1
|
Ferella A, Mozgovoj M, Garanzini D, Dus Santos MJ, Calamante G, Del Médico Zajac MP. The MVA vector expressing the F protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus is immunogenic in systemic and mucosal immunization routes. Rev Argent Microbiol 2024; 56:125-133. [PMID: 38143232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) affects both beef and dairy cattle, reaching morbidity and mortality rates of 60-80% and 20%, respectively. The aim of this study was to obtain a recombinant MVA expressing the BRSV F protein (MVA-F) as a vaccine against BRSV and to evaluate the immune response induced by MVA-F after systemic immunization in homologous and heterologous vaccination (MVA-F alone or combined with a subunit vaccine), and after intranasal immunization of mice. MVA-F administered by intraperitoneal route in a homologous scheme elicited levels of neutralizing antibodies similar to those obtained with inactivated BRSV as well as better levels of IFN-γ secretion. In addition, nasal administration of MVA-F elicited local and systemic immunity with a Th1 profile. This study suggests that MVA-F is a good candidate for further evaluations combining intranasal and intramuscular routes, in order to induce local and systemic immune responses, to improve the vaccine efficacy against BRSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ferella
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Mozgovoj
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Débora Garanzini
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Dus Santos
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Calamante
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Del Médico Zajac
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang C, Chen Y, Chen X, Hu C, Chen J, Guo A. Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Ivermectin against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus in Rabbit Model. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3164. [PMID: 37893888 PMCID: PMC10603647 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) caused by bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1) can lead to enormous economic losses in the cattle industry. Vaccine immunization is preferentially used to decrease its transmission speed and resultant clinical signs, rather than to completely stop viral infection. Therefore, a drug effective in treating IBR is urgently needed. Our previous work demonstrated that ivermectin significantly inhibited viral replication in a cell infection model. This study aimed to investigate its antiviral effects in vivo by using a rabbit infection model. The viral inhibition assay was first used to confirm that ivermectin at low concentrations (6-25 nM) could reduce viral titers (TCID50) significantly (p < 0.001) at 24 h post-infection. In rabbits, ivermectin was administrated with one to three doses, based on the recommended anti-parasite treatment dosage (0.2 mg/kg bodyweight) through subcutaneous injection at different days post-infection in the treated IBRV infection groups, while non-treated infection group was used as the control. The infected rabbits showed hyperthermia and other clinical signs, but the number of high-fever rabbits in the ivermectin treatment groups was significantly lower than that in the non-treated infection group. Furthermore, in ivermectin treatment groups, the cumulative clinical scores correlated negatively with drug doses and positively with delay of administration time post-infection. The overall nasal shedding time in ivermectin-treated groups was two days shorter than the non-treated challenge group. At the same time point, the titer of neutralizing antibodies in the treatment group with triple doses was higher than the other two-dose groups, but the difference between the treatment groups decreased with the delay of drug administration. Correspondingly, the serious extent of lung lesions was negatively related to the dosage, but positively related to the delay of drug administration. The qPCR with tissue homogenates showed that the virus was present in both the lung tissues and trigeminals of the infected rabbits. In conclusion, ivermectin treatment had therapeutic effect by decreasing clinical signs and viral shedding, but could not stop virus proliferation in lung tissues and trigeminals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ruminant Bio-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ruminant Bio-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ruminant Bio-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ruminant Bio-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ruminant Bio-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.W.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ruminant Bio-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A prime-boost combination of a three-protein cocktail and multiepitopic MVA as a vaccine against Babesia bigemina elicits neutralizing antibodies and a Th1 cellular immune response in mice. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Del Médico Zajac MP, Molinari P, Gravisaco MJ, Maizon DO, Morón G, Gherardi MM, Calamante G. MVAΔ008 viral vector encoding the model protein OVA induces improved immune response against the heterologous antigen and equal levels of protection in a mice tumor model than the conventional MVA. Mol Immunol 2021; 139:115-122. [PMID: 34481269 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) is extensively used as a vaccine vector. We have previously observed that MVAΔ008, an MVA lacking the gene that codes for interleukin-18 binding protein, significantly increases CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses to vaccinia virus (VACV) epitopes and recombinant HIV antigens. However, the efficacy of this vector against pathogens or tumor cells remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular immune response and the protection induced by recombinant MVAs encoding the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). We used the MO5 melanoma tumor model (OVA-expressing tumor) as an approach for evaluating the vector-induced efficacy. Our results show that MVAΔ008-OVA (optimized vector) induced higher in vivo specific cytotoxicity and ex vivo T-cell IFN-γ responses against OVA than the conventional MVA vector. Importantly, the recombinant vectors were capable of controlling MO5 tumor growth. Indeed, the administration of MVAΔ008-OVA or MVA-OVA in prophylactic and therapeutic schemes provided total protection and longer survival of mice, respectively. Overall, our results demonstrate the improved immunogenicity and the protective capacity of MVAΔ008 against a heterologous model antigen. These findings suggest that MVAΔ008 constitutes an excellent candidate for vaccine development against pathogens or cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Paula Del Médico Zajac
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paula Molinari
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María José Gravisaco
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Daniel Omar Maizon
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil "Ing. Agr. Guillermo Covas", INTA. Ruta Nac. Nro 5 km 580, Anguil (6300), La Pampa, Argentina.
