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Graeff-Teixeira C, Sawanyawisuth K, Lv S, Sears W, Rodríguez ZG, Álvarez HH, Arias PC, Schultz LKW, Rojas A, Jacob J, Jarvi S, Kramer K. Neuroangiostrongyliasis: Updated Provisional Guidelines for Diagnosis and Case Definitions. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040624. [PMID: 37111510 PMCID: PMC10144755 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the main causative agent for eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. Larvae are rarely found in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Consequently, serology and DNA detection represent important diagnostic tools. However, interpretation of the results obtained from these tools requires that more extensive accuracy studies be conducted. The aim of the present study is to update guidelines for diagnosis and case definitions of neuroangiostrongyliasis (NA) as provided by a working group of a recently established International Network on Angiostrongyliasis. A literature review, a discussion regarding criteria and diagnostic categories, recommendations issued by health authorities in China and an expert panel in Hawaii (USA), and the experience of Thailand were considered. Classification of NA cases and corresponding criteria are proposed as follows: minor (exposure history, positive serology, and blood eosinophilia); major (headache or other neurological signs or symptoms, CSF eosinophilia); and confirmatory (parasite detection in tissues, ocular chambers, or CSF, or DNA detection by PCR and sequencing). In addition, diagnostic categories or suspected, probable, and confirmatory are proposed. Updated guidelines should improve clinical study design, epidemiological surveillance, and the proper characterization of biological samples. Moreover, the latter will further facilitate accuracy studies of diagnostic tools for NA to provide better detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Graeff-Teixeira
- Center for Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
| | - Kittisak Sawanyawisuth
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Shan Lv
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - William Sears
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhaily González Rodríguez
- Reference National Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), Havana 11400, Cuba
| | - Hilda Hernández Álvarez
- Reference National Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), Havana 11400, Cuba
| | - Pedro Casanova Arias
- Reference National Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), Havana 11400, Cuba
| | | | - Alicia Rojas
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - John Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Susan Jarvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Kenton Kramer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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2
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de Melo LCV, de Souza FCR, Baccin ADO, da Mota DJG, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Pinto PLS. Immunoanalysis of different antigenic preparations of Angiostrongylus cantonensis for neuroangiostrongyliasis diagnosis improvement. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220086. [PMID: 36197401 PMCID: PMC9529171 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the etiological agent of neuroangiostrongyliasis in humans, which is developed in gastropods and vertebrate species, mainly rodents. Human transmission occurs through consumption of molluscs and paratenic hosts infected with L3, and the migration of larvae to the central nervous system causes eosinophilic meningitis. Laboratory diagnosis is based on molecular and immunological tests, using young or adult females as a source of antigens. However, these tests give positive results only after several weeks of symptoms onset and also cross-reactions with others parasite infections may occur. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this work was to study different antigenic preparations of distinct evolutionary phases of A. cantonensis, in order to improve serological techniques for disease immunodiagnosis. METHODS For this purpose, antigenic fractions of different evolutionary forms were evaluated by Dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) and Western blot using serum samples. FINDINGS All analysed fractions showed reactivity with serum samples from patients with neuroangiostrongyliasis, especially female membrane alkaline (FAM) and female soluble alkaline (FAS) fractions together with female soluble saline (FSS), improving the technique specificity. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The results point to the possibility of use of raw female antigens in association with alkaline membrane antigens extracted from adult worms to aid in diagnosis and helps initiate neuroangiostrongyliasis surveillance and control actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyva Cecília Vieira de Melo
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Núcleo de Enteroparasitas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Secretaria Estadual da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria do Controle de Doenças, Programa de Pós-Graduação, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Felipe Corrêa Rezende de Souza
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Núcleo de Enteroparasitas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Secretaria Estadual da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria do Controle de Doenças, Programa de Pós-Graduação, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Amanda de Oliveira Baccin
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Núcleo de Enteroparasitas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Secretaria Estadual da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria do Controle de Doenças, Programa de Pós-Graduação, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
- Secretaria Estadual da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria do Controle de Doenças, Programa de Pós-Graduação, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Fungos, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Pedro Luiz Silva Pinto
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Núcleo de Enteroparasitas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Secretaria Estadual da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria do Controle de Doenças, Programa de Pós-Graduação, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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3
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De-Simone SG, Napoleão-Pêgo P, Gonçalves PS, Lechuga GC, Mandonado A, Graeff-Teixeira C, Provance DW. Angiostrongilus cantonensis an Atypical Presenilin: Epitope Mapping, Characterization, and Development of an ELISA Peptide Assay for Specific Diagnostic of Angiostrongyliasis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020108. [PMID: 35207030 PMCID: PMC8878667 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Background: Angiostrongyliasis, the leading cause universal of eosinophilic meningitis, is an emergent disease due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) larvae, transmitted accidentally to humans. The diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis is based on epidemiologic characteristics, clinical symptoms, medical history, and laboratory findings, particularly hypereosinophilia in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, the diagnosis is difficult and often confused with those produced by other parasitic diseases. Therefore, the development of a fast and specific diagnostic test for angiostrongyliasis is a challenge mainly due to the lack of specificity of the described tests, and therefore, the characterization of a new target is required. Material and Methods: Using bioinformatics tools, the putative presenilin (PS) protein C7BVX5-1 was characterized structurally and phylogenetically. A peptide microarray approach was employed to identify single and specific epitopes, and tetrameric epitope peptides were synthesized to evaluate their performance in an ELISA-peptide assay. Results: The data showed that the A. cantonensis PS protein presents nine transmembrane domains, the catalytic aspartyl domain [(XD (aa 241) and GLGD (aa 332–335)], between TM6 and TM7 and the absence of the PALP and other characteristics domains of the class A22 and homologous presenilin (PSH). These individualities make it an atypical sub-branch of the PS family, located in a separate subgroup along with the enzyme Haemogonchus contournus and separated from other worm subclasses. Twelve B-linear epitopes were identified by microarray of peptides and validated by ELISA using infected rat sera. In addition, their diagnostic performance was demonstrated by an ELISA-MAP4 peptide. Conclusions: Our data show that the putative AgPS is an atypical multi-pass transmembrane protein and indicate that the protein is an excellent immunological target with two (PsAg3 and PsAg9) A. costarisencis cross-reactive epitopes and eight (PsAg1, PsAg2, PsAg6, PsAg7, PsAg8, PsAg10, PsAg11, PsAg12) apparent unique A. cantonensis epitopes. These epitopes could be used in engineered receptacle proteins to develop a specific immunological diagnostic assay for angiostrongyliasis caused by A. cantonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore G. De-Simone
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.-P.); (P.S.G.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24220-900, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.-P.); (P.S.G.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.)
