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Sharifabad ME, Soucaille R, Wang X, Rotherham M, Loughran T, Everett J, Cabrera D, Yang Y, Hicken R, Telling N. Optical Microscopy Using the Faraday Effect Reveals in Situ Magnetization Dynamics of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biological Samples. ACS Nano 2024. [PMID: 38315113 PMCID: PMC10883041 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The study of exogenous and endogenous nanoscale magnetic material in biology is important for developing biomedical nanotechnology as well as for understanding fundamental biological processes such as iron metabolism and biomineralization. Here, we exploit the magneto-optical Faraday effect to probe intracellular magnetic properties and perform magnetic imaging, revealing the location-specific magnetization dynamics of exogenous magnetic nanoparticles within cells. The opportunities enabled by this method are shown in the context of magnetic hyperthermia; an effect where local heating is generated in magnetic nanoparticles exposed to high-frequency AC magnetic fields. Magnetic hyperthermia has the potential to be used as a cellular-level thermotherapy for cancer, as well as for other biomedical applications that target heat-sensitive cellular function. However, previous experiments have suggested that the cellular environment modifies the magnetization dynamics of nanoparticles, thus dramatically altering their heating efficiency. By combining magneto-optical and fluorescence measurements, we demonstrate a form of biological microscopy that we used here to study the magnetization dynamics of nanoparticles in situ, in both histological samples and living cancer cells. Correlative magnetic and fluorescence imaging identified aggregated magnetic nanoparticles colocalized with cellular lysosomes. Nanoparticles aggregated within these lysosomes displayed reduced AC magnetic coercivity compared to the same particles measured in an aqueous suspension or aggregated in other areas of the cells. Such measurements reveal the power of this approach, enabling investigations of how cellular location, nanoparticle aggregation, and interparticle magnetic interactions affect the magnetization dynamics and consequently the heating response of nanoparticles in the biological milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneea Eizadi Sharifabad
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Rémy Soucaille
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Xuyiling Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rotherham
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Loughran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - James Everett
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - David Cabrera
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Hicken
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Telling
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
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Hajiali H, Rotherham M, El Haj AJ. Remote Activation of Mechanotransduction via Integrin Alpha-5 via Aptamer-Conjugated Magnetic Nanoparticles Promotes Osteogenesis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:21. [PMID: 38258032 PMCID: PMC10821094 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration and repair are complex processes in the adult skeleton, and current research has focused on understanding and controlling these processes. Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-based platforms have shown potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine through the use of magnetic nanomaterials combined with remotely applied dynamic fields. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of MNP-induced mechanoactivation to trigger downstream signaling and promote new bone formation. In this study, we aimed to compare the osteogenic induction achieved using the mechanoreceptor targets, Piezo1, Fzd1, Fzd2, and integrin alpha-5. We compared the binding efficacy of different types of agonists (antibodies vs. aptamers) to these receptors. Moreover, we optimized the aptamer concentration (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mg) for the selected receptor to determine the optimum concentration for promoting bone formation. Our data demonstrated that the mechanoactivation of integrins (CD49e) significantly upregulated the RUNX2 and LEF1 genes compared to other selected receptors. Furthermore, comparing the mechanoactivation of cells using MNPs conjugated with CD49e antibodies and aptamers revealed that MNP-aptamers significantly enhanced the upregulation of LEF1 genes. This suggests that aptamer-mediated mechanoactivation is a promising alternative to antibody-mediated activation. Finally, our results showed that the concentration of the aptamer loaded onto the MNPs strongly influenced the mechanoactivation of the cells. These findings provide valuable insights into the use of MNP platforms for bone regeneration and highlight the potential of aptamers in promoting signaling pathways related to bone formation. The novelty of our study lies in elucidating the unique advantages of aptamers in mediating mechanoactivation, presenting a promising avenue for advancing bone regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Hajiali