| | - Gabriel Morón
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María Magdalena Gherardi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela Calamante
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Short communication: a modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-based Porcine circovirus 2 vaccine elicits strong antibody response upon prime-boost homologous immunization in a preclinical model. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1439-1445. [PMID: 32144692 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections are related to a number of syndromes and clinical manifestations, generally known as Porcine circovirus-associated diseases, which are related to losses in the swine industry. There are commercially available vaccines and new vaccines being tested, however, persistency of the PCV2 as an important pig pathogen, and the growing number of affected farms in different countries have suggested that there is room for vaccine improvement. In this study, we describe the construction and testing of a recombinant live vaccine based on a modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector expressing the PCV2b capsid protein (CAP). Using a two-dose homologous vaccination regimen, in mice, we demonstrated that the vaccine induced high titers of anti-PCV2 antibodies. The vaccine is stable upon lyophilization, and, together with the good immunogenicity potential observed, the results support further evaluation of the MVA-CAP vaccine in the target species.
Collapse
|
6
|
Protective immunity following vaccination with a recombinant multiple-epitope protein of bovine herpesvirus type I in a rabbit model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3011-3023. [PMID: 32002602 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) causes considerable economic losses to the cow industry. Vaccination remains an effective strategy to control the diseases associated with BoHV-1. However, live vaccines present safety concerns, especially in pregnant cows; thus, nonreplicating vaccines have been developed to control the disease. The envelope glycoproteins of BoHV-1 induce a protective immune response. In this work, selected epitopes on glycoproteins gD, gC, and gB were constructed in triplicate with linker peptides. Vaccination of rabbits demonstrated that P2-gD/gC/gB with AAYAAY induced higher specific antibodies than that with GGGGS linker. P2-gD/gC/gB with AAYAAY linker was fused with bovine interleukin-6 (BoIL-6) or rabbit IL-6 (RaIL-6) and bacterially expressed. Rabbits were intramuscularly immunized with 100 μg of P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6, P2-gD/gC/gB-RaIL-6, P2-gD/gC/gB, P2-gD/gC/gB plus BoIL-6, P2-(gD-a)3-BoIL-6, or P2-(gD-a)3 emulsified with ISA 206 adjuvant thrice at 3-week intervals. P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 generated a higher titer of BoHV-1-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, interferon (IFN)-γ, and IL-4 compared with P2-gD/gC/gB plus BoIL-6, P2-gD/gC/gB-RaIL-6, or other formulation. P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 triggered similar levels of antibodies and significantly higher titer of IFN-γ and IL-4 compared with inactivated bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)-infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccine. Rabbits vaccinated with P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 dramatically reduced viral shedding and tissue lesions in lungs and trachea after viral challenge and reactivation compared with those with P2-gD/gC/gB plus BoIL-6 or P2-gD/gC/gB-RaIL-6. P2-gD/gC/gB-BoIL-6 provided protective effects against viral shedding and tissue pathogenesis similar to those of the inactivated vaccine. The data confirmed the safety and immunogenicity of multiple-epitope recombinant protein and a potential vaccine candidate to control the disease, especially for pregnant cattle.
