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Trotta MC, Esposito D, Carotenuto R, di Fraia R, Selvaggio LD, Allosso F, Russo M, Accardo G, Alfano R, D'Amico M, Pasquali D. Thyroid dysfunction in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a pilot study on the putative role of miR-29a and TGFβ1. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03965-3. [PMID: 39023839 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common causes of thyroid dysfunction in iodine sufficient worldwide areas, but its molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. To this regard, this study aimed to assess serum levels of miRNA-29a (miR-29a) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) in HT patients with different patterns of thyroid function. METHODS A total of 29 HT patients, with a median age of 52 years (21-68) were included. Of these, 13 had normal thyroid function (Eu-HT); 8 had non-treated hypothyroidism (Hypo-HT); 8 had hypothyroidism on replacement therapy with LT4 (subst-HT). All patients had serum miR-29a assayed through qRT-PCR and serum TGFβ1 assayed by ELISA. RESULTS Serum miR-29a levels were significantly down-regulated in patients with Hypo-HT compared to Eu-HT patients (P < 0.01) and subst-HT patients (P < 0.05). A significant negative correlation was detected between serum miR-29a levels and TSH levels (r = -0.60, P < 0.01). Serum TGFβ1 levels were significantly higher in Hypo-HT than both Eu-HT (P < 0.01) and subst-HT patients (P < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between serum miR-29a and TGFβ1 (r = -0.75, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Hypo-HT patients had lower levels of serum miR-29a and higher levels of TGFβ1 in comparison with Eu-HT patients. Worthy of note, subst-HT patients showed restored serum miR-29a levels compared with Hypo-HT group, associated with lower serum TGFβ1. These novel findings may suggest a possible impact of replacement therapy with levothyroxine on serum miR-29a levels in HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Raffaela Carotenuto
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania, "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa di Fraia
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania, "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Digitale Selvaggio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania, "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Allosso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania, "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Russo
- PhD Course in National Interest in Public Administration and Innovation for Disability and Social Inclusion, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- School of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Alfano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania, "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Michele D'Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Pasquali
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania, "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
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Oglio R, Rodriguez C, Salvarredi L, Rossich L, Perona M, Dagrosa A, Juvenal G, Thomasz L. Selenium bioavailability modulates the sensitivity of thyroid cells to iodide excess. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110810. [PMID: 38013145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Iodide is an essential micronutrient for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and its imbalance is involved in the origin of different thyroid pathological processes. Selenium (Se) is another essential trace element that contributes to thyroid preservation through the control of the redox homeostasis. Different studies have demonstrated that sodium-iodide-symporter (NIS) is downregulated in the presence of iodide excess and Se supplementation reverses this effect. We also demonstrated that NOX4-derived ROS are involved in NIS repression induced by iodide excess. The aim of this study was to investigate how Se bioavailability is decisive in the sensitivity to iodide excess on a differentiated rat thyroid cell line (FRTL-5). RESULTS We demonstrated that siRNA-mediated silencing of Nox4 suppressed AKT phosphorylation induced by iodide excess. Iodide increases TGF-β1 mRNA expression, AKT phosphorylation, ROS levels and decreases GPX1 and TXRND1 mRNAs expression while Se reversed these effects. Furthermore, iodide induced Nrf2 transcriptional activity only in Se-supplemented cultures, suggesting that Se positively influences Nrf2 activation and selenoenzyme response in FRTL-5. Se, also inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation induced by iodide excess. In addition, we found that iodide excess decreased total phosphatase activity and PTP1B and PTEN mRNA expression. Se supply restored only PTEN mRNA expression. Finally, we studied the 2-α-iodohexadecanal (2-IHD) effects since it has been proposed as intermediary of iodide action on thyroid autoregulation. 2-IHD stimulated PI3K/AKT activity and reduced NIS expression by a ROS-independent mechanism. Also, we found that 2-IHD increased TGF-β1 mRNA and TGF-β inhibitor (SB431542) reverses the 2-IHD inhibitory effect on NIS mRNA expression, suggesting that TGF-β1 signaling pathway could be involved. Although Se reduced 2-IHD-induced TGFB1 levels, it could not reverse its inhibitory effect on NIS expression. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that Se bioavailability may improve the expression of antioxidant genes through the activation of Nrf2, interfere in PI3K/AKT signaling and NIS expression by redox modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Oglio
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Rodriguez
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Salvarredi
- FUESMEN, Mendoza, Argentina; Balseiro Institute, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Luciano Rossich
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Perona
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Dagrosa
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Juvenal
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lisa Thomasz
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Lee JJ, Hsu YC, Huang WC, Cheng SP. Upregulation of dendrocyte-expressed seven transmembrane protein is associated with unfavorable outcomes in differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2023; 81:513-520. [PMID: 37058220 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dendritic cell infiltrates are increased in thyroid cancer but may have a defective ability to provoke effective immune responses. In this study, we aimed to identify potential thyroid cancer biomarkers linked to dendritic cell development and evaluate their prognostic relevance. METHODS Through a bioinformatics search, we identified the dendrocyte-expressed seven transmembrane protein (DCSTAMP) as a prognostic gene involved in dendritic cell differentiation for thyroid cancer. Immunohistochemical analyses of DCSTAMP expression were performed and correlated with clinical outcomes. RESULTS DCSTAMP was overexpressed in a variety of types of thyroid cancers, while normal thyroid tissue or benign thyroid lesions exhibited low or undetectable DCSTAMP immunoreactivity. The results of automated quantification were consistent with subjective semiquantitative scoring. Among 144 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, high DCSTAMP expression was associated with papillary tumor type (p < 0.001), extrathyroidal extension (p = 0.007), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001), and BRAF V600E mutation (p = 0.029). Patients with tumors showing high DCSTAMP expression had shorter overall (p = 0.027) and recurrence-free (p = 0.042) survival. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence of DCSTAMP overexpression in thyroid cancer. Apart from the prognostic implications, studies are needed to explore its potential immunomodulatory role in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jen Lee
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Huang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yang Z, Wei J, Wang Y, Du Y, Song S, Li J, Su Z, Shi Y, Wu H. Irisin Ameliorates Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis by Regulating the Smad4/β-Catenin Pathway in Diabetic Mice. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1577-1593. [PMID: 37292142 PMCID: PMC10244207 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s407734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The primary pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), and an essential contributing element is excessive extracellular matrix deposition. Irisin is a polypeptide formed by splitting fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), which participates in a number of physiological and pathological processes. Methods The purpose of this article is to examine irisin's function in DKD and analyze both its in vitro and in vivo effects. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to download GSE30122, GSE104954, and GSE99325. Analysis of renal tubule samples from nondiabetic and diabetic mice identified 94 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFBR2), irisin, and TGF-β1 were utilized as DEGs to examine the impact of irisin on TIF in diabetic kidney tissue, according to the datasets retrieved from the GEO database and Nephroseq database. Additionally, the therapeutic impact of irisin was also examined using Western blot, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and kits for detecting mouse biochemical indices. Results In vitro, the findings demonstrated that irisin not only down-regulated the expression of Smad4 and β-catenin but also reduced the expression of proteins linked to fibrosis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and mitochondrial dysfunction in HK-2 cells maintained in high glucose (HG) environment. In vivo, overexpressed FNDC5 plasmid was injected into diabetic mice to enhance its expression. Our studies found that overexpressed FNDC5 plasmid not only reversed the biochemical parameters and renal morphological characteristics of diabetic mice but also alleviated EMT and TIF by inhibiting Smad4/β-catenin signaling pathway. Conclusion The above experimental results revealed that irisin could reduce TIF in diabetic mice via regulating the Smad4/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Yang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinying Wei