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | | | - Alicia J. El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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Dimmock RL, Rotherham M, El Haj AJ, Yang Y. Fabrication and Characterisation of Hydrogels with Reversible Wrinkled Surfaces for Limbal Study and Reconstruction. Gels 2023; 9:915. [PMID: 37999005 PMCID: PMC10671082 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the biomedical field, there is a demand for the development of novel approaches for the investigation of optical epithelial anatomical features with biomimetic materials. These materials are not only required to replicate structures but also enable dynamic modelling for disease states such as limbal stem cell deficiency and ageing. In the present study, the effective generation of reversible wrinkled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates was undertaken to mimic the undulating anatomy of the limbal epithelial stem cell niche. This undulating surface pattern was formed through a dual treatment with acid oxidation and plasma using an innovatively designed stretching frame. This system enabled the PDMS substrate to undergo deformation and relaxation, creating a reversible and tuneable wrinkle pattern with cell culture applications. The crypt-like pattern exhibited a width of 70-130 µm and a depth of 17-40 µm, resembling the topography of a limbal epithelial stem cell niche, which is characterised by an undulating anatomy. The cytocompatibility of the patterned substrate was markedly improved using a gelatin methacrylate polymer (GelMa) coating. It was also observed that these wrinkled PDMS surfaces were able to dictate cell growth patterns, showing alignment in motile cells and colony segregation in colony-forming cells when using human and porcine limbal cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Dimmock
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Michael Rotherham
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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Unnithan AR, Rotherham M, Markides H, El Haj AJ. Magnetic Ion Channel Activation (MICA)-Enabled Screening Assay: A Dynamic Platform for Remote Activation of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043364. [PMID: 36834776 PMCID: PMC9962865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports results of a mechanical platform-based screening assay (MICA) to evaluate the remote activation of mechanosensitive ion channels. Here, we studied ERK pathway activation and the elevation in intracellular Ca2+ levels in response to the MICA application using the Luciferase assay and Fluo-8AM assay, respectively. Functionalised magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) targeting membrane-bound integrins and mechanosensitive TREK1 ion channels were studied with HEK293 cell lines under MICA application. The study demonstrated that active targeting of mechanosensitive integrins via RGD (Arginylglycylaspartic acid) motifs or TREK1 (KCNK2, potassium channel subfamily K member 2) ion channels can stimulate the ERK pathway and intracellular calcium levels compared to non-MICA controls. This screening assay offers a powerful tool, which aligns with existing high-throughput drug screening platforms for use in the assessment of drugs that interact with ion channels and influence ion channel-modulated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afeesh Rajan Unnithan
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Lifesciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
- Correspondence: (A.R.U.); (A.J.E.H.)
| | - Michael Rotherham
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Hareklea Markides
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
- Correspondence: (A.R.U.); (A.J.E.H.)
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Rotherham M, Moradi Y, Nahar T, Mosses D, Telling N, El Haj AJ. Magnetic activation of TREK1 triggers stress signalling and regulates neuronal branching in SH-SY5Y cells. Front Med Technol 2022; 4:981421. [PMID: 36545473 PMCID: PMC9761330 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.981421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
TWIK-related K+ 1 (TREK1) is a potassium channel expressed in the nervous system with multiple functions including neurotransmission and is a prime pharmacological target for neurological disorders. TREK1 gating is controlled by a wide range of external stimuli including mechanical forces. Previous work has demonstrated that TREK1 can be mechano-activated using magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) functionalised with antibodies targeted to TREK1 channels. Once the MNP are bound, external dynamic magnetic fields are used to generate forces on the TREK channel. This approach has been shown to drive cell differentiation in cells from multiple tissues. In this work we investigated the effect of MNP-mediated TREK1 mechano-activation on early stress response pathways along with the differentiation and connectivity of neuronal cells using the model neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y. Results showed that TREK1 is well expressed in SH-SY5Y and that TREK1-MNP initiate c-Myc/NF-κB stress response pathways as well as Nitrite production after magnetic stimulation, indicative of the cellular response to mechanical cues. Results also showed that TREK1 mechano-activation had no overall effect on neuronal morphology or expression of the neuronal marker βIII-Tubulin in Retinoic Acid (RA)/Brain-derived Neurotrophic factor (BDNF) differentiated SH-SY5Y but did increase neurite number. These results suggest that TREK1 is involved in cellular stress response signalling in neuronal cells, which leads to increased neurite production, but is not involved in regulating RA/BDNF mediated neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rotherham
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom,Correspondence: Michael Rotherham
| | - Yasamin Moradi
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Tasmin Nahar
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Mosses
