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Boulakh L. Intraocular and extraocular manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in Danish patients: A Nationwide Study. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102 Suppl 283:3-25. [PMID: 39238437 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Boulakh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Haigis AC, Vergauwen L, LaLone CA, Villeneuve DL, O'Brien JM, Knapen D. Cross-species applicability of an adverse outcome pathway network for thyroid hormone system disruption. Toxicol Sci 2023; 195:1-27. [PMID: 37405877 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone system disrupting compounds are considered potential threats for human and environmental health. Multiple adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for thyroid hormone system disruption (THSD) are being developed in different taxa. Combining these AOPs results in a cross-species AOP network for THSD which may provide an evidence-based foundation for extrapolating THSD data across vertebrate species and bridging the gap between human and environmental health. This review aimed to advance the description of the taxonomic domain of applicability (tDOA) in the network to improve its utility for cross-species extrapolation. We focused on the molecular initiating events (MIEs) and adverse outcomes (AOs) and evaluated both their plausible domain of applicability (taxa they are likely applicable to) and empirical domain of applicability (where evidence for applicability to various taxa exists) in a THSD context. The evaluation showed that all MIEs in the AOP network are applicable to mammals. With some exceptions, there was evidence of structural conservation across vertebrate taxa and especially for fish and amphibians, and to a lesser extent for birds, empirical evidence was found. Current evidence supports the applicability of impaired neurodevelopment, neurosensory development (eg, vision) and reproduction across vertebrate taxa. The results of this tDOA evaluation are summarized in a conceptual AOP network that helps prioritize (parts of) AOPs for a more detailed evaluation. In conclusion, this review advances the tDOA description of an existing THSD AOP network and serves as a catalog summarizing plausible and empirical evidence on which future cross-species AOP development and tDOA assessment could build.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrin Haigis
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carlie A LaLone
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Boomi Quchan Atigh S, Sadat Shakeri H, Esmaily H, Darvishi A, Hamidi A, Heravian Shandiz J. Evaluation of visual functions in Iranian hypothyroid adults. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2022; 6:e393. [PMID: 36519206 PMCID: PMC9836240 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hypothyroidism on visual functions such as visual acuity, refractive errors, colour vision, and contrast sensitivity, among hypothyroid adults. METHODS Forty-three patients with clinical hypothyroidism along with 43 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals underwent visual examinations, including visual acuity, refractive errors, eye deviations with the cover test, colour vision with the D15 test, and contrast sensitivity with Pelli-Robson test. RESULTS It was indicated that visual acuity, refractive errors, phoria, and colour vision had no significant difference between the hypothyroid and control groups. Contrast sensitivity decreased in hypothyroid subjects as compared with controls. The mean values of binocular contrast sensitivity were 1.85 ± 0.09 log in the hypothyroid group and 1.93 ± 0.09 log in controls, which showed a statistically significant difference (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrated a reduced contrast sensitivity in adult hypothyroidism. Since CS is related to functioning and quality of life, a comprehensive and detailed eye examination may be beneficial for hypothyroidism patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Boomi Quchan Atigh
- Refractive Errors Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran,Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical ScienceMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Habibollah Esmaily
- Social Determinants of Health Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Azam Darvishi
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical ScienceMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Aghdas Hamidi
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical ScienceMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Javad Heravian Shandiz
- Refractive Errors Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran,Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical ScienceMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Hussey KA, Hadyniak SE, Johnston RJ. Patterning and Development of Photoreceptors in the Human Retina. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:878350. [PMID: 35493094 PMCID: PMC9049932 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.878350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans rely on visual cues to navigate the world around them. Vision begins with the detection of light by photoreceptor cells in the retina, a light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. Photoreceptor types are defined by morphology, gene expression, light sensitivity, and function. Rod photoreceptors function in low-light vision and motion detection, and cone photoreceptors are responsible for high-acuity daytime and trichromatic color vision. In this review, we discuss the generation, development, and patterning of photoreceptors in the human retina. We describe our current understanding of how photoreceptors are patterned in concentric regions. We conclude with insights into mechanisms of photoreceptor differentiation drawn from studies of model organisms and human retinal organoids.