| | - Priscila S. Gonçalves
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.-P.); (P.S.G.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24220-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C. Lechuga
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.-P.); (P.S.G.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.)
| | - Arnaldo Mandonado
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Mammals Reservoirs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Graeff-Teixeira
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil;
| | - David W. Provance
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.-P.); (P.S.G.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.)
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4
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Watthanakulpanich D, Jakkul W, Chanapromma C, Ketboonlue T, Dekumyoy P, Lv Z, Chan AHE, Thaenkham U, Chaisiri K. Co-occurrence of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis and Angiostrongylus cantonensis DNA in cerebrospinal fluid: Evidence from human eosinophilic meningitis after ingestion of raw snail dish in Thailand. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2021; 24:e00128. [PMID: 34458598 PMCID: PMC8379478 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the main causative agent of human neuroangiostrongyliasis, is a food-borne parasitic zoonosis, particularly in Southeast Asia and Mainland China. Angiostrongylus malaysiensis, a cryptic species, has not been unequivocally identified as a causative agent for human angiostrongyliasis. Here, we investigated a local incidence of human angiostrongyliasis in Kalasin Province, northeastern part of Thailand. Field and laboratory investigations, clinical symptoms, and treatment of the disease are also discussed. Five sera and three cerebrospinal fluid samples were taken from each patient who displayed clinical symptoms of mild or severe headache without neck stiffness after ingesting a local dish containing Pila virescens. With molecular evidence using PCR and DNA sequencing approaches, we confirmed the presence of A. malaysiensis and A. cantonensis DNA in the patient samples. In addition, P. virescens and Pomacea canaliculata collected in the vicinity were also examined for the existence of angistrongylid larvae. The rate of infection in the snail population was 33.3% (18 infection out of 54 examined), with A. cantonensis as the predominant species. Notably, two snails were found to be co-infected with both A. malaysiensis and A. cantonensis. This discovery comes after several years of suspicion that it could be a zoonotic pathogen. Therefore, our findings are important for public health and clinical diagnosis since clinicians are not aware of the zoonotic potential of A. malaysiensis in humans. A. malaysiensis as a potential zoonotic pathogen of human angiostrongyliasis. A. cantonensis and A. malaysiensis coexist in snails where human cases detected. Discussions on related clinical manifestations and patient profiles of Angiostrongylus spp. co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorn Watthanakulpanich
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wallop Jakkul
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chaichana Chanapromma
- Crown Prince Kuchinarai Hospital, Kuchinarai District, Kalasin Province 46110, Thailand
| | - Thawatchai Ketboonlue
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Paron Dekumyoy
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Abigail Hui En Chan
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Urusa Thaenkham
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Corresponding author at: Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchavithi Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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5
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Wan S, Sun X, Tang W, Wang L, Wu Z, Sun X. Exosome-Depleted Excretory-Secretory Products of the Fourth-Stage Larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages Through Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:685984. [PMID: 34367145 PMCID: PMC8343011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.685984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis (AC), which parasitizes in the brain of the non-permissive host, such as mouse and human, is an etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis. Excretory-secretory (ES) products play an important role in the interaction between parasites and hosts’ immune responses. Inflammatory macrophages are responsible for eosinophilic meningitis induced by AC, and the soluble antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth stage larva (AC L4), a mimic of dead AC L4, aggravate eosinophilic meningitis in AC-infected mice model via promoting alternative activation of macrophages. In this study, we investigated the key molecules in the ES products of AC L4 on macrophages and observed the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and the PI3K-Akt pathway. First, a co-culture system of macrophage and AC L4 was established to define the role of AC L4 ES products on macrophage polarization. Then, AC L4 exosome and exosome-depleted excretory-secretory products (exofree) were separated from AC L4 ES products using differential centrifugation, and their distinct roles on macrophage polarization were confirmed using qPCR and ELISA experiments. Moreover, AC L4 exofree induced alternative activation of macrophages, which is partially associated with metabolic reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt pathway. Next, lectin blot and deglycosylation assay were done, suggesting the key role of N-linked glycoproteins in exofree. Then, glycoproteomic analysis of exofree and RNA-seq analysis of exofree-treated macrophage were performed. Bi-layer PPI network analysis based on these results identified macrophage-related protein Hexa as a key molecule in inducing alternative activation of macrophages. Our results indicate a great value for research of helminth-derived immunoregulatory molecules, which might contribute to drug development for immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wan
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Zhongshan School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Tang
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lifu Wang