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom,Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Telling
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
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Dhillon K, Aizel K, Broomhall TJ, Secret E, Goodman T, Rotherham M, Telling N, Siaugue JM, Ménager C, Fresnais J, Coppey M, El Haj AJ, Gates MA. Directional control of neurite outgrowth: emerging technologies for Parkinson's disease using magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic field gradients. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220576. [PMID: 36349444 PMCID: PMC9653228 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge in current stem cell therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) is controlling neuronal outgrowth from the substantia nigra towards the targeted area where connectivity is required in the striatum. Here we present progress towards controlling directional neurite extensions through the application of iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) labelled neuronal cells combined with a magnetic array generating large spatially variant field gradients (greater than 20 T m-1). We investigated the viability of this approach in both two-dimensional and organotypic brain slice models and validated the observed changes in neurite directionality using mathematical models. Results showed that MNP-labelled cells exhibited a shift in directional neurite outgrowth when cultured in a magnetic field gradient, which broadly agreed with mathematical modelling of the magnetic force gradients and predicted MNP force direction. We translated our approach to an ex vivo rat brain slice where we observed directional neurite outgrowth of transplanted MNP-labelled cells from the substantia nigra towards the striatum. The improved directionality highlights the viability of this approach as a remote-control methodology for the control and manipulation of cellular growth for regenerative medicine applications. This study presents a new tool to overcome challenges faced in the development of new therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Dhillon
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - K. Aizel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physico Chimie, Paris, France
| | - T. J. Broomhall
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - E. Secret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T. Goodman
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - M. Rotherham
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N. Telling
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - J. M. Siaugue
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - C. Ménager
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J. Fresnais
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M. Coppey
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physico Chimie, Paris, France
| | - A. J. El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M. A. Gates
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
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Hu B, Rotherham M, Farrow N, Roach P, Dobson J, El Haj AJ. Immobilization of Wnt Fragment Peptides on Magnetic Nanoparticles or Synthetic Surfaces Regulate Wnt Signaling Kinetics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710164. [PMID: 36077561 PMCID: PMC9456016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in embryogenesis and adult stem cell homeostasis. Its diminished activation is implicated in osteoporosis and degenerative neural diseases. However, systematic administration of Wnt-signaling agonists carries risk, as aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling is linked to cancer. Therefore, technologies for local modulation and control of Wnt signaling targeted to specific sites of disease or degeneration have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of degenerative diseases. We reported a facile approach to locally activate the canonical Wnt signaling cascade using nanomagnetic actuation or ligand immobilized platforms. Using a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) Luc-TCF/LEF reporter cell line, we demonstrated that targeting the cell membrane Wnt receptor, Frizzled 2, with peptide-tagged magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) triggered canonical Wnt signaling transduction when exposed to a high-gradient, time-varying magnetic field, and the induced TCF/LEF signal transduction was shown to be avidity-dependent. We also demonstrated that the peptide retained signaling activity after functionalization onto glass surfaces, providing a versatile platform for drug discovery or recreation of the cell niche. In conclusion, these results showed that peptide-mediated Wnt signaling kinetics depended not only on ligand concentration but also on the presentation method of the ligand, which may be further modulated by magnetic actuation. This has important implications when designing future therapeutic platforms involving Wnt mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Center, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Michael Rotherham
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (A.J.E.H.); Tel.: +44-0121-371-8001 (A.J.E.H.)
| | - Neil Farrow
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Center, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Paul Roach
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Center, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Jon Dobson
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Center, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (A.J.E.H.); Tel.: +44-0121-371-8001 (A.J.E.H.)