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Tropeano A, Roszkowska AM, Aversa T, Corica D, Pepe G, Aragona P, Wasniewska M. Ocular morphology development and function in children with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed by neonatal screening. Endocrine 2021; 72:932-936. [PMID: 32851574 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Tropeano
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, Unit of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Roszkowska
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tommaso Aversa
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, Unit of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Corica
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, Unit of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pepe
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, Unit of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Wasniewska
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, Unit of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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Énzsöly A, Hajdú RI, Turóczi Z, Szalai I, Tátrai E, Pálya F, Nagy ZZ, Mátyás C, Oláh A, Radovits T, Szabó K, Dékány B, Szabó A, Kusnyerik Á, Soltész P, Veres DS, Somogyi A, Somfai GM, Lukáts Á. The Predictive Role of Thyroid Hormone Levels for Early Diabetic Retinal Changes in Experimental Rat and Human Diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:20. [PMID: 34010957 PMCID: PMC8142702 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In diabetic subjects, early visual functional alterations such as color vision deficiencies (CVDs) are known to precede clinically apparent diabetic retinopathy. Prominent photoreceptor outer segment degeneration and an increase in the number of retinal dual cones (co-expressing S- and M-opsins simultaneously) have been described in diabetic rat models, suggesting a connection with the development of CVDs. As cone opsin expression is controlled by thyroid hormones, we investigated the diabetic retina in association with thyroid hormone alterations. Methods In rat models of type 1 and 2 diabetes, dual cones were labeled by immunohistochemistry, and their numbers were analyzed in relation to free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) levels. Quantification of dual cones was also performed in human postmortem retinas. Additionally, a cross-sectional case–control study was performed where thyroid hormone levels were measured and color vision was assessed with Lanthony desaturated D15 discs. Results A higher number of dual cones was detectable in diabetic rats, correlating with fT4 levels. Dual cones were also present in postmortem human retinas, with higher numbers in the three diabetic retinas. As expected, age was strongly associated with CVDs in human patients, and the presence of diabetes also increased the risk. However, the current study failed to detect any effect of thyroid hormones on the development of CVDs. Conclusions Our results point toward the involvement of thyroid homeostasis in the opsin expression changes in diabetic rats and human samples. The evaluation of the possible clinical consequences warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Énzsöly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rozina I Hajdú
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Turóczi
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Irén Szalai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Tátrai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fanni Pálya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Z Nagy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Mátyás
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Radovits
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Szabó
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bulcsú Dékány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arnold Szabó
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kusnyerik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Soltész
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel S Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Somogyi
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor M Somfai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Eye Clinic, Stadtspital Waid and Triemli, Zürich, Switzerland.,Werner H. Spross Foundation for the Advancement of Research and Teaching in Ophthalmology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ákos Lukáts
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Rai R, Singh DK, Bhakhri BK. Transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity and its risk factors in an extramural neonatal intensive care unit. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 65:723-729. [PMID: 33909379 PMCID: PMC10065390 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Thyroid functions in preterm newborns may be altered in the first week of life. Hypothyroxinemia has been commonly reported in these babies, which could be due to the immaturity of the hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis or acute illness. It could have a long-term impact on the developing brain of these babies. We conducted this study to estimate the incidence of transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity (THOP) and to determine its risk factors. Methods We analyzed thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 levels of 64 preterm neonates admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit. TSH and free T4 levels were measured in the first week and then at 14-21 days of life to estimate the incidence of THOP and determine its risk factors. We also estimated the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and delayed TSH elevation in CH. Risk analysis was conducted using simple and multiple logistic regression, and numerical data was compared using the Mann Whitney U test and t test. Results THOP was seen in 25% of the preterm babies. Caesarean delivery, presence of one or more morbidities, mechanical ventilation, birth weight ≥ 1,500 g, and gestational age ≥ 32 weeks were identified as risk factors for THOP based on simple logistic regression. In multiple regression, mechanical ventilation and gestational age ≥ 32 weeks were significantly associated with THOP. CH was seen in 2 (3.1%) babies, and 1 of these cases had delayed TSH elevation. Conclusion Thyroid abnormalities are common in preterm admitted neonates. Mechanical ventilation is an independent risk factor for development of THOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Rai
