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Zheng J, Duan H, Jiang Z, Chen L, You S, Huang L, Huang H. Identification and functionalization of thyrotropin receptor antibodies with different antigenic epitopes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 327:E328-E343. [PMID: 39046281 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00123.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
One of the sensitive markers for autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) clinical identification is thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAbs). To quickly distinguish TRAb with distinct antigenic epitopes, a straightforward and uncomplicated technique has not yet been created. The objective of this study is to search for molecular diagnostic targets for different types of AITD {Graves' disease (GD), Graves' orbitopathy (GO), GD with third-degree goiter [GD(3)], hypothyroidism combined with positive TRAb [HT(TRAb+)]} as molecular diagnostic targets. Following action on thyroid cells, differential genes (DEGs) generated by TRAb with distinct antigenic epitopes were detected and identified by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), bioinformatics analysis, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in the serum of patients with AITD. Using the 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, the effect of coculturing thyroid cells with different antigenic TRAb epitopes on the cells' capacity to proliferate was investigated. Bioinformatics analysis and RT-qPCR validation identified one GD key gene alpha 2-HS glycoprotein (AHSG), two GO key genes [adrenoceptor alpha 1D (ADRA1D) and H2B clustered histone 18 (H2BC18)], two GD(3) key genes [suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and cytochrome b-245 beta (CYBB)], and one HT(TRAb+) key gene (MASP2). Correlation analysis and ROC curves showed that the abovementioned genes could be used as molecular diagnostic targets for different types of AITD. Finally, EdU results showed that TRAb inhibited thyroid cell proliferation in the HT(TRAb+) group compared with the normal control group, whereas the remaining three groups promoted thyroid cell proliferation, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). We identified six key genes for different types of AITD, which have diagnostic value for different types of AITD. Meanwhile, we found that TRAbs with different antigenic epitopes in AITD have different biological functions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We identified six molecular targets of different types of AITD [GD, GO, GD(3), and HT(TRAb+)], which have diagnostic value for different types of AITD. Meanwhile, we found that TRAb with different antigenic epitopes extracted from the sera of patients with AITD had different biological functions, which also provided a new idea for further research on the mechanism of action of TRAb with different antigenic epitopes in AITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Duan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengrong Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sufang You
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huibin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Kalampounias G, Varemmenou A, Aronis C, Mamali I, Shaukat AN, Chartoumpekis DV, Katsoris P, Michalaki M. Recombinant Human TSH Fails to Induce the Proliferation and Migration of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2604. [PMID: 39061242 PMCID: PMC11275150 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin (TSH) suppression is required in the management of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) to improve their outcomes, inevitably causing iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis. Nevertheless, the evidence supporting this practice remains limited and weak, and in vitro studies examining the mitogenic effects of TSH in cancerous cells used supraphysiological doses of bovine TSH, which produced conflicting results. Our study explores, for the first time, the impact of human recombinant thyrotropin (rh-TSH) on human PTC cell lines (K1 and TPC-1) that were transformed to overexpress the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). The cells were treated with escalating doses of rh-TSH under various conditions, such as the presence or absence of insulin. The expression levels of TSHR and thyroglobulin (Tg) were determined, and subsequently, the proliferation and migration of both transformed and non-transformed cells were assessed. Under the conditions employed, rh-TSH was not adequate to induce either the proliferation or the migration rate of the cells, while Tg expression was increased. Our experiments indicate that clinically relevant concentrations of rh-TSH cannot induce proliferation and migration in PTC cell lines, even after the overexpression of TSHR. Further research is warranted to dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms, and these results could translate into better management of treatment for PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kalampounias
- Division of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.K.); (A.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Athina Varemmenou
- Division of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.K.); (A.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Christos Aronis
- Division of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.K.); (A.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Irene Mamali
- Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (I.M.); (D.V.C.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Dionysios V. Chartoumpekis
- Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (I.M.); (D.V.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Panagiotis Katsoris
- Division of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.K.); (A.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Marina Michalaki
- Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (I.M.); (D.V.C.); (M.M.)