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Rotherham M, Nahar T, Broomhall TJ, Telling ND, El Haj AJ. Remote magnetic actuation of cell signalling for tissue engineering. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Rotherham M, Nahar T, Goodman T, Telling N, Gates M, El Haj A. Magnetic Mechanoactivation of Wnt Signaling Augments Dopaminergic Differentiation of Neuronal Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 3:e1900091. [PMID: 32648650 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a key developmental pathway that regulates dopaminergic progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation during neuronal development. This makes Wnt signaling an important therapeutic target for neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease. Wnt signaling can be modulated using peptides such as UM206, which bind to the Wnt receptor Frizzled. Previous work has demonstrated remote activation of the Wnt pathway through Frizzled using peptide-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with magnetic field stimulation. Using this technology, Wnt signaling is remotely activated in the neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y, and the phenotypic response to stimulation is assessed. Results indicate β-catenin translocalization and activation of TCF/LEF responsive transcription in response to MNP and magnetic fields, which result in dopaminergic marker expression when synergistically combined with differentiation factors retinoic acid and the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. This approach is translated into ex vivo postnatal rat brain slices modeling the developing nigrostriatal pathway. Dopaminergic marker expression is maintained in MNP-labeled SH-SY5Y cells after injection and magnetic stimulation. These results demonstrate the translational value of remote control of signal transduction for controlling neuronal precursor cell behavior and highlight the potential applications for controlled cell differentiation as part of cell therapies for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rotherham
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Tasmin Nahar
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Timothy Goodman
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Neil Telling
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Monte Gates
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Alicia El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
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Henstock JR, Rotherham M, El Haj AJ. Magnetic ion channel activation of TREK1 in human mesenchymal stem cells using nanoparticles promotes osteogenesis in surrounding cells. J Tissue Eng 2018; 9:2041731418808695. [PMID: 30397432 PMCID: PMC6207961 DOI: 10.1177/2041731418808695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic ion channel activation technology uses superparamagnetic nanoparticles conjugated with targeting antibodies to apply mechanical force directly to stretch-activated ion channels on the cell surface, stimulating mechanotransduction and downstream processes. This technique has been reported to promote differentiation towards musculoskeletal cell types and enhance mineralisation. Previous studies have shown how mesenchymal stem cells injected into a pre-mineralised environment such as a foetal chick epiphysis, results in large-scale osteogenesis at the target site. However, the relative contributions of stem cells and surrounding host tissue has not been resolved, that is, are the mesenchymal stem cells solely responsible for the observed mineralisation or do mechanically stimulated mesenchymal stem cells also promote a host-tissue mineralisation response? To address this, we established a novel two-dimensional co-culture assay, which indicated that magnetic ion channel activation stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells does not significantly promote migration but does enhance collagen deposition and mineralisation in the surrounding cells. We conclude that one of the important functions of injected human mesenchymal stem cells is to release biological factors (e.g., cytokines and microvesicles) which guide the surrounding tissue response, and that remote control of this signalling process using magnetic ion channel activation technology may be a useful way to both drive and regulate tissue regeneration and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Henstock
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- James R Henstock, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Michael Rotherham
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
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Rotherham M, Henstock JR, Qutachi O, El Haj AJ. Remote regulation of magnetic particle targeted Wnt signaling for bone tissue engineering. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2018; 14:173-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Lowndes M, Rotherham M, Price JC, El Haj AJ, Habib SJ. Immobilized WNT Proteins Act as a Stem Cell Niche for Tissue Engineering. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:126-37. [PMID: 27411105 PMCID: PMC4944585 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing, location, and level of WNT signaling are highly regulated during embryonic development and for the maintenance of adult tissues. Consequently the ability to provide a defined and directed source of WNT proteins is crucial to fully understand its role in tissue development and to mimic its activity in vitro. Here we describe a one-step immobilization technique to covalently bind WNT3A proteins as a basal surface with easy storage and long-lasting activity. We show that this platform is able to maintain adult and embryonic stem cells while also being adaptable for 3D systems. Therefore, this platform could be used for recapitulating specific stem cell niches with the goal of improving tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Lowndes
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael Rotherham
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Joshua C Price
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Shukry J Habib
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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13
