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Mahanta K, Jabeen B, Chatterjee R, Amin RM, Bayan J, Sulabh S. Navigating the threat of African swine fever: a comprehensive review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:278. [PMID: 39316231 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is caused by Asfivirus and has become one of the most important diseases of swine in recent years. ASF was an endemic disease of the sub-Saharan Africa but later spread to various parts of the world. The infection in ticks and wild swine, alongside global pork trade, drives its spread and persistence. Once introduced to an area, the disease is difficult to eliminate due to sylvatic, domestic, and tick-swine transmission cycles. Because of the existence of various modes of transmission of the ASF virus, biosecurity measures have not been very successful. The line of treatment is not of much use and the outcome of this disease is usually fatal. The prognosis or the recovery of the animal depends on the virulence of the strain involved. Development of vaccines has been attempted but to date has not been very successful. This review focuses on the basic context of ASF, the challenges associated with it, and the options that might be available to prevent its occurrence which includes the different vaccine development strategies tried and tested till now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Mahanta
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Bushra Jabeen
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranjita Chatterjee
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Rafiqul M Amin
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyotishree Bayan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, 781022, Khanapara, Assam, India
| | - Sourabh Sulabh
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, 713340, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Canino N, Torhorst C, Botero-Cañola S, Beati L, O'Hara KC, James A, Wisely SM. Development of a rapid and reliable surveillance method for Ornithodoros turicata americanus in gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows in the southeastern United States. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39258964 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
The soft tick Ornithodoros turicata Duges (Acari: Argasidae) is a potential vector of African swine fever virus (ASFV). We evaluated the efficacy of two methods to collect soft ticks rapidly and efficiently from gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows, which are ubiquitous throughout large regions of the southeastern United States and their burrows are a known microhabitat of O. turicata. Burrow vacuuming was an effective and efficient tick collection method; no tick was captured employing CO2 trapping. Using an occupancy modelling framework, we estimated that the probability of detecting ticks from an infested burrow each time a sample was taken with this method was 58% and increased with the average relative humidity. With the occupancy model, we estimated that 70% of the burrows in the study area were infested with O. turicata. Manual sifting of the burrow material yielded more ticks (6.6 individuals/sample) than using a set of three sieves (2.9 individuals/sample), yet the probability of detecting the species was not different between the two methods (Pval = 0.7). These methods can inform the development of ASF vector surveillance and outbreak response plans in areas of high risk for ASFV introduction in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Canino
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carson Torhorst
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sebastian Botero-Cañola
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lorenza Beati
- US National Tick Collection, Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathleen C O'Hara
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Angela James
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha M Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Trinh TBN, Lazenec E, Lai TNH, Matard-Mann M, Phat LT, Morvan A, Delahaye AC, Collén PN, Nguyen TL, Le VP. Antiviral activity of SAFER ®, a commercial acidifying desiccant powder, against African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1245569. [PMID: 39229597 PMCID: PMC11369675 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1245569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the deadliest swine diseases, causing significant economic losses, threatening food security, and limiting pig production in affected countries. In the absence of an effective ASF vaccine, prevention and control of ASF depend mainly on effective biosecurity measures. In this study, the efficacy of SAFER®, a powdered disinfectant containing clay, an acid complex, and the active ingredient thyme essential oil, was tested against the ASF virus. The results showed that ASFV isolate (VNUA/HY/ASF1/Vietnam/2019) was inactivated by 3.5 and 5 Log10HAD50/ml after 20 and 120 min of treatment with SAFER®, respectively. When body fluids contaminated with ASFV, such as blood, saliva, urine, and feces, were treated with SAFER® for 20 min, the ASFV titer was reduced by 1.6, 2.2, 2.0, and 2.2 Log10HAD50/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Bich Ngoc Trinh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Thi Ngoc Ha Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thi Lan Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi, Vietnam
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Harlow M, Torremorell M, Rademacher CJ, Gebhardt J, Holck T, Linhares LCM, Main RG, Trevisan G. Biosecurity Insights from the United States Swine Health Improvement Plan: Analyzing Data to Enhance Industry Practices. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1134. [PMID: 38612372 PMCID: PMC11011101 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biosecurity practices aim to reduce the frequency of disease outbreaks in a farm, region, or country and play a pivotal role in fortifying the country's pork industry against emerging threats, particularly foreign animal diseases (FADs). This article addresses the current biosecurity landscape of the US swine industry by summarizing the biosecurity practices reported by the producers through the United States Swine Health Improvement Plan (US SHIP) enrollment surveys, and it provides a general assessment of practices implemented. US SHIP is a voluntary, collaborative effort between industry, state, and federal entities regarding health certification programs for the swine industry. With 12,195 sites surveyed across 31 states, the study provides a comprehensive snapshot of current biosecurity practices. Key findings include variability by site types that have completed Secure Pork Supply plans, variability in outdoor access and presence of perimeter fencing, and diverse farm entry protocols for visitors. The data also reflect the industry's response to the threat of FADs, exemplified by the implementation of the US SHIP in 2020. As the US SHIP program advances, these insights will guide industry stakeholders in refining biosecurity practices, fostering endemic re-emerging and FAD preparedness, and ensuring the sustainability of the swine industry in the face of evolving challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Harlow
- College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine (VPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Cristopher J. Rademacher
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jordan Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tyler Holck
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Leticia C. M. Linhares
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Rodger G. Main
