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Rodríguez-Fonseca RA, Bello M, de Los Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Luis Jiménez J, Rojas-Hernández S, Fragoso-Vázquez MJ, Gutiérrez-Sánchez M, Rodrigues J, Cayetano-Castro N, Borja-Urby R, Rodríguez-Cortés O, García-Machorro J, Correa-Basurto J. In silico search, chemical characterization and immunogenic evaluation of amino-terminated G4-PAMAM-HIV peptide complexes using three-dimensional models of the HIV-1 gp120 protein. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:77-93. [PMID: 30711762 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptide epitopes have been widely used to develop synthetic vaccines and immunotherapies. However, peptide epitopes may exhibit poor absorption or immunogenicity due to their low molecular weights. Conversely, fourth-generation polyamidoamine (G4-PAMAM) dendrimers are nonimmunogenic and relatively nontoxic synthetic nanoparticles that have been used as adjuvants and nanocarriers of small peptides and to improve nasal absorption. Based on this information, we hypothesized that the combination of intranasal immunization and G4-PAMAM dendrimers would be useful for enhancing the antibody responses of HIV-1 gp120 peptide epitopes. Therefore, we first used structural data, peptide epitope predictors and docking and MD simulations on MHC-II to identify two peptide epitopes on the CD4 binding site of HIV-1 gp120. The formation of G4-PAMAM-peptide complexes was evaluated in silico (molecular docking studies using different G4-PAMAM conformations retrieved from MD simulations as well as the MMGBSA approach) and validated experimentally (electrophoresis, 1H NMR and cryo-TEM). Next, the G4-PAMAM dendrimer-peptide complexes were administered intranasally to groups of female BALB/cJ mice. The results showed that both peptides were immunogenic at the systemic and mucosal levels (nasal and vaginal), and G4-PAMAM dendrimer-peptide complexes improved IgG and IgA responses in serum and nasal washes. Thus, G4-PAMAM dendrimers have potential for use as adjuvants and nanocarriers of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Alberto Rodríguez-Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Martiniano Bello
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | | | - José Luis Jiménez
- Sección Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saúl Rojas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - M J Fragoso-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mara Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - João Rodrigues
- Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal; Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal and School of Materials Science and Engineering/Center for Nano Energy Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - N Cayetano-Castro
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - R Borja-Urby
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Octavio Rodríguez-Cortés
- Laboratorio 103, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jazmín García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico.
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
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Rodríguez-Fonseca RA, Bello M, de los Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Luis Jiménez J, Rojas-Hernández S, Fragoso-Vázquez M, Gutiérrez-Sánchez M, Rodrigues J, Cayetano-Castro N, Borja-Urby R, Rodríguez-Cortés O, García-Machorro J, Correa-Basurto J. In silico search, chemical characterization and immunogenic evaluation of amino-terminated G4-PAMAM-HIV peptide complexes using three-dimensional models of the HIV-1 gp120 protein. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cry1Ac toxin induces macrophage activation via ERK1/2, JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 78:106-115. [PMID: 27394658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Cry1Ac toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is used commercially as a bio-insecticide and is expressed in transgenic plants that are used for human and animal consumption. Although it was originally considered innocuous for mammals, the Cry1Ac toxin is not inert and has the ability to induce mucosal and systemic immunogenicity. Herein, we examined whether the Cry1Ac toxin promotes macrophage activation and explored the signalling pathways that may mediate this effect. Treatment of primary and RAW264.7 macrophages with the Cry1Ac toxin resulted in upregulation of the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and ICOS-L and enhanced production of nitric oxide, the chemokine MCP-1 and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Remarkably, the Cry1Ac toxin induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1/2, JNK and p38 and promoted nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p50 and p65. p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs were involved in this effect, as indicated by the Cry1Ac-induced upregulation of CD80 and IL-6 and TNF-α abrogation by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Furthermore, treatment the MEK1/2 kinase inhibitor PD98059 blocked increases in MCP-1 secretion and augmented Cry1Ac-induced ICOS-L upregulation. These data demonstrate the capacity of the Cry1Ac toxin to induce macrophage activation via the MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
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Joshi SS, Barnett B, Doerrer NG, Glenn K, Herman RA, Herouet-Guicheney C, Hunst P, Kough J, Ladics GS, McClain S, Papineni S, Poulsen LK, Rascle JB, Tao AL, van Ree R, Ward J, Bowman CC. Assessment of potential adjuvanticity of Cry proteins. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79:149-155. [PMID: 27105772 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) crops have achieved success in the marketplace and their benefits extend beyond the overall increase in harvest yields to include lowered use of insecticides and decreased carbon dioxide emissions. The most widely grown GM crops contain gene/s for targeted insect protection, herbicide tolerance, or both. Plant expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal (Cry) insecticidal proteins have been the primary way to impart insect resistance in GM crops. Although deemed safe by regulatory agencies globally, previous studies have been the basis for discussions around the potential immuno-adjuvant effects of Cry proteins. These studies had limitations in study design. The studies used animal models with extremely high doses of Cry proteins, which when given using the ig route were co-administered with an adjuvant. Although the presumption exists that Cry proteins may have immunostimulatory activity and therefore an adjuvanticity risk, the evidence shows that Cry proteins are expressed at very low levels in GM crops and are unlikely to function as adjuvants. This conclusion is based on critical review of the published literature on the effects of immunomodulation by Cry proteins, the history of safe use of Cry proteins in foods, safety of the Bt donor organisms, and pre-market weight-of-evidence-based safety assessments for GM crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Joshi
