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Ke F, Zhang QY. Aquatic animal viruses mediated immune evasion in their host. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1096-1105. [PMID: 30557608 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are important and lethal pathogens that hamper aquatic animals. The result of the battle between host and virus would determine the occurrence of diseases. The host will fight against virus infection with various responses such as innate immunity, adaptive immunity, apoptosis, and so on. On the other hand, the virus also develops numerous strategies such as immune evasion to antagonize host antiviral responses. Here, We review the research advances on virus mediated immune evasions to host responses containing interferon response, NF-κB signaling, apoptosis, and adaptive response, which are executed by viral genes, proteins, and miRNAs from different aquatic animal viruses including Alloherpesviridae, Iridoviridae, Nimaviridae, Birnaviridae, Reoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. Thus, it will facilitate the understanding of aquatic animal virus mediated immune evasion and potentially benefit the development of novel antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Tang X, Qin Y, Sheng X, Xing J, Zhan W. Generation, characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against matrix protein of hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) in flounder. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 128:203-213. [PMID: 29862978 DOI: 10.3354/dao03222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) causes severe disease in fish cultures, resulting in great economic loss in Asia and Europe. In this study, the matrix protein (M) of HIRRV was recombinantly expressed as the immunogen to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) using hybridoma cell fusion technology, and 3 MAbs were produced and characterized by indirect ELISA, Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Western blotting and mass spectrometric analysis showed that the MAbs could specifically react with the nature M protein of HIRRV. The MAbs were employed to detect virions in HIRRV-infected epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells and flounder Paralichthys olivaceus by IFA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In the virus-infected EPC cells, the virions were mainly located in the cytoplasm, whereas in flounder, HIRRV was present in all 10 tested tissues, and the positive signals in spleen, head-kidney and heart were higher than in other tissues, consistent with the results obtained by RT-PCR. Moreover, strong positive signals were observed in the endothelial cells of blood vessels, but only the leukocytes were infected by HIRRV in the whole blood cells. These results indicate that the high susceptibility to HIRRV of leukocytes and endothelial cells may facilitate the spread of HIRRV and finally cause systemic infection in flounder. This study provides a foundation for further studies on rapid diagnosis of HIRRV and its infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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3
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Characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against channel catfish virus (CCV). Arch Virol 2018; 163:2503-2506. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Gao XC, Chen ZY, Liu J, Zhang QY. Development and application of monoclonal antibodies for detection and analysis of aquareoviruses. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 37:376-89. [PMID: 26889962 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1151440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) play an important role in detection of aquareoviruses. Three mAbs against grass carp reovirus (GCRV) were prepared. Isotyping revealed that all three mAbs were of subclass IgG2b. Western blot assay showed that all three mAbs reacted with GCRV 69 kDa protein (the putative VP5). In addition to the 69 kDa protein of GCRV, mAb 4B6 also recognize a 54 kDa protein. All three mAbs were used for detecting aquareovirus by Western blot assay and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). All of them reacted with GCRV, and mAb 4A3 could also react with turbot Scophthalmus maximus reovirus (SMReV) and largemouth bass Microptererus salmonides reovirus (MsReV). Viral antigens were only observed in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Finally, syncytia formation was observed with light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy using fluorescein labelled 4A3 mAb at various times post-infection. Syncytia were observed at 36 hr post-infection (hpi) by light microscopy and at 12 hpi by fluorescence microscopy. The immunofluorescence based assay allowed earlier detection of virus than observation of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) assay in inoculated cell cultures. The sensitivity and specificity of these mAbs may be useful for diagnosis and monitoring of aquareoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chan Gao