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Giovani Trevisan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Shen Z, Qiu W, Luan H, Sun C, Cao X, Wang G, Peng J. I329L protein-based indirect ELISA for detecting antibodies specific to African swine fever virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1150042. [PMID: 37351180 PMCID: PMC10282770 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1150042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a disease that causes severe economic losses to the global porcine industry. As no vaccine or drug has been discovered for the prevention and control of ASF virus (ASFV), accurate diagnosis and timely eradication of infected animals are the primary measures, which necessitate accurate and effective detection methods. In this study, the truncated ASFV I329L (amino acids 70-237), was induced using IPTG and expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The highly antigenic viral protein I329L was used to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA), named I329L-ELISA, which cut-off value was 0.384. I329L-ELISA was used to detect 186 clinical pig serum samples, and the coincidence rate between the indirect ELISA developed here and the commercial kit was 96.77%. No cross-reactivity was observed with CSFV, PRRSV, PCV2, or PRV antibody-positive pig sera, indicating good specificity. Both intra- assay and inter-assay coefficients were below 10%, and the detection sensitivity of the iELISA reached 1:3200. In this study, an iELISA for ASFV antibody detection was developed based on the truncated ASFV I329L protein. Overall, the I329L-ELISA is a user-friendly detection tool that is suitable for ASFV antibody detection and epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Breeding Management Department, Beisanxia Husbandry Company Limited, Hegang, China
| | - Wenchen Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Haorui Luan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Chunxi Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Xinya Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Jun Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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Luan Y, Gou J, Zhong D, Ma L, Yin C, Shu M, Liu G, Lin Q. The Tick-Borne Pathogens: An Overview of China's Situation. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:1-20. [PMID: 36642777 PMCID: PMC9841149 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are important medical arthropods that can transmit hundreds of pathogens, such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses, leading to serious public health burdens worldwide. Unexplained fever is the most common clinical manifestation of tick-borne diseases. Since the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases led to the hospital overload and fewer laboratory tests for tick-borne diseases. Therefore, it is essential to review the tick-borne pathogens and further understand tick-borne diseases. PURPOSE The geographic distribution and population of ticks in the Northern hemisphere have expanded while emerging tick-borne pathogens have been introduced to China continuously. This paper focused on the tick-borne pathogens that are threatening public health in the world. Their medical significant tick vectors, as well as the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control measures, are emphasized in this document. METHODS In this study, all required data were collected from articles indexed in English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. RESULTS Ticks presented a great threat to the economy and public health. Although both infections by tick-borne pathogens and SARS-CoV-2 have fever symptoms, the history of tick bite and its associated symptoms such as encephalitis or eschar could be helpful for the differential diagnosis. Additionally, as a carrier of vector ticks, migratory birds may play a potential role in the geographical expansion of ticks and tick-borne pathogens during seasonal migration. CONCLUSION China should assess the risk score of vector ticks and clarify the potential role of migratory birds in transmitting ticks. Additionally, the individual and collective protection, vector control, comprehensive surveillance, accurate diagnosis, and symptomatic treatment should be carried out, to meet the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Luan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingmin Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongjie Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuansong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Minfeng Shu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Qing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
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Behavior of Wild Pigs toward Conspecific Carcasses: Implications for Disease Transmission in a Hot, Semiarid Climate. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/4195199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a prolific, invasive species in the United States of America and act as vectors for many pathogens. An emerging pathogen of concern to the USA is African swine fever (ASF), a deadly viral disease affecting swine that is endemic to Africa and has spread to parts of Europe, Asia, and the Caribbean. ASF affects both wild and domesticated pigs and can be transmitted via several avenues, including interactions between and consumption of dead pigs by their live conspecifics. As wild pigs are considered a serious threat in the transmission of ASF, understanding the behavior of wild pigs towards their dead conspecifics is imperative when considering the transmission of ASF and other diseases in the USA. We placed camera traps at a sample of wild pig carcasses dispatched during four aerial shooting events between November, 2020, and June, 2022, at East Foundation’s San Antonio Viejo Ranch, South Texas. We recorded visitation events to carcasses by live wild pigs and recorded their behavior. Furthermore, we assessed daily carcass decomposition rates by visiting carcass sites without cameras. We found no evidence of cannibalism and recorded live wild pig visitations to only 33% of carcasses before advanced stages of decomposition were reached. Carcass decomposition was rapid (2.5 to 3 days), regardless of season, and the time to the first visitation and investigation of carcasses by live conspecifics was quicker than has been recorded in Europe. We posit that active scavenger guilds at our study site, coupled with high temperatures, result in the rapid decomposition of wild pig carcasses, which reduces opportunities for live wild pigs to interact with them when compared to milder climates. We suggest additional research investigating the persistence of ASF in hot, arid climates and the interactions between live pigs and the skeletonized remains of conspecifics.
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Berbamine Hydrochloride Inhibits African Swine Fever Virus Infection In Vitro. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010170. [PMID: 36615369 PMCID: PMC9822360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a viral disease in swine with a mortality rate of approximately 100%, threatening the global pig industry's economic development. However, vaccines are not yet commercially available, and other antiviral therapeutics, such as antiviral drugs, are urgently needed. In this study, berbamine hydrochloride, a natural bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Berberis amurensis, showed significant antiviral activity against ASFV. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of berbamine hydrochloride in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) was 27.89 μM. The antiviral activity assay demonstrated that berbamine hydrochloride inhibits ASFV in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, a 4.14 log TCID50 decrease in the viral titre resulting from non-cytotoxic berbamine hydrochloride was found. Moreover, the antiviral activity of berbamine hydrochloride was maintained for 48h and took effect at multiplicities of infection (MOI) of 0.01, 0.1, and 1. The time-of-addition analysis revealed an inhibitory effect throughout the entire virus life-cycle. A subsequent viral entry assay verified that berbamine hydrochloride blocks the early stage of ASFV infection. Moreover, similar anti-ASFV activity of berbamine hydrochloride was also found in PK-15 and 3D4/21 cells. In summary, these results indicate that berbamine hydrochloride is an effective anti-ASFV natural product and may be considered a novel antiviral drug.
