced by Calcium Silicate-Based Cement Extracts. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:314. [PMID: 37367277 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14060314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium silicate-based cements are used in a variety of clinical conditions affecting the pulp tissue, relying on their inductive effect on tissue mineralization. This work aimed to evaluate the biological response of calcium silicate-based cements with distinct properties-the fast-setting Biodentine™ and TotalFill® BC RRM™ Fast Putty, and the classical slow-setting ProRoot® MTA, in an ex vivo model of bone development. Briefly, eleven-day-old embryonic chick femurs were cultured for 10 days in organotypic conditions, being exposed to the set cements' eluates and, at the end of the culture period, evaluated for osteogenesis/bone formation by combining microtomographic analysis and histological histomorphometric assessment. ProRoot® MTA and TotalFill® extracts presented similar levels of calcium ions, although significantly lower than those released from BiodentineTM. All extracts increased the osteogenesis/tissue mineralization, assayed by microtomographic (BV/TV) and histomorphometric (% of mineralized area; % of total collagen area, and % of mature collagen area) indexes, although displaying distinct dose-dependent patterns and quantitative values. The fast-setting cements displayed better performance than that of ProRoot® MTA, with BiodentineTM presenting the best performance, within the assayed experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Kato
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, 4100-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Araújo
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, 4100-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Rodrigues
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sousa Gomes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, 4100-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Grenho
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, 4100-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Fernandes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, 4100-007 Porto, Portugal
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Martin V, Grenho L, Fernandes MH, Gomes PS. Repurposing sarecycline for osteoinductive therapies: an in vitro and ex vivo assessment. J Bone Miner Metab 2023:10.1007/s00774-023-01428-9. [PMID: 37036531 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-023-01428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tetracyclines (TCs) embrace a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics with unrelated effects at sub-antimicrobial levels, including an effective anti-inflammatory activity and stimulation of osteogenesis, allowing their repurposing for different clinical applications. Recently, sarecycline (SA)-a new-generation molecule with a narrower antimicrobial spectrum-was clinically approved due to its anti-inflammatory profile and reduced adverse effects verified with prolonged use. Notwithstanding, little is known about its osteogenic potential, previously verified for early generation TCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Accordingly, the present study is focused on the assessment of the response of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) to a concentration range of SA, addressing the metabolic activity, morphology and osteoblastic differentiation capability, further detailing the modulation of Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch signaling pathways. In addition, an ex vivo organotypic bone development system was established in the presence of SA and characterized by microtomographic and histochemical analysis. RESULTS hBMSCs cultured with SA presented a significantly increased metabolic activity compared to control, with an indistinguishable cell morphology. Moreover, RUNX2 expression was upregulated 2.5-fold, and ALP expression was increased around sevenfold in the presence of SA. Further, GLI2 expression was significantly upregulated, while HEY1 and HNF1A were downregulated, substantiating Hedgehog and Notch signaling pathways' modulation. The ex vivo model developed in the presence of SA presented a significantly enhanced collagen deposition, extended migration areas of osteogenesis, and an increased bone mineral content, substantiating an increased osteogenic development. CONCLUSION Summarizing, SA is a promising candidate for drug repurposing within therapies envisaging the enhancement of bone healing/regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Martin
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, U. Porto, 4160-007, Porto, Portugal
- BoneLab - Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration - Faculty of Dental Medicine, U. Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Grenho
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, U. Porto, 4160-007, Porto, Portugal
- BoneLab - Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration - Faculty of Dental Medicine, U. Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria H Fernandes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, U. Porto, 4160-007, Porto, Portugal
- BoneLab - Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration - Faculty of Dental Medicine, U. Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro S Gomes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, U. Porto, 4160-007, Porto, Portugal.
- BoneLab - Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration - Faculty of Dental Medicine, U. Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal.
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Watanabe R, Matsugaki A, Ishimoto T, Ozasa R, Matsumoto T, Nakano T. A Novel Ex Vivo Bone Culture Model for Regulation of Collagen/Apatite Preferential Orientation by Mechanical Loading. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137423. [PMID: 35806427 PMCID: PMC9267238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The anisotropic microstructure of bone, composed of collagen fibers and biological apatite crystallites, is an important determinant of its mechanical properties. Recent studies have revealed that the preferential orientation of collagen/apatite composites is closely related to the direction and magnitude of in vivo principal stress. However, the mechanism of alteration in the collagen/apatite microstructure to adapt to the mechanical environment remains unclear. In this study, we established a novel ex vivo bone culture system using embryonic mouse femurs, which enabled artificial control of the mechanical environment. The mineralized femur length significantly increased following cultivation; uniaxial mechanical loading promoted chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plates of embryonic mouse femurs. Compressive mechanical loading using the ex vivo bone culture system induced a higher anisotropic microstructure than that observed in the unloaded femur. Osteocytes in the anisotropic bone microstructure were elongated and aligned along the long axis of the femur, which corresponded to the principal loading direction. The ex vivo uniaxial mechanical loading successfully induced the formation of an oriented collagen/apatite microstructure via osteocyte mechano-sensation in a manner quite similar to the in vivo environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Watanabe
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (R.W.); (A.M.); (T.I.); (R.O.)
