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Preiss NK, Kang T, Usherwood YK, Huang YH, Branchini BR, Usherwood EJ. Control of B Cell Lymphoma by Gammaherpesvirus-Induced Memory CD8 T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:3372-3382. [PMID: 33188072 PMCID: PMC7924667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infection with gammaherpesviruses (γHV) can cause lymphomagenesis in immunocompromised patients. Murine γHV-68 (MHV-68) is an important tool for understanding immune factors contributing to γHV control; however, modeling control of γHV-associated lymphomagenesis has been challenging. Current model systems require very long incubation times or severe immune suppression, and tumor penetrance is low. In this report, we describe the generation of a B cell lymphoma on the C57BL/6 background, which is driven by the Myc oncogene and expresses an immunodominant CD8 T cell epitope from MHV-68. We determined MHV-68-specific CD8 T cells in latently infected mice use either IFN-γ or perforin/granzyme to control γHV-associated lymphoma, but perforin/granzyme is a more potent effector mechanism for lymphoma control than IFN-γ. Consistent with previous reports, CD4-depleted mice lost control of virus replication in persistently infected mice. However, control of lymphoma remained intact in the absence of CD4 T cells. Collectively, these data show the mechanisms of T cell control of B cell lymphoma in γHV-infected mice overlap with those necessary for control of virus replication, but there are also important differences. This study establishes a tool for further dissecting immune surveillance against, and optimizing adoptive T cell therapies for, γHV-associated lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Preiss
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Taewook Kang
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Young-Kwang Usherwood
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Yina H Huang
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | | | - Edward J Usherwood
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
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2
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Pant K, Chandrasekaran A, Chang CJ, Vageesh A, Popkov AJ, Weinberg JB. Effects of tumor necrosis factor on viral replication and pulmonary inflammation during acute mouse adenovirus type 1 respiratory infection. Virology 2020; 547:12-19. [PMID: 32560900 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells contribute to effective clearance of mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) and to virus-induced pulmonary inflammation. We characterized effects of a CD8 T cell effector, TNF, on MAV-1 pathogenesis. TNF inhibited MAV-1 replication in vitro. TNF deficiency or immunoneutralization had no effect on lung viral loads or viral gene expression in mice infected intranasally with MAV-1. Absence of TNF delayed virus-induced weight loss and reduced histological evidence of pulmonary inflammation, although concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were not significantly affected. BALF concentrations of IL-10 were greater in TNF-deficient mice compared to controls. Our data indicate that TNF is not essential for control of viral replication in vivo, but virus-induced TNF contributes to some aspects of immunopathology and disease. Redundant CD8 T cell effectors and other aspects of immune function are sufficient for antiviral and pro-inflammatory responses to acute MAV-1 respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittika Pant
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Christine J Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aditya Vageesh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Fas activity mediates airway inflammation during mouse adenovirus type 1 respiratory infection. Virology 2018; 521:129-137. [PMID: 29908447 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD8 T cells play a key role in clearance of mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) from the lung and contribute to virus-induced airway inflammation. We tested the hypothesis that interactions between Fas ligand (FasL) and Fas mediate the antiviral and proinflammatory effects of CD8 T cells. FasL and Fas expression were increased in the lungs of C57BL/6 (B6) mice during MAV-1 respiratory infection. Viral replication and weight loss were similar in B6 and Fas-deficient (lpr) mice. Histological evidence of pulmonary inflammation was similar in B6 and lpr mice, but lung mRNA levels and airway proinflammatory cytokine concentrations were lower in MAV-1-infected lpr mice compared to infected B6 mice. Virus-induced apoptosis in lungs was not affected by Fas deficiency. Our results suggest that the proinflammatory effects of CD8 T cells during MAV-1 infection are mediated in part by Fas activation and are distinct from CD8 T cell antiviral functions.