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Lv T, Xie X, Song N, Zhang S, Ding Y, Liu K, Diao L, Chen X, Jiang S, Li T, Zhang W, Cao Y. Expounding the role of tick in Africa swine fever virus transmission and seeking effective prevention measures: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1093599. [PMID: 36591310 PMCID: PMC9800779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1093599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious, deadly infectious disease, has caused huge economic losses to animal husbandry with a 100% mortality rate of the most acute and acute infection, which is listed as a legally reported animal disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of ASF, which is the only member of the Asfarviridae family. Ornithodoros soft ticks play an important role in ASFV transmission by active biological or mechanical transmission or by passive transport or ingestion, particularly in Africa, Europe, and the United States. First, this review summarized recent reports on (1) tick species capable of transmitting ASFV, (2) the importance of ticks in the transmission and epidemiological cycle of ASFV, and (3) the ASFV strains of tick transmission, to provide a detailed description of tick-borne ASFV. Second, the dynamics of tick infection with ASFV and the tick-induced immune suppression were further elaborated to explain how ticks spread ASFV. Third, the development of the anti-tick vaccine was summarized, and the prospect of the anti-tick vaccine was recapitulated. Then, the marked attenuated vaccine, ASFV-G-ΔI177L, was compared with those of the anti-tick vaccine to represent potential therapeutic or strategies to combat ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Lv
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xufeng Xie
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shilei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luteng Diao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiger Li
- Portsmouth Abbey School, Portsmouth, RI, United States
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Yongguo Cao, ; Wenlong Zhang,
| | - Yongguo Cao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Yongguo Cao, ; Wenlong Zhang,
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Liu L, Sonenshine DE, Sultana H, Neelakanta G. Identification of a rickettsial endosymbiont in a soft tick Ornithodoros turicata americanus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278582. [PMID: 36473013 PMCID: PMC9725135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts are abundantly found in both hard and soft ticks. Occidentia massiliensis, a rickettsial endosymbiont, was first identified in the soft tick Ornithodoros sonrai collected from Senegal and later was identified in a hard tick Africaniella transversale. In this study, we noted the presence of Occidentia species, designated as Occidentia-like species, in a soft tick O. turicata americanus. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the two genetic markers, 16S rRNA and groEL confirmed the presence of Occidentia-like species in O. turicata americanus ticks. The Occidentia-like species was noted to be present in all developmental stages of O. turicata americanus and in different tick tissues including ovaries, synganglion, guts and salivary gland. The levels of Occidentia-like species 16S rRNA transcripts were noted to be significantly higher in ovaries than in a gut tissue. In addition, Occidentia-like species groEL expression was noted to be significantly higher in tick synganglion than in ovaries and gut tissues. Furthermore, levels of Occidentia-like species 16S rRNA transcripts increased significantly upon O. turicata americanus blood feeding. Taken together, our study not only shows that Occidentia-like species is present in O. turicata americanus but also suggests that this bacterium may play a role in tick-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Liu
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Sonenshine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Hameeda Sultana
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ruiz-Saenz J, Diaz A, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Aguilar PV. African swine fever virus: A re-emerging threat to the swine industry and food security in the Americas. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1011891. [PMID: 36274746 PMCID: PMC9581234 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1011891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia,*Correspondence: Julian Ruiz-Saenz ;
| | - Andres Diaz
- PIC—Pig Improvement Company, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Patricia V. Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States,Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Thompson AT, White SA, Doub EE, Sharma P, Frierson K, Dominguez K, Shaw D, Weaver D, Vigil SL, Bonilla DL, Ruder MG, Yabsley MJ. The wild life of ticks: Using passive surveillance to determine the distribution and wildlife host range of ticks and the exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis, 2010-2021. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:331. [PMID: 36127708 PMCID: PMC9487032 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a large-scale, passive regional survey of ticks associated with wildlife of the eastern United States. Our primary goals were to better assess the current geographical distribution of exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis and to identify potential wild mammalian and avian host species. However, this large-scale survey also provided valuable information regarding the distribution and host associations for many other important tick species that utilize wildlife as hosts. Methods Ticks were opportunistically collected by cooperating state and federal wildlife agencies. All ticks were placed in the supplied vials and host information was recorded, including host species, age, sex, examination date, location (at least county and state), and estimated tick burden. All ticks were identified to species using morphology, and suspect H. longicornis were confirmed through molecular techniques. Results In total, 1940 hosts were examined from across 369 counties from 23 states in the eastern USA. From these submissions, 20,626 ticks were collected and identified belonging to 11 different species. Our passive surveillance efforts detected exotic H. longicornis from nine host species from eight states. Notably, some of the earliest detections of H. longicornis in the USA were collected from wildlife through this passive surveillance network. In addition, numerous new county reports were generated for Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis. Conclusions This study provided data on ticks collected from animals from 23 different states in the eastern USA between 2010 and 2021, with the primary goal of better characterizing the distribution and host associations of the exotic tick H. longicornis; however, new distribution data on tick species of veterinary or medical importance were also obtained. Collectively, our passive surveillance has detected numerous new county reports for H. longicornis as well as I. scapularis. Our study utilizing passive wildlife surveillance for ticks across the eastern USA is an effective method for surveying a diversity of wildlife host species, allowing us to better collect data on current tick distributions relevant to human and animal health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05425-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec T Thompson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Seth A White