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Zhu L, Zhou X, Ma L, Hu Y. Effect of TSH on aromatase expression of ovarian granulosa cells in obese mice. Hormones (Athens) 2024:10.1007/s42000-024-00571-w. [PMID: 38872063 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-024-00571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aromatase plays an important role in ovarian development, the normal progress of the menstrual cycle, and fertility status. Elevated aromatase activity is linked to obesity. There is a bidirectional relationship between obesity and thyroid function. Few studies have investigated the relationship between TSH and ovarian aromatase in obesity. Our aim was to investigate the effect of TSH on aromatase expression of ovarian granulosa cells in obese mice. METHODS Female mice pups were divided into an obesity group and a control group. Obese parameters and the time of pubertal onset were recorded. At the age of 5 weeks, blood and tissues were obtained. Serum aromatase and hormone concentrations were measured using ELISA. The granulosa cells were isolated and exposed to variable concentrations (0 μM, 1 μM, 10 μM, 100 μM) of TSH. The expression of CYP19A1 mRNA and protein were assessed via RT-qPCR and western blot. RESULTS In female mice, body weight, Lee's obesity index, and serum levels of E2, aromatase, and TSH were significantly higher in the obesity group compared to the control group, whereas the time of pubertal onset and serum T3 and T4 concentrations were significantly lower (all P < 0.001). In granulosa cells, the expression of CYP19A1 mRNA in the obesity group was lower than that in the control group at 1 μM and 100 μM concentrations of TSH (both P < 0.001). The expression of CYP19A1 protein in the obesity group was higher than that in the control group after TSH stimulation (P = 0.014, P < 0.001, and P = 0.004, respectively). With the increase of TSH concentrations, the expression of CYP19A1 mRNA and protein in the two groups significantly increased (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Early puberty and elevated serum aromatase and TSH levels were found in obese female mice. In the granulosa cells of obese mice, TSH directly regulates aromatase expression in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinhui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Lanling County People's Hospital, Linyi, 277700, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Pingyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linyi, 273300, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, Shandong Province, China.
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Yang Q, Ke W, Pan F, Huang X, Liu J, Zha B. Association between radioactive iodine uptake and neutropenia in untreated Graves' disease. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e220474. [PMID: 36598337 PMCID: PMC9986385 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective Neutropenia is a complication of Graves' disease (GD), but there is currently no means by which to predict its occurrence. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for the development of neutropenia in untreated GD. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study. Between January 1, 2010, and July 31, 2020, 1000 patients with new-onset or relapsing GD without treatment were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups: neutropenia group (neutrophil count < 2 × 109/L) and non-neutropenia group (neutrophil count ≥ 2 × 109/L). Clinical characteristics of subjects were compared between the two groups, and logistic regression analysis was applied to determine risk factors for neutropenia. To further explore the correlation of radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) with neutropenia, subjects were first classified according to quartile of 3 h RAIU and 24 h RAIU prior to logistic regression analysis. Results Of all patients recruited, 293 (29.6%) were diagnosed with neutropenia. Compared with non-neutropenic patients, those with neutropenia had a higher level of free thyroxine (FT4) (56.64 ± 31.80 vs 47.64 ± 39.64, P = 0.001), 3 h RAIU (55.64 ± 17.04 vs 49.80 ± 17.21, P < 0.001) and 24 h RAIU (67.38 ± 12.54 vs 64.38 ± 13.58, P < 0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that FT4, 3 h RAIU, 24 h RAIU, creatinine, and low-density lipoprotein were risk factors for development of neutropenia in GD. After adjusting for confounding factors of age, BMI, and sex, we determined that 3 h RAIU and 24 h RAIU (Model 1: OR = 1.021, 95% CI: 1.008-1.033, P = 0.001; Model 2: OR = 1.023, 95% CI: 1.007-1.039, P = 0.004), but not FT4, were associated with the development of neutropenia. Conclusions RAIU is associated with neutropenia in patients with untreated GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wencai Ke
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanfan Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Zha
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Jang D, Eliseeva E, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. TSH stimulation of human thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase gene transcription is partially dependent on internalization. Cell Signal 2022; 90:110212. [PMID: 34896620 PMCID: PMC8725617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The TSH receptor (TSHR) is the major regulator of thyroid hormone biosynthesis in human thyrocytes by regulating the transcription of a number of genes including thyroglobulin (TG) and thyroperoxidase (TPO). Until recently, it was thought that TSHR initiated signal transduction pathways only at the cell-surface and that internalization was primarily involved in TSHR desensitization and downregulation. Studies primarily in mouse cells showed that TSHR internalization regulates gene transcription at an intracellular site also. However, this has not been shown for genes involved in thyroid hormone biosynthesis in human thyrocytes. We used human thyrocytes in primary culture. In these cells, the dose-response to TSH for gene expression is biphasic with low doses upregulating gene expression and higher doses decreasing gene expression. We used two approaches to inhibit internalization. In the first, we used inhibitors of dynamins, dynasore and dyngo-4a. Pretreatment with dynasore or dyngo-4a markedly inhibited TSH upregulation of TG and TPO mRNAs, as well as TG secretion. In the second, we used knockdown of dynamin 2, which is the most abundant dynamin in human thyrocytes. We showed that dynamin 2 knockdown inhibited TSHR internalization and decreased the TSH-stimulated levels of TG and TPO mRNAs and proteins. Lastly, we showed that the level of the activatory transcription factor phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB) in the cell nuclei was reduced by 68% when internalization was inhibited. We conclude that upregulation of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis in human thyrocytes is, in part, dependent on internalization leading to nuclear localization of an activated transcription factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daesong Jang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Elena Eliseeva