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Cognato BB, Handali S, de Mattos Pereira L, Barradas JR, Januário da Silva A, Graeff-Teixeira C, Morassutti AL. Identification of cross-reactive markers to strengthen the development of immunodiagnostic methods for angiostrongyliasis and other parasitic infections. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:107999. [PMID: 32956649 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the main causative agent of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (EoM) in humans. Molecular diagnostic methods are essential since the identification of larvae in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is extremely rare. To date, the detection of a 31 kDa antigen by Western blotting has been the primary immunodiagnostic method for EoM caused by A. cantonensis. However, cross-reactivity with other parasites has been observed. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis using sera from individuals with angiostrongyliasis. We also characterized proteins isolated from different cellular sources of A. cantonensis, Toxocara canis, Schistosoma mansoni, and Strongyloides stercoralis with mass spectrometry. A total of 115 cross-reactive proteins were identified. Three of these proteins, heat shock protein, an intermediate filament protein, and galectin 1, represent potential markers for cross-reactivity. In addition, synthetic peptides were generated from previously identified diagnostic targets and tested against sera from individuals infected with several other parasites. As a result, two other markers of cross-reactivity were identified: peptide #4 derived from the 14-3-3 protein and peptide #12 derived from the Lec-5 protein. In contrast, 34 proteins were exclusively present in the Angiostrongylus extracts and represent promising diagnostic molecules for specific identification of A. cantonensis infection. In particular, cytochrome oxidase subunit I is of great interest as a possible immunodiagnostic target for angiostrongyliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca B Cognato
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas and Laboratório de Biologia Parasitaria, Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690, 90690-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sukwan Handali
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS D-64, Bldg 23, Room 9-440, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Leandro de Mattos Pereira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas and Laboratório de Biologia Parasitaria, Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690, 90690-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; FATEC, Faculdade de Teologia e Ciências, Rua José Sanches Peres, 3040, 15501-210, Votuporanga, SP, Brazil
| | - José Ricardo Barradas
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas and Laboratório de Biologia Parasitaria, Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690, 90690-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Januário da Silva
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Foods Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Division of Food and Environmental Microbiology, USA
| | - Carlos Graeff-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas and Laboratório de Biologia Parasitaria, Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690, 90690-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra L Morassutti
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas and Laboratório de Biologia Parasitaria, Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690, 90690-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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7
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Somboonpatarakun C, Intapan PM, Sanpool O, Wongkham C, Maleewong W. Application of Recombinant Angiostrongylus cantonensis Galectin-2 Protein for Serodiagnosis of Human Angiostrongyliasis by Immunoblotting. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:851-858. [PMID: 31392957 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiostrongyliasis is a foodborne disease caused by a zoonotic nematode, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which produces eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis (EOM) in humans. Definitive diagnosis is rarely possible because worms are almost never recovered from patients. Human disease can be diagnosed by clinical symptoms and serological tests. Presently, diagnosis is performed by serological detection of antibodies against specific somatic antigens (molecular mass 29-31 kDa) extracted from female worms. The life cycle of A. cantonensis must be maintained in the laboratory to provide a source of this diagnostic antigen. Here, we cloned and expressed recombinant A. cantonensis galectin-2 (rAcGal2) corresponding to a 31-kDa antigenic peptide. Recombinant protein was purified and used in immunoblot tests, which showed reactions with human serum panels consisting of six confirmed angiostrongyliasis and 24 clinically diagnosed cases of EOM-associated with angiostrongyliasis, 160 samples from patients with other parasitic infections, and 30 samples from normal healthy subjects. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 95.0%, 93.3%, 95.3%, 75.7%, and 98.9%, respectively. The test was nonreactive with sera of human gnathostomiasis and cysticercosis, two diseases that could present similar neurological symptoms. Recombinant AcGal2 has potential as a diagnostic antigen and could replace native parasite antigens in further development of an angiostrongyliasis serodiagnostic test kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chaisiri Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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8
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Tsai HC, Chen YH, Yen CM, Chung LY, Wann SR, Lee SSJ, Chen YS. Dexamethasone Downregulates Expressions of 14-3-3β and γ-Isoforms in Mice with Eosinophilic Meningitis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:249-256. [PMID: 31284347 PMCID: PMC6616158 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are commonly used in patients with eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis infections. The mechanism steroids act on eosinophilic meningitis remains unclear. In this mouse experiments, expressions of 14-3-3 isoform β and γ proteins significantly increased in the CSF 2–3 weeks after the infection, but not increasedin the dexamethasone-treated group. Expression of 14-3-3 β, γ, ɛ, and θ isoforms increased in brain meninges over the 3-week period after infection and decreased due to dexamethasone treatment. In conclusion, administration of dexamethasone in mice with eosinophilic meningitis decreased expressions of 14-3-3 isoform proteins in the CSF and in brain meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chin Tsai
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Min Yen
- Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Chung
- Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shue-Ren Wann
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shin-Jung Lee
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Abstract
The investigation of the glycan repertoire of several organisms has revealed a wide variation in terms of structures and abundance of glycan moieties. Among the parasites, it is possible to observe different sets of glycoconjugates across taxa and developmental stages within a species. The presence of distinct glycoconjugates throughout the life cycle of a parasite could relate to the ability of that organism to adapt and survive in different hosts and environments. Carbohydrates on the surface, and in excretory-secretory products of parasites, play essential roles in host-parasite interactions. Carbohydrate portions of complex molecules of parasites stimulate and modulate host immune responses, mainly through interactions with specific receptors on the surface of dendritic cells, leading to the generation of a pattern of response that may benefit parasite survival. Available data reviewed here also show the frequent aspect of parasite immunomodulation of mammalian responses through specific glycan interactions, which ultimately makes these molecules promising in the fields of diagnostics and vaccinology.