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Gothard D, Smith EL, Kanczler JM, Rashidi H, Qutachi O, Henstock J, Rotherham M, El Haj A, Shakesheff KM, Oreffo ROC. Tissue engineered bone using select growth factors: A comprehensive review of animal studies and clinical translation studies in man. Eur Cell Mater 2014; 28:166-207; discussion 207-8. [PMID: 25284140 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v028a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing socio-economic need for effective strategies to repair damaged bone resulting from disease, trauma and surgical intervention. Bone tissue engineering has received substantial investment over the last few decades as a result. A multitude of studies have sought to examine the efficacy of multiple growth factors, delivery systems and biomaterials within in vivo animal models for the repair of critical-sized bone defects. Defect repair requires recapitulation of in vivo signalling cascades, including osteogenesis, chondrogenesis and angiogenesis, in an orchestrated spatiotemporal manner. Strategies to drive parallel, synergistic and consecutive signalling of factors including BMP-2, BMP-7/OP-1, FGF, PDGF, PTH, PTHrP, TGF-β3, VEGF and Wnts have demonstrated improved bone healing within animal models. Enhanced bone repair has also been demonstrated in the clinic following European Medicines Agency and Food and Drug Administration approval of BMP-2, BMP-7/OP-1, PDGF, PTH and PTHrP. The current review assesses the in vivo and clinical data surrounding the application of growth factors for bone regeneration. This review has examined data published between 1965 and 2013. All bone tissue engineering studies investigating in vivo response of the growth factors listed above, or combinations thereof, utilising animal models or human trials were included. All studies were compiled from PubMed-NCBI using search terms including 'growth factor name', 'in vivo', 'model/animal', 'human', and 'bone tissue engineering'. Focus is drawn to the in vivo success of osteoinductive growth factors incorporated within material implants both in animals and humans, and identifies the unmet challenges within the skeletal regenerative area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gothard
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Mail Point 887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD,
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14
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Henstock JR, Rotherham M, Rashidi H, Shakesheff KM, El Haj AJ. Remotely Activated Mechanotransduction via Magnetic Nanoparticles Promotes Mineralization Synergistically With Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2: Applications for Injectable Cell Therapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1363-74. [PMID: 25246698 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone requires dynamic mechanical stimulation to form and maintain functional tissue, yet mechanical stimuli are often lacking in many therapeutic approaches for bone regeneration. Magnetic nanoparticles provide a method for delivering these stimuli by directly targeting cell-surface mechanosensors and transducing forces from an external magnetic field, resulting in remotely controllable mechanotransduction. In this investigation, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were attached to either the mechanically gated TREK1 K+ channel or the (integrin) RGD-binding domains of human mesenchymal stem cells. These cells were microinjected into an ex vivo chick fetal femur (embryonic day 11) that was cultured organotypically in vitro as a model for endochondral bone formation. An oscillating 25-mT magnetic field delivering a force of 4 pN per nanoparticle directly against the mechanoreceptor induced mechanotransduction in the injected mesenchymal stem cells. It was found that cells that received mechanical stimuli via the nanoparticles mineralized the epiphyseal injection site more extensively than unlabeled control cells. The nanoparticle-tagged cells were also seeded into collagen hydrogels to evaluate osteogenesis in tissue-engineered constructs: in this case, inducing mechanotransduction by targeting TREK1 resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in mineralization and significant increases in matrix density. In both models, the combination of mechanical stimulation and sustained release of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) from polymer microspheres showed a significant additive effect on mineralization, increasing the effectiveness of BMP2 delivery and demonstrating that nanoparticle-mediated mechanotransduction can be used synergistically with pharmacological approaches for orthopedic tissue engineering to maximize bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Henstock
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rotherham
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Rashidi
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Shakesheff
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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15
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Henstock JR, Rotherham M, Rose JB, El Haj AJ. Cyclic hydrostatic pressure stimulates enhanced bone development in the foetal chick femur in vitro. Bone 2013; 53:468-77. [PMID: 23333177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading of bone and cartilage in vivo results in the generation of cyclic hydrostatic forces as bone compression is transduced to fluid pressure in the canalicular network and the joint synovium. It has therefore been suggested that hydrostatic pressure is an important stimulus by which osteochondral cells and their progenitors sense and respond to mechanical loading in vivo. In this study, hydrostatic pressure regimes of 0-279kPa at 0.005-2Hz were applied to organotypically cultured ex vivo chick foetal femurs (e11) for 1hour per day in a custom designed bioreactor for 14days and bone formation assessed by X-ray microtomography and qualified by histology. We found that the mineralised portion of the developing femur cultured under any cyclic hydrostatic pressure regime was significantly larger and/or denser than unstimulated controls but that constant (non-cycling) hydrostatic pressure had no effect on bone growth. Further experiments showed that the increase in bone formation was directly proportional to stimulation frequency (R(2)=0.917), but independent of the magnitude of the pressure applied, whilst even very low frequencies of stimulation (0.005Hz) had significant effects on bone growth. Expression of Type-II collagen in both epiphyses and diaphysis was significantly upregulated (1.48-fold and 1.95-fold respectively), together with osteogenic genes (osteonectin and osteopontin) and the osteocyte maturation marker CD44. This work demonstrates that cyclic hydrostatic pressure promotes bone growth and mineralisation in a developmental model and supports the hypothesis that hydrostatic forces play an important role in regulating bone growth and remodelling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Henstock
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK.
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