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yashu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Song
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Su
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haijiang Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
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Radović B, Stojilković N, Ćurčić M, Miljaković EA, Đorđević AB, Javorac D, Baralić K, Đukić-Ćosić D, Bulat Z, Antonijević B. In silico assessment of mixture toxicity mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid diseases: the combination of toxic metal(oid)s and decabrominated diphenyl ether. Toxicology 2023; 489:153496. [PMID: 36933645 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to assess the connection between the mixture of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), methylmercury (MeHg) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) and thyroid function, by using in silico toxicogenomic data-mining approach. To obtain the linkage between investigated toxic mixture and thyroid diseases (TDs), the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was used, while gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed by ToppGeneSuite portal. The analysis has shown 10 genes connected to all chemicals present in the mixture and TDs (CAT, GSR, IFNG, IL1B, IL4, IL6, MAPK1, SOD2, TGFB1, TNF), most of which were in co-expression (45.68%), or belonged to the same pathway (30.47%). Top 5 biological processes and molecular functions affected by the investigated mixture emphasized the role of two common mechanisms - oxidative stress and inflammation. Cytokines and inflammatory response was listed as the main molecular pathway that may be triggered by simultaneous exposure to toxic metal(oid)s and decaBDE and connected to TDs. The direct relations between Pb/decaBDE and redox status impairment in thyroid tissue was confirmed by our chemical-phenotype interaction analysis, while the strongest linkage between Pb, As and decaBDE and thyroid disorders was found. The obtained results provide better understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the thyrotoxicity of the investigated mixture, and can be used to direct further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Radović
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Stojilković
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Ćurčić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Evica Antonijević Miljaković
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Buha Đorđević
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Javorac
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Baralić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Đukić-Ćosić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Bulat
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Antonijević
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
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Borowczyk M, Dobosz P, Szczepanek-Parulska E, Budny B, Dębicki S, Filipowicz D, Wrotkowska E, Oszywa M, Verburg FA, Janicka-Jedyńska M, Ziemnicka K, Ruchała M. Follicular Thyroid Adenoma and Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma-A Common or Distinct Background? Loss of Heterozygosity in Comprehensive Microarray Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030638. [PMID: 36765597 PMCID: PMC9913827 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre- and postsurgical differentiation between follicular thyroid adenoma (FTA) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) represents a significant diagnostic challenge. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether they share a common or distinct background and what the mechanisms underlying follicular thyroid lesions malignancy are. The study aimed to compare FTA and FTC by the comprehensive microarray and to identify recurrent regions of loss of heterozygosity (LOH). We analyzed formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples acquired from 32 Caucasian patients diagnosed with FTA (16) and FTC (16). We used the OncoScan™ microarray assay (Affymetrix, USA), using highly multiplexed molecular inversion probes for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The total number of LOH was higher in FTC compared with FTA (18 vs. 15). The most common LOH present in 21 cases, in both FTA (10 cases) and FTC (11 cases), was 16p12.1, which encompasses many cancer-related genes, such as TP53, and was followed by 3p21.31. The only LOH present exclusively in FTA patients (56% vs. 0%) was 11p11.2-p11.12. The alteration which tended to be detected more often in FTC (6 vs. 1 in FTA) was 12q24.11-q24.13 overlapping FOXN4, MYL2, PTPN11 genes. FTA and FTC may share a common genetic background, even though differentiating rearrangements may also be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Borowczyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Medical Simulation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-512131285
| | - Paula Dobosz
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior Affairs and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Budny
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Szymon Dębicki
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota Filipowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wrotkowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michalina Oszywa
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Frederik A. Verburg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Katarzyna Ziemnicka
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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Kardalas E, Sakkas E, Ruchala M, Macut D, Mastorakos G. The role of transforming growth factor beta in thyroid autoimmunity: current knowledge and future perspectives. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:431-447. [PMID: 34529221 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The complex mechanisms, which are related to the pathophysiology and the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases, involve transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and its interplay with the immune system. The aim of this review is to examine the role of TGF-β regarding thyroid autoimmunity and explore the potent role of this molecule either as a diagnostic or prognostic marker or a therapeutic target regarding autoimmune thyroid diseases. TGF-β is clearly a master regulator of the immune response, exerting either inhibitory or facilitatory effects on cells of the immune system. Thus, this molecule is involved in the pathogenesis and development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Recent research has revealed the involvement of TGF-β in the pathophysiology of autoimmune thyroid diseases. The role of TGF-β in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases varies, depending on its concentrations, the type of the activated TGF-β signalling pathway, the genetic predisposition of the patient and the pathophysiologic stage of the disease. TGF-β could emerge as a useful diagnostic or prognostic marker for the evolution of thyroid autoimmunity. Promising perspectives for the effective therapeutic use of TGF-β regarding thyroid autoimmunity exist. The main treatment approaches incorporate either enhancement of the immunosuppressive role of TGF-β or inhibition of its facilitatory role in the autoimmune thyroid diseases. Further research towards deeper understanding of TGF-β physiology and clinical application of its possible therapeutic role regarding thyroid autoimmunity is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Kardalas
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, 'Aretaieion' Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilissis Sofias Str. 76, Athens, 11528, Greece
| | - Evangelos Sakkas
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, 'Aretaieion' Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilissis Sofias Str. 76, Athens, 11528, Greece
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Private Practice, Michalakopoulou Str. 169, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Marek Ruchala
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, Poznan, 60-355, Poland
| | - Djuro Macut
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Diseases of Metabolism, Univercity Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića Street 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - George Mastorakos
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, 'Aretaieion' Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilissis Sofias Str. 76, Athens, 11528, Greece.