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10
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Tsai HC, Chen YH, Yen CM, Lee SSJ, Chen YS. Increased 14-3-3β and γ protein isoform expressions in parasitic eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213244. [PMID: 30845271 PMCID: PMC6405114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14-3-3 proteins are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of neuronal damage during infectious meningitis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Little is known about dynamic changes in the individual isoforms in response to parasitic eosinophilic meningitis. The purposes of this study were to determine the 14-3-3 protein isoform patterns, examine the kinetics and correlate the severity of blood brain barrier (BBB) damage with the expressions of these markers in mice with eosinophilic meningitis. Mice were orally infected with 50 A. cantonensis L3 via an oro-gastric tube and sacrificed every week for 3 consecutive weeks after infection. The Evans blue method and BBB junctional protein expressions were used to measure changes in the BBB. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to analyze pathological changes in the mice brains following 1–3 weeks of infection with A. cantonensis. The levels of 14-3-3 protein isoforms in serum/CSF and brain homogenates were analyzed by Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to explore the different isoform distributions of 14-3-3 proteins and changes in BBB junctional proteins in the mice brain meninges. Dexamethasone was injected intraperitoneally from the seventh day post infection (dpi) until the end of the study (21 dpi) to study the changes in BBB junctional proteins. The amounts of Evans blue, tight junction and 14-3-3 protein isoforms in the different groups of mice were compared using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. There were significant increases in 14-3-3 protein isoforms β and γ in the CSF in the second and third weeks after infection compared to the controls and first week of infection, which were correlated with the severity of BBB damage in brain histology, and Evans blue extravasation. Using IHC to assess the distribution of 14-3-3 protein isoforms and changes in BBB junctional proteins in the mice brain meninges, the expressions of isoforms β, γ, ε, and θ and junctional proteins occludin and claudin-5 in the brain meninges increased over a 3-week period after infection compared to the controls and 1 week after infection. The administration of dexamethasone decreased the expressions of BBB junctional proteins occludin and claudin-5 in the mice brain meninges. Our findings support that 14-3-3 proteins β and γ can potentially be used as a CSF marker of neuronal damage in parasitic eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chin Tsai
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Chuan-Min Yen
- Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Susan Shin-Jung Lee
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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11
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Gonzaga HT, Nunes DDS, Ribeiro VDS, Feliciano ND, Cunha-Junior JPD, Costa-Cruz JM. Metaperiodate deglycosylation of Strongyloides venezuelensis larvae: Immunochemical characterization and antigen production for human strongyloidiasis diagnosis. Acta Trop 2018; 182:27-33. [PMID: 29454735 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is an important helminthiasis affecting million people worldwide. The aim of this study was to use sodium metaperiodate (MP) treatment to immunochemically characterize Strongyloides venezuelensis filariform larvae and use MP-treated heterologous antigen to detect IgG and subclasses in serum. Samples from individuals with definitive diagnosis of strongyloidiasis (n = 50), other parasitic diseases (n = 60) and negative endemic (n = 50) were tested. TG-ROC and two-way ANOVA were applied. MP-treatment resulted on differential localization of carbohydrates at larval structure and no carbohydrate content in saline extract (SE). Electrophoretic profiles were similar before and after treatment. ELISA sensitivity and specificity were: 90%; 88.2% for SE and 92.0%; 94.6% for MP, respectively. When using MP treated antigen we observed reduction in IgG1 and IgG3 detection in strongyloidiasis group and decrease of cross reactions in control groups. Our data demonstrate the role of carbohydrate residues in cross reactions and on the recognition of anti-Strongyloides IgG and its subclasses.