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Emily E Doub
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Prisha Sharma
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kenna Frierson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kristen Dominguez
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David Shaw
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Stacey L Vigil
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Denise L Bonilla
- United States Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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13
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Sereda AD, Kazakova AS, Dmitrenko VV, Kolbasov DV. Search for additional tests for immunobiological evaluation of the candidate vaccines against African swine fever. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265819. [PMID: 35551531 PMCID: PMC9098040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of African swine fever (ASF) in Eurasia has forced a return to the development of live vaccines based on naturally or experimentally attenuated strains of the virus including those resulting from genetic manipulations. This process includes evaluation of the immunomodulating properties of the vaccines. In this report we provide our assessment of two tests for immunobiological evaluation of a candidate live vaccine against ASF from the attenuated ASF virus (ASFV) strain KK-202: (i) investigation of the effect of the attenuated ASFV strain KK-202 on the protectiveness of the vaccine ASFV strain FK-32/135 and a vaccine against classical swine fever (CSF) from the strain LK-VNIIVViM; (ii) determination of the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils in pigs inoculated with ASFV strains differing in virulence. A simultaneous or sequential inoculation of attenuated strain KK-202 (seroimmunotype II) and vaccine strain FK-32/135 (seroimmunotype IV) into pigs resulted in the loss of protection against the virulent strain France-32 (seroimmunotype IV). Following the simultaneous or sequential inoculations of the ASFV strain KK-202 and the CSF virus (CSFV) vaccine produced from the strain LK-VNIIVViM, the neutralizing antibody titers against the CSFV observed in the experimental groups (after vaccination and after the challenge infection with the virulent CSFV strain Shimen) were not different from those found in animals of the control group. The phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils was shown to increase from 30% in the norm to 50%-94% depending on the virulence of the ASFV strains inoculated into pigs. The results of this work demonstrate the ability of the attenuated ASFV strains to modulate the development of the cellular link of protective immunity without negative impact on the humoral immune response. The informative value of the described immunobiological tests in vivo and in vitro seems to be a more preferable alternative in comparison to the commonly used in vitro tests, which do not always correlate with the development of protection against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey D. Sereda
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), Volginsky, Vladimir Region, Russia
| | - Anna S. Kazakova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), Volginsky, Vladimir Region, Russia
| | - Viktor V. Dmitrenko
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), Volginsky, Vladimir Region, Russia
| | - Denis V. Kolbasov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), Volginsky, Vladimir Region, Russia
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14
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Hakobyan S, Ross P, Bayramyan N, Poghosyan A, Avetisyan A, Avagyan H, Hakobyan L, Abroyan L, Harutyunova L, Karalyan Z. Experimental models of ecological niches for african swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Qi W, Yang Y, Liu Z, An T, Wu X, Chen J. Prevention and Control Strategies of African Swine Fever and Progress on Pig Farm Repopulation in China. Viruses 2021; 13:2552. [PMID: 34960821 PMCID: PMC8704102 DOI: 10.3390/v13122552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease in domestic and wild pigs. Since the first outbreak of ASF in August 2018 in China, the disease has spread throughout the country with an unprecedented speed, causing heavy losses to the pig and related industries. As a result, strategies for managing the disease are urgently needed. This paper summarizes the important aspects of three key elements about African swine fever virus (ASFV) transmission, including the sources of infection, transmission routes, and susceptible animals. It overviews the relevant prevention and control strategies, focusing on the research progress of ASFV vaccines, anti-ASFV drugs, ASFV-resistant pigs, efficient disinfection, and pig farm biosecurity. We then reviewed the key technical points concerning pig farm repopulation, which is critical to the pork industry. We hope to not only provide a theoretical basis but also practical strategies for effective dealing with the ASF epidemic and restoration of pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjia Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Wenbao Qi
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Yaozhi Yang
- Heilongjiang Dabeinong Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Food Company Limited, Harbin 150028, China;
| | - Zexin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China;
| | - Xiuhong Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.)
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16
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The Collection of Ornithodoros turicata (Dugès) on a Feral Hog in Real County, Texas, USA. J Wildl Dis 2021; 58:238-240. [PMID: 34695206 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential introduction of African swine fever virus (ASFV) into the United States has researchers evaluating routes of potential transmission and the establishment of sylvatic cycles. To help document vector-host associations related to ASFV transmission, the finding of O. turicata on a feral hog in Real County, Texas is reported.