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for brain development and brain function in the adult. During development, thyroid hormone acts in a spatial and temporal-specific manner to regulate the expression of genes essential for normal neural cell differentiation, migration, and myelination. In the adult brain, thyroid hormone is important for maintaining normal brain function. Thyroid hormone excess, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, are associated with disordered brain function, including depression, memory loss, impaired cognitive function, irritability, and anxiety. Adequate thyroid hormone levels are required for normal brain function. Thyroid hormone acts through a cascade of signaling components: activation and inactivation by deiodinase enzymes, thyroid hormone membrane transporters, and nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. Additionally, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, with negative feedback of thyroid hormone on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion, regulates serum thyroid hormone levels in a narrow range. Animal and human studies have shown both systemic and local reduction in thyroid hormone availability in neurologic disease and after brain trauma. Treatment with thyroid hormone and selective thyroid hormone analogs has resulted in a reduction in injury and improved recovery. This article will describe the thyroid hormone signal transduction pathway in the brain and the role of thyroid hormone in the aging brain, neurologic diseases, and the protective role when administered after traumatic brain injury. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-21, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Liu
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Tgf-β1 transcriptionally promotes 90K expression: possible implications for cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2021; 7:86. [PMID: 33888686 PMCID: PMC8062489 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 90K protein, also known as Mac-2 BP or LGALS3BP, can activate the immune response in part by increasing major histocompatibility (MHC) class I levels. In studies on a non-immune cell model, the rat FRTL-5 cell line, we observed that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, like γ-interferon (IFN), increased 90K levels, despite its immunosuppressive functions and the ability to decrease MHC class I. To explain this paradoxical result, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the TGF-β1 regulation of 90K expression with the aim to demonstrate that TGF-β1 utilizes different molecular pathways to regulate the two genes. We found that TGF-β1 was able to increase the binding of Upstream Stimulatory Factors, USF1 and USF2, to an E-box element, CANNTG, at -1926 to -1921 bp, upstream of the interferon response element (IRE) in the 90K promoter. Thyrotropin (TSH) suppressed constitutive and γ-IFN-induced 90K expression by decreasing USF binding to the E-box. TGF-β1 was able to overcome TSH suppression at the transcriptional level by increasing USF binding to the E-box. We suggest that the ability of TGF-β1 to increase 90K did not result in an increase in MHC class I because of a separate suppressive action of TGF-β1 directly on the MHC class I gene. We propose that the increased levels of 90K may play a role, rather than in immune response, in the context of the TGF-β1-induced changing of the cellular microenvironment that predisposes to cell motility and cancer progression. Consistently, analyzing the publicly available cancer patient data sets cBioPortal, we found that 90K expression directly correlated with TGF-β1 and USFs and that high levels of 90K were significantly associated with increased mortality in patients affected by different types of cancer.
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Oh JM, Ahn BC. Molecular mechanisms of radioactive iodine refractoriness in differentiated thyroid cancer: Impaired sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expression owing to altered signaling pathway activity and intracellular localization of NIS. Theranostics 2021; 11:6251-6277. [PMID: 33995657 PMCID: PMC8120202 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The advanced, metastatic differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) have a poor prognosis mainly owing to radioactive iodine (RAI) refractoriness caused by decreased expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS), diminished targeting of NIS to the cell membrane, or both, thereby decreasing the efficacy of RAI therapy. Genetic aberrations (such as BRAF, RAS, and RET/PTC rearrangements) have been reported to be prominently responsible for the onset, progression, and dedifferentiation of DTCs, mainly through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways. Eventually, these alterations result in a lack of NIS and disabling of RAI uptake, leading to the development of resistance to RAI therapy. Over the past decade, promising approaches with various targets have been reported to restore NIS expression and RAI uptake in preclinical studies. In this review, we summarized comprehensive molecular mechanisms underlying the dedifferentiation in RAI-refractory DTCs and reviews strategies for restoring RAI avidity by tackling the mechanisms.
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11
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Romitti M, Eski SE, Fonseca BF, Gillotay P, Singh SP, Costagliola S. Single-Cell Trajectory Inference Guided Enhancement of Thyroid Maturation In Vitro Using TGF-Beta Inhibition. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:657195. [PMID: 34135860 PMCID: PMC8202408 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.657195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland regulates metabolism and growth via secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid follicular cells (TFCs). Loss of TFCs, by cellular dysfunction, autoimmune destruction or surgical resection, underlies hypothyroidism. Recovery of thyroid hormone levels by transplantation of mature TFCs derived from stem cells in vitro holds great therapeutic promise. However, the utilization of in vitro derived tissue for regenerative medicine is restricted by the efficiency of differentiation protocols to generate mature organoids. Here, to improve the differentiation efficiency for thyroid organoids, we utilized single-cell RNA-Seq to chart the molecular steps undertaken by individual cells during the in vitro transformation of mouse embryonic stem cells to TFCs. Our single-cell atlas of mouse organoid systematically and comprehensively identifies, for the first time, the cell types generated during production of thyroid organoids. Using pseudotime analysis, we identify TGF-beta as a negative regulator of thyroid maturation in vitro. Using pharmacological inhibition of TGF-beta pathway, we improve the level of thyroid maturation, in particular the induction of Nis expression. This in turn, leads to an enhancement of iodide organification in vitro, suggesting functional improvement of the thyroid organoid. Our study highlights the potential of single-cell molecular characterization in understanding and improving thyroid maturation and paves the way for identification of therapeutic targets against thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mírian Romitti
- *Correspondence: Mírian Romitti, ; Sumeet Pal Singh, ; Sabine Costagliola,
| | | | | | | | - Sumeet Pal Singh
- *Correspondence: Mírian Romitti, ; Sumeet Pal Singh, ; Sabine Costagliola,
| | - Sabine Costagliola
- *Correspondence: Mírian Romitti, ; Sumeet Pal Singh, ; Sabine Costagliola,
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12
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Shimamura M, Kurashige T, Kuatov R, Nakashima M, Nagayama Y. Acceleration of BRAF V600E-induced thyroid carcinogenesis by TGFβ signal deficiency in mice. Endocrine 2020; 69:571-577. [PMID: 32281047 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) has pleiotropic actions, including both anti- and pro-tumorigenic abilities. We have previously shown no tumor development in the thyroid-specific TGFβ receptor type II knockout (Tgfβr2 KO) mice, indicating the insufficiency of defective TGFβ signal itself for thyroid cancer initiation. In the current study, we evaluated whether defective TGFβ signal accelerates BRAFV600E-mediated thyroid carcinogenesis in our mouse model, in which intrathyroidal injection of adenovirus expressing Cre under thyroglobulin (TG) promoter (Ad-TgP-Cre) into thyroid lobes of conditional BrafV600E knock-in mice (BrafCA) induces thyroid cancers 12 months later. METHODS BrafCA/wt;Tgfbr2floxE2/floxE2 mice were generated by crossing Tgfbr2floxE2/floxE2 and BrafCA mice, and Ad-TgP-Cre was injected into the left lobes of 4-6-week-old mice. Mice were sacrificed at 6 and 12 months, and the thyroid tissues were subjected to H&E and immune-histochemistry and -fluorecence. RESULTS Thyroid tumors were observed in 8 of 10 mice at 6 months and 4 of 7 mice at 12 months. These tumors were judged to be malignant by H&E staining, because of the presence of papillary growth of atypical follicular cells, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions and so on. Immunohistochemical analyses using thyroid cancer tissues obtained at 6 months demonstrated variable levels of TG but steady levels of Paired Box-8 expression and higher Ki67 positivity. The degree of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition could not be evaluated because normal thyroid tissues and thyroid cancers developed in BrafCA and BrafCA/wt;Tgfbr2floxE2/floxE2 mice were all E-cadherin+/vimentin-, that is, epithelial type. CONCLUSION In a mouse model, defective TGFβ signaling pathway accelerates BRAFV600E-induced thyroid cancer development, which is occasionally accompanied by reduced TG expression implying dedifferentiation. The former finding is consistent with anti-tumorigenic ability of TGFβ in early tumorigenic process, but the latter is contradictory to generally accepted concept for TGFβ-induction of dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kurashige