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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6
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Jing L, Zhang Q. Intrathyroidal feedforward and feedback network regulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:992883. [PMID: 36187113 PMCID: PMC9519864 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.992883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs), including T4 and T3, are produced and released by the thyroid gland under the stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The homeostasis of THs is regulated via the coordination of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, plasma binding proteins, and local metabolism in tissues. TH synthesis and secretion in the thyrocytes-containing thyroid follicles are exquisitely regulated by an elaborate molecular network comprising enzymes, transporters, signal transduction machineries, and transcription factors. In this article, we synthesized the relevant literature, organized and dissected the complex intrathyroidal regulatory network into structures amenable to functional interpretation and systems-level modeling. Multiple intertwined feedforward and feedback motifs were identified and described, centering around the transcriptional and posttranslational regulations involved in TH synthesis and secretion, including those underpinning the Wolff-Chaikoff and Plummer effects and thyroglobulin-mediated feedback regulation. A more thorough characterization of the intrathyroidal network from a systems biology perspective, including its topology, constituent network motifs, and nonlinear quantitative properties, can help us to better understand and predict the thyroidal dynamics in response to physiological signals, therapeutic interventions, and environmental disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jing
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Jing, ; Qiang Zhang,
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Li Jing, ; Qiang Zhang,
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Vieira IH, Rodrigues D, Paiva I. The Mysterious Universe of the TSH Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:944715. [PMID: 35903283 PMCID: PMC9315062 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.944715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R) is predominantly expressed in the basolateral membrane of thyrocytes, where it stimulates almost every aspect of their metabolism. Several extrathyroidal locations of the receptor have been found including: the pituitary, the hypothalamus, and other areas of the central nervous system; the periorbital tissue; the skin; the kidney; the adrenal; the liver; the immune system cells; blood cells and vascular tissues; the adipose tissue; the cardiac and skeletal muscles, and the bone. Although the functionality of the receptor has been demonstrated in most of these tissues, its physiological importance is still a matter of debate. A contribution to several pathological processes is evident in some cases, as is the case of Grave's disease in its multiple presentations. Conversely, in the context of other thyroid abnormalities, the contribution of the TSH-R and its ligand is still a matter of debate. This article reviews the several different sites of expression of the TSH-R and its potential role in both physiological and pathological processes.
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Phenotypic effect of a single nucleotide polymorphism on SSC7 on fetal outcomes in PRRSV-2 infected gilts. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rotondo Dottore G, Bucci I, Lanzolla G, Dallan I, Sframeli A, Torregrossa L, Casini G, Basolo F, Figus M, Nardi M, Marcocci C, Marinò M. Genetic Profiling of Orbital Fibroblasts from Patients with Graves' Orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2176-e2190. [PMID: 33484567 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disease that persists when immunosuppression is achieved. Orbital fibroblasts from GO patients display peculiar phenotypes even if not exposed to autoimmunity, possibly reflecting genetic or epigenetic mechanisms, which we investigated here. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore potential genetic or epigenetic differences using primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts from GO and control patients. METHODS Cell proliferation, hyaluronic acid (HA) secretion, and HA synthases (HAS) were measured. Next-generation sequencing and gene expression analysis of the whole genome were performed, as well as real-time-PCR of selected genes and global DNA methylation assay on orbital fibroblasts from 6 patients with GO and 6 control patients from a referral center. RESULTS Cell proliferation was higher in GO than in control fibroblasts. Likewise, HA in the cell medium was higher in GO fibroblasts. HAS-1 and HAS-2 did not differ between GO and control fibroblasts, whereas HAS-3 was more expressed in GO fibroblasts. No relevant gene variants were detected by whole-genome sequencing. However, 58 genes were found to be differentially expressed in GO compared with control fibroblasts, and RT-PCR confirmed the findings in 10 selected genes. We postulated that the differential gene expression was related to an epigenetic mechanism, reflecting diverse DNA methylation, which we therefore measured. In support of our hypothesis, global DNA methylation was significantly higher in GO fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS We propose that, following an autoimmune insult, DNA methylation elicits differential gene expression and sustains the maintenance of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rotondo Dottore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Lanzolla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Dallan