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Molloy CT, Andonian JS, Seltzer HM, Procario MC, Watson ME, Weinberg JB. Contributions of CD8 T cells to the pathogenesis of mouse adenovirus type 1 respiratory infection. Virology 2017; 507:64-74. [PMID: 28410483 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells are key components of the immune response to viruses, but their roles in the pathogenesis of adenovirus respiratory infection have not been characterized. We used mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) to define CD8 T cell contributions to the pathogenesis of adenovirus respiratory infection. CD8 T cell deficiency in β2m-/- mice had no effect on peak viral replication in lungs, but clearance of virus was delayed in β2m-/- mice. Virus-induced weight loss and increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total protein, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, CCL2, and CCL5 concentrations were less in β2m-/- mice than in controls. CD8 T cell depletion had similar effects on virus clearance, weight loss, and inflammation. Deficiency of IFN-γ or perforin had no effect on viral replication or inflammation, but perforin-deficient mice were partially protected from weight loss. CD8 T cells promote MAV-1-induced pulmonary inflammation via a mechanism that is independent of direct antiviral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn T Molloy
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Harrison M Seltzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Megan C Procario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael E Watson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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5
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Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 and Type I Interferon Cooperate To Control Acute Gammaherpesvirus Infection. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01444-16. [PMID: 27795415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01444-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong infection in >95% of adults worldwide and are associated with a variety of malignancies. Coevolution of gammaherpesviruses with their hosts has resulted in an intricate relationship between the virus and the host immune system, and perturbation of the virus-host balance results in pathology. Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is a tumor suppressor that is also involved in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we show that type I interferon (IFN) and IRF-1 cooperate to control acute gammaherpesvirus infection. Specifically, we demonstrate that a combination of IRF-1 and type I IFN signaling ensures host survival during acute gammaherpesvirus infection and supports IFN gamma-mediated suppression of viral replication. Thus, our studies reveal an intriguing cross talk between IRF-1 and type I and II IFNs in the induction of the antiviral state during acute gammaherpesvirus infection. IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses establish chronic infection in a majority of adults, and this long-term infection is associated with virus-driven development of a range of malignancies. In contrast, a brief period of active gammaherpesvirus replication during acute infection of a naive host is subclinical in most individuals. Here, we discovered that a combination of type I interferon (IFN) signaling and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) expression is required to ensure survival of a gammaherpesvirus-infected host past the first 8 days of infection. Specifically, both type I IFN receptor and IRF-1 expression potentiated antiviral effects of type II IFN to restrict gammaherpesvirus replication in vivo, in the lungs, and in vitro, in primary macrophage cultures.
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Trammell RA, Toth LA. Effects of Chronic Diurnal Disruption and Acute Inflammatory Challenge on Mice with Latent Murine Gammaherpesvirus Infection. Comp Med 2016; 66:445-454. [PMID: 28304247 PMCID: PMC5157959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
People who engage in shift work (SW) have increased risk of developing illnesses, including infectious diseases and various inflammatory conditions. We hypothesized that exposure to repeated cycles of diurnal disruption, mimicking SW, influences viral clearance, latent viral load, or viral reactivation from latency in mice infected with murine gammaherpesvirus (MuGHV). To test this idea, we inoculated BALB/cByJ and C.129S7(B6)-Ifng tm1Ts/J (IFNgKO) mice with MuGHV and housed them under either a stable light:dark (LD) cycle or one mimicking SW. Compared with BALB/cByJ mice, IFNgKO mice generally had higher levels of lytic virus during the 6-wk period after inoculation. In addition, more IFNgKO mice were positive for replicating virus than were BALB/cByJ mice. Exposure to SW did not alter these measures consistently. After the virus had entered the latent phase of infection, mice received either LPS or pyrogen-free saline intraperitoneally. Mice exposed to SW and then