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Rassul Kuatov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Wieczorek-Szukala K, Kopczynski J, Kowalska A, Lewinski A. Snail-1 Overexpression Correlates with Metastatic Phenotype in BRAF V600E Positive Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2701. [PMID: 32825554 PMCID: PMC7565998 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer to metastasize is regulated by various signaling pathways, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), also implicated in the upregulation of Snail-1 transcription factor in malignant neoplasms. B-type Raf kinase gene (BRAF)V600E, the most common driving mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in thyroid cancer cells through changes in the Snail-1 level, increasing cell migration and invasion. However, little is known about the mechanism of Snail-1 and BRAFV600E relations in humans. Our study included 61 PTC patients with evaluated BRAFV600E mutation status. A total of 18 of those patients had lymph node metastases-of whom 10 were BRAFV600E positive, and 8 negative. Our findings indicate that the expression of Snail-1, but not TGFβ1, correlates with the metastatic phenotype in PTC. This is the first piece of evidence that the upregulation of Snail-1 corresponds with the presence of BRAFV600E mutation and increased expression of Snail-1 in metastatic PTC samples is dependent on BRAFV600E mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janusz Kopczynski
- Department of Pathology, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Aldona Kowalska
- Endocrinology Clinic, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-319 Kielce, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewinski
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
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14
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Lian M, Cao H, Baranova A, Kural KC, Hou L, He S, Shao Q, Fang J. Aging-associated genes TNFRSF12A and CHI3L1 contribute to thyroid cancer: An evidence for the involvement of hypoxia as a driver. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3634-3642. [PMID: 32391089 PMCID: PMC7204633 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of thyroid cancer (TC) is high in the elderly. The present study was based on the hypothesis that genes, which have increased activity with aging, may play a role in the development of TC. A large-scale literature-based data analysis was conducted to explore the genes that are implicated in both TC and aging. Subsequently, a mega-analysis of 16 RNA expression datasets (1,222 samples: 439 healthy controls, and 783 patients with TC) was conducted to test a set of genes associated with aging but not TC. To uncover a possible link between these genes and TC, a functional pathway analysis was conducted, and the results were validated by analysis of gene co-expression. A multiple linear regression (MLR) model was employed to study the possible influence of sample size, population region and study age on the gene expression levels in TC. A total of 262 and 816 genes were identified to have increased activity with aging and TC, respectively; with a significant overlap of 63 genes (P<3.82×10−35). The mega-analysis revealed two aging-associated genes (CHI3L1 and TNFRSF12A) to be significantly associated with TC (P<2.05×10−8), and identified the association with multiple hypoxia-driven pathways through functional pathway analysis, also confirmed by the co-expression analysis. The MLR analysis identified population region as a significant factor contributing to the expression levels of CHI3L1 and TNFRSF12A in TC samples (P<3.24×10−4). The determination of genes that promote aging was warranted due to their possible involvement in TC. The present study suggests CHI3L1 and TNFRSF12A as novel common risk genes associated with both aging and TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Hongbao Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Department of Genomics Research, R&D Solutions, Elsevier Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, USA.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Ancha Baranova
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.,Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Kamil Can Kural
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Lizhen Hou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Shizhi He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Qing Shao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Jugao Fang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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15
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Qin J, Zhao N, Wang S, Liu S, Liu Y, Cui X, Wang S, Xiang Y, Fan C, Li Y, Shan Z, Teng W. Roles of Endogenous IL-10 and IL-10-Competent and CD5+ B Cells in Autoimmune Thyroiditis in NOD.H-2h4 Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5802318. [PMID: 32152630 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is a highly important anti-inflammatory cytokine in the immune system. CD1dhi and CD5+ B cells are both traditionally defined IL-10-secreting B cells. In recent years, a B cell group with combined markers of CD1dhi and CD5+ has been widely studied as it has been reported to suppress autoimmunity in mouse models of autoimmune diseases through IL-10 mechanisms. From the perspective of origination, CD1dhi and CD5+ B cells are developed from different B cell lineages. Whether the regulatory capacity of these 2 B cell groups is consistent with their ability to secrete IL-10 has not been determined. In this study, we generated IL-10 knockout NOD.H-2h4 mice to investigate the function of endogenous IL-10 in autoimmune thyroiditis and conducted adoptive transfer experiments to explore the respective roles of CD5+ and CD1dhi B cells. In our results, the IL-10-/- NOD.H-2h4 mice developed thyroiditis, similar to wild-type NOD.H-2h4 mice. The CD5+ B cells were more capable of secreting IL-10 than CD1dhi B cells in flow cytometric analysis, but the CD1dhi B cells showed more suppressive effects on thyroiditis development and autoantibody production, as well as Th17 cell response. In conclusion, endogenous IL-10 does not play an important role in autoimmune thyroiditis. CD1dhi B cells may play regulatory roles through mechanisms other than secreting IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Emergency, The NO.202 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuejiao Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenling Fan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yushu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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16
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Fuziwara CS, Saito KC, Kimura ET. Interplay of TGFβ signaling and microRNA in thyroid cell loss of differentiation and cancer progression. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:536-544. [PMID: 31482959 PMCID: PMC10522270 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer has been rapidly increasing in prevalence among humans in last 2 decades and is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy. Overall, thyroid-cancer patients have good rates of long-term survival, but a small percentage present poor outcome. Thyroid cancer aggressiveness is essentially related with thyroid follicular cell loss of differentiation and metastasis. The discovery of oncogenes that drive thyroid cancer (such as RET, RAS, and BRAF), and are aligned in the MAPK/ERK pathway has led to a new perspective of thyroid oncogenesis. The uncovering of additional oncogene-modulated signaling pathways revealed an intricate and active signaling cross-talk. Among these, microRNAs, which are a class of small, noncoding RNAs, expanded this cross-talk by modulating several components of the oncogenic network - thus establishing a new layer of regulation. In this context, TGFβ signaling plays an important role in cancer as a dual factor: it can exert an antimitogenic effect in normal thyroid follicular cells, and promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and invasion in cancer cells. In this review, we explore how microRNAs influence the loss of thyroid differentiation and the increase in aggressiveness of thyroid cancers by regulating the dual function of TGFβ. This review provides directions for future research to encourage the development of new strategies and molecular approaches that can improve the treatment of aggressive thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Seigi Fuziwara
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Kelly Cristina Saito
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Edna Teruko Kimura
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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17
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H 2O 2 Metabolism in Normal Thyroid Cells and in Thyroid Tumorigenesis: Focus on NADPH Oxidases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050126. [PMID: 31083324 PMCID: PMC6563055 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone synthesis requires adequate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production that is utilized as an oxidative agent during the synthesis of thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid H2O2 is generated by a member of the family of NADPH oxidase enzymes (NOX-es), termed dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2). NOX/DUOX enzymes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as their unique enzymatic activity in a timely and spatially regulated manner and therefore, are important regulators of diverse physiological processes. By contrast, dysfunctional NOX/DUOX-derived ROS production is associated with pathological conditions. Inappropriate DUOX2-generated H2O2 production results in thyroid hypofunction in rodent models. Recent studies also indicate that ROS improperly released by NOX4, another member of the NOX family, are involved in thyroid carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the current knowledge concerning the redox regulation of thyroid hormonogenesis and cancer development with a specific emphasis on the NOX and DUOX enzymes in these processes.