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17
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Mader EM, Ganser C, Geiger A, Harrington LC, Foley J, Smith RL, Mateus-Pinilla N, Teel PD, Eisen RJ. A Survey of Tick Surveillance and Control Practices in the United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1503-1512. [PMID: 34270770 PMCID: PMC9379860 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tickborne diseases are an increasing public health threat in the United States. Prevention and diagnosis of tickborne diseases are improved by access to current and accurate information on where medically important ticks and their associated human and veterinary pathogens are present, their local abundance or prevalence, and when ticks are actively seeking hosts. The true extent of tick and tickborne pathogen expansion is poorly defined, in part because of a lack of nationally standardized tick surveillance. We surveyed 140 vector-borne disease professionals working in state, county, and local public health and vector control agencies to assess their 1) tick surveillance program objectives, 2) pathogen testing methods, 3) tick control practices, 4) data communication strategies, and 5) barriers to program development and operation. Fewer than half of respondents reported that their jurisdiction was engaged in routine, active tick surveillance, but nearly two-thirds reported engaging in passive tick surveillance. Detection of tick presence was the most commonly stated current surveillance objective (76.2%). Most of the programs currently supporting tick pathogen testing were in the Northeast (70.8%), Upper and Central Midwest (64.3%), and the West (71.4%) regions. The most common pathogens screened for were Rickettsia spp. (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) and bacterial and viral agents transmitted by Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks. Only 12% of respondents indicated their jurisdiction directly conducts or otherwise financially supports tick control. Responses indicated that their ability to expand the capacity of tick surveillance and control programs was impeded by inconsistent funding, limited infrastructure, guidance on best practices, and institutional capacity to perform these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Mader
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Claudia Ganser
- Department of Geography and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Annie Geiger
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - Janet Foley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Rebecca L. Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Nohra Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Pete D. Teel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX
| | - Rebecca J. Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
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18
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Tsao JI, Hamer SA, Han S, Sidge JL, Hickling GJ. The Contribution of Wildlife Hosts to the Rise of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in North America. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1565-1587. [PMID: 33885784 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife vertebrate hosts are integral to enzootic cycles of tick-borne pathogens, and in some cases have played key roles in the recent rise of ticks and tick-borne diseases in North America. In this forum article, we highlight roles that wildlife hosts play in the maintenance and transmission of zoonotic, companion animal, livestock, and wildlife tick-borne pathogens. We begin by illustrating how wildlife contribute directly and indirectly to the increase and geographic expansion of ticks and their associated pathogens. Wildlife provide blood meals for tick growth and reproduction; serve as pathogen reservoirs; and can disperse ticks and pathogens-either through natural movement (e.g., avian migration) or through human-facilitated movement (e.g., wildlife translocations and trade). We then discuss opportunities to manage tick-borne disease through actions directed at wildlife hosts. To conclude, we highlight key gaps in our understanding of the ecology of tick-host interactions, emphasizing that wildlife host communities are themselves a very dynamic component of tick-pathogen-host systems and therefore complicate management of tick-borne diseases, and should be taken into account when considering host-targeted approaches. Effective management of wildlife to reduce tick-borne disease risk further requires consideration of the 'human dimensions' of wildlife management. This includes understanding the public's diverse views and values about wildlife and wildlife impacts-including the perceived role of wildlife in fostering tick-borne diseases. Public health agencies should capitalize on the expertise of wildlife agencies when developing strategies to reduce tick-borne disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean I Tsao
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, and Schubot Center for Avian Health, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Seungeun Han
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer L Sidge
- Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Graham J Hickling
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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19
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Mayer JJ, Edwards TB, Garabedian JE, Kilgo JC. Sanitary Waste Landfill Effects on an Invasive Wild Pig Population. J Wildl Manage 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Mayer
- Savannah River National Laboratory Savannah River Nuclear Solutions LLC, Savannah River Site Bldg. 999‐W Aiken SC 29808 USA
| | - Thomas B. Edwards
- Savannah River National Laboratory Savannah River Nuclear Solutions LLC, Savannah River Site Bldg. 999‐W Aiken SC 29808 USA
| | - James E. Garabedian
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station P.O. Box 700 New Ellenton SC 29809 USA
| | - John C. Kilgo
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station P.O. Box 700 New Ellenton SC 29809 USA
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20
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Winckler C, Blome S, Boklund A, Bøtner A, Dhollander S, Rapagnà C, Van der Stede Y, Miranda Chueca MA. Research priorities to fill knowledge gaps in the control of African swine fever: possible transmission of African swine fever virus by vectors. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06676. [PMID: 34188718 PMCID: PMC8215588 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested that EFSA provide study designs for the investigation of four research domains according to major gaps in knowledge identified by EFSA in a report published in 2019: (i) the patterns of seasonality of African Swine Fever (ASF) in wild boar and domestic pigs in the EU; (ii) the epidemiology of ASF in wild boar; (iii) survival of ASF virus (ASFV) in the environment and (iv) transmission of ASFV by vectors. In this Scientific Opinion, the fourth research domain on ASFV transmission by vectors is addressed. Eleven research objectives were proposed by the EFSA working group and broader ASF expert networks, such as ASF stop, ENETWILD, VectorNet, AHAW network and the AHAW Panel Experts. Of the 11 research objectives, six were prioritised based on the following set of criteria: (1) the impact on ASF management; (2) the feasibility or practicality to carry out the study; (3) the potential implementation of study results in practice; (4) a possible short time-frame study (< 1 year); (5) the novelty of the study and (6) if it was a priority for risk managers. The prioritised research objectives were: (I) Studies on the potential vector fauna at the pig-wild boar interface and the feeding preference of blood-feeding potential vectors in ASF-affected areas; (II) Assessment of the efficacy of insect screens on indoor/outdoor pig holdings to prevent the entry of blood-sucking vectors (i.e. Stomoxys) in ASF endemic areas; (III) Assess the role of mechanical vectors in the virus transmission in ASF-affected areas; (IV) Distribution of the potential mechanical transmission vectors in ASF-affected areas of the EU; (V) ASFV transmission by synanthropic birds; and (VI) Assessment on the presence/absence of the soft tick Ornithodoros erraticus in ASF-affected areas in Europe. For each of the selected research objectives, a research protocol has been proposed considering the potential impact on ASF management and the period of 1 year for the research activities.