injected with LPS during latent infection had greater viral loads and more replicating virus in the lung at 7 d after injection than did either mice that received pyrogen-free saline or those exposed to LD and then treated with LPS. Some cytokine and chemokine concentrations were changed in lung collected 1 d after but not at 7 d after LPS administration. These findings suggest that exposure to repeated chronic diurnal disruption and an acute inflammatory challenge during latent MuGHV infection, in the context of impaired host immune competence, contribute to enhanced viral reactivity and an increased viral load that might trigger 'sickness behavior' symptoms of infectious disease and perhaps contribute to chronic fatigue syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Trammell
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Linda A Toth
- Departments of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois;,
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Wambua L, Wambua PN, Ramogo AM, Mijele D, Otiende MY. Wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever: perspectives for integrated control of a lymphoproliferative disease of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. Arch Virol 2015; 161:1-10. [PMID: 26446889 PMCID: PMC4698299 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever (WA-MCF), an acute lymphoproliferative disease of cattle caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), remains a significant constraint to cattle production in nomadic pastoralist systems in eastern and southern Africa. The transmission of WA-MCF is dependent on the presence of the wildlife reservoir, i.e. wildebeest, belonging to the species Connochaetes taurinus and Connochaetes gnou; hence, the distribution of WA-MCF is largely restricted to Kenya, Tanzania and the Republic of South Africa, where wildebeest are present. WA-MCF is analogous to sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) in many aspects, with the latter having sheep as its reservoir host and a more global distribution, mainly in developed countries with intensive livestock production systems. However, unlike SA-MCF, the geographic seclusion of WA-MCF may have contributed to an apparent neglect in research efforts aimed at increased biological understanding and control of the disease. This review aims to highlight the importance of WA-MCF and the need for intensified research towards measures for its integrated control. We discuss current knowledge on transmission and geographical distribution in eastern and southern Africa and the burden of WA-MCF in affected vulnerable pastoral communities in Africa. Recent findings towards vaccine development and pertinent knowledge gaps for future research efforts on WA-MCF are also considered. Finally, integrated control of WA-MCF based on a logical three-pronged framework is proposed, contextualizing vaccine development, next-generation diagnostics, and diversity studies targeted to the viral pathogen and cattle hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Wambua
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Peninah Nduku Wambua
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Allan Maurice Ramogo
- International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Domnic Mijele
- Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O Box 40241, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Shrivastava P, Atanley E, Sarkar I, Watkiss E, Gomis S, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Blunted inflammatory and mucosal IgA responses to pneumonia virus of mice in C57BL/6 neonates are correlated to reduced protective immunity upon re-infection as elderly mice. Virology 2015; 485:233-43. [PMID: 26298860 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants and pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) causes similar disease in mice. The impact of PVM infection in BALB/c and C57BL/6 neonates, and upon re-infection as elderly mice, was compared. As previously shown for adult mice, PVM caused more disease in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 neonates. After PVM-15 infection BALB/c neonates showed higher production of inflammatory mediators, more influx of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and higher IFN-α expression, and more IgA in the lungs than C57BL/6 neonates. After re-infection as elderly, BALB/c mice developed virus neutralizing antibodies in serum and lung, and were protected from clinical disease, whereas C57BL/6 mice did not develop an anamnestic response and were not protected. These results suggest that an effective local innate response, as well as priming of mucosal adaptive responses in neonates after PVM-15 infection is correlated to decreased susceptibility and protection upon re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Shrivastava
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
| | - Ethel Atanley
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Indranil Sarkar
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Ellen Watkiss
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5.