- Teijin Nakashima Medical Co., Ltd., 688-1 Joto-Kitagata, Higashi-ku, Okayama 709-0625, Japan
| | - Aira Matsugaki
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (R.W.); (A.M.); (T.I.); (R.O.)
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (R.W.); (A.M.); (T.I.); (R.O.)
| | - Ryosuke Ozasa
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (R.W.); (A.M.); (T.I.); (R.O.)
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (R.W.); (A.M.); (T.I.); (R.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6879-7505
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Garbieri TF, Martin V, Santos CF, Gomes PDS, Fernandes MH. The Embryonic Chick Femur Organotypic Model as a Tool to Analyze the Angiotensin II Axis on Bone Tissue. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050469. [PMID: 34065702 PMCID: PMC8157202 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) plays a role in bone deterioration associated with bone metabolic disorders, via increased Angiotensin II (AngII) targeting Angiotensin II type 1 receptor/Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT1R/AT2R). Despite the wide data availability, the RAS role remains controversial. This study analyzes the feasibility of using the embryonic chick femur organotypic model to address AngII/AT1R/AT2R axis in bone, which is an application not yet considered. Embryonic day-11 femurs were cultured ex vivo for 11 days in three settings: basal conditions, exposure to AngII, and modulation of AngII effects by prior receptor blockade, i.e., AT1R, AT2R, and AT1R + AT2R. Tissue response was evaluated by combining µCT and histological analysis. Basal-cultured femurs expressed components of RAS, namely ACE, AT1R, AT2R, and MasR (qPCR analysis). Bone formation occurred in the diaphyseal region in all conditions. In basal-cultured femurs, AT1R blocking increased Bone Surface/Bone Volume (BS/BV), whereas Bone Volume/Tissue Volume (BV/TV) decreased with AT2R or AT1R + AT2R blockade. Exposure to AngII greatly decreased BV/TV compared to basal conditions. Receptor blockade prior to AngII addition prevented this effect, i.e., AT1R blockade induced BV/TV, whereas blocking AT2R caused lower BV/TV increase but greater BS/BV; AT1R + AT2R blockade also improved BV/TV. Concluding, the embryonic chick femur model was sensitive to three relevant RAS research setups, proving its usefulness to address AngII/AT1R/AT2R axis in bone both in basal and activated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Francini Garbieri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil; (T.F.G.); (C.F.S.)
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (V.M.); (P.d.S.G.)
| | - Victor Martin
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (V.M.); (P.d.S.G.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4160-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil; (T.F.G.); (C.F.S.)
| | - Pedro de Sousa Gomes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (V.M.); (P.d.S.G.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4160-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Fernandes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (V.M.); (P.d.S.G.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4160-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Sieberath A, Della Bella E, Ferreira AM, Gentile P, Eglin D, Dalgarno K. A Comparison of Osteoblast and Osteoclast In Vitro Co-Culture Models and Their Translation for Preclinical Drug Testing Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E912. [PMID: 32019244 PMCID: PMC7037207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population of western societies on average ages, the number of people affected by bone remodeling-associated diseases such as osteoporosis continues to increase. The development of new therapeutics is hampered by the high failure rates of drug candidates during clinical testing, which is in part due to the poor predictive character of animal models during preclinical drug testing. Co-culture models of osteoblasts and osteoclasts offer an alternative to animal testing and are considered to have the potential to improve drug development processes in the future. However, a robust, scalable, and reproducible 3D model combining osteoblasts and osteoclasts for preclinical drug testing purposes has not been developed to date. Here we review various types of osteoblast-osteoclast co-culture models and outline the remaining obstacles that must be overcome for their successful translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sieberath
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - Elena Della Bella
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (D.E.)
| | - Ana Marina Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - David Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (D.E.)