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18
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Oglio R, Thomasz L, Salvarredi L, Juvenal G, Pisarev M. Comparative effects of transforming growth factor beta isoforms on redox metabolism in thyroid cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:168-178. [PMID: 29061379 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) regulates thyroid function and growth. However, tumoral thyroid cells became resistant to this factor as they undifferentiated. Little is known about the effects of TGF-β isoforms. We compared the role of redox metabolism in the response to TGF-β isoforms between non tumoral and tumoral thyroid cells. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS Differentiated rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5) and human thyroid follicular carcinoma cells (WRO) were treated with the three isoforms of TGF-β. TGF-β isoforms stopped cell cycle at different steps; G1 for FRTL-5 and G2/M for WRO. The three isoforms decreased cell viability and increased ROS accumulation in both cell lines. These effects were more pronounced in FRTL-5 than in WRO, and the isoform β1 was more potent in ROS production than the other two. TGF-β isoforms decreased total glutathione, catalase expression and it activity in both cell lines. Only in FRTL-5 the lipid peroxidation was demonstrated. Moreover, TGF-β1 decreased glutathione peroxidase and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase mRNA expression and increased mitochondrial ROS in FRTL-5, but no in WRO. Pretreatment with selenium increased glutathione peroxidase activity and decreased ROS production in WRO treated with TGF-β isoforms. Furthermore, selenium partially reversed the effect of TGF-β isoforms on cell viability only in WRO cells. The knockdown of endogenous NOX4 significantly reduced the TGF-β1 effect on cell viability in WRO but no in FRTL-5. CONCLUSION TGF-β disrupted the redox balance and increased ROS accumulation in both cell lines. FRTL-5 cells showed reduced antioxidant capacity and had a greater sensitivity to TGF-β isoforms, while WRO cells were more resistant. This observation provides new insights into the potential role of TGF-β in the redox regulation of thyroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Oglio
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1429, Argentina.
| | - Lisa Thomasz
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1429, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Salvarredi
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1429, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Juvenal
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1429, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina
| | - Mario Pisarev
- CONICET, Argentina; Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina.
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Pousada G, Lago‐Docampo M, Prado S, Varela‐Calviño R, Mantiñán B, Valverde D. Functional assessment of the BMPR2 gene in lymphoblastoid cell lines from Graves' disease patients. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:1538-1547. [PMID: 29266775 PMCID: PMC5824380 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analysed the possible influence of the c.419-43delT BMPR2 variant in patients with Graves' disease (GD), in a molecular basis, focusing our efforts on possible alterations in the mRNA processing and synthesis. The molecular assessment of this variant in patients with GD would shed light on the association between the BMPR2 gene and the disease. The variant was detected in 18%, 55% and 10% of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, GD and in general population, respectively. Patients with GD fold change showed increased BMPR2 expression when matched against the controls, with a mean of 4.21 ± 1.73 (P = 0.001); BMPR2 was overexpressed in the analysed cell cycle stages. Fold change analysis of variant carriers and non-carriers showed slight overexpression and differences between phases, but none of them were statistically significant. BMPR2 expression was confirmed in the lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) with a molecular weight of 115 kD, and no differences between variant carriers and non-carriers were detected. To conclude, the BMPR2 variant c.419-19delT appears in high frequency in patients with GD, and independently of its presence, BMPR2 is overexpressed in the LCLs from the GD patients tested. This increase could be paired with the described decreased expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in thyroid tissue from patients with GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Pousada
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and ImmunologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of VigoVigoPontevedraSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Ourense‐Pontevedra‐VigoPontevedraSpain
| | - Mauro Lago‐Docampo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and ImmunologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of VigoVigoPontevedraSpain
| | - Sonia Prado
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and ImmunologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of VigoVigoPontevedraSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Ourense‐Pontevedra‐VigoPontevedraSpain
| | - Rubén Varela‐Calviño
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Santiago de CompostelaA CoruñaSpain
| | - Beatriz Mantiñán
- Endocrine, Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolism DepartmentComplexo Hospitalario Universitario de VigoPontevedraSpain
| | - Diana Valverde
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and ImmunologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of VigoVigoPontevedraSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Ourense‐Pontevedra‐VigoPontevedraSpain
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Lee JJ, Wang TY, Liu CL, Chien MN, Chen MJ, Hsu YC, Leung CH, Cheng SP. Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV as a Prognostic Marker and Therapeutic Target in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2930-2940. [PMID: 28575350 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) is overexpressed in thyroid cancer and certain malignancies. Furthermore, DPP4 has been identified as a discriminatory marker for thyroid cancer. However, it remains unclear whether DPP4 expression plays a prognostic role. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and function of DPP4 in thyroid cancer and the mechanisms involved. DESIGN We determined the expression of DPP4 by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays of thyroid tumors. In vitro functional studies were performed after genetic and pharmacological inhibition of DPP4. Gene expression and pathway analyses were used to identify downstream targets. The therapeutic potential of DPP4 inhibition was evaluated in a mouse xenograft model. RESULTS High DPP4 expression was associated with extrathyroidal extension (P < 0.001), BRAF mutation (P < 0.001), and advanced tumor stage (P = 0.007) in papillary thyroid cancer. Patients in the high-DPP4 expression group were less likely to be classified as having no evidence of disease at final follow-up (P = 0.042). DPP4 silencing or treatment with DPP4 inhibitors significantly suppressed colony formation, cell migration, and invasion. Analysis of differentially expressed genes after DPP4 knockdown suggested that the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway is involved. In vivo experiments revealed that sitagliptin treatment reduced tumor growth and xenograft transforming growth factor-β receptor I expression. CONCLUSIONS Increased DPP4 expression is associated with cellular invasion and more aggressive disease in papillary thyroid cancer. Targeting DPP4 may be a therapeutic strategy for DPP4-expressing thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jen Lee
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Yeuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Liu
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Nan Chien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Chen