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21
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Wang F, Zhang H, Hou L, Yang C, Wen Y. Advance of African swine fever virus in recent years. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:535-539. [PMID: 33882382 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most devastating hemorrhagic infectious diseases that affect pigs and wild suids due to the lack of a vaccine or an effective treatment. The large dsDNA genome of African swine fever virus (ASFV) contains up to 167 ORFs that are predicted to encode proteins. Since its introduction to China in 2018, this genome has aroused the enthusiasm of researchers throughout the world. Here, we review the research progress on ASFV in recent years. Given the importance of this disease, this review will highlight recent discoveries in basic virology, focusing mainly on epidemiology, virulence, pathogenic mechanisms, diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment; this will help in understanding virus-host interactions and disease prevention regarding ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases at the Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010018, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases at the Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases at the Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases at the Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases at the Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010018, People's Republic of China
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22
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Kim HJ, Hamer GL, Hamer SA, Lopez JE, Teel PD. Identification of Host Bloodmeal Source in Ornithodoros turicata Dugès (Ixodida: Argasidae) Using DNA-Based and Stable Isotope-Based Techniques. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:620441. [PMID: 33681326 PMCID: PMC7925843 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.620441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecology and host feeding patterns of many soft ticks (Ixodida: Argasidae) remain poorly understood. To address soft tick-host feeding associations, we fed Ornithodoros turicata Dugès on multiple host species and evaluated quantitative PCR (qPCR) and stable isotope analyses to identify the vertebrate species used for the bloodmeal. The results showed that a qPCR with host-specific probes for the cytochrome b gene successfully identified bloodmeals from chicken (Gallus gallus L.), goat (Capra aegagrus hircus L), and swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) beyond 330 days post-feeding and through multiple molting. Also, qPCR-based bloodmeal analyses could detect multiple host species within individual ticks that fed upon more than one species. The stable isotope bloodmeal analyses were based on variation in the natural abundance of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) isotopes in ticks fed on different hosts. When compared to reference isotope signatures, this method discerned unique δ13C and δ15N signatures in the ticks fed on each host taxa yet could not discern multiple host species from O. turicata that fed on more than one host species. Given the significance of soft tick-borne zoonoses and animal diseases, elucidating host feeding patterns from field-collected ticks using these methods may provide insight for an ecological basis to disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee J. Kim
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sarah A. Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Job E. Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pete D. Teel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
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23
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Busselman RE, Olson MF, Martinez V, Davila E, Briggs C, Eldridge DS, Higgins B, Bass B, Cropper TL, Casey TM, Edwards T, Teel PD, Hamer SA, Hamer GL. Host Bloodmeal Identification in Cave-Dwelling Ornithodoros turicata Dugès (Ixodida: Argasidae), Texas, USA. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:639400. [PMID: 33659288 PMCID: PMC7917080 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.639400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-host bloodmeal associations are important factors when characterizing risks of associated pathogen transmission and applying appropriate management strategies. Despite their biological importance, comparatively little is known about soft tick (Argasidae) host associations in the United States compared to hard ticks (Ixodidae). In this study, we evaluated a PCR and direct Sanger sequencing method for identifying the bloodmeal hosts of soft ticks. We collected 381 cave-associated Ornithodoros turicata near San Antonio, Texas, USA, and also utilized eight colony-reared specimens fed artificially on known host blood sources over 1.5 years ago. We correctly identified the vertebrate host bloodmeals of two colony-reared ticks (chicken and pig) up to 1,105 days post-feeding, and identified bloodmeal hosts from 19 out of 168 field-collected soft ticks, including raccoon (78.9%), black vulture (10.5%), Texas black rattlesnake (5.3%), and human (5.3%). Our results confirm the retention of vertebrate blood DNA in soft ticks and advance the knowledge of argasid host associations in cave-dwelling O. turicata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Busselman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Mark F. Olson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Viridiana Martinez
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Edward Davila
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Cierra Briggs
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Devon S. Eldridge
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Bailee Higgins
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Brittany Bass
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Thomas L. Cropper
- 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio, Lackland, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Theresa M. Casey
- 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio, Lackland, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Theresa Edwards
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Government Canyon State Natural Area, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Pete D. Teel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sarah A. Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
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Jia R, Zhang G, Liu H, Chen Y, Zhou J, Liu Y, Ding P, Wang Y, Zang W, Wang A. Novel Application of Nanofluidic Chip Digital PCR for Detection of African Swine Fever Virus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:621840. [PMID: 33614757 PMCID: PMC7894257 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.621840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) gives rise to a grievous transboundary and infectious disease, African swine fever (ASF), which has caused a great economic loss in the swine industry. To prevent and control ASF, once suspicious symptoms have presented, the movement of animal and pork products should be stopped, and then, laboratory testing should be adopted to diagnose ASF. A method for ASFV DNA quantification is presented in this research, which utilizes the next-generation PCR platform, nanofluidic chip digital PCR (cdPCR). The cdPCR detection showed good linearity and repeatability. The limit of detection for cdPCR is 30.1995 copies per reaction, whereas no non-specific amplification curve was found with other swine viruses. In the detection of 69 clinical samples, the cdPCR showed significant consistency [91.30% (63/69)] to the Office International des Epizooties-approved quantitative PCR. Compared with the commercial quantitative PCR kit, the sensitivity of the cdPCR assay was 86.27% (44/50), and the specificity was 94.44% (17/18). The positive coincidence rate of the cdPCR assay was 88% (44/50). The total coincidence rate of the cdPCR and kit was 89.86% (62/69), and the kappa value reached 0.800 (P < 0.0001). This is the first time that cdPCR has been applied to detecting ASFV successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weimin Zang