Collapse
|
7
|
Fuentealba NA, Sguazza GH, Zanuzzi CN, Bravi ME, Scrochi MR, Valera AR, Corva SG, Gimeno EJ, Pecoraro MR, Galosi CM. Immunoprotective response induced by recombinant glycoprotein D in the BALB/c respiratory mouse model of Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 infection. Rev Argent Microbiol 2018; 51:119-129. [PMID: 30385072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection causes abortion, respiratory disease, perinatal deaths and neurological disorders in horses. The natural infection and available vaccines provide only partial and short-lived protection against reinfections. In the present study, we analyzed the ability of purified baculovirus-expressed glycoprotein D (gD) administered by different routes to induce protective immunity in BALB/c mice after challenge with the EHV-1 AR8 strain. Clinical signs varied among the different groups of mice immunized by parenteral routes, and, although gD induced a specific serum IgG response, it did not prevent the virus from reaching the lungs. Intranasally immunized mice showed no clinical signs, and virus isolation from lungs, histological lesions and antigen detection by immunohistochemistry were negative. In addition, by this route, gD did not stimulate the production of serum IgG and IgA. However, a specific IgA response in the respiratory tract was confirmed in intranasally immunized mice. Thus, we conclude that the mucosal immune response could reduce the initial viral attachment and prevent the virus from reaching the lungs. Our findings provide additional data to further study new immunization strategies in the natural host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Fuentealba
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo H Sguazza
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina N Zanuzzi
- Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria E Bravi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela R Scrochi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro R Valera
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago G Corva
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo J Gimeno
- National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo R Pecoraro
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia M Galosi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Scientific Research Commission of Buenos Aires Province (CIC-PBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Araujo IL, Dummer LA, Rodrigues PRC, Dos Santos AG, Fischer G, Cunha RC, Leite FPL. Immune responses in bovines to recombinant glycoprotein D of bovine herpesvirus type 5 as vaccine antigen. Vaccine 2018; 36:7708-7714. [PMID: 30381153 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) is responsible for outbreaks of meningoencephalitis that cause important economic losses in young cattle. BoHV-5 glycoprotein D (gD5) is essential for attachment and penetration into permissive cells and targeting of host immune systems, inducing strong humoral and cellular immune responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vaccinal immune response of vaccines formulated with the recombinant BoHV-5 gD (rgD5) in bovines. For the experiment, 72 heifers were randomly allotted into 6 different groups with 12 animals each. Group 1: vaccine formulated using inactivated BoHV-5 (iBoHV-5) adjuvanted with ISA50V2; Group 2: iBoHV-5 associated with 100 µg of rgD5 adjuvanted with ISA50V2; Group 3: 100 µg of rgD5 adjuvanted with ISA50V2; Group 4: 100 µg of rgD5 adjuvanted with Al(OH)3; Group 5: commercial vaccine; and Group 6: control group. Two doses were administered in a 26-day interval and the third after 357 days from primo vaccination. Cattle vaccinated with the vaccines formulated with iBoHV-5 plus rgD5 showed a significant (p < 0.01) five-fold increase in total immunoglobulin G (IgG) for BoHV-5, BoHV-1, and rgD5 as compared with the commercial and control groups. Also, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in IgG1 and IgG2a levels was induced in serum for rgD5. In addition, these same vaccines showed significant (p < 0.01) four-fold higher titers of BoHV-1 and -5 neutralizing antibodies. The results demonstrated that the rgD5 conserved important epitopes that were able to stimulate bovine humoral immunity response capable of viral neutralization of BoHV-1 and -5, suggesting it as a promising vaccine antigen to be used in vaccine for BoHV-1 and -5 endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itauá Leston Araujo
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Luana Alves Dummer
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Centeno Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia e Imunologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Alceu Gonçalves Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia e Imunologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Geferson Fischer
- Laboratório de Virologia e Imunologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Casquero Cunha
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia e Imunologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Del Medico Zajac MP, Zanetti FA, Esusy MS, Federico CR, Zabal O, Valera AR, Calamante G. Induction of Both Local Immune Response in Mice and Protection in a Rabbit Model by Intranasal Immunization with Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus Expressing a Secreted Form of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Glycoprotein D. Viral Immunol 2016; 30:70-76. [PMID: 27809679 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of mucosal delivery of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) expressing the secreted version of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) glycoprotein D (MVA-gDs) without addition of adjuvant in two animal models. First, we demonstrated the capability of MVA-gDs of inducing both local and systemic anti-gD humoral immune response after intranasal immunization of mice. Then, we confirmed that two doses of MVA-gDs administered intranasally to rabbits induced systemic anti-gD antibodies and conferred protection against BoHV-1 challenge. Our results show the potential of using MVA as a vector for the rational design of veterinary vaccines capable of inducing specific and protective immune responses both at local and systemic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Paula Del Medico Zajac
- 1 Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina .,2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Adriana Zanetti
- 1 Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina .,2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Esusy
- 1 Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Carlos Rodolfo Federico