| | - Kenny Dalgarno
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
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10
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Marshall KM, Kanczler JM, Oreffo ROC. Evolving applications of the egg: chorioallantoic membrane assay and ex vivo organotypic culture of materials for bone tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420942734. [PMID: 33194169 PMCID: PMC7594486 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420942734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The chick chorioallantoic membrane model has been around for over a century, applied in angiogenic, oncology, dental and xenograft research. Despite its often perceived archaic, redolent history, the chorioallantoic membrane assay offers new and exciting opportunities for material and growth factor evaluation in bone tissue engineering. Currently, superior/improved experimental methodology for the chorioallantoic membrane assay are difficult to identify, given an absence of scientific consensus in defining experimental approaches, including timing of inoculation with materials and the analysis of results. In addition, critically, regulatory and welfare issues impact upon experimental designs. Given such disparate points, this review details recent research using the ex vivo chorioallantoic membrane assay and the ex vivo organotypic culture to advance the field of bone tissue engineering, and highlights potential areas of improvement for their application based on recent developments within our group and the tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Marshall
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Janos M Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard OC Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Moreno-Jiménez I, Lanham SA, Kanczler JM, Hulsart-Billstrom G, Evans ND, Oreffo ROC. Remodelling of human bone on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken egg: De novo bone formation and resorption. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 12:1877-1890. [PMID: 29893478 DOI: 10.1002/term.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally used as an angiogenic assay, the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay of the chick embryo offers significant potential as an in vivo model for xenograft organ culture. Viable human bone can be cultivated on the CAM and increases in bone volume are evident; however, it remains unclear by what mechanism this change occurs and whether this reflects the physiological process of bone remodelling. In this study we tested the hypothesis that CAM-induced bone remodelling is a consequence of host and graft mediated processes. Bone cylinders harvested from femoral heads post surgery were placed on the CAM of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-chick embryos for 9 days, followed by micro computed tomography (μCT) and histological analysis. Three-dimensional registration of consecutive μCT-scans showed newly mineralised tissue in CAM-implanted bone cylinders, as well as new osteoid deposition histologically. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of bone resorption and formation markers (Cathepsin K, SOX9 and RUNX2) co-localising with GFP staining, expressed by avian cells only. To investigate the role of the human cells in the process of bone formation, decellularised bone cylinders were implanted on the CAM and comparable increases in bone volume were observed, indicating that avian cells were responsible for the bone mineralisation process. Finally, CAM-implantation of acellular collagen sponges, containing bone morphogenetic protein 2, resulted in the deposition of extracellular matrix and tissue mineralisation. These studies indicate that the CAM can respond to osteogenic stimuli and support formation or resorption of implanted human bone, providing a humanised CAM model for regenerative medicine research and a novel short-term in vivo model for tissue engineering and biomaterial testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Moreno-Jiménez
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stuart A Lanham
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Janos M Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gry Hulsart-Billstrom
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicholas D Evans
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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12
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Bone mineral density is increased in the cadmium-induced omphalocele chick model by using three-dimensional micro-computed tomography. Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:911-914. [PMID: 31203385 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cadmium (Cd) chick model has been described as a reliable model of omphalocele. Skeletal anomalies, including lumber lordosis, can be seen in the Cd chick model, as well as in the human omphalocele. Bone deformations, such as lordosis, are associated with high bone mineral density (BMD). Recently, three-dimensional microcomputed tomography (3DMCT) has been used to investigate skeletal development in small animal embryos. We used 3DMCT to test the hypothesis that the BMD is increased in the Cd-induced omphalocele chick model. METHODS After a 60-h incubation, chicks were exposed to either chick saline or Cd in ovo. Chick embryos were harvested at embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5) and were divided into control (n = 8) and Cd (n = 9). Chicks were then scanned by 3DMCT. The body volume, bone volume, bone/body volume ratio, bone mineral quantity and BMD were analysed statistically (significance was accepted at p < 0.05). RESULTS Bone mineral density (mg/cm3) was significantly increased in the Cd group compared to control group (235.3 ± 11.7 vs 223.4 ± 4.6, p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in the bone/body volume ratio between the Cd group and the control group (0.7 ± 0.1 vs 0.6 ± 0.0). The body volume (cm3) (0.3 ± 0.2 vs 0.3 ± 0.1), bone volume (cm3) (0.2 ± 0.2 vs 0.2 ± 0.1), and bone mineral quantity (mg) (51.3 ± 41.6 vs 41.5 ± 16.5) were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Increased BMD may be associated with lordosis of the vertebral column in the Cd-induced omphalocele chick model, stimulating osteogenesis by activating the canonical Wnt signalling pathway.