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12
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Cognato BB, Handali S, Morassutti AL, da Silva AJ, Graeff-Teixeira C. Heterologous expression of three antigenic proteins from Angiostrongylus cantonensis: ES-7, Lec-5, and 14-3-3 in mammalian cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 221:32-35. [PMID: 29555232 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode and the main causative agent of human cerebral eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (EoM). A definitive diagnosis of EoM usually requires serologic or molecular analysis of the patient's clinical sample. Currently, a 31 kDa antigen is used in immunological tests for this purpose, however as a crude antigen preparation it may present cross-reactivity with other helminthic infections, especially echinococcosis. Heterologous expression studies using prokaryotic systems failed on producing antigenic proteins. The aim of this study was to express and purify three recombinant glycoproteins representing A. cantonensis antigens: ES-7, Lec-5, and 14-3-3, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and ES-7 in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells to develop a source of specific antigens to be used in the diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis. The potential diagnostic value of these three proteins was subsequently characterized in one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blot to dot blot analyses, with Angiostrongylus-positive sera, normal human sera (NHS), and a pool of Echinococcus-positive sera (included as a specificity control) used for detection. In addition, recognition of these three proteins following treatment with N-glycosidase F was examined. The ES-7 proteins that were expressed in HEK and CHO cells, and the Lec-5 protein that was expressed in CHO cells, were specifically recognized by A. cantonensis-positive sera in the 2D electrophoresis analysis. This recognition was shown to be dependent on the presence of glycidic portions, making mammalian cells a very promising source of heterologous expression antigenic proteins from Angiostrongylus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca B Cognato
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas and Laboratorio de Biologia Parasitaria, Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av Ipiranga 6690, 90690-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sukwan Handali
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS D-64, Bldg 23, Room 9-440, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Alessandra L Morassutti
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas and Laboratorio de Biologia Parasitaria, Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av Ipiranga 6690, 90690-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Januário da Silva
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Foods Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Division of Food and Environmental Microbiology, USA
| | - Carlos Graeff-Teixeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas and Laboratorio de Biologia Parasitaria, Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av Ipiranga 6690, 90690-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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13
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McGowan JE, Kratch J, Chattopadhyay S, Joe B, Conti HR, Chakravarti R. Bioinformatic analysis reveals new determinants of antigenic 14-3-3 proteins and a novel antifungal strategy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189503. [PMID: 29232712 PMCID: PMC5726717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed 14-3-3 family of proteins is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to mammals. Their involvement in humoral and cellular immune responses is emerging through studies in drosophila and humans. In humans, a select group of 14-3-3 isoforms are antigenic; however the determinants of their antigenicity are not known. Here, we show that although mammalian 14-3-3 proteins are mostly conserved, subtle differences between their isoforms may give rise to their antigenicity. We observed syntenic relations among all the isoforms of 14-3-3 for mammals, but not with that of birds or amphibians. However, the parasitic 14-3-3 isoforms, which have known antigenic properties, show unique sequence, structure and evolution compared to the human 14-3-3. Moreover we report, for the first time the existence of a bacterial 14-3-3 protein. Contrary to the parasitic isoforms, both bacterial and yeast 14-3-3 exhibited significant homology with mammalian 14-3-3 in protein sequence as well as structure. Furthermore, a human 14-3-3 inhibitor caused significant killing of Candida albicans, which could be due to the inhibition of the structurally similar yeast homologue of 14-3-3, BMH, which is essential for its life cycle. Overall, our bioinformatic analysis combined with the demonstration of a novel antifungal role of a peptide inhibitor of human 14-3-3 indicates that the sequences and structural similarities between the mammalian, bacterial and fungal proteins are likely determinants of the antigenic nature of these proteins. Further, we propose that molecular mimicry triggered by microbial infections with either yeast or bacteria may contribute to the antigenic role of human 14-3-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E. McGowan
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Kratch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States of America
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States of America
| | - Heather R. Conti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States of America
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Matsumura T, Terada J, Kinoshita T, Sakurai Y, Yahaba M, Ema R, Amata A, Sakao S, Nagashima K, Tatsumi K, Hiwasa T. Circulating Anti-Coatomer Protein Complex Subunit Epsilon (COPE) Autoantibodies as a Potential Biomarker for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 2017; 13:393-400. [PMID: 27923433 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.6488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Although moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for severe arteriosclerotic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke, the development of atherosclerosis-related diseases cannot yet be predicted in patients with OSA. In a pilot study, we identified autoantibodies against the coatomer protein complex, subunit epsilon [circulating anti-coatomer protein complex subunit epsilon autoantibody (COPE-Ab)], a cytosolic complex that mediates protein transport in the Golgi compartment, as a potential novel biomarker of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to evaluate whether COPE-Ab levels had an association with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with OSA. METHODS Eighty-two adult patients with a diagnosis of OSA via polysomnography and 64 healthy donors were studied. Serum COPE-Ab levels were measured using an amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay. Then, clinical factors related to atherosclerosis were evaluated with respect to COPE-Ab levels. RESULTS Significant differences in COPE-Ab levels were observed in terms of OSA severity. COPE-Ab levels were significantly higher in patients with OSA and also CVD and/or stroke, hypertension, and a high body mass index. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of patients with OSA identified elevated COPE-Ab level as a significant predictor of CVD and/or stroke. CONCLUSIONS An elevated COPE-Ab level may be a potential predictor of the risks of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with OSA. Therefore, patients with higher COPE-Ab levels may require more careful and intensive treatment. COMMENTARY A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Matsumura
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jiro Terada
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taku Kinoshita
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoriko Sakurai
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Misuzu Yahaba
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryogo Ema
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsuko Amata
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Nikko Memorial Hospital, Hitachi, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Sakao
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kengo Nagashima
- Department of Global Clinical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Cross-reactivity of the 31 kDa antigen of Angiostrongylus cantonensis - Dealing with the immunodiagnosis of meningoencephalitis. Parasitology 2016; 144:459-463. [PMID: 27866477 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The primary causative agent of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (EoM) in endemic regions is the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The occurrence of EoM was previously restricted to countries in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands; however, more recently, it has been reported from other regions, including Brazil. The commonly used diagnosis is detection of specific antibody reactivity to the 31 kDa antigen, which is derived from female worm somatic extracts. Here we report the occurrence of cross-reactivity to this antigen in sera from other parasitic infections, especially those that may cause EoM, such as gnathostomiasis, toxocariasis, hydatidosis and strongyloidiasis. We also demonstrated that the cross-reactivity, in part, is dependent of the concentration of antigen used in Western blot assays. We discuss the importance of these findings on the interpretation of this test.
