1
|
Moore KT, Mangan MJ, Linnegar B, Athni TS, McCallum HI, Trewin BJ, Skinner E. Australian vertebrate hosts of Japanese encephalitis virus; a review of the evidence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.23.590833. [PMID: 38712158 PMCID: PMC11071400 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) transmission in temperate Australia has underscored a critical need to characterise transmission pathways and identify probable hosts of infection within the country. This systematic review consolidates existing research on the vertebrate hosts of JEV that are known to exist in Australia. Specifically, we aim to identify probable species for JEV transmission, their potential role as either a spillover or maintenance host and identify critical knowledge gaps. Data were extracted from studies involving experimental infection, seroprevalence, and virus isolation and were available for 22 vertebrate species known to reside in Australia. A host competence score was calculated to assess the potential for a given species to infect JEV vectors and to quantity their possible role in JEV transmission. Based on the host competence score and ecology of each species, we find ardeid birds, feral pigs, and flying foxes have potential as maintenance hosts for JEV in the Australian context. We also note that brushtail possums and domestic pigs have potential as spillover hosts under certain outbreak conditions. However, evidence to confirm these roles in localized transmission or outbreaks is sparse, emphasizing the need for further targeted research. This review provides a foundation for future investigations into JEV transmission in Australia, advocating for enhanced surveillance and standardized research methodologies to better understand and mitigate the virus's impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Moore
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Madelyn J. Mangan
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Belinda Linnegar
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Tejas S. Athni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hamish I. McCallum
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Eloise Skinner
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tang Q, Deng Z, Tan S, Song G, Zhang H, Ge L. Prevalence and Genetic Characteristics of Japanese Encephalitis Virus among Mosquitoes and Pigs in Hunan Province, China from 2019 to 2021. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1120-1125. [PMID: 36116917 PMCID: PMC9628968 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2207.07068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the causative agent of Japanese encephalitis (JE), is an importantly zoonotic, vector-borne virus widely prevalent in Asia. Although JE has been well controlled in China, its prevalence remains a huge threat to the pig industry as well as human health. Herein, we report on our molecular and serological investigations of JEV among pigs from different regions in Hunan Province of China from 2019 to 2021. Collectively, 19.27% (583/3026, 95% Confidential Interval (CI) 17.86-20.68) of sampled pigs were positive for JEV IgG antibody as revealed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the seroprevalence of JEV among pigs was significantly associated with the development stage and breeding scale (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, 10.99% (42/382, 95% CI 7.86-14.13) of tissue samples of pigs with suspected clinical symptoms of JE and 23.44% (15/64, 95% CI 13.06-33.82) of mosquito batches were JEV-positive via reverse polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the complete E gene sequences of 14 JEV strains identified in this study were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all 14 JEV strains belonged to genotype I-b and displayed a distinct genetic relationship to the present JEV vaccine strain (SA14-14-2). In conclusion, our results revealed not only the severe prevalence of JEV in Hunan Province, but also that JEV I-b might be the predominant genotype in Hunan Province, suggesting therefore that effective measures for JE control are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwu Tang
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Zaofu Deng
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Shengguo Tan
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Guo Song
- Animal Husbandry and Fishery Bureau of Ningyuan, Yongzhou 425000, P.R. China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Animal Epidemic Prevention Station of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, Xiangxi 416000, P.R. China
| | - Lingrui Ge
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, P.R. China,Corresponding author Fax: +0731-84637019 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suresh KP, Nayak A, Dhanze H, Bhavya AP, Shivamallu C, Achar RR, Silina E, Stupin V, Barman NN, Kumar SK, Syed A, Kollur SP, Shreevatsa B, Patil SS. Prevalence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in mosquitoes and animals of the Asian continent: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:942-949. [PMID: 35914358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral zoonotic disease that has been found in several countries of Asia and is responsible for high mortality and morbidity of men and animals in rural and sub-urban endemic areas due to the virus re-circulation among diverse hosts and vectors. The present study estimates the prevalence of the JE virus in the vector and animal population of the Asian continent using a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS The Cochran collaborators' Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis [PRISMA] guidelines were used for systematic review and meta-analysis. The heterogeneity was observed in meta-regression analysis due to several factors including region, species, and different diagnostic assays used in various studies. Thus we did sensitivity and subgroup analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of the JE virus was calculated using a total sample size of 47,391. Subgroup analysis revealed the JE virus prevalence of 39% in the Southeast Asia region, followed by East Asia with 35% and South Asia with 15% prevalence. Hence, the overall pooled prevalence of the JE virus was 26% in the Asian continent. CONCLUSIONS The highest proportion of infection was found in pigs amongst all animals, reinforcing the fact that they can be used as sentinels to predict outbreaks in humans. The findings of this study will enable researchers and policymakers in better understanding the disease's spatial and temporal distribution, as well as in creating and implementing location-specific JE prevention and control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akshata Nayak
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Himani Dhanze
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Anenahalli Panduranga Bhavya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ekaterina Silina
- Department of Surgery, N.I. Pirogov National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Stupin
- Department of Surgery, N.I. Pirogov National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences (AAU), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Seethakempanahalli Kempanna Kumar
- Department of Ethnoveterinary Sciences and Practices, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Science and Technology, Jarakabandekaval, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhargav Shreevatsa
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharanagouda S Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Conclusions. ZIKA AND OTHER NEGLECTED AND EMERGING FLAVIVIRUSES 2021. [PMCID: PMC7933788 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-82501-6.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We are currently experiencing two pandemics, one caused by a coronavirus and one by the reemerging dengue flaviviruses. Strict protective measures have been taken to safeguard against this coronavirus, which may have saved many lives. Fear, depression, and suicide have also resulted from these measures. In addition to dengue, other flaviviruses of humans or animals may also rapidly spread and become more pathogenic, as have Zika and West Nile viruses. Many viruses may have originated in bats or rodents. Several bats are seropositive for dengue, Saint Louis encephalitis, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Some rodents are seropositive for tickborne encephalitis, West Nile, Usutu, and Wesselsbron viruses. Domestic animals, especially cattle and sheep, but also dogs and cats, have a much higher incidence of flavivirus infection than bats and rodents and have closer contact with humans. Less-toxic, broad-spectrum antiviral agents that are active against these and other emerging flaviviruses are needed to protect against future viral threats.
Collapse
|