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Srinivasaiah S, Musumeci G, Mohan T, Castrogiovanni P, Absenger-Novak M, Zefferer U, Mostofi S, Bonyadi Rad E, Grün NG, Weinberg AM, Schäfer U. A 300 μm Organotypic Bone Slice Culture Model for Temporal Investigation of Endochondral Osteogenesis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25:197-212. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sriveena Srinivasaiah
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Human Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tamilselvan Mohan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Laboratory for Characterization and Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Human Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Ulrike Zefferer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sepideh Mostofi
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ehsan Bonyadi Rad
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Gabriele Grün
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Ute Schäfer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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14
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Rotherham M, Henstock JR, Qutachi O, El Haj AJ. Remote regulation of magnetic particle targeted Wnt signaling for bone tissue engineering. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:173-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Moreno-Jiménez I, Kanczler JM, Hulsart-Billstrom G, Inglis S, Oreffo RO. The Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay for Biomaterial Testing in Tissue Engineering: A Short-TermIn VivoPreclinical Model. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:938-952. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Moreno-Jiménez
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Center for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Janos M. Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Center for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gry Hulsart-Billstrom
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Center for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Inglis
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Center for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O.C. Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Center for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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16
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Aldahmash A, Vishnubalaji R. Transplantation of human neonatal foreskin stromal cells in ex vivo organotypic cultures of embryonic chick femurs. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:857-863. [PMID: 28490958 PMCID: PMC5415166 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that human neonatal foreskin stromal cells (hNSSCs) promote angiogenesis in vitro and in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay in vivo. To examine the in vivo relevance of this observation, we examined in the present study the differentiation potential of hNSSCs in ex vivo organotypic cultures of embryonic chick femurs. Isolated embryonic chick femurs (E10 and E11) were cultured for 10 days together with micro-mass cell pellets of hNSSCs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) or a combination of the two cell types. Changes in femurs gross morphology and integration of the cells within the femurs were investigated using standard histology and immunohistochemistry. After 10 days, the femurs that were cultured in the presence of hNSSCs alone or hNSSC + HUVEC cells grew longer, exhibited thicker diaphysis and an enlarged epiphyseal region compared to control femurs cultured in the absence of cells. Analysis of cell-femur interactions, revealed intense staining for CD31 and enhanced deposition of collagen rich matrix along the periosteum in femurs cultured with hNSSCs alone or hNSSCs + HUVEC and the most pronounced effects were observed in hNSSC + HUVEC cultures. Our data suggest that organotypic cultures can be employed to test the differentiation potential of stem cells and demonstrate the importance of stem cell interaction with 3D-intact tissue microenvironment for their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Aldahmash
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.,KMEB, Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - Radhakrishnan Vishnubalaji
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Abubakar AA, Noordin MM, Azmi TI, Kaka U, Loqman MY. The use of rats and mice as animal models in ex vivo bone growth and development studies. Bone Joint Res 2016; 5:610-618. [PMID: 27965220 PMCID: PMC5227059 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.512.bjr-2016-0102.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo animal experimentation has been one of the cornerstones of biological and biomedical research, particularly in the field of clinical medicine and pharmaceuticals. The conventional in vivo model system is invariably associated with high production costs and strict ethical considerations. These limitations led to the evolution of an ex vivo model system which partially or completely surmounted some of the constraints faced in an in vivo model system. The ex vivo rodent bone culture system has been used to elucidate the understanding of skeletal physiology and pathophysiology for more than 90 years. This review attempts to provide a brief summary of the historical evolution of the rodent bone culture system with emphasis on the strengths and limitations of the model. It encompasses the frequency of use of rats and mice for ex vivo bone studies, nutritional requirements in ex vivo bone growth and emerging developments and technologies. This compilation of information could assist researchers in the field of regenerative medicine and bone tissue engineering towards a better understanding of skeletal growth and development for application in general clinical medicine.Cite this article: A. A. Abubakar, M. M. Noordin, T. I. Azmi, U. Kaka, M. Y. Loqman. The use of rats and mice as animal models in ex vivo bone growth and development studies. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:610-618. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.512.BJR-2016-0102.R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abubakar
- Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - M M Noordin
- Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - T I Azmi
- Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - U Kaka
- Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - M Y Loqman
- Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
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18
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Chandaria VV, McGinty J, Nowlan NC. Characterising the effects of in vitro mechanical stimulation on morphogenesis of developing limb explants. J Biomech 2016; 49:3635-3642. [PMID: 27743631 PMCID: PMC5765238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces due to fetal movements play an important role in joint shape morphogenesis, and abnormalities of the joints relating to abnormal fetal movements can have long-term health implications. While mechanical stimulation during development has been shown to be important for joint shape, the relationship between the quantity of mechanical stimulation and the growth and shape change of developing cartilage has not been quantified. In this study, we culture embryonic chick limb explants in vitro in order to reveal how the magnitude of applied movement affects key aspects of the developing joint shape. We hypothesise that joint shape is affected by movement magnitude in a dose-dependent manner, and that a movement regime most representative of physiological fetal movements will promote characteristics of normal shape development. Chick hindlimbs harvested at seven days of incubation were cultured for six days, under either static conditions or one of three different dynamic movement regimes, then assessed for joint shape, cell survival and proliferation. We demonstrate that a physiological magnitude of movement in vitro promotes the most normal progression of joint morphogenesis, and that either under-stimulation or over-stimulation has detrimental effects. Providing insight into the optimal level of mechanical stimulation for cartilage growth and morphogenesis is pertinent to gaining a greater understanding of the etiology of conditions such as developmental dysplasia of the hip, and is also valuable for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikesh V Chandaria