- Department of Neonatology (Maternal Reproductive Health), Super Speciality Pediatric Hospital and Postgraduate Teaching Institute, Noida, UP, India,
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Super Speciality Pediatric Hospital and Postgraduate Teaching Institute, Noida, UP, India
| | - Bhanu Kiran Bhakhri
- Department of Pediatrics, Super Speciality Pediatric Hospital and Postgraduate Teaching Institute, Noida, UP, India
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LaFranchi SH. Thyroid Function in Preterm/Low Birth Weight Infants: Impact on Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:666207. [PMID: 34211436 PMCID: PMC8239410 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.666207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal thyroid hormone crosses the placenta to the fetus beginning in the first trimester, likely playing an important role in fetal development. The fetal thyroid gland begins to produce thyroid hormone in the second trimester, with fetal serum T4 levels gradually rising to term. Full maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis does not occur until term gestation or the early neonatal period. Postnatal thyroid function in preterm babies is qualitatively similar to term infants, but the TSH surge is reduced, with a corresponding decrease in the rise in T4 and T3 levels. Serum T4 levels are reduced in proportion to the degree of prematurity, representing both loss of the maternal contribution and immaturity of the HPT axis. Other factors, such as neonatal drugs, e.g., dopamine, and non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) related to co-morbidities contribute to the "hypothyroxinemia of prematurity". Iodine, both deficiency and excess, may impact thyroid function in infants born preterm. Overall, the incidence of permanent congenital hypothyroidism in preterm infants appears to be similar to term infants. However, in newborn screening (NBS) that employ a total T4-reflex TSH test approach, a higher proportion of preterm babies will have a T4 below the cutoff, associated with a non-elevated TSH level. In NBS programs with a primary TSH test combined with serial testing, there is a relatively high incidence of "delayed TSH elevation" in preterm neonates. On follow-up, the majority of these cases have transient hypothyroidism. Preterm/LBW infants have many clinical manifestations that might be ascribed to hypothyroidism. The question then arises whether the hypothyroxinemia of prematurity, with thyroid function tests compatible with either non-thyroidal illness syndrome or central hypothyroidism, is a physiologic or pathologic process. In particular, does hypothyroxinemia contribute to the neurodevelopmental impairment common to preterm infants? Results from multiple studies are mixed, with some randomized controlled trials in the most preterm infants born <28 weeks gestation appearing to show benefit. This review will summarize fetal and neonatal thyroid physiology, thyroid disorders specific to preterm/LBW infants and their impact on NBS for congenital hypothyroidism, examine treatment studies, and finish with comments on unresolved questions and areas of controversy.
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Sawant OB, Jidigam VK, Wilcots K, Fuller RD, Samuels I, Rao S. Thyroid Activating Enzyme, Deiodinase II Is Required for Photoreceptor Function in the Mouse Model of Retinopathy of Prematurity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:36. [PMID: 33237298 PMCID: PMC7691789 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.13.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a severe complication of premature infants, leading to vision loss when untreated. Presently, the molecular mechanisms underlying ROP are still far from being clearly understood. This study sought to investigate whether thyroid hormone (TH) signaling contributes to the neuropathology of ROP using the mouse model of ROP to evaluate longitudinal photoreceptor function. Methods Animals were exposed to hyperoxia from P7 to P12 to induce retinopathy, thereafter the animals were returned to room air (normoxia). The thyroid-activating enzyme type 2 deiodinases (Dio2) knockout (KO) mice and the littermate controls that were exposed to hyperoxia or maintained in room air and were then analyzed. The retinal function was evaluated using electroretinograms (ERGs) at three and seven weeks followed by histologic assessments with neuronal markers to detect cellular changes in the retina. Rhodopsin protein levels were measured to validate the results obtained from the immunofluorescence analyses. Results In the ROP group, the photoreceptor ERG responses are considerably lower both in the control and the Dio2 KO animals at P23 compared to the non-ROP group. In agreement with the ERG responses, loss of Dio2 results in mislocalized cone nuclei, and abnormal rod bipolar cell dendrites extending into the outer nuclear layer. The retinal function is compromised in the adult Dio2 KO animals, although the cellular changes are less severe. Despite the reduction in scotopic a-wave amplitudes, rhodopsin levels are similar in the adult mice, across all genotypes irrespective of exposure to hyperoxia. Conclusions Using the mouse model of ROP, we show that loss of Dio2 exacerbates the effects of hyperoxia-induced retinal deficits that persist in the adults. Our data suggest that aberrant Dio2/TH signaling is an important factor in the pathophysiology of the visual dysfunction observed in the oxygen-induced retinopathy model of ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar B. Sawant