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Leung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Rodríguez-Rodero S, Delgado-Álvarez E, Díaz-Naya L, Martín Nieto A, Menéndez Torre E. Epigenetic modulators of thyroid cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 64:44-56. [PMID: 28440770 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are some well known factors involved in the etiology of thyroid cancer, including iodine deficiency, radiation exposure at early ages, or some genetic changes. However, epigenetic modulators that may contribute to development of these tumors and be helpful to for both their diagnosis and treatment have recently been discovered. The currently known changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs in each type of thyroid carcinoma are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rodríguez-Rodero
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elías Delgado-Álvarez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lucía Díaz-Naya
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alicia Martín Nieto
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Edelmiro Menéndez Torre
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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Nigella Sativa treatment and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and interleukin 23 (IL-23) in patients with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Eur J Integr Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ozer B, Sezerman OU. A novel analysis strategy for integrating methylation and expression data reveals core pathways for thyroid cancer aetiology. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 12:S7. [PMID: 26678064 PMCID: PMC4682414 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s12-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, a wide range of diseases have been associated with changes in DNA methylation levels, which play a vital role in gene expression regulation. With ongoing developments in technology, attempts to understand disease mechanism have benefited greatly from epigenetics and transcriptomics studies. In this work, we have used expression and methylation data of thyroid carcinoma as a case study and explored how to optimally incorporate expression and methylation information into the disease study when both data are available. Moreover, we have also investigated whether there are important post-translational modifiers which could drive critical insights on thyroid cancer genetics. Results In this study, we have conducted a threshold analysis for varying methylation levels to identify whether setting a methylation level threshold increases the performance of functional enrichment. Moreover, in order to decide on best-performing analysis strategy, we have performed data integration analysis including comparison of 10 different analysis strategies. As a result, combining methylation with expression and using genes with more than 15% methylation change led to optimal detection rate of thyroid-cancer associated pathways in top 20 functional enrichment results. Furthermore, pooling the data from different experiments increased analysis confidence by improving the data range. Consequently, we have identified 207 transcription factors and 245 post-translational modifiers with more than 15% methylation change which may be important in understanding underlying mechanisms of thyroid cancer. Conclusion While only expression or only methylation information would not reveal both primary and secondary mechanisms involved in disease state, combining expression and methylation led to a better detection of thyroid cancer-related genes and pathways that are found in the recent literature. Moreover, focusing on genes that have certain level of methylation change improved the functional enrichment results, revealing the core pathways involved in disease development such as; endocytosis, apoptosis, glutamatergic synapse, MAPK, ErbB, TGF-beta and Toll-like receptor pathways. Overall, in addition to novel analysis framework, our study reveals important thyroid-cancer related mechanisms, secondary molecular alterations and contributes to better knowledge of thyroid cancer aetiology.
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Vural P, Değirmencioğlu S, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Baki M, Özderya A, Karadağ B, Uysal M. Arg25Pro (c.915G>C) polymorphism of transforming growth factor β1 gene suggests an association with increased risk for Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Int Immunopharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26218277 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiopathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) - has not been clearly elucidated although the role of chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines has been established. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is required to maintain immune homeostasis, and is implicated in lymphocyte infiltration, production of autoantibodies and thyrocyte destruction seen in patients with HT. AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association of Leu10Pro (c.869T>C) and Arg25Pro (c.915G>C) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TGFβ1 gene with the occurrence of HT. METHODS We analyzed the genotype and allele frequencies of polymorphisms at codon 10 and 25 in 178 patients who had been diagnosed as having HT and 197 healthy controls using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTS There was no notable risk for HT afflicted by Leu10Pro (c.869T>C) polymorphism of TGFβ1 gene. However, there was a significant increase of Arg25Pro (c.915G>C) C allele frequency in patients with HT compared with healthy controls (p=0.003, OR=1.87, 95% CI=1.23-2.84). Moreover, heterozygous (CG) subjects had a 2.53-fold increased risk for developing HT with respect to wild (GG) homozygotes (p<0.001, 95% CI=1.57-4.05). TSH levels in CG heterozygous patients were increased in comparison with wild homozygotes (p=0.006). CONCLUSION This study indicates that the Arg25Pro (c.915G>C) polymorphism of TGFβ1 gene may be related to increased risk for HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pervin Vural
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sevgin Değirmencioğlu
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semra Doğru-Abbasoğlu
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Baki
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Özderya
- Şişli Etfal Education and Research Hospital, II. Internal Medicine Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Şişli 34387, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrin Karadağ
- Şişli Etfal Education and Research Hospital, II. Internal Medicine Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Şişli 34387, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Müjdat Uysal
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
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SMAD4 gene promoter mutations in patients with thyroid tumors. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:100-3. [PMID: 26079547 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As a key component of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) pathway, which regulates the expression of thyroid-specific genes, tumor suppressor SMAD4 is crucial for thyroid development and function. Aberrant expression of SMAD4 in thyroid tumor tissue was reported and mutations affecting the coding region have been detected, but a potential role of mutations in SMAD4 gene regulatory regions remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to analyze SMAD4 gene promoters in thyroid tumors. A total of 76 thyroidectomy specimens were studied, including 42 malignant and 34 benign tumors. The presence of mutations in four SMAD4 gene promoters was analyzed in thyroid tumor tissue and peripheral blood by PCR and DNA sequencing. The expression and intracellular localization of endogenous SMAD4 protein in selected tumor samples was studied by immunostaining and confocal microscopy. Of three novel variants detected, two were within promoter A (-204T/C and -5C/T) and one in promoter D (-180delA). Unlike somatic mutations previously detected in the nearby region, germline mutation -180delA in promoter D doesn't appear to affect SMAD4 expression in the thyroid tumor tissue. However, all newly detected SMAD4 promoter variants affect predicted binding sites of transcription factors involved in cell cycle regulation and should be further characterized functionally. Although not directly involved in carcinogenesis, detected variants may alter SMAD4 transcriptional regulation to some extent. Considering that dosage dependence is of great importance for the role of SMAD4 protein as a tumor suppressor, potential clinical significance of SMAD4 gene promoter mutations is worth further investigation.