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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25
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Luskin MS, Meijaard E, Surya S, Sheherazade, Walzer C, Linkie M. African Swine Fever threatens Southeast Asia's 11 endemic wild pig species. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Scott Luskin
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Erik Meijaard
- Borneo Futures Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei Darussalam
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology University of Kent Canterbury Kent UK
| | - Selly Surya
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Indonesia Program Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Sheherazade
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Indonesia Program Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Chris Walzer
- Wildlife Conservation Society, The Bronx New York
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
| | - Matthew Linkie
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Indonesia Program Bogor West Java Indonesia
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26
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Brown VR, Miller RS, McKee SC, Ernst KH, Didero NM, Maison RM, Grady MJ, Shwiff SA. Risks of introduction and economic consequences associated with African swine fever, classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease: A review of the literature. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1910-1965. [PMID: 33176063 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are considered to be three of the most detrimental animal diseases and are currently foreign to the U.S. Emerging and re-emerging pathogens can have tremendous impacts in terms of livestock morbidity and mortality events, production losses, forced trade restrictions, and costs associated with treatment and control. The United States is the world's top producer of beef for domestic and export use and the world's third-largest producer and consumer of pork and pork products; it has also recently been either the world's largest or second largest exporter of pork and pork products. Understanding the routes of introduction into the United States and the potential economic impact of each pathogen are crucial to (a) allocate resources to prevent routes of introduction that are believed to be more probable, (b) evaluate cost and efficacy of control methods and (c) ensure that protections are enacted to minimize impact to the most vulnerable industries. With two scoping literature reviews, pulled from global data, this study assesses the risk posed by each disease in the event of a viral introduction into the United States and illustrates what is known about the economic costs and losses associated with an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna R Brown
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sophie C McKee
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Karina H Ernst
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nicole M Didero
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rachel M Maison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Meredith J Grady
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie A Shwiff
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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27
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Chelkha N, Levasseur A, La Scola B, Colson P. Host-virus interactions and defense mechanisms for giant viruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1486:39-57. [PMID: 33090482 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Giant viruses, with virions larger than 200 nm and genomes larger than 340 kilobase pairs, modified the now outdated perception of the virosphere. With virions now reported reaching up to 1.5 μm in size and genomes of up to 2.5 Mb encoding components shared with cellular life forms, giant viruses exhibit a complexity similar to microbes, such as bacteria and archaea. Here, we review interactions of giant viruses with their hosts and defense strategies of giant viruses against their hosts and coinfecting microorganisms or virophages. We also searched by comparative genomics for homologies with proteins described or suspected to be involved in defense mechanisms. Our search reveals that natural immunity and apoptosis seem to be crucial components of the host defense against giant virus infection. Conversely, giant viruses possess methods of hijacking host functions to counteract cellular antiviral responses. In addition, giant viruses may encode other unique and complex pathways to manipulate the host machinery and eliminate other competing microorganisms. Notably, giant viruses have evolved defense mechanisms against their virophages and they might trigger defense systems against other viruses through sequence integration. We anticipate that comparative genomics may help identifying genes involved in defense strategies of both giant viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrine Chelkha
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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28
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Saegerman C, Bonnet S, Bouhsira E, De Regge N, Fite J, Etoré F, Garigliany MM, Jori F, Lempereur L, Le Potier MF, Quillery E, Vergne T, Vial L. An expert opinion assessment of blood-feeding arthropods based on their capacity to transmit African swine fever virus in Metropolitan France. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1190-1204. [PMID: 32750188 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To deal with the limited literature data on the vectorial capacity of blood-feeding arthropods (BFAs) and their role in the transmission of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Metropolitan France, a dedicated working group of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety performed an expert knowledge elicitation. In total, 15 different BFAs were selected as potential vectors by the ad hoc working group involved. Ten criteria were considered to define the vectorial capacity: vectorial competence, current abundance, expected temporal abundance, spatial distribution, longevity, biting rate, active dispersal capacity, trophic preferences for Suidae, probability of contact with domestic pigs and probability of contact with wild boar. Fourteen experts participated to the elicitation. For each BFA, experts proposed a score (between 0 and 3) for each of the above criteria with an index of uncertainty (between 1 and 4). Overall, all experts gave a weight for all criteria (by distributing 100 marbles). A global weighted sum of score per BFA was calculated permitting to rank the different BFAs in decreasing order. Finally, a regression tree analysis was used to group those BFAs with comparable likelihood to play a role in ASF transmission. Out of the ten considered criteria, the experts indicated vectorial competence, abundance and biting rate as the most important criteria. In the context of Metropolitan France, the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) was ranked as the most probable BFA to be a vector of ASFV, followed by lice (Haematopinus suis), mosquitoes (Aedes, Culex and Anopheles), Culicoides and Tabanidea. Since scientific knowledge on their vectorial competence for ASF is scarce and associated uncertainty on expert elicitation moderate to high, more studies are however requested to investigate the potential vector role of these BFAs could have in ASFV spread, starting with Stomoxys calcitrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sarah Bonnet