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Eversight, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Vijay K. Jidigam
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Kenya Wilcots
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Rebecca D. Fuller
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Ivy Samuels
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Sujata Rao
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Quinn PM, Wijnholds J. Retinogenesis of the Human Fetal Retina: An Apical Polarity Perspective. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E987. [PMID: 31795518 PMCID: PMC6947654 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Crumbs complex has prominent roles in the control of apical cell polarity, in the coupling of cell density sensing to downstream cell signaling pathways, and in regulating junctional structures and cell adhesion. The Crumbs complex acts as a conductor orchestrating multiple downstream signaling pathways in epithelial and neuronal tissue development. These pathways lead to the regulation of cell size, cell fate, cell self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, migration, mitosis, and apoptosis. In retinogenesis, these are all pivotal processes with important roles for the Crumbs complex to maintain proper spatiotemporal cell processes. Loss of Crumbs function in the retina results in loss of the stratified appearance resulting in retinal degeneration and loss of visual function. In this review, we begin by discussing the physiology of vision. We continue by outlining the processes of retinogenesis and how well this is recapitulated between the human fetal retina and human embryonic stem cell (ESC) or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal organoids. Additionally, we discuss the functionality of in utero and preterm human fetal retina and the current level of functionality as detected in human stem cell-derived organoids. We discuss the roles of apical-basal cell polarity in retinogenesis with a focus on Leber congenital amaurosis which leads to blindness shortly after birth. Finally, we discuss Crumbs homolog (CRB)-based gene augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M.J. Quinn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Eerdekens A, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G, Verhaeghe J, Naulaers G, Vanhole C. Review shows that thyroid hormone substitution could benefit transient hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity but treatment strategies need to be clarified. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:792-805. [PMID: 30537292 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Thyroid hormones are crucial for foetal and neonatal brain development. This paper provides an overview of the normal role of thyroid hormones in foetal brain development and the pathophysiology of transient hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity (THOP). It also discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic controversies around THOP and looks at directions for future research. METHODS We used the PubMed and Embase databases to identify papers published in English from 1969 to June 2018. This identified 20 papers about the impact of THOP on neurodevelopment and seven randomised controlled trials about therapeutic approaches from 1981-2016. RESULTS THOP has been researched for more than three decades. The impact of temporarily low thyroxine levels, without any increase in pituitary-secreted thyroid-stimulating hormone at a critical timeframe in an infant's brain development, is still debated. Heterogeneity in THOP definitions, difficulties with thyroid hormone assessment, identifying patients at risk and a clear lack of sufficiently powered studies add to the current controversy. There are indications that thyroid hormone substitution might be useful in extremely low gestational age neonates with THOP. CONCLUSION Some preterm infants could benefit from THOP treatment, but more studies are needed to clarify further treatment strategies, including the optimal timing of initiation and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Eerdekens
- Department of Neonatology University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Lies Langouche
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Johan Verhaeghe
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Gunnar Naulaers
- Department of Neonatology University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Christine Vanhole