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Mincione G, Tarantelli C, Vianale G, Di Marcantonio MC, Cotellese R, Francomano F, Di Nicola M, Costantini E, Cichella A, Muraro R. Mutual regulation of TGF-β1, TβRII and ErbB receptors expression in human thyroid carcinomas. Exp Cell Res 2014; 327:24-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Vural P, Baki M, Özderya A, Karadağ B, Uysal M. Arg25Pro (c.915G>C) polymorphism of transforming growth factor β1 gene increases the risk of developing Graves' disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:366-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pesce L, Kopp P. Iodide transport: implications for health and disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 2014:8. [PMID: 25009573 PMCID: PMC4089555 DOI: 10.1186/1687-9856-2014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of the thyroid gland are among the most common conditions diagnosed and managed by pediatric endocrinologists. Thyroid hormone synthesis depends on normal iodide transport and knowledge of its regulation is fundamental to understand the etiology and management of congenital and acquired thyroid conditions such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The ability of the thyroid to concentrate iodine is also widely used as a tool for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases and in the management and follow up of the most common type of endocrine cancers: papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. More recently, the regulation of iodide transport has also been the center of attention to improve the management of poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. Iodine deficiency disorders (goiter, impaired mental development) due to insufficient nutritional intake remain a universal public health problem. Thyroid function can also be influenced by medications that contain iodide or interfere with iodide metabolism such as iodinated contrast agents, povidone, lithium and amiodarone. In addition, some environmental pollutants such as perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrates may affect iodide transport. Furthermore, nuclear accidents increase the risk of developing thyroid cancer and the therapy used to prevent exposure to these isotopes relies on the ability of the thyroid to concentrate iodine. The array of disorders involving iodide transport affect individuals during the whole life span and, if undiagnosed or improperly managed, they can have a profound impact on growth, metabolism, cognitive development and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuska Pesce
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Iowa Carver School of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Peter Kopp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Shimamura M, Nakahara M, Kurashige T, Yasui K, Nakashima M, Nagayama Y. Disruption of transforming growth factor-β signaling in thyroid follicular epithelial cells or intrathyroidal fibroblasts does not promote thyroid carcinogenesis. Endocr J 2014; 61:297-302. [PMID: 24335009 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) members, pleiotropic cytokines, play a critical role for carcinogenesis generally as a tumor suppressor in the early cancer development, but as a tumor promoter in the late stage of cancer progression. The present study was designed to clarify the role for TGF-β signaling in early thyroid carcinogenesis using the conditional Tgfbr2(floxE2/floxE2) knock-in mice, having 2 loxP sites at introns 1 and 2 of Tgfb2r gene. When these mice were crossed with thyroid peroxidase (TPO)-Cre or fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP1)-Cre, the resultant mice, Tgfbr2(tpoKO) and Tgfbr2(fspKO), lost TGF-β II receptor expression (thereby TGF-β signaling) specifically in the thyroid follicular epithelial cells or fibroblasts, respectively. The thyroid morphology was monitored up to 52 weeks in these mice, showing no tumor development, except one Tgfbr2(tpoKO) mouse developing follicular adenoma like-lesion. Our data suggest that TGF-β signaling in mesenchymal or follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid does not appear to function as a tumor suppressive barrier at the early stage of thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523 Japan
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Kawashima A, Yamazaki K, Hara T, Akama T, Yoshihara A, Sue M, Tanigawa K, Wu H, Ishido Y, Takeshita F, Ishii N, Sato K, Suzuki K. Demonstration of innate immune responses in the thyroid gland: potential to sense danger and a possible trigger for autoimmune reactions. Thyroid 2013; 23:477-87. [PMID: 23234343 PMCID: PMC3610444 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune thyroid disease is an archetypal organ-specific autoimmune disorder that is characterized by the production of thyroid autoantibodies and lymphocytic infiltration into the thyroid. However, the underlying mechanisms by which specific thyroid antibodies are produced are largely unknown. Recent studies have shown that innate immune responses affect both the phenotype and the severity of autoimmune reactions. Moreover, it appears that even non-immune cells, including thyroid cells, have an ability to launch such responses. The aim of this study was to conduct a more detailed analysis of innate immune responses of the thyroid upon stimulation with various "non-self" and "self" factors that might contribute to the initiation of autoimmune reactions. METHODS We used rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells, human thyroid cells, and mice to investigate the effects of various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and iodide on gene expression and function that were related to innate immune responses. RESULTS RT-PCR analysis showed that both rat and human thyroid cells expressed mRNAs for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that sensed PAMPs. Stimulation of thyrocytes with TLR ligands resulted in activation of the interferon-beta (IFN-β) promoter and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB)-dependent promoter. As a result, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and type I interferons were produced. Similar activation was observed when thyroid cells were stimulated with double-stranded DNA, one of the typical DAMPs. In addition to these PAMPs and DAMPs, treatment of thyroid cells with high concentrations of iodide increased mRNA expression of various cytokines. CONCLUSION We show that thyroid cells express functional sensors for exogenous and endogenous dangers, and that they are capable of launching innate immune responses without the assistance of immune cells. Such responses may relate to the development of thyroiditis, which in turn may trigger autoimmune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kawashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akama
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Sue
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huhehasi Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishido
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Takeshita
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Department of Fundamental Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihisa Ishii
- Director, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanji Sato
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Endocrinology, Tokyo Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Toumba M, Neocleous V, Shammas C, Anastasiadou V, Allgrove J, Phylactou LA, Skordis N. A family with Camurati-Engelman disease. The role of the missense p.R218C mutation in TGFB1 in bones and endocrine glands. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 26:987-93. [PMID: 23729546 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2013-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED) is a rare form of progressive bone dysplasia due to mutations in the transforming factor gene TGFB1 on chromosome 19q13.1-q13.3. Endocrine complications such as osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, delayed puberty and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism may be present. METHODS AND RESULTS Genetic analysis of the TGFB1 gene revealed a heterozygous missense mutation p.R218C in exon 4 of chromosome 19q13.1-q13.3 in a 14-year-old girl who presented with typical symptoms of CED, hyperprolactinaemia and menstrual irregularity. The patient responded well to prednisone 5 mg/kg per day as well as calcium and vitamin D supplements. CONCLUSIONS The role of p.R218C in TGFB1 on the mechanism of the disease itself and the complications of it in bones and endocrine glands remain unclear. Early recognition as well as a detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease is important for future treatment options and better quality of life of such patients.