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16
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Veríssimo CM, Morassutti AL, von Itzstein M, Sutov G, Hartley-Tassell L, McAtamney S, Dell A, Haslam SM, Graeff-Teixeira C. Characterization of the N-glycans of female Angiostrongylus cantonensis worms. Exp Parasitol 2016; 166:137-43. [PMID: 27107931 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates play a crucial role in the host-parasite relationships of helminthic infections, including angiostrongyliasis. It has previously been shown that the antigenicity of proteins from female Angiostrongylus cantonensis worms may depend on their associated glycan moieties. Here, an N-glycan profile of A. cantonensis is reported. A total soluble extract (TE) was prepared from female A. cantonensis worms and was tested by western blot before and after glycan oxidation or N- and O-glycosidase treatment. The importance of N-glycans for the immunogenicity of A. cantonensis was demonstrated when deglycosylation of the TE with PNGase F completely abrogated IgG recognition. The TE was also fractionated using various lectin columns [Ulex europaeus (UEA), concanavalin A (Con A), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), Triticum vulgaris (WGA) and Lycopersicon esculentum (LEA)], and then each fraction was digested with PNGase F. Released N-glycans were analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-time-of-flight (TOF)-mass spectrometry (MS) and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS/MS. Complex-type, high mannose, and truncated glycan structures were identified in all five fractions. Sequential MALDI-TOF-TOF analysis of the major MS peaks identified complex-type structures, with a α1-6 fucosylated core and truncated antennas. Glycoproteins in the TE were labeled with BodipyAF558-SE dye for a lectin microarray analysis. Fluorescent images were analyzed with ProScanArray imaging software followed by statistical analysis. A total of 29 lectins showed positive binding to the TE. Of these, Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BS-I), PNA, and Wisteria floribunda (WFA), which recognize galactose (Gal) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), exhibited high affinity binding. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that female A. cantonensis worms have characteristic helminth N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M Veríssimo
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas and Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS 90060-900, Brazil; Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
| | - Alessandra L Morassutti
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas and Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS 90060-900, Brazil
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Grigorij Sutov
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Hartley-Tassell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Sarah McAtamney
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Graeff-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas and Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS 90060-900, Brazil
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17
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Comparative pathogenesis of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus mackerrasae and Angiostrongylus cantonensis in murine and guinea pig models of human infection. Parasitology 2016; 143:1243-51. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201600069x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThis study investigated comparatively the pathogenicity of experimental infection of mice and guinea pigs, with Angiostrongylus mackerrasae and the closely related species A. cantonensis. Time course analyses showed that A. mackerrasae causes eosinophilic meningitis in these hosts, which suggests that the species has the potential to cause meningitis in humans and domestic animals. Both A. mackerrasae and the genetically similar A. cantonensis caused eosinophilic meningitis in mice at two time points of 14 and 21 days post infection (dpi). The brain lesions in mice infected with A. mackerrasae were more granulomatous in nature and the parasites were more likely to appear degenerate compared with lesions caused by A. cantonensis. This may indicate that the mouse immune system eliminates A. mackerrasae infection more effectively. The immunologic responses of mice infected with the two Angiostrongylus species was compared by assessing ex vivo stimulated spleen derived T cells and cytokines including interferon-gamma, interleukin 4 and interleukin 17 on 14 and 21 dpi. The results were similar for mice infected with A. cantonensis and A. mackerrasae. Serum from the infected animals with either A. cantonensis or A. mackerrasae recognized total soluble antigen of A. cantonensis female worms on Western blot.
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18
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen. Parasitology 2016; 143:1087-118. [PMID: 27225800 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a metastrongyloid nematode found widely in the Asia-Pacific region, and the aetiological agent of angiostrongyliasis; a disease characterized by eosinophilic meningitis. Rattus rats are definitive hosts of A. cantonensis, while intermediate hosts include terrestrial and aquatic molluscs. Humans are dead-end hosts that usually become infected upon ingestion of infected molluscs. A presumptive diagnosis is often made based on clinical features, a history of mollusc consumption, eosinophilic pleocytosis in cerebral spinal fluid, and advanced imaging such as computed tomography. Serological tests are available for angiostrongyliasis, though many tests are still under development. While there is no treatment consensus, therapy often includes a combination of anthelmintics and corticosteroids. Angiostrongyliasis is relatively rare, but is often associated with morbidity and sometimes mortality. Recent reports suggest the parasites' range is increasing, leading to fatalities in regions previously considered Angiostrongylus-free, and sometimes, delayed diagnosis in newly invaded regions. Increased awareness of angiostrongyliasis would facilitate rapid diagnosis and improved clinical outcomes. This paper summarizes knowledge on the parasites' life cycle, clinical aspects and epidemiology. The molecular biology of Angiostrongylus spp. is also discussed. Attention is paid to the significance of angiostrongyliasis in Australia, given the recent severe cases reported from the Sydney region.