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James McGinty
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Niamh C Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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19
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Moreno-Jiménez I, Hulsart-Billstrom G, Lanham SA, Janeczek AA, Kontouli N, Kanczler JM, Evans ND, Oreffo ROC. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay for the study of human bone regeneration: a refinement animal model for tissue engineering. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32168. [PMID: 27577960 PMCID: PMC5006015 DOI: 10.1038/srep32168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial development for tissue engineering applications is rapidly increasing but necessitates efficacy and safety testing prior to clinical application. Current in vitro and in vivo models hold a number of limitations, including expense, lack of correlation between animal models and human outcomes and the need to perform invasive procedures on animals; hence requiring new predictive screening methods. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) can be used as a bioreactor to culture and study the regeneration of human living bone. We extracted bone cylinders from human femoral heads, simulated an injury using a drill-hole defect, and implanted the bone on CAM or in vitro control-culture. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) was used to quantify the magnitude and location of bone volume changes followed by histological analyses to assess bone repair. CAM blood vessels were observed to infiltrate the human bone cylinder and maintain human cell viability. Histological evaluation revealed extensive extracellular matrix deposition in proximity to endochondral condensations (Sox9+) on the CAM-implanted bone cylinders, correlating with a significant increase in bone volume by μCT analysis (p < 0.01). This human-avian system offers a simple refinement model for animal research and a step towards a humanized in vivo model for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Moreno-Jiménez
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Gry Hulsart-Billstrom
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stuart A. Lanham
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Agnieszka A. Janeczek
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Nasia Kontouli
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Somers Cancer Research, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Janos M. Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Nicholas D. Evans
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Richard OC Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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20
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Inglis S, Christensen D, Wilson DI, Kanczler JM, Oreffo ROC. Human endothelial and foetal femur-derived stem cell co-cultures modulate osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:13. [PMID: 26781715 PMCID: PMC4717648 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A dynamic vasculature is a prerequisite for bone formation where the interaction of bone cells and endothelial cells is essential for both the development and the healing process of bone. Enhanced understanding of the specific mediators involved in bone cell and endothelial cell interactions offers new avenues for skeletal regenerative applications. This study has investigated the osteogenic and angiogenic potential of co-cultures of human foetal diaphyseal or epiphyseal cells with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in the presence and absence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) supplementation. Methods Early osteogenic activities of the co-cultures (±VEGF) were assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Osteogenic and angiogenic gene expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. An ex vivo organotypic embryonic chick (E11) femur culture model was used to determine the osteogenic effects of VEGF as determined using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and Alcian blue/Sirius red histochemistry and immunocytochemistry for expression of CD31. Results ALP activity and gene expression of ALP and Type-1 collagen was enhanced in foetal skeletal/HUVECs co-cultures. In foetal diaphyseal/HUVECs co-cultures, VEGF reduced the levels of ALP activity and displayed a negligible effect on von Willebrand factor (vWF) and VEGF gene expression. In contrast, VEGF supplementation was observed to significantly increase FLT-1 and KDR gene expression in co-cultures with modulation of expression enhanced, compared to VEGF skeletal monocultures. In the organotypic chick model, addition of VEGF significantly enhanced bone formation, which coincided with elevated levels of CD31-positive cells in the mid-diaphyseal region of the femurs. Conclusion These studies demonstrate a differential skeletal response of early foetal skeletal cells, when co-cultured with endothelial cells and the potential of co-culture models for bone repair. The differential effect of VEGF supplementation on markers of angiogenesis and osteogenesis in co-cultures and organ cultures, demonstrate the importance of the intricate temporal coordination of osteogenic and angiogenic processes during bone formation and implications therein for effective approaches to bone regenerative therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0270-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Inglis
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - David Christensen
- Human Development and Health, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - David I Wilson
- Human Development and Health, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Janos M Kanczler
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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21
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Bardsley K, Wimpenny I, Yang Y, El Haj AJ. Fluorescent, online monitoring of PLGA degradation for regenerative medicine applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04690h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid was chemically modified by covalently binding an isothiocyanate fluorophore to the polymer, allowing for accurate prediction of degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Bardsley
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine
- Keele University
- Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB
- UK
| | - I. Wimpenny
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine
- Keele University
- Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB
- UK
| | - Y. Yang