- Department of Neonatology University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Eldred KC, Hadyniak SE, Hussey KA, Brenerman B, Zhang PW, Chamling X, Sluch VM, Welsbie DS, Hattar S, Taylor J, Wahlin K, Zack DJ, Johnston RJ. Thyroid hormone signaling specifies cone subtypes in human retinal organoids. Science 2018; 362:362/6411/eaau6348. [PMID: 30309916 PMCID: PMC6249681 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Cone photoreceptors in the human retina enable daytime, color, and high-acuity vision. The three subtypes of human cones are defined by the visual pigment that they express: blue-opsin (short wavelength; S), green-opsin (medium wavelength; M), or red-opsin (long wavelength; L). Mutations that affect opsin expression or function cause various forms of color blindness and retinal degeneration. RATIONALE: Our current understanding of the vertebrate eye has been derived primarily from the study of model organisms. We studied the human retina to understand the developmental mechanisms that generate the mosaic of mutually exclusive cone subtypes. Specification of human cones occurs in a two-step process. First, a decision occurs between S versus L/M cone fates. If the L/M fate is chosen, a subsequent choice is made between expression of L- or M-opsin. To determine the mechanism that controls the first decision between S and L/M cone fates, we studied human retinal organoids derived from stem cells. RESULTS: We found that human organoids and retinas have similar distributions, gene expression profiles, and morphologies of cone subtypes. During development, S cones are specified first, followed by L/M cones. This temporal switch from specification of S cones to generation of L/M cones is controlled by thyroid hormone (TH) signaling. In retinal organoids that lacked thyroid hormone receptor β (Thrβ), all cones developed into the S subtype. Thrβ binds with high affinity to triiodothyronine (T3), the more active form of TH, to regulate gene expression. We observed that addition of T3 early during development induced L/M fate in nearly all cones. Thus, TH signaling through Thrβ is necessary and sufficient to induce L/M cone fate and suppress S fate. TH exists largely in two states: thyroxine (T4), the most abundant circulating form of TH, and T3, which binds TH receptors with high affinity. We hypothesized that the retina itself could modulate TH levels to control subtype fates. We found that deiodinase 3 (DIO3), an enzyme that degrades both T3 and T4, was expressed early in organoid and retina development. Conversely, deiodinase 2 (DIO2), an enzyme that converts T4 to active T3, as well as TH carriers and transporters, were expressed later in development. Temporally dynamic expression of TH-degrading and -activating proteins supports a model in which the retina itself controls TH levels, ensuring low TH signaling early to specify S cones and high TH signaling later in development to produce L/M cones. CONCLUSION: Studies of model organisms and human epidemiology often generate hypotheses about human biology that cannot be studied in humans. Organoids provide a system to determine the mechanisms of human development, enabling direct testing of hypotheses in developing human tissue. Our studies identify temporal regulation of TH signaling as a mechanism that controls cone subtype specification in humans. Consistent with our findings, preterm human infants with low T3 and T4 have an increased incidence of color vision defects. Moreover, our identification of a mechanism that generates one cone subtype while suppressing the other, coupled with successful transplantation and incorporation of stem cell-derived photoreceptors in mice, suggests that the promise of therapies to treat human diseases such as color blindness, retinitis pigmentosa, and macular degeneration will be achieved in the near future. ■ The mechanisms underlying specification of neuronal subtypes within the human nervous system are largely unknown. The blue (S), green (M), and red (L) cones of the retina enable high-acuity daytime and color vision. To determine the mechanism that controls S versus L/M fates, we studied the differentiation of human retinal organoids. Organoids and retinas have similar distributions, expression profiles, and morphologies of cone subtypes. S cones are specified first, followed by L/M cones, and thyroid hormone signaling controls this temporal switch. Dynamic expression of thyroid hormone–degrading and –activating proteins within the retina ensures low signaling early to specify S cones and high signaling late to produce L/M cones. This work establishes organoids as a model for determining mechanisms of human development with promising utility for therapeutics and vision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara C Eldred
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sarah E Hadyniak
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Katarzyna A Hussey
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Boris Brenerman
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ping-Wu Zhang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xitiz Chamling
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Valentin M Sluch
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Derek S Welsbie
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Samer Hattar
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James Taylor
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Karl Wahlin
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert J Johnston
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Cakir M, Turgut Ozturk B, Turan E, Gonulalan G, Polat I, Gunduz K. The effect of hypothyroidism on color contrast sensitivity: a prospective study. Eur Thyroid J 2015; 4:43-7. [PMID: 25960961 PMCID: PMC4404894 DOI: 10.1159/000371549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone has been shown to control retinal cone opsin expression, the protein of color vision, in adult rodents. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hypothyroidism on color contrast sensitivity in adult overt hypothyroid patients. METHODS Thirty-eight overt hypothyroid (31 females, 7 males) subjects and 20 euthyroid (16 females, 4 males) controls were studied prospectively. Color vision examination was performed by Chromatest, a software program analyzing the tritan (blue-yellow) color contrast threshold (tritan CCT) and protan (red-green) color contrast threshold (protan CCT). Color contrast sensitivity analyses of hypothyroid subjects were performed on admission and after L-thyroxine treatment when biochemical euthyroidism was achieved. RESULTS After a median period of 90 (90-210) days, 24 (19 females, 5 males) patients were euthyroid and eligible for a second color vision examination. Baseline tritan CCT and protan CCT values were significantly higher in the hypothyroid group compared to euthyroid controls, which clinically translates into impaired color contrast sensitivity (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). There was a significant decrease in tritan CCT (p = 0.002) and protan CCT (p < 0.001) values in the hypothyroid group after euthyroidism was achieved, which denotes improvement in color contrast sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS It is a novel finding of the current study that color contrast sensitivity is impaired in hypothyroidism and significantly improves after euthyroidism is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Cakir
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
- *Mehtap Cakir, MD, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, TR-42080 Konya (Turkey), E-Mail
| | - Banu Turgut Ozturk
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Elif Turan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gulsum Gonulalan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ilker Polat
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kemal Gunduz
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Meram School of Medicine, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Abstract
The senses are our window to the world, our interface with the habitat in which we live in and the basis for our communication with each other. Although sensory systems are not generally viewed as major targets of endocrine regulation, sensory development is profoundly influenced by thyroid hormone (T(3)) signalling. In this article, we discuss this developmental role of T(3) and highlight the auditory system as the best-studied example of the interplay between systemic and local tissue mechanisms by which T(3) stimulates the onset of sensory function. Several genes that mediate the action of T(3) are known to promote sensory development in mice, including genes that encode T(3) receptors and deiodinase enzymes that amplify or deplete levels of T(3). We also discuss the current knowledge of sensory defects in human genetic disorders in which T(3) signalling is impaired. As sensory input provides the only means of acquiring information from the environment, the stimulation of sensory development is one of the most fundamental functions of T(3) signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Ng
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Fink C, Vedin AM, Garcia-Filion P, Ma NS, Geffner ME, Borchert M. Newborn thyroid-stimulating hormone in children with optic nerve hypoplasia: associations with hypothyroidism and vision. J AAPOS 2012; 16:418-23. [PMID: 23084376 PMCID: PMC3481172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess in children with optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) whether newborn screening (NBS) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measurements can detect central hypothyroidism and whether newborn TSH or subsequent thyroidal status is associated with visual function. METHODS From a registry of children with ONH at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, post-natal thyroidal status was retrospectively compared with NBS TSH levels in the subset of subjects born in California. The subset of subjects with outcome data at age 5 years was assessed for relationship of vision to NBS TSH levels and ultimate thyroidal status. RESULTS A total of 135 subjects from the ONH registry were included in this study. Approximately 50% of subjects in each analysis were hypothyroid. Those diagnosed with hypothyroidism had lower median NBS TSH levels than did euthyroid subjects (3.2 vs 4.5 μIU/mL; P = 0.006) and significantly worse quantitative vision outcomes (median visual acuity, logMAR 3.0 vs 1.0; P = 0.039). Receiver operating characteristic analysis suggested an optimal NBS TSH cut-point of 3.3 μIU/mL. Serum TSH levels greater than this (30/43) were associated with relatively better vision outcomes (median visual acuity, logMAR 1.2 vs 3.3; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Children with ONH and lower NBS TSH levels are more likely to have central hypothyroidism and less likely to experience good vision than those with greater NBS TSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Fink
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Forrest D, Swaroop A. Minireview: the role of nuclear receptors in photoreceptor differentiation and disease. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:905-15. [PMID: 22556342 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rod and cone photoreceptors are specialized sensory cells that mediate vision. Transcriptional controls are critical for the development and long-term survival of photoreceptors; when these controls become ineffective, retinal dysfunction or degenerative disease may result. This review discusses the role of nuclear receptors, a class of ligand-regulated transcription factors, at key stages of photoreceptor life in the mammalian retina. Nuclear receptors with known ligands, such as retinoids or thyroid hormone, together with several orphan receptors without identified physiological ligands, complement other classes of transcription factors in directing the differentiation and functional maintenance of photoreceptors. The potential of nuclear receptors to respond to ligands introduces versatility into the control of photoreceptor development and function and may suggest new opportunities for treatments of photoreceptor disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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