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Chakravarti R, Gupta K, Swain M, Willard B, Scholtz J, Svensson LG, Roselli EE, Pettersson G, Johnston DR, Soltesz EG, Yamashita M, Stuehr D, Daly TM, Hoffman GS. 14-3-3 in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Identification of a Novel Autoantigen in Large Vessel Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1913-21. [PMID: 25917817 DOI: 10.1002/art.39130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Large vessel vasculitides (LVV) are a group of autoimmune diseases characterized by injury to and anatomic modifications of large vessels, including the aorta and its branch vessels. Disease etiology is unknown. This study was undertaken to identify antigen targets within affected vessel walls in aortic root, ascending aorta, and aortic arch surgical specimens from patients with LVV, including giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, and isolated focal aortitis. METHODS Thoracic aortic aneurysm specimens and autologous blood were acquired from consenting patients who underwent aorta reconstruction procedures. Aorta proteins were extracted from both patients with LVV and age-, race-, and sex-matched disease controls with noninflammatory aneurysms. A total of 108 serum samples from patients with LVV, matched controls, and controls with antinuclear antibodies, different forms of vasculitis, or sepsis were tested. RESULTS Evaluation of 108 serum samples and 22 aortic tissue specimens showed that 78% of patients with LVV produced antibodies to 14-3-3 proteins in the aortic wall (93.7% specificity), whereas controls were less likely to do so (6.7% produced antibodies). LVV patient sera contained autoantibody sufficient to immunoprecipitate 14-3-3 protein(s) from aortic lysates. Three of 7 isoforms of 14-3-3 were found to be up-regulated in aorta specimens from patients with LVV, and 2 isoforms (ε and ζ) were found to be antigenic in LVV. CONCLUSION This is the first study to use sterile, snap-frozen thoracic aorta biopsy specimens to identify autoantigens in LVV. Our findings indicate that 78% of patients with LVV have antibody reactivity to 14-3-3 protein(s). The precise role of these antibodies and 14-3-3 proteins in LVV pathogenesis deserves further study.
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20
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Morassutti AL, Thiengo SC, Fernandez M, Sawanyawisuth K, Graeff-Teixeira C. Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis: an emergent disease in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:399-407. [PMID: 25075779 PMCID: PMC4155839 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic meningitis (EoM) is an acute disease that affects the central nervous
system. It is primarily caused by infection with the nematode Angiostrongylus
cantonensis. This infection was previously restricted to certain Asian
countries and the Pacific Islands, but it was first reported in Brazil in 2007. Since
then, intermediate and definitive hosts infected with A. cantonensis
have been identified within the urban areas of many states in Brazil,
including those in the northern, northeastern, southeastern and southern regions. The
goals of this review are to draw the attention of the medical community and health
centres to the emergence of EoM in Brazil, to compile information about several
aspects of the human infection and mode of transmission and to provide a short
protocol of procedures for the diagnosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Loureiro Morassutti
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Monica Fernandez
- Laboratório de Malacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Kittisak Sawanyawisuth
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Carlos Graeff-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Martins YC, Tanowitz HB, Kazacos KR. Central nervous system manifestations of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Acta Trop 2015; 141:46-53. [PMID: 25312338 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over 20 species of Angiostrongylus have been described from around the world, but only Angiostrongylus cantonensis has been confirmed to cause central nervous system disease in humans. A neurotropic parasite that matures in the pulmonary arteries of rats, A. cantonensis is the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in southern Asia and the Pacific and Caribbean islands. The parasite can also cause encephalitis/encephalomyelitis and rarely ocular angiostrongyliasis. The present paper reviews the life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and prognosis of A. cantonesis infection. Emphasis is given on the spectrum of central nervous system manifestations and disease pathogenesis.
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Dexamethasone downregulated the expression of CSF 14-3-3β protein in mice with eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Acta Trop 2014; 131:98-103. [PMID: 24361722 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the main causative agent of human eosinophilic meningitis in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. A previous study demonstrated that the 14-3-3β protein is a neuropathological marker in monitoring neuronal damage in meningitis. Steroids are commonly used in patients with eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis infection. However, the mechanism by which steroids act in eosinophilic meningitis is unknown. We hypothesized that the beneficial effect of steroids on eosinophilic meningitis is partially mediated by the down-regulation of 14-3-3β protein expression in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In this animal study, we determined the dynamic changes of 14-3-3β protein in mice with eosinophilic meningitis. The 14-3-3β protein in serum and CSF was increased in week 2 and 3 after infections. Dexamethasone administration significantly decreased the amounts of CSF 14-3-3β protein. By developing an in-house ELISA to measure 14-3-3β protein, it was found that the amounts of 14-3-3β protein in the CSF and serum increased over a three-week period after infection. There was a remarkable reduction of 14-3-3β protein in the CSF after 2 weeks of dexamethasone treatment. In conclusion, the administration of corticosteroids in mice with eosinophilic meningitis decreased the expression of 14-3-3β protein in the CSF.