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9
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Hu Z, Blackman MA, Kaye KM, Usherwood EJ. Functional heterogeneity in the CD4+ T cell response to murine γ-herpesvirus 68. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2746-56. [PMID: 25662997 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells are critical for the control of virus infections, T cell memory, and immune surveillance. We studied the differentiation and function of murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68)-specific CD4(+) T cells using gp150-specific TCR-transgenic mice. This allowed a more detailed study of the characteristics of the CD4(+) T cell response than did previously available approaches for this virus. Most gp150-specific CD4(+) T cells expressed T-bet and produced IFN-γ, indicating that MHV-68 infection triggered differentiation of CD4(+) T cells largely into the Th1 subset, whereas some became follicular Th cells and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. These CD4(+) T cells were protective against MHV-68 infection in the absence of CD8(+) T cells and B cells, and protection depended on IFN-γ secretion. Marked heterogeneity was observed in the CD4(+) T cells, based on lymphocyte Ag 6C (Ly6C) expression. Ly6C expression positively correlated with IFN-γ, TNF-α, and granzyme B production; T-bet and KLRG1 expression; proliferation; and CD4(+) T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Ly6C expression inversely correlated with survival, CCR7 expression, and secondary expansion potential. Ly6C(+) and Ly6C(-) gp150-specific CD4(+) T cells were able to interconvert in a bidirectional manner upon secondary Ag exposure in vivo. These results indicate that Ly6C expression is closely associated with antiviral activity in effector CD4(+) T cells but is inversely correlated with memory potential. Interconversion between Ly6C(+) and Ly6C(-) cells may maintain a balance between the two Ag-specific CD4(+) T cell populations during MHV-68 infection. These findings have significant implications for Ly6C as a surface marker to distinguish functionally distinct CD4(+) T cells during persistent virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuting Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | | | - Kenneth M Kaye
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Edward J Usherwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756;
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10
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Glineur SF, Bowen AB, Percopo CM, Garcia-Crespo KE, Dyer KD, Ochkur SI, Lee NA, Lee JJ, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. Sustained inflammation and differential expression of interferons type I and III in PVM-infected interferon-gamma (IFNγ) gene-deleted mice. Virology 2014; 468-470:140-149. [PMID: 25173090 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) has complex immunomodulatory and antiviral properties. While IFNγ is detected in the airways in response to infection with the pneumovirus pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM; Family Paramyxoviridae), its role in promoting disease has not been fully explored. Here, we evaluate PVM infection in IFNγ(-/-) mice. Although the IFNγ gene-deletion has no impact on weight loss, survival or virus kinetics, expression of IFNβ, IFNλ2/3 and IFN-stimulated 2-5' oligoadenylate synthetases was significantly diminished compared to wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, PVM infection in IFNγ(-/-) mice promoted prominent inflammation, including eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration into the airways and lung parenchyma, observed several days after peak virus titer. Potential mechanisms include over-production of chemoattractant and eosinophil-active cytokines (CXCL1, CCL11, CCL3 and IL5) in PVM-infected IFNγ(-/-) mice; likewise, IFNγ actively antagonized IL5-dependent eosinophil survival ex vivo. Our results may have clinical implications for pneumovirus infection in individuals with IFNγ signaling defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F Glineur
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowen
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Caroline M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katia E Garcia-Crespo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kimberly D Dyer
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergei I Ochkur
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Nancy A Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Joseph B Domachowske
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Bartholdy C, Høgh-Petersen M, Storm P, Holst PJ, Orskov C, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. IFNγ and perforin cooperate to control infection and prevent fatal pathology during persistent gammaherpesvirus infection in mice. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:395-403. [PMID: 24684620 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infection with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 has become an accepted model for studying the virus/host interactions with regard to gammaherpesvirus infections. Previous studies using gene-deficient mice have revealed that neither IFNγ nor perforin is essential in controlling the outcome of infection or the virus load during chronic infection in C57BL/6 mice. However, pronounced multiorgan fibrosis and splenic atrophy are observed in mice lacking IFNγ or the IFNγ receptor. To study the interplay between perforin and IFNγ in controlling the virus-induced pathology and the viral load during chronic gammaherpesvirus infection, we infected IFNγ/perforin double-deficient C57BL/6 mice and followed the course of infection. While absence of perforin prevented the splenic atrophy in IFNγ-deficient mice, fibrosis did not disappear. Moreover, double-deficient mice developed extreme splenomegaly, were unable to control the viral load and displayed chronic immune activation. Thus, IFNγ and perforin act in concert to minimize pathology and control the viral load in mice chronically infected with MHV68. Furthermore, while certain aspect of the virus-induced pathology in IFNγ-deficient mice may be alleviated in double-deficient mice, other aspects are exaggerated, and the normal architecture of the spleen is completely destroyed. We believe that these findings add to the understanding of the virus/host interaction during chronic gammaherpes virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bartholdy
- Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Ashley SL, Jegal Y, Moore TA, van Dyk LF, Laouar Y, Moore BB. γ-Herpes virus-68, but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa or influenza A (H1N1), exacerbates established murine lung fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L219-30. [PMID: 24879051 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00300.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) often do worse following infection, but the cause of the decline is not fully understood. We previously demonstrated that infection with a murine gamma herpes virus (γHV-68) could exacerbate established lung fibrosis following administration of fluorescein isothiocyanate (McMillan et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177: 771-780, 2008). In the present study, we anesthetized mice and injected saline or bleomycin intratracheally on day 0. On day 14, mice were anesthetized again and infected with either a Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), or with H1N1 or γHV-68 viruses. Measurements were then made on days 15, 21, or 35. We demonstrate that infection with P. aeruginosa does not exacerbate extracellular matrix deposition post-bleomycin. Furthermore, fibrotic mice are effectively able to clear P. aeruginosa infection. In contrast, bleomycin-treated mice develop worse lung fibrosis when infected with γHV-68, but not when infected with H1N1. The differential ability of γHV-68 to cause increased collagen deposition could not be explained by differences in inflammatory cell recruitment or whole lung chemokine and cytokine responses. Alveolar epithelial cells from γHV-68-infected mice displayed increased expression of TGFβ receptor 1, increased SMAD3 phosphorylation, and evidence of apoptosis measured by cleaved poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). The ability of γHV-68 to augment fibrosis required the ability of the virus to reactivate from latency. This property appears unique to γHV-68, as the β-herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, did not have the same effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna L Ashley
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yangjin Jegal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Thomas A Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
| | - Linda F van Dyk
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - Yasmina Laouar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Hu Z, Usherwood EJ. Immune escape of γ-herpesviruses from adaptive immunity. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:365-78. [PMID: 24733560 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are two γ-herpesviruses identified in humans and are strongly associated with the development of malignancies. Murine γ-herpesvirus (MHV-68) is a naturally occurring rodent pathogen, representing a unique experimental model for dissecting γ-herpesvirus infection and the immune response. These γ-herpesviruses actively antagonize the innate and adaptive antiviral responses, thereby efficiently establishing latent or persistent infections and even promoting development of malignancies. In this review, we summarize immune evasion strategies of γ-herpesviruses. These include suppression of MHC-I-restricted and MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation, impairment of dendritic cell functions, downregulation of costimulatory molecules, activation of virus-specific regulatory T cells, and induction of inhibitory cytokines. There is a focus on how both γ-herpesvirus-derived and host-derived immunomodulators interfere with adaptive antiviral immunity. Understanding immune-evasive mechanisms is essential for developing future immunotherapies against EBV-driven and KSHV-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuting Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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14
