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Shulhai AM, Rotondo R, Petraroli M, Patianna V, Predieri B, Iughetti L, Esposito S, Street ME. The Role of Nutrition on Thyroid Function. Nutrients 2024; 16:2496. [PMID: 39125376 PMCID: PMC11314468 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid function is closely linked to nutrition through the diet-gut-thyroid axis. This narrative review highlights the influence of nutritional components and micronutrients on thyroid development and function, as well as on the gut microbiota. Micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 influence thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation throughout life. Dietary changes can alter the gut microbiota, leading not just to dysbiosis and micronutrient deficiency but also to changes in thyroid function through immunological regulation, nutrient absorption, and epigenetic changes. Nutritional imbalance can lead to thyroid dysfunction and/or disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and possibly contribute to autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer, yet controversial issues. Understanding these relationships is important to rationalize a balanced diet rich in essential micronutrients for maintaining thyroid health and preventing thyroid-related diseases. The synthetic comprehensive overview of current knowledge shows the importance of micronutrients and gut microbiota for thyroid function and uncovers potential gaps that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Mariia Shulhai
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.-M.S.); (R.R.); (S.E.)
| | - Roberta Rotondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.-M.S.); (R.R.); (S.E.)
| | - Maddalena Petraroli
- Paediatric Clinic, University Hospital of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Viviana Patianna
- Paediatric Clinic, University Hospital of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Barbara Predieri
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (B.P.); (L.I.)
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (B.P.); (L.I.)
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.-M.S.); (R.R.); (S.E.)
- Paediatric Clinic, University Hospital of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Maria Elisabeth Street
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.-M.S.); (R.R.); (S.E.)
- Paediatric Clinic, University Hospital of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (V.P.)
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Vázquez-Frias R, Ladino L, Bagés-Mesa MC, Hernández-Rosiles V, Ochoa-Ortiz E, Alomía M, Bejarano R, Boggio-Marzet C, Bojórquez-Ramos MC, Colindres-Campos E, Fernández G, García-Bacallao E, González-Cerda I, Guisande A, Guzmán C, Moraga-Mardones F, Palacios-Rosales J, Ramírez-Rodríguez NE, Roda J, Sanabria MC, Sánchez-Valverde F, Santiago RJ, Sepúlveda-Valbuena N, Spolidoro J, Valdivieso-Falcón P, Villalobos-Palencia N, Koletzko B. Consensus on complementary feeding from the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition: COCO 2023. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2023; 88:57-70. [PMID: 36737343 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Complementary feeding (CF) is defined as the feeding of infants that complements breastfeeding, or alternatively, feeding with a breast milk substitute, and is a process that is more than simply a guide as to what and how to introduce foods. The information provided by healthcare professionals must be up-to-date and evidence-based. Most of the recommendations that appear in the different international guidelines and position papers are widely applicable, but some must be regionalized or adapted to fit the conditions and reality of each geographic zone. The Nutrition Working Group of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) summoned a group of experts from each of the society's member countries, to develop a consensus on CF, incorporating, whenever possible, local information adapted to the reality of the region. The aim of the present document is to show the results of that endeavor. Utilizing the Delphi method, a total of 34 statements on relevant aspects of CF were evaluated, discussed, and voted upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vázquez-Frias
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Salud Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico; Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN.