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine
- Keele University
- Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB
- UK
| | - A. J. El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine
- Keele University
- Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB
- UK
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22
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Gothard D, Cheung K, Kanczler JM, Wilson DI, Oreffo ROC. Regionally-derived cell populations and skeletal stem cells from human foetal femora exhibit specific osteochondral and multi-lineage differentiation capacity in vitro and ex vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:251. [PMID: 26684339 PMCID: PMC4683700 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adult skeletal stem cells (SSCs) often exhibit limited in vitro expansion with undesirable phenotypic changes and loss of differentiation capacity. Foetal tissues offer an alternative cell source, providing SSCs which exhibit desirable differentiation capacity over prolonged periods, ideal for extensive in vitro and ex vivo investigation of fundamental bone biology and skeletal development. Methods We have examined the derivation of distinct cell populations from human foetal femora. Regionally isolated populations including epiphyseal and diaphyseal cells were carefully dissected. Expression of the SSC marker Stro-1 was also found in human foetal femora over a range of developmental stages and subsequently utilised for immuno-selection. Results Regional populations exhibited chondrogenic (epiphyseal) and osteogenic (diaphyseal) phenotypes following in vitro and ex vivo characterisation and molecular analysis, indicative of native SSC maturation during skeletal development. However, each population exhibited potential for induced multi-lineage differentiation towards bone (bone nodule formation), cartilage (proteoglycan and mucopolysaccharide deposition) and fat (lipid deposition), suggesting the presence of a shared stem cell sub-population. This shared sub-population may be comprised of Stro-1+ cells, which were later identified and immuno-selected from whole foetal femora exhibiting multi-lineage differentiation capacity in vitro and ex vivo. Conclusions Distinct populations were isolated from human foetal femora expressing osteochondral differentiation capacity. Stro-1 immuno-selected SSCs were isolated from whole femora expressing desirable multi-lineage differentiation capacity over prolonged in vitro expansion, superior to their adult-derived counterparts, providing a valuable cell source with which to study bone biology and skeletal development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0247-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gothard
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Institute of DevelopmentalSciences, Mail Point 887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Kelvin Cheung
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Institute of DevelopmentalSciences, Mail Point 887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Janos M Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Institute of DevelopmentalSciences, Mail Point 887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - David I Wilson
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Mail Point 887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK. .,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK.
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Institute of DevelopmentalSciences, Mail Point 887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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23
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Angiogenic Potential of Human Neonatal Foreskin Stromal Cells in the Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Model. Stem Cells Int 2015. [PMID: 26221144 PMCID: PMC4499640 DOI: 10.1155/2015/257019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the multipotentiality of human neonatal foreskin stromal cells (hNSSCs) as being able to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts and potentially other cell types. Recently, we demonstrated that hNSSCs play a role during in vitro angiogenesis and appear to possess a capacity to differentiate into endothelial-like cells; however, their angiogenic potential within an ex vivo environment remains unclear. Current study shows hNSSCs to display significant migration potential in the undifferentiated state and high responsiveness in the in vitro wound healing scratch assay. When hNSSCs were seeded onto the top of the CAM, human von Willebrand factor (hVWF), CD31, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and factor XIIIa positive cells were observed in the chick endothelium. CAMs transplanted with endothelial-differentiated hNSSCs displayed a higher number of blood vessels containing hNSSCs compared to CAMs transplanted with undifferentiated hNSSCs. Interestingly, undifferentiated hNSSCs showed a propensity to differentiate towards ectoderm with indication of epidermal formation with cells positive for CD1a, CK5/6, CK19, FXIIIa, and S-100 cells, which warrant further investigation. Our findings imply a potential angiogenic role for hNSSCs ex vivo in the differentiated and undifferentiated state, with potential contribution to blood vessel formation and potential application in tissue regeneration and vascularization.
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The effects of 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and transforming growth factor-β3 on bone development in an ex vivo organotypic culture system of embryonic chick femora. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121653. [PMID: 25835745 PMCID: PMC4383569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-β3) and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25 (OH) 2D3) are essential factors in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis respectively. These factors also play a fundamental role in the developmental processes and the maintenance of skeletal integrity, but their respective direct effects on these processes are not fully understood. Using an organotypic bone rudiment culture system the current study has examined the direct roles the osteotropic factors 1α,25 (OH)2D3 and TGF-β3 exert on the development and modulation of the three dimensional structure of the embryonic femur. Isolated embryonic chick femurs (E11) were organotypically cultured for 10 days in basal media, or basal media supplemented with either 1α,25 (OH) 2D3 (25 nM) or TGF-β3 (5 ng/mL & 15 ng/mL). Analyses of the femurs were undertaken using micro-computed tomography (μCT), histology and immunohistochemistry. 1α,25 (OH)2D3 supplemented cultures enhanced osteogenesis directly in the developing femurs with elevated levels of osteogenic markers such as type 1 collagen. In marked contrast organotypic femur cultures supplemented with TGF-β3 (5 ng/mL & 15 ng/mL) demonstrated enhanced chondrogenesis with a reduction in osteogenesis. These studies demonstrate the efficacy of the ex vivo organotypic embryonic femur culture employed to elucidate the direct roles of these molecules, 1α,25 (OH) 2D3 and TGF-β3 on the structural development of embryonic bone within a three dimensional framework. We conclude that 1α,25(OH)2D and TGF-β3 modify directly the various cell populations in bone rudiment organotypic cultures effecting tissue metabolism resulting in significant changes in embryonic bone growth and modulation. Understanding the roles of osteotropic agents in the process of skeletal development is integral to developing new strategies for the recapitulation of bone tissue in later life.