- a State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Jia Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China
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Sheng X, Song J, Zhan W. Development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip for detection of lymphocystis disease virus in fish. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:737-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X.Z. Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals; Ocean University of China; Qingdao; China
| | - J.L. Song
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals; Ocean University of China; Qingdao; China
| | - W.B. Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals; Ocean University of China; Qingdao; China
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Wu B, Zhu B, Luo Y, Wang M, Lu Y, Wang W, Cao S, Huang F, Liu X. Generation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Channel Catfish Virus. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2011; 30:555-8. [DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2011.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bibo Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuling Luo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengtao Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Zhu RL, Lei XY, Ke F, Yuan XP, Zhang QY. Genome of turbot rhabdovirus exhibits unusual non-coding regions and an additional ORF that could be expressed in fish cell. Virus Res 2010; 155:495-505. [PMID: 21185339 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Genomic sequence of Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus (SMRV) isolated from diseased turbot has been characterized. The complete genome of SMRV comprises 11,492 nucleotides and encodes five typical rhabdovirus genes N, P, M, G and L. In addition, two open reading frames (ORF) are predicted overlapping with P gene, one upstream of P and smaller than P (temporarily called Ps), and another in P gene which may encodes a protein similar to the vesicular stomatitis virus C protein. The C ORF is contained within the P ORF. The five typical proteins share the highest sequence identities (48.9%) with the corresponding proteins of rhabdoviruses in genus Vesiculovirus. Phylogenetic analysis of partial L protein sequence indicates that SMRV is close to genus Vesiculovirus. The first 13 nucleotides at the ends of the SMRV genome are absolutely inverse complementarity. The gene junctions between the five genes show conserved polyadenylation signal (CATGA(7)) and intergenic dinucleotide (CT) followed by putative transcription initiation sequence A(A/G)(C/G)A(A/G/T), which are different from known rhabdoviruses. The entire Ps ORF was cloned and expressed, and used to generate polyclonal antibody in mice. One obvious band could be detected in SMRV-infected carp leucocyte cells (CLCs) by anti-Ps/C serum via Western blot, and the subcellular localization of Ps-GFP fusion protein exhibited cytoplasm distribution as multiple punctuate or doughnut shaped foci of uneven size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Zhang M, Yang J, Lin X, Zhu C, He J, Liu H, Lin T. A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of soft-shelled turtle iridovirus antigens. J Virol Methods 2010; 167:193-8. [PMID: 20399233 PMCID: PMC7112847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for detection of the soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (STIV) was developed using a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against STIV and anti-STIV rabbit serum. Using DAS-ELISA, the detection limit of STIV was found to be 103 PFU/ml. The positive rate of 15 STIV samples was 100%, while the positive rate of 100 other aquatic virus samples was 0%. These data show that DAS-ELISA is highly specific and sensitive for the detection of STIV. In clinical tests, 128 samples isolated from pond-reared turtles were subjected to DAS-ELISA and PCR. The overall agreement between the results obtained by DAS-ELISA and PCR was 98.4%. The results indicate that the DAS-ELISA method could be used for diagnosing diseases caused by STIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zhang
- The Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241 Building, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 64933405; fax: +86 10 64912740.
| | - J.X. Yang
- Biotechnology Institute of Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 247 Building, Wusibei Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China
| | - X.M. Lin
- The Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241 Building, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - C.H. Zhu
- Biotechnology Institute of Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 247 Building, Wusibei Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China
| | - J.Q. He
- Shenzhen Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 801 Heping Building, 2049 Heping Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, China
| | - H. Liu
- Shenzhen Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 801 Heping Building, 2049 Heping Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 755 25592980; fax: +86 755 25588410.