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Romitti M, Wajner SM, Zennig N, Goemann IM, Bueno AL, Meyer ELS, Maia AL. Increased type 3 deiodinase expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2012; 22:897-904. [PMID: 22823995 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone regulates a wide range of cellular activities, including the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. The thyroid-hormone-inactivating type 3 deiodinase (DIO3, D3) has been shown to be reactivated in human neoplasias. Here, we evaluated DIO3 expression in human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). METHODS Tumor and surrounding normal thyroid tissue were collected from 26 unselected patients with PTC. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed in medical records. DIO3 mRNA levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and D3 activity by paper-descendent chromatography. Studies of DIO3 gene regulation were performed in a human PTC-derived cell line (K1 cells). BRAF(V600E) mutation was identified in DNA from paraffin-embedded tissues by direct sequencing. Immunohistochemistry analyses were performed using a specific human D3 antibody. RESULTS Increased D3 activity was detected in all 26 PTC samples analyzed as compared with adjacent thyroid tissue. The augmentations in D3 activity were paralleled by increased DIO3 mRNA levels (approximately fivefold). In PTC-derived cells, DIO3 transcripts were further upregulated by the transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). Interestingly, preincubation with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade inhibitors U0126 (ERK pathway) and SB203580 (p38 pathway) decreased DIO3 mRNA levels and blocked the TGFβ1-induced increase in DIO3 transcripts, suggesting that D3 induction might be mediated through the MAPK signaling pathway. Accordingly, DIO3 mRNA and activity levels were significantly higher in BRAF(V600E)-mutated samples (p=0.001). Increased D3 activity was correlated with tumor size (r=0.68, p=0.003), and associated with lymph node (p=0.03) or distant metastasis (p=0.006) at diagnosis. Conversely, decreased levels of the thyroid-hormone-activating type 2 deiodinase (DIO2) gene were observed in PTC, which might contribute to further decreases in intracellular thyroid hormone levels. Increased D3 expression was also observed in follicular thyroid carcinoma but not in medullary or anaplastic thyroid carcinoma samples. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the malignant transformation of thyroid follicular cell toward PTC promotes opposite changes in DIO3 and DIO2 expression by pretranscriptional mechanisms. The association between increased levels of D3 activity and advanced disease further supports a role for intracellular triiodothyronine concentration on the thyroid tumor cell proliferation or/and dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mírian Romitti
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Kogai T, Brent GA. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS): regulation and approaches to targeting for cancer therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:355-70. [PMID: 22750642 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is required for efficient iodide uptake in thyroid and lactating breast. Since most differentiated thyroid cancer expresses NIS, β-emitting radioactive iodide is routinely utilized to target remnant thyroid cancer and metastasis after total thyroidectomy. Stimulation of NIS expression by high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone is necessary to achieve radioiodide uptake into thyroid cancer that is sufficient for therapy. The majority of breast cancer also expresses NIS, but at a low level insufficient for radioiodine therapy. Retinoic acid is a potent NIS inducer in some breast cancer cells. NIS is also modestly expressed in some non-thyroidal tissues, including salivary glands, lacrimal glands and stomach. Selective induction of iodide uptake is required to target tumors with radioiodide. Iodide uptake in mammalian cells is dependent on the level of NIS gene expression, but also successful translocation of NIS to the cell membrane and correct insertion. The regulatory mechanisms of NIS expression and membrane insertion are regulated by signal transduction pathways that differ by tissue. Differential regulation of NIS confers selective induction of functional NIS in thyroid cancer cells, as well as some breast cancer cells, leading to more efficient radioiodide therapy for thyroid cancer and a new strategy for breast cancer therapy. The potential for systemic radioiodide treatment of a range of other cancers, that do not express endogenous NIS, has been demonstrated in models with tumor-selective introduction of exogenous NIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Kogai
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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TGF-beta/Smad pathway and BRAF mutation play different roles in circumscribed and infiltrative papillary thyroid carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2012; 460:587-600. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mincione G, Di Marcantonio MC, Tarantelli C, D'Inzeo S, Nicolussi A, Nardi F, Donini CF, Coppa A. EGF and TGF-β1 Effects on Thyroid Function. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:431718. [PMID: 21760980 PMCID: PMC3134325 DOI: 10.4061/2011/431718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal epithelial thyroid cells in culture are inhibited by TGF-β1. Instead, transformed thyroid cell lines are frequently resistant to its growth inhibitory effect. Loss of TGF-β responsiveness could be due to a reduced expression of TGF-β receptors, as shown in transformed rat thyroid cell lines and in human thyroid tumors, or to alterations of other genes controlling TGF-β signal transduction pathway. However, in thyroid neoplasia, a complex pattern of alterations occurring during transformation and progression has been identified. Functionally, TGF-β1 acts as a tumor suppressor in the early stage of transformation or as a tumor promoter in advanced cancer. This peculiar pleiotropic behaviour of TGF-β may result from cross-talk with signalling pathways mediated by other growth factors, among which EGF-like ligands play an important role. This paper reports evidences on TGF-β1 and EGF systems in thyroid tumors and on the cross-talk between these growth factors in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Mincione
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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Thomasz L, Oglio R, Randi AS, Fernandez M, Dagrosa MA, Cabrini RL, Juvenal GJ, Pisarev MA. Biochemical changes during goiter induction by methylmercaptoimidazol and inhibition by delta-iodolactone in rat. Thyroid 2010; 20:1003-13. [PMID: 20825298 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have demonstrated that the administration of delta-iodolactone (i.e., 5-iodo-delta lactone) of arachidonic acid (IL-delta), a mediator in thyroid autoregulation, prevents goiter induction by methylmercaptoimidazol (MMI) in rats. Other studies have shown that transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) mimics some of the actions of excess iodide, but its participation in autoregulation is disputed. The present studies were performed to test the hypotheses that IL-delta decreases thyroid growth by inhibition of cell proliferation and/or by stimulation of apoptosis due to oxidative stress, that TGF-beta is stimulated by an excess of iodide and by IL-delta, and that c-Myc and c-Fos expression are upregulated during goiter induction and downregulated during goiter inhibition. METHODS Rats were treated with MMI alone or together with iodide or IL-delta. Thyroid weight, cell number, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress were determined. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), TGF-beta1, TGF-beta3, c-Myc, and c-Fos were measured by Western blot. RESULTS MMI caused a progressive increase in thyroid weight accompanied by an increase in cell number, asymmetry of the ploidy histograms, and PCNA, c-Fos, and c-Myc expression. In addition, an early increase of apoptosis was observed. Peroxides as well as glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were also increased in goitrous animals. The inhibitory action of IL-delta on goiter formation was accompanied by the inhibition of cell proliferation evidenced by a significant decrease in cell number, PCNA expression, and asymmetry of the ploidy histograms. A transient stimulation of apoptosis after 7 days of treatment was also observed. MMI administration stimulated TGF-beta1 but not TGF-beta3 synthesis. IL-delta alone caused a slight increase of TGF-beta3 but not TGF-beta1, whereas potassium iodide (KI) stimulated both isoforms and MMI reversed KI effect on TGF-beta1 expression but not on TGF-beta3. CONCLUSIONS The goiter inhibitory action of IL-delta is due to the inhibition of cell proliferation and the transient stimulation of apoptosis. This latter action does not involve oxidative stress. TGF-beta1 does not play a role in the autoregulatory pathway mediated by IL-delta. Iodide stimulates TGF-beta3 without the need of being organified. These results suggest that there may be more than one pathway involved in the autoregulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Thomasz
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Matsuo SE, Fiore APZP, Siguematu SM, Ebina KN, Friguglietti CUM, Ferro MC, Kulcsar MAV, Kimura ET. Expression of SMAD proteins, TGF-beta/activin signaling mediators, in human thyroid tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 54:406-12. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302010000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of SMAD proteins in human thyroid tissues since the inactivation of TGF-β/activin signaling components is reported in several types of cancer. Phosphorylated SMAD 2 and SMAD3 (pSMAD2/3) associated with the SMAD4 induce the signal transduction generated by TGF-β and activin, while SMAD7 inhibits this intracellular signaling. Although TGF-β and activin exert antiproliferative roles in thyroid follicular cells, thyroid tumors express high levels of these proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The protein expression of SMADs was evaluated in multinodular goiter, follicular adenoma, papillary and follicular carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The expression of pSMAD2/3, SMAD4 and SMAD7 was observed in both benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Although pSMAD2/3, SMAD4 and SMAD7 exhibited high cytoplasmic staining in carcinomas, the nuclear staining of pSMAD2/3 was not different between benign and malignant lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of SMADs expression in thyroid cells and the presence of pSMAD2/3 and SMAD4 proteins in the nucleus of tumor cells indicates propagation of TGF-β/activin signaling. However, the high expression of the inhibitory SMAD7, mostly in malignant tumors, could contribute to the attenuation of the SMADs antiproliferative signaling in thyroid carcinomas.
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