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Tsai HC, Huang YL, Chen YS, Yen CM, Tsai R, Lee SSJ, Tai MH. 14-3-3β protein expression in eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:97. [PMID: 24555778 PMCID: PMC3932789 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasite endemic in the Southeast Asian and Pacific regions. Humans are incidentally infected either by eating uncooked intermediate hosts or by consuming vegetables containing the living third-stage larvae. The 14-3-3β protein is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) marker of neuronal damage during the development of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In addition, increased 14-3-3β protein is also found in CSF from patients with a variety of neurological disorders. The goal of this study is to determine the roles of serum/CSF14-3-3β protein in patients with eosinophilic meningitis. Methods In a cohort study among nine Thai laborers with eosinophilic meningitis due to eating raw snails (Pomacea canaliculata), we examined the CSF weekly while patients were still hospitalized and followed up the serum for 6 months. The levels of 14-3-3β protein in CSF were analyzed by western blot and an in-house 14-3-3β enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurement was established and tested in an animal model of eosinophilic meningitis. Results The elevated 14-3-3β level was detected in the CSF from eight out of nine (81%) patients After 2 weeks of treatment, all patients showed a declined level or cleared of 14-3-3β protein in the CSF. By developing an in-house ELISA for measurement of 14-3-3β protein, it was found that the serum 14-3-3β level was significantly increased in patients during initial visit. . This finding was consistent to the animal experiment result in which there was severe blood brain barrier damage three weeks after infection and increased 14-3-3β protein expression in the CSF and serum by western blot and in house ELISA. After treatment, the serum 14-3-3β level in meningitis patients was rapidly returned to normal threshold. There was a correlation between initial CSF 14-3-3β level with severity of headache (r = 0.692, p = 0.039), CSF pleocytosis (r = 0.807, p = 0.009) and eosinophilia (r = 0.798, p = 0.01) in the CSF of patients with eosinophilic meningitis (Spearman’s correlation test). Conclusions The serum 14-3-3β concentrations may constitute a useful marker for blood brain barrier damage severity and follow up in patients with eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chin Tsai
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan.
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High throughput sequencing of the Angiostrongylus cantonensis genome: a parasite spreading worldwide. Parasitology 2013; 140:1304-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYAngiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode of rodents and a leading aetiological agent of eosinophilic meningitis in humans. Definitive diagnosis is difficult, often relying on immunodiagnostic methods which utilize crude antigens. New immunodiagnostic methods based on recombinant proteins are being developed, and ideally these methods would be made available worldwide. Identification of diagnostic targets, as well as studies on the biology of the parasite, are limited by a lack of molecular information on Angiostrongylus spp. available in databases. In this study we present data collected from DNA random high-throughput sequencing together with proteomic analyses and a cDNA walking methodology to identify and obtain the nucleotide or amino acid sequences of unknown immunoreactive proteins. 28 080 putative ORFs were obtained, of which 3371 had homology to other deposited protein sequences. Using the A. cantonensis genomic sequences, 156 putative ORFs, matching peptide sequences obtained from previous proteomic studies, were considered novel, with no homology to existing sequences. Full-length coding sequences of eight antigenic target proteins were obtained. In this study we generated not only the complete nucleotide sequences of the antigenic protein targets but also a large amount of genomic data which may help facilitate future genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic or metabolomic studies on Angiostrongylus.
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Wilkins PP, Qvarnstrom Y, Whelen AC, Saucier C, da Silva AJ, Eamsobhana P. The current status of laboratory diagnosis of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections in humans using serologic and molecular methods. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH : A JOURNAL OF ASIA PACIFIC MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 72:55-57. [PMID: 23901386 PMCID: PMC3689480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis relies on serological techniques, since definitive diagnosis is insensitive. Modern antibody detection methods focus on antibodies to the 29 and 31 kDa proteins of the parasite. Antigen detection may ultimately prove to be more reliable than antibody detection but no method has been adopted for clinical diagnostic use. Diagnosis using PCR amplification of DNA sequences specific to Angiostrongylus cantonensis have been developed but have not yet been validated for clinical use. Diagnostic tests have not been developed commercially and in the United States tests developed experimentally by non-commercial laboratories have to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration before they can be sold to other laboratories for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Wilkins
- Division of Parasitic Diseases & Malaria, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329 , USA.
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Morassutti AL, Perelygin A, Levert K, Lin SC, Lee YM, da Silva AJ, Wilkins PP, Graeff-Teixeira C. Expression of recombinant antigenic proteins from Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a brief report. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH : A JOURNAL OF ASIA PACIFIC MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 72:58-62. [PMID: 23900614 PMCID: PMC3689479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral angiostrongyliasis is an acute inflammation caused by the infection of the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis that results in eosinophilic meningitis. The current immunological assay of choice is an immunoblot that detects antibodies to a 31 kDa protein present in crude extracts of the female worm. Recently we have identified diagnostic targets from excretion and secretion products and determined the composition of the 31 kDa antigen after 2-D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Here we cloned and expressed five proteins in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Recombinant proteins were purified and analysed by Western blot assays and among them 14-3-3, Lec5 and ES7 were recognized by Angiostrongylus-specific serum, although the signal was weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra L Morassutti
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária da Faculdade de Biociências e Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular do Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas da Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil.
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