| | - L Ladino
- Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN; Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M C Bagés-Mesa
- Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN; Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - V Hernández-Rosiles
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Salud Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico; Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN
| | - E Ochoa-Ortiz
- Grupo de Nutrición, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica, SLAGHNP/LASPGHAN; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Nutrición, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Alomía
- Posgrado de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - R Bejarano
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Hospital de Especialidades Pediátricas, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - C Boggio-Marzet
- Grupo de Trabajo en Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica, Hospital General de Agudos "Dr. I. Pirovano", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - E Colindres-Campos
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - G Fernández
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - E García-Bacallao
- Sección de Pediatría, Instituto de Gastroenterología, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas, La Habana, Cuba
| | - I González-Cerda
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Militar Escuela "Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños", Managua, Nicaragua
| | - A Guisande
- Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - C Guzmán
- Hospital La Católica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - F Moraga-Mardones
- Unidad de Nutrición, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Palacios-Rosales
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - N E Ramírez-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina y Salud Mental, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - J Roda
- Gastroenterología e Nutrição Pediátrica, Hospital Pediátrico - Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M C Sanabria
- Cátedra y Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - F Sánchez-Valverde
- Sección de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, NAVARRA BIOMED, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - R J Santiago
- Departamento de Pediatría y Unidad de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de Valera "Dr. Pedro Emilio Carrillo", Universidad de Los Andes, Valera, Venezuela
| | - N Sepúlveda-Valbuena
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J Spolidoro
- Escuela de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - P Valdivieso-Falcón
- Departamento de Pediatría, Servicio subespecialidades pediátricas, Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé, Lima, Peru
| | | | - B Koletzko
- Departamento de Pediatría, Medical Centre of LMU Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, München, Germany
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Vázquez-Frias R, Ladino L, Bagés-Mesa M, Hernández-Rosiles V, Ochoa-Ortiz E, Alomía M, Bejarano R, Boggio-Marzet C, Bojórquez-Ramos M, Colindres-Campos E, Fernández G, García-Bacallao E, González-Cerda I, Guisande A, Guzmán C, Moraga-Mardones F, Palacios-Rosales J, Ramírez-Rodríguez N, Roda J, Sanabria M, Sánchez-Valverde F, Santiago R, Sepúlveda-Valbuena N, Spolidoro J, Valdivieso-Falcón P, Villalobos-Palencia N, Koletzko B. Consenso de alimentación complementaria de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica: COCO 2023. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Iodine is a micronutrient needed for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency or excess may alter the thyroid hormone synthesis. The potential effects on infant development depend on the degree, timing, and duration of exposure. The iodine requirement is particularly high during infancy because of elevated thyroid hormone turnover. Breastfed infants rely on iodine provided by human milk, but the iodine concentration in breast milk is determined by the maternal iodine intake. Diets in many countries cannot provide sufficient iodine, and deficiency is prevented by iodine fortification of salt. However, the coverage of iodized salt varies between countries. Epidemiological data suggest large differences in the iodine intake in lactating women, infants, and toddlers worldwide, ranging from deficient to excessive intake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and recent advances in the understanding of iodine nutrition and its association with thyroid function in lactating women, infants, and toddlers. We discuss risk factors for iodine malnutrition and the impact of targeted intervention strategies on these vulnerable population groups. We highlight the importance of appropriate definitions of optimal iodine nutrition and the need for more data assessing the risk of mild iodine deficiency for thyroid disorders during the first 2 years in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andersson
- Nutrition Research Unit, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian P Braegger
- Nutrition Research Unit, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
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Beluska-Turkan K, Korczak R, Hartell B, Moskal K, Maukonen J, Alexander DE, Salem N, Harkness L, Ayad W, Szaro J, Zhang K, Siriwardhana N. Nutritional Gaps and Supplementation in the First 1000 Days. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2891. [PMID: 31783636 PMCID: PMC6949907 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimized nutrition during the first 1000 days (from conception through the 2nd birthday) is critical for healthy development and a healthy life for the newborn. Pregnancy and the postpartum period are accompanied by physiological changes, increased energy needs, and changing requirements in the nutrients critical for optimal growth and development. Infants and toddlers also experience physiological changes and have specific nutritional needs. Food and nutrition experts can provide women of childbearing age with adequate dietary advice to optimize nutrition, as well as guidance on selecting appropriate dietary supplements. Considering the approaching 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) will be making specific recommendations for children, it is important to provide accurate scientific information to support health influencers in the field of nutrition. The purpose of this review is to summarize the nutrition and supplementation literature for the first 1000 days; to highlight nutritional and knowledge gaps; and to educate nutrition influencers to provide thoughtful guidance to mothers and families. Optimal nutrition during pregnancy through early childhood is critical for supporting a healthy life. Nutrition influencers, such as dietitians, obstetricians/gynecologists, and other relevant health professionals, should continue guiding supplement and food intake and work closely with expectant families and nutrition gatekeepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Beluska-Turkan
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Renee Korczak
- Premier Nutrition, LLC, Bernardsville, NJ 07924, USA;
| | - Beth Hartell
- PearTree Nutrition, LLC, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
| | - Kristin Moskal
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | | | | | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD 21045, USA;
| | - Laura Harkness
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Wafaa Ayad
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Jacalyn Szaro
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Nalin Siriwardhana
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
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