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Smith E, Kanczler J, Gothard D, Roberts C, Wells J, White L, Qutachi O, Sawkins M, Peto H, Rashidi H, Rojo L, Stevens M, El Haj A, Rose F, Shakesheff K, Oreffo R. Evaluation of skeletal tissue repair, part 1: assessment of novel growth-factor-releasing hydrogels in an ex vivo chick femur defect model. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:4186-96. [PMID: 24937137 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current clinical treatments for skeletal conditions resulting in large-scale bone loss include autograft or allograft, both of which have limited effectiveness. In seeking to address bone regeneration, several tissue engineering strategies have come to the fore, including the development of growth factor releasing technologies and appropriate animal models to evaluate repair. Ex vivo models represent a promising alternative to simple in vitro systems or complex, ethically challenging in vivo models. We have developed an ex vivo culture system of whole embryonic chick femora, adapted in this study as a critical size defect model to investigate the effects of novel bone extracellular matrix (bECM) hydrogel scaffolds containing spatio-temporal growth factor-releasing microparticles and skeletal stem cells on bone regeneration, to develop a viable alternative treatment for skeletal degeneration. Alginate/bECM hydrogels combined with poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PDLLGA)/triblock copolymer (10-30% PDLLGA-PEG-PDLLGA) microparticles releasing VEGF, TGF-β3 or BMP-2 were placed, with human adult Stro-1+ bone marrow stromal cells, into 2mm central segmental defects in embryonic chick femurs. Alginate/bECM hydrogels loaded with HSA/VEGF or HSA/TGF-β3 demonstrated a cartilage-like phenotype, with minimal collagen I deposition, comparable to HSA-only control hydrogels. The addition of BMP-2 releasing microparticles resulted in enhanced structured bone matrix formation, evidenced by increased Sirius red-stained matrix and collagen expression within hydrogels. This study demonstrates delivery of bioactive growth factors from a novel alginate/bECM hydrogel to augment skeletal tissue formation and the use of an organotypic chick femur defect culture system as a high-throughput test model for scaffold/cell/growth factor therapies for regenerative medicine.
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Henstock JR, Rotherham M, Rashidi H, Shakesheff KM, El Haj AJ. Remotely Activated Mechanotransduction via Magnetic Nanoparticles Promotes Mineralization Synergistically With Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2: Applications for Injectable Cell Therapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1363-74. [PMID: 25246698 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone requires dynamic mechanical stimulation to form and maintain functional tissue, yet mechanical stimuli are often lacking in many therapeutic approaches for bone regeneration. Magnetic nanoparticles provide a method for delivering these stimuli by directly targeting cell-surface mechanosensors and transducing forces from an external magnetic field, resulting in remotely controllable mechanotransduction. In this investigation, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were attached to either the mechanically gated TREK1 K+ channel or the (integrin) RGD-binding domains of human mesenchymal stem cells. These cells were microinjected into an ex vivo chick fetal femur (embryonic day 11) that was cultured organotypically in vitro as a model for endochondral bone formation. An oscillating 25-mT magnetic field delivering a force of 4 pN per nanoparticle directly against the mechanoreceptor induced mechanotransduction in the injected mesenchymal stem cells. It was found that cells that received mechanical stimuli via the nanoparticles mineralized the epiphyseal injection site more extensively than unlabeled control cells. The nanoparticle-tagged cells were also seeded into collagen hydrogels to evaluate osteogenesis in tissue-engineered constructs: in this case, inducing mechanotransduction by targeting TREK1 resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in mineralization and significant increases in matrix density. In both models, the combination of mechanical stimulation and sustained release of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) from polymer microspheres showed a significant additive effect on mineralization, increasing the effectiveness of BMP2 delivery and demonstrating that nanoparticle-mediated mechanotransduction can be used synergistically with pharmacological approaches for orthopedic tissue engineering to maximize bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Henstock
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rotherham
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Rashidi
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Shakesheff