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Bouhsira
- UMR ENVT-INRA IHAP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nick De Regge
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Animals, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Johanna Fite
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Florence Etoré
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ferran Jori
- UMR Animal, Santé, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), CIRAD-INRAE-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laetitia Lempereur
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Frédérique Le Potier
- Unité de Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané/Niort, Anses, Ploufragan, France
| | - Elsa Quillery
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Timothée Vergne
- UMR ENVT-INRA IHAP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Vial
- UMR Animal, Santé, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), CIRAD-INRAE-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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29
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Gaudreault NN, Madden DW, Wilson WC, Trujillo JD, Richt JA. African Swine Fever Virus: An Emerging DNA Arbovirus. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:215. [PMID: 32478103 PMCID: PMC7237725 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the sole member of the family Asfarviridae, and the only known DNA arbovirus. Since its identification in Kenya in 1921, ASFV has remained endemic in Africa, maintained in a sylvatic cycle between Ornithodoros soft ticks and warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) which do not develop clinical disease with ASFV infection. However, ASFV causes a devastating and economically significant disease of domestic (Sus scrofa domesticus) and feral (Sus scrofa ferus) swine. There is no ASFV vaccine available, and current control measures consist of strict animal quarantine and culling procedures. The virus is highly stable and easily spreads by infected swine, contaminated pork products and fomites, or via transmission by the Ornithodoros vector. Competent Ornithodoros argasid soft tick vectors are known to exist not only in Africa, but also in parts of Europe and the Americas. Once ASFV is established in the argasid soft tick vector, eradication can be difficult due to the long lifespan of Ornithodoros ticks and their proclivity to inhabit the burrows of warthogs or pens and shelters of domestic pigs. Establishment of endemic ASFV infections in wild boar populations further complicates the control of ASF. Between the late 1950s and early 1980s, ASFV emerged in Europe, Russia and South America, but was mostly eradicated by the mid-1990s. In 2007, a highly virulent genotype II ASFV strain emerged in the Caucasus region and subsequently spread into the Russian Federation and Europe, where it has continued to circulate and spread. Most recently, ASFV emerged in China and has now spread to several neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. The high morbidity and mortality associated with ASFV, the lack of an efficacious vaccine, and the complex makeup of the ASFV virion and genome as well as its lifecycle, make this pathogen a serious threat to the global swine industry and national economies. Topics covered by this review include factors important for ASFV infection, replication, maintenance, and transmission, with attention to the role of the argasid tick vector and the sylvatic transmission cycle, current and future control strategies for ASF, and knowledge gaps regarding the virus itself, its vector and host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Daniel W. Madden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - William C. Wilson
- Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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30
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Kading RC, Abworo EO, Hamer GL. Rift Valley Fever Virus, Japanese Encephalitis Virus, and African Swine Fever Virus: Three Transboundary, Vector-Borne, Veterinary Biothreats With Diverse Surveillance, and Response Capacity Needs. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:458. [PMID: 31921916 PMCID: PMC6923192 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of emerging foreign animal diseases is critical to pathogen surveillance and control programs. Rift valley fever virus (RVFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and African swine fever virus (ASFV) represent three taxonomically and ecologically diverse vector-borne viruses with the potential to be introduced to the United States. To promote preparedness for such an event, we reviewed the current surveillance strategies and diagnostic tools in practice around the world for these emerging viruses, and summarized key points pertaining to the availability of existing guidelines and strategic approaches for early detection, surveillance, and disease management activities. We compare and contrast the surveillance and management approaches of these three diverse agents of disease as case studies to emphasize the importance of the ecological context and biology of vectors and vertebrate hosts. The information presented in this review will inform stakeholders of the current state of surveillance approaches against these transboundary foreign animal disease which threaten the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C Kading
- Arthropod-Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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31
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Liang R, Lu Y, Qu X, Su Q, Li C, Xia S, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Cao X, Chen Q, Niu B. Prediction for global African swine fever outbreaks based on a combination of random forest algorithms and meteorological data. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:935-946. [PMID: 31738013 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a virulent infectious disease of pigs. As there is no effective vaccine and treatment method at present, it poses a great threat to the pig industry once it breaks out. In this paper, we used ASF outbreak data and the WorldClim database meteorological data and selected the CfsSubset Evaluator-Best First feature selection method combined with the random forest algorithms to construct an African swine fever outbreak prediction model. Subsequently, we also established a test set for data other than modelling, and the accuracy accuracy value range of the model on the independent test set was 76.02%-84.64%, which indicated that the modelling effect was better and the prediction accuracy was higher than previous estimates. In addition, logistic regression analysis was conducted on 12 features used for modelling and the ROC curves were drawn. The results showed that the bio14 features (precipitation of driest month) had the largest contribution to the outbreak of ASF, and it was speculated that the outbreak of the epidemic was significantly related to precipitation. Finally, we used this qualitative prediction model to build a global online prediction system for ASF outbreaks, in the hope that this study will help to decision-makers who can then take the relevant prevention and control measures in order to prevent the further spread of future epidemics of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosheng Qu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Southwest Endangered Medicinal Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Qiang Su
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Computing Center of Guangxi, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanning, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijing Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Technical Center For Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Institute of Clinical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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