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Cieniewicz B, Carpino N, Krug LT. Enhanced response of T cells from murine gammaherpesvirus 68-infected mice lacking the suppressor of T cell receptor signaling molecules Sts-1 and Sts-2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90196. [PMID: 24587276 PMCID: PMC3938662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gammaherpesviruses establish life-long infections that are associated with the development of lymphomas and neoplasms, especially in immunocompromised individuals. T cells play a crucial role in the control of gammaherpesvirus infection through multiple functions, including the direct killing of infected cells, production of cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and costimulation of B cells. Impaired T cell function in mice infected with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) leads to increased reactivation and pathologies, including a higher incidence of lymphoid hyperplasia. Here we report that the absence of Suppressor of TCR signaling −1 and −2 (Sts-1-/-/2-/-) during MHV68 infection leads to the generation of T cells with significantly heightened responses. Transient differences in the T and B cell response of infected Sts-1-/-/2-/- (Sts dKO) mice were also observed when compared to WT mice. However, these alterations in the immune response and the overall absence of Sts-1 and Sts-2 did not impact viral pathogenesis or lead to pathology. Acute lytic replication in the lungs, establishment of latency in the spleen and reactivation from latency in the spleen in the Sts dKO mice were comparable to WT mice. Our studies indicate that Sts-1 and Sts-2 are not required for the immune control of MHV68 in a normal course of gammaherpesvirus infection, but suggest that interference with negative regulators of T cell responses might be further explored as a safe and efficacious strategy to improve adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Cieniewicz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Carpino
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hu Z, Zhang W, Usherwood EJ. Regulatory CD8+ T cells associated with erosion of immune surveillance in persistent virus infection suppress in vitro and have a reversible proliferative defect. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:312-22. [PMID: 23733872 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cell help is critical for CD8(+) T cell memory and immune surveillance against persistent virus infections. Our recent data have showed the lack of CD4(+) T cells leads to the generation of an IL-10-producing CD8(+) T cell population during persistent murine γ-herpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) infection. IL-10 from these cells is partly responsible for erosion in immune surveillance, leading to spontaneous virus reactivation in lungs. In this study, we further characterized the generation, phenotype, and function of these IL-10-producing CD8(+) T cells by comparing with a newly identified IL-10-producing CD8(+) T cell population present during the acute stage of the infection. The IL-10-producing CD8(+) populations in acute and chronic stages differed in their requirement for CD4(+) T cell help, the dependence on IL-2/CD25 and CD40-CD40L pathways, and the ability to proliferate in vitro in response to anti-CD3 stimulation. IL-10-producing CD8(+) T cells in the chronic stage showed a distinct immunophenotypic profile, sharing partial overlap with the markers of previously reported regulatory CD8(+) T cells, and suppressed the proliferation of naive CD8(+) T cells. Notably, they retained the ability to produce effector cytokines and cytotoxic activity. In addition, the proliferative defect of the cells could be restored by addition of exogenous IL-2 or blockade of IL-10. These data suggest that the IL-10-producing CD8(+) T cells arising in chronic MHV-68 infection in the absence of CD4(+) T cell help belong to a subset of CD8(+) regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuting Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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16
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Walton S, Mandaric S, Oxenius A. CD4 T cell responses in latent and chronic viral infections. Front Immunol 2013; 4:105. [PMID: 23717308 PMCID: PMC3651995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of tasks which is fulfilled by CD4 T cells in the setting of viral infections is large, ranging from support of CD8 T cells and humoral immunity to exertion of direct antiviral effector functions. While our knowledge about the differentiation pathways, plasticity, and memory of CD4 T cell responses upon acute infections or immunizations has significantly increased during the past years, much less is still known about CD4 T cell differentiation and their beneficial or pathological functions during persistent viral infections. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the differentiation, direct or indirect antiviral effector functions, and the regulation of virus-specific CD4 T cells in the setting of persistent latent or active chronic viral infections with a particular emphasis on herpes virus infections for the former and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senta Walton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia Nedlands, WA, Australia
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CD4 and CD8 T cells directly recognize murine gammaherpesvirus 68-immortalized cells and prevent tumor outgrowth. J Virol 2013; 87:6051-4. [PMID: 23514885 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00375-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been extensive research regarding T cell recognition of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cells; however, less is known regarding the recognition of B cells immortalized by gamma-2 herpesviruses. Here we show that B cells immortalized by murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68, γHV-68) can be controlled by either CD4 or CD8 T cells in vivo. We present evidence for the direct recognition of infected B cells by CD4 and CD8 T cells. These data will help in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches combating gamma-2 herpesvirus-related disease.
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