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Tanaka S, Iber D. Inter-dependent tissue growth and Turing patterning in a model for long bone development. Phys Biol 2013; 10:056009. [PMID: 24104059 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/5/056009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of long bones requires a sophisticated spatial organization of cellular signalling, proliferation, and differentiation programs. How such spatial organization emerges on the growing long bone domain is still unresolved. Based on the reported biochemical interactions we developed a regulatory model for the core signalling factors IHH, PTCH1, and PTHrP and included two cell types, proliferating/resting chondrocytes and (pre-)hypertrophic chondrocytes. We show that the reported IHH-PTCH1 interaction gives rise to a Schnakenberg-type Turing kinetics, and that inclusion of PTHrP is important to achieve robust patterning when coupling patterning and tissue dynamics. The model reproduces relevant spatiotemporal gene expression patterns, as well as a number of relevant mutant phenotypes. In summary, we propose that a ligand-receptor based Turing mechanism may control the emergence of patterns during long bone development, with PTHrP as an important mediator to confer patterning robustness when the sensitive Turing system is coupled to the dynamics of a growing and differentiating tissue. We have previously shown that ligand-receptor based Turing mechanisms can also result from BMP-receptor, SHH-receptor, and GDNF-receptor interactions, and that these reproduce the wildtype and mutant patterns during digit formation in limbs and branching morphogenesis in lung and kidneys. Receptor-ligand interactions may thus constitute a general mechanism to generate Turing patterns in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Tanaka
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, Switzerland
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Henstock JR, Rotherham M, Rose JB, El Haj AJ. Cyclic hydrostatic pressure stimulates enhanced bone development in the foetal chick femur in vitro. Bone 2013; 53:468-77. [PMID: 23333177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading of bone and cartilage in vivo results in the generation of cyclic hydrostatic forces as bone compression is transduced to fluid pressure in the canalicular network and the joint synovium. It has therefore been suggested that hydrostatic pressure is an important stimulus by which osteochondral cells and their progenitors sense and respond to mechanical loading in vivo. In this study, hydrostatic pressure regimes of 0-279kPa at 0.005-2Hz were applied to organotypically cultured ex vivo chick foetal femurs (e11) for 1hour per day in a custom designed bioreactor for 14days and bone formation assessed by X-ray microtomography and qualified by histology. We found that the mineralised portion of the developing femur cultured under any cyclic hydrostatic pressure regime was significantly larger and/or denser than unstimulated controls but that constant (non-cycling) hydrostatic pressure had no effect on bone growth. Further experiments showed that the increase in bone formation was directly proportional to stimulation frequency (R(2)=0.917), but independent of the magnitude of the pressure applied, whilst even very low frequencies of stimulation (0.005Hz) had significant effects on bone growth. Expression of Type-II collagen in both epiphyses and diaphysis was significantly upregulated (1.48-fold and 1.95-fold respectively), together with osteogenic genes (osteonectin and osteopontin) and the osteocyte maturation marker CD44. This work demonstrates that cyclic hydrostatic pressure promotes bone growth and mineralisation in a developmental model and supports the hypothesis that hydrostatic forces play an important role in regulating bone growth and remodelling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Henstock
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK.
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Smith EL, Kanczler JM, Roberts CA, Oreffo ROC. Developmental cues for bone formation from parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein in an ex vivo organotypic culture system of embryonic chick femora. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:984-94. [PMID: 22690868 PMCID: PMC4014091 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement and application of our understanding of skeletal developmental biology is critical to developing tissue engineering approaches to bone repair. We propose that use of the developing embryonic femur as a model to further understand skeletogenesis, and the effects of key differentiation agents, will aid our understanding of the developing bone niche and inform bone reparation. We have used a three-dimensional organotypic culture system of embryonic chick femora to investigate the effects of two key skeletal differentiation agents, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), on bone and cartilage development, using a combination of microcomputed tomography and histological analysis to assess tissue formation and structure, and cellular behavior. Stimulation of embryonic day 11 (E11) organotypic femur cultures with PTH and PTHrP initiated osteogenesis. Bone formation was enhanced, with increased collagen I and STRO-1 expression, and cartilage was reduced, with decreased chondrocyte proliferation, collagen II expression, and glycosaminoglycan levels. This study demonstrates the successful use of organotypic chick femur cultures as a model for bone development, evidenced by the ability of exogenous bioactive molecules to differentially modulate bone and cartilage formation. The organotypic model outlined provides a tool for analyzing key temporal stages of bone and cartilage development, providing a paradigm for translation of bone development to improve scaffolds and skeletal stem cell treatments for skeletal regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Smith
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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