| | - T.L. Lin
- Biotechnology Institute of Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 247 Building, Wusibei Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China
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Lü AJ, Li ZQ, Zhang QY. Detection of cutaneous antibodies in excised skin explants from grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), immune to Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:559-565. [PMID: 18482386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study determined whether cutaneous antibodies were present in excised skin explants of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, immune to Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus (SMRV). Culture fluid from immune skin explants were assayed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA), Western blot, indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and flow cytometry (FCM). iELISA showed that cutaneous antibody titres were much lower (1:12) than antiserum titres (1:1458) from intraperitoneally immunized grass carp. The phosphoprotein and matrix protein antigens of purified SMRV proteins were recognized by cutaneous antibodies from skin culture fluid using Western blot. The skin culture fluid produced staining signals in viral assembly sites and cytoplasm of SMRV-infected epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells by IFA. FCM showed that 4.39% SMRV-infected EPC cells were detected, while non-specific reaction was seen in 2% of control cells. This is the first description of cutaneous antibodies against SMRV in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-J Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Pei DS, Sun YH, Zhu ZY. Identification of a novel gene K23 over-expressed in fish cross-subfamily cloned embryos. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:1375-80. [PMID: 18654838 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel gene-K23, differentially expressed in cross-subfamily cloned embryos, was isolated by RACE-PCR technique. It had 2580 base pairs (bp) in length, with a 1,425 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative protein of 474 amino acids (aa). Bioinformatic analysis indicated that K23 had 22 phosphorylation sites, but it had no signal peptides. Developmental expression analysis in zebrafish showed that K23 transcripts were maternally expressed in ovum and the amount of K23 transcripts increased gradually from zygote to pharyngula period. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that K23 protein was homogeneously distributed both in nuclei and cytoplasm. Taken together, our findings indicate that K23 gene is a novel gene differentially expressed in fish cross-subfamily cloned embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Sheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Chen ZY, Liu H, Li ZQ, Zhang QY. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to spring viraemia of carp virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 123:266-76. [PMID: 18378003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against spring viraemia of carp (SVCV0504, isolated from common carp in China) were produced from mice immunized with purified virus preparations. The virion of SVCV contains five structural proteins, representing the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). Western blotting analysis revealed that three mAbs (1H5, 1E10, and 1H7) recognized specifically to a single protein of 47kDa (N), the mAb 3G4 reacted with two SVCV0504 proteins of 69kDa (G) and 47kDa (N), while the mAb 1A9 reacted with three SVCV0504 proteins of 69kDa (G), 50kDa (P), and 47kDa (N). By indirect ELISA, two mAbs (1H5 and 1H7) showed cross-reactivity with pike fry rhabdovirus (PFRV), but no cross-reactions with the Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV), Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus (SMRV), Paralichthys olivaceus rhabdovirus (PoRV) were demonstrated with the five mAbs. Indirect immunofluorescence showed intense fluorescence in the cytoplasm of the SVCV0504-infected epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells in areas corresponding to the location of granular structures. The sucrose gradient-purified SVCV0504 particles could be detected successfully by these mAbs using immunodot blotting. mAb 1A9 could completely neutralize 100 TCID(50) (50% tissue culture infective dose) of SVCV0504 at a dilution of 1:8. This is the first report of development of the neutralizing mAbs against SVCV. The mAb 1A9 was analyzed further and could be used to successfully detect viral antigens in the infected-EPC cell cultures or in cryosections from experimentally infected crucian carp (Carassius auratus) by immunohistochemistry assay. Furthermore, a flow cytometry procedure for the detection and quantification of cytoplasmic SVCV0504 in cell cultures was developed with mAb 1A9. At 28h after inoculation with the virus (0.01PFU/cell), 10.12% of infected cells could be distinguished from the uninfected cells. These mAbs will be useful in diagnostic test development and pathogenesis studies for fish rhabdovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the flounder Paralichthys olivaceus rhabdovirus. J Virol Methods 2008; 148:205-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhou GZ, Li ZQ, Yuan XP, Zhang QY. Establishment, characterization, and virus susceptibility of a new marine cell line from red spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2007; 9:370-6. [PMID: 17342554 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-006-7165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A marine fish cell line from the snout of red spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara, a protogynous hermaphrodite, was established, characterized, and subcultured with more than 60 passages. The grouper snout cell line (GSC) cells multiplied well in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The optimal growth temperature was 25 degrees C, and morphologically the cells were fibroblastic. Chromosome analysis revealed that the GSC cell line has a normal diploid karyotype with 2n = 8st + 40t. A virus titration study indicated that the cells were susceptible to turbot Scophthalmus Maximus rhabdovirus (SMRV) (10(8.5) TCID(50) ml(-1)), while the viral titer of frog Rana grylio virus 9807 (RGV(9807)) reached 10(3.5) TCID(50) ml(-1). The infection was confirmed by cytopathic effect (CPE), immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy experiments, which detected the viral particles in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells, respectively. Further, significant fluorescent signals were observed when the GSC cells were transfected with pEGFP vector DNA, indicating their potential utility for transgenic and genetic manipulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate school of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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