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Brian Barnett
- BASF Plant Science, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Nancy G Doerrer
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 Fifteenth St., NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
| | - Kevin Glenn
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Rod A Herman
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | | | - Penny Hunst
- Bayer CropScience, 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - John Kough
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Ariel Rios Building, MC 7511P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Gregory S Ladics
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
| | - Scott McClain
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 3054 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Sabitha Papineni
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Lars K Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, Dept. 22, 1st Floor, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rascle
- Bayer SAS, Bayer CropScience, 355 Rue Dostoïevski, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Ai-Lin Tao
- Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang Road East, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Departments of Experimental Immunology and Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room K0-130, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jason Ward
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Christal C Bowman
- Bayer CropScience, 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Rubio-Infante N, Moreno-Fierros L. An overview of the safety and biological effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins in mammals. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:630-48. [PMID: 26537666 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crystal proteins (Cry) produced during the growth and sporulation phases of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacterium are known as delta endotoxins. These toxins are being used worldwide as bioinsecticides to control pests in agriculture, and some Cry toxins are used against mosquitoes to control vector transmission. This review summarizes the relevant information currently available regarding the biosafety and biological effects that Bt and its insecticidal Cry proteins elicit in mammals. This work was performed because of concerns regarding the possible health impact of Cry toxins on vertebrates, particularly because Bt toxins might be associated with immune-activating or allergic responses. The controversial data published to date are discussed in this review considering earlier toxicological studies of B. thuringiensis, spores, toxins and Bt crops. We discussed the experimental studies performed in humans, mice, rats and sheep as well as in diverse mammalian cell lines. Although the term 'toxic' is not appropriate for defining the effects these toxins have on mammals, they cannot be considered innocuous, as they have some physiological effects that may become pathological; thus, trials that are more comprehensive are necessary to determine their effects on mammals because knowledge in this field remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Rubio-Infante
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, México
| | - Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, México
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Rubio-Infante N, Govea-Alonso DO, Alpuche-Solís ÁG, García-Hernández AL, Soria-Guerra RE, Paz-Maldonado LMT, Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado D, Varona-Santos JT, Verdín-Terán L, Korban SS, Moreno-Fierros L, Rosales-Mendoza S. A chloroplast-derived C4V3 polypeptide from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is orally immunogenic in mice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 78:337-49. [PMID: 22228408 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide, attempts to develop an effective vaccine remain elusive. Designing recombinant proteins capable of eliciting significant and protective mammalian immune responses remain a priority. Moreover, large-scale production of proteins of interest at affordable cost remains a challenge for modern biotechnology. In this study, a synthetic gene encoding a C4V3 recombinant protein, known to induce systemic and mucosal immune responses in mammalian systems, has been introduced into tobacco chloroplasts to yield high levels of expression. Integration of the transgene into the tobacco plastome has been verified by Southern blot hybridization. The recombinant C4V3 protein is also detected in tobacco chloroplasts by confocal microscopy. Reactivity of the heterologous protein with both an anti-C4V3 rabbit serum as well as sera from HIV positive patients have been assayed using Western blots. When administered by the oral route in a four-weekly dose immunization scheme, the plant-derived C4V3 has elicited both systemic and mucosal antibody responses in BALB/c mice, as well as CD4+ T cell proliferation responses. These findings support the viability of using plant chloroplasts as biofactories for HIV candidate vaccines, and could serve as important vehicles for the development of a plant-based candidate vaccine against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Rubio-Infante
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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Yu M, Vajdy M. Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1181-95. [PMID: 20624114 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.496776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD There are currently over thirty million people infected with HIV and there are no vaccines available to prevent HIV infections or disease. The genitourinary, rectal and oral mucosa are the mucosal HIV transmission routes. An effective vaccine that can induce both systemic and local mucosal immunity is generally accepted as a major means of protection against mucosal HIV transmission and AIDS. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Structure and cells that comprise the oral, vaginal and rectal mucosa pertaining to HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through each mucosal route to prevent mucosal and systemic infection will be discussed. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Covering publications from 1980s through 2010, mucosal transmission of HIV and current and previous approaches to vaccinations are discussed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although oral transmission of HIV is far less common than vaginal and rectal transmissions, infections through this route do occur through oral sex as well as vertically from mother to child. Mucosal vaccination strategies against oral and other mucosal HIV transmissions are under intensive research but the lack of consensus on immune correlates of protection and lack of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems hamper progress towards a licensed vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Yu
- EpitoGenesis, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
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