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, ENT Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Sframeli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Ophthalmopathy Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liborio Torregrossa
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Pathology Unit, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giamberto Casini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Ophthalmopathy Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Pathology Unit, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Figus
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Ophthalmopathy Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Nardi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Ophthalmopathy Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Marinò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Jang D, Marcus-Samuels B, Morgan SJ, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. Thyrotropin regulation of differentiated gene transcription in adult human thyrocytes in primary culture. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111032. [PMID: 32941925 PMCID: PMC7606794 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factors (TTFs) - NKX2-1, FOXE1, PAX8 and HHEX - regulate multiple genes involved in thyroid development in mice but little is known about TTF regulation of thyroid-specific genes - thyroglobulin (TG), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), deiodinase type 2 (DIO2), sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) and TSH receptor (TSHR) - in adult, human thyrocytes. Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) regulation of thyroid-specific gene expression in primary cultures of human thyrocytes is biphasic yielding an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve (IUDRC) with upregulation at low doses and decreases at high doses. Herein we show that NKX2-1, FOXE1 and PAX8 are required for TSH-induced upregulation of the mRNA levels of TG, TPO, DIO2, NIS, and TSHR whereas HHEX has little effect on the levels of these thyroid-specific gene mRNAs. We show that TSH-induced upregulation is mediated by changes in their transcription and not by changes in the degradation of their mRNAs. In contrast to the IUDRC of thyroid-specific genes, TSH effects on the levels of the mRNAs for NKX2-1, FOXE1 and PAX8 exhibit monophasic decreases at high doses of TSH whereas TSH regulation of HHEX mRNA levels exhibits an IUDRC that overlaps the IUDRC of thyroid-specific genes. In contrast to findings during mouse development, TTFs do not have major effects on the levels of other TTF mRNAs in adult, human thyrocytes. Thus, we found similarities and important differences in the regulation of thyroid-specific genes in mouse development and TSH regulation of these genes in adult, human thyrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daesong Jang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bernice Marcus-Samuels
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah J Morgan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Boutin A, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. TSH Elicits Cell-Autonomous, Biphasic Responses: A Mechanism Inhibiting Hyperstimulation. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5874557. [PMID: 32692808 PMCID: PMC7375800 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Boutin
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Marvin C. Gershengorn, MD, 50 South Drive, Building 50, Room 4134, Bethesda, MD 20892.
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Boutin A, Krieger CC, Marcus-Samuels B, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. TSH Receptor Homodimerization in Regulation of cAMP Production in Human Thyrocytes in vitro. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:276. [PMID: 32425890 PMCID: PMC7203478 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin hormone (TSH) was reported to exhibit biphasic regulation of cAMP production in human thyroid slices; specifically, upregulation at low TSH doses transitioning to inhibition at high doses. We observed this phenomenon in HEK293 cells overexpressing TSH receptors (TSHRs) but in only 25% of human thyrocytes (hThyros) in vitro. Because TSHR expression in hThyros in vitro was low, we tested the hypothesis that high, in situ levels of TSHRs were needed for biphasic cAMP regulation. We increased expression of TSHRs by infecting hThyros with adenoviruses expressing human TSHR (AdhTSHR), measured TSH-stimulated cAMP production and TSHR homodimerization. TSHR mRNA levels in hThyros in vitro were 100-fold lower than in human thyroid tissue. AdhTSHR infection increased TSHR mRNA expression to levels found in thyroid tissue and flow cytometry showed that cell-surface TSHRs increased more than 15-fold. Most uninfected hThyro preparations exhibited monotonic cAMP production. In contrast, most hThyro preparations infected with AdhTSHR expressing TSHR at in vivo levels exhibited biphasic TSH dose responses. Treatment of AdhTSHR-infected hThyros with pertussis toxin resulted in monotonic dose response curves demonstrating that lower levels of cAMP production at high TSH doses were mediated by Gi/Go proteins. Proximity ligation assays confirmed that AdhTSHR infection markedly increased the number of TSHR homodimers. We conclude that in situ levels of TSHRs as homodimers are needed for hThyros to exhibit biphasic TSH regulation of cAMP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Boutin
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christine C. Krieger
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bernice Marcus-Samuels
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, United States
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