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Ma C, Hao X, Deng H, Wu R, Liu J, Yang Y, Li S, Han Y, Wei M, Zhang J, Wang J, Li H, Tian H, Xu B, Yu P, Wu X. Re-emerging of rabies in Shaanxi province, China, from 2009 to 2015. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1511-1519. [PMID: 28112421 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To explore the epidemiological, phylogeographic, and migration characteristics of human rabies in Shaanxi province, China from 2009 to 2015. The collected data were described and the sequenced glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) genes were implemented to estimate the evolutionary rates and phylogeographic patterns using BEAST v.1.8.2. A total of 269 rabies cases were reported and 70.26% of the cases were male and 61.71% were between the ages of 19-59. The majority of the cases were farmers (83.27%). The estimated evolutionary rate of the N genes was 2.4 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year and the G genes was 3.4 × 10-4 . The time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) was estimated around 1990. We detected viral migration paths from Sichuan, Guizhou, and Hunan to Hanzhong prefecture of Shaanxi and then spreaded to Xi'an and other prefectures. The main population affected by rabies virus was male adult farmers. The evolution rate of rabies viruses in Shaanxi was similar with the prior results reported by others and the ancestor virus should be circulating in neighboring province Sichuan around 1990 and then transmitted to Shaanxi. Promptly standard wound treatment and timely post-exposure prophylaxis should be compulsory for the dog-bitten victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Ma
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyun Hao
- Xi'an Medical Emergency Center, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Rui Wu
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Shen Li
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifei Han
- Hanzhong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingmin Wei
- Weinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Xianyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Hengxin Li
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengbo Yu
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaokang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Tang HB, Lu ZL, Wei XK, Zhong YZ, Zhong TZ, Pan Y, Luo Y, Liao SH, Minamoto N, Luo TR. A recombinant rabies virus expressing a phosphoprotein-eGFP fusion is rescued and applied to the rapid virus neutralization antibody assay. J Virol Methods 2015; 219:75-83. [PMID: 25845623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies remains a worldwide concern, and dogs are a major vector for rabies virus (RABV) transmission. Vaccination is used in China to control the spread of rabies in dogs, a practice which necessitates effective, efficient, and high-throughput methods to confirm vaccination. The current rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) method to measure virus-neutralizing antibody titers in the serum involves multiple steps, and more efficient methods are needed to match the increasing demand for this type of monitoring. In this study, based on the parental rRC-HL strain, a recombinant RABV rRV-eGFP expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) fused with RABV P protein was generated by a reverse genetic technique. The rRV-eGFP grew stably and successfully expressed P-eGFP fusion in Neuro-2A (NA) host cells. Furthermore, the P protein was shown to co-localize with eGFP in rRV-eGFP-infected NA cells. Since eGFP is easily detected in infected cells under a fluorescence microscope, rRV-eGFP could be used to establish a more rapid virus-neutralizing antibody titers assay based on RFFIT, designated as the RFFIT-eGFP method. From 69 canine serum samples, the RFFIT-eGFP method was shown to be as specific and as sensitive as the RFFIT method, suggesting that it might represent a faster tool than conventional RFFIT for measuring RABV virus-neutralizing antibody titers in canine sera without sacrificing accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhuan-Ling Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian-Kai Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Zhong
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Tao-Zhen Zhong
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Su-Huan Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Nobuyuki Minamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Zhao J, Wang S, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang J, Zhang F, Mi L, Hu R. Molecular characterization of a rabies virus isolate from a rabid dog in Hanzhong District, Shaanxi Province, China. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1481-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lang SL, Tao XY, Guo ZY, Tang Q, Li H, Yin CP, Li Y, Liang GD. Molecular characterization of viral G gene in emerging and re-emerging areas of rabies in China, 2007 to 2011. Virol Sin 2012; 27:194-203. [PMID: 22684474 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years (2007 to 2011), although the overall number of rabies cases in China has decreased, there is evidence of emerging or re-emerging cases in regions without previous rabies cases or with low incidence of rabies. To investigate the origin and the factors affecting the spread of rabies in China, specimens were collected from 2007 to 2011 from provinces with emerging and re-emerging cases and tested for the presence of the rabies virus. Positive specimens were combined with sequences from GenBank to perform comparisons of homology and functional sites, and to carry out phylogenetic analyses. Out of these regions, five provinces had 9 positive specimens from canine and cattle, and 34 canine or human specimens were obtained from previously high-incidence provinces. Complete sequences of G gene were obtained for these samples. Homology of the sequences of these 43 specimens was 87%-100% at the nucleotide level and 93.7%-100% at the amino acid level. These G gene sequences were combined with reference sequence from GenBank and used to construct a phylogenetic tree. The results showed that 43 specimens were all assigned to China clade I and clade II, with all specimens from emerging and re-emerging areas placed within clade I. Specimens isolated from Shanxi and Inner Mongolia in 2011 were distinct from previously-isolated local strains and had closer homology to strains from Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin whereas new isolates from Shanghai were tightly clustered with strains isolated in the 1990s. Finally, Shaanxi isolates were clustered with strains from adjacent Sichuan. Our results suggest that the rabies cases in emerging and re-emerging areas in China in the last 5 years are a consequence of the epidemic spreading from of neighboring provinces and regions experiencing a serious epidemic of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lin Lang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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