- 1 Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina .,2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Zabal
- 3 Instituto de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Rafael Valera
- 4 Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Calamante
- 1 Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (CICVyA-INTA) , Hurlingham, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Volz A, Sutter G. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara: History, Value in Basic Research, and Current Perspectives for Vaccine Development. Adv Virus Res 2016; 97:187-243. [PMID: 28057259 PMCID: PMC7112317 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Safety tested Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is licensed as third-generation vaccine against smallpox and serves as a potent vector system for development of new candidate vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. Historically, MVA was developed by serial tissue culture passage in primary chicken cells of vaccinia virus strain Ankara, and clinically used to avoid the undesirable side effects of conventional smallpox vaccination. Adapted to growth in avian cells MVA lost the ability to replicate in mammalian hosts and lacks many of the genes orthopoxviruses use to conquer their host (cell) environment. As a biologically well-characterized mutant virus, MVA facilitates fundamental research to elucidate the functions of poxvirus host-interaction factors. As extremely safe viral vectors MVA vaccines have been found immunogenic and protective in various preclinical infection models. Multiple recombinant MVA currently undergo clinical testing for vaccination against human immunodeficiency viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Plasmodium falciparum. The versatility of the MVA vector vaccine platform is readily demonstrated by the swift development of experimental vaccines for immunization against emerging infections such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Recent advances include promising results from the clinical testing of recombinant MVA-producing antigens of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 or Ebola virus. This review summarizes our current knowledge about MVA as a unique strain of vaccinia virus, and discusses the prospects of exploiting this virus as research tool in poxvirus biology or as safe viral vector vaccine to challenge existing and future bottlenecks in vaccinology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Volz
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - G Sutter
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sánchez-Sampedro L, Perdiguero B, Mejías-Pérez E, García-Arriaza J, Di Pilato M, Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:1726-803. [PMID: 25853483 PMCID: PMC4411676 DOI: 10.3390/v7041726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Smallpox/prevention & control
- Smallpox Vaccine/history
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Smallpox Vaccine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jaramillo Ortiz JM, Del Médico Zajac MP, Zanetti FA, Molinari MP, Gravisaco MJ, Calamante G, Wilkowsky SE. Vaccine strategies against Babesia bovis based on prime-boost immunizations in mice with modified vaccinia Ankara vector and recombinant proteins. Vaccine 2014; 32:4625-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
13
|
Zanetti FA, Grand MDC, Mitarotonda RC, Taboga OA, Calamante G. Canarypox virus expressing infectious bursal disease VP2 protein as immunogen for chickens. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:231-4. [PMID: 24948937 PMCID: PMC4059302 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canarypox viruses (CNPV) carrying the coding sequence of VP2 protein from infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were obtained. These viruses were able to express VP2 protein in vitro and to induce IBDV-neutralizing antibodies when inoculated in specific pathogen-free chickens demonstrating that CNPV platform is usefulness to develop immunogens for chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Adriana Zanetti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María Daniela Conte Grand
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Romina Cristina Mitarotonda
- Instituto de Biotecnología Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Oscar Alberto Taboga
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina ; Instituto de Biotecnología Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gabriela Calamante
- Instituto de Biotecnología Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Buenos Aires Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Quinan BR, Daian DSO, Coelho FM, da Fonseca FG. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara as vaccine vectors in human and veterinary medicine. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Disease prevention through vaccination is one of the most important achievements of medicine. Today, we have a substantial number of vaccines against a variety of pathogens. In this context, poxviruses and vaccinology are closely related, as the birth of modern vaccinology was marked by the use of poxviruses as immunogens and so was the eradication of smallpox, one of the world's most feared diseases ever. Nowadays, poxviruses continue to notoriously contribute to vaccinology since their use as vaccine vectors has become popular and widespread. One of the most promising vectors is the modified vaccinia ankara. In this review we provide an overview of the contribution of poxvirus to vaccine immunology, particularly focusing on modified vaccinia ankara-based vaccines developed to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara R Quinan
- Laboratory of Basic & Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle SO Daian
- Laboratory of Basic & Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiana M Coelho
- Laboratory of Basic & Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávio G da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Basic & Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31270-901
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guzman E, Cubillos-Zapata C, Cottingham MG, Gilbert SC, Prentice H, Charleston B, Hope JC. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based vaccine vectors induce apoptosis in dendritic cells draining from the skin via both the extrinsic and intrinsic caspase pathways, preventing efficient antigen presentation. J Virol 2012; 86:5452-66. [PMID: 22419811 PMCID: PMC3347273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00264-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen-presenting cells and central to the induction of immune responses following infection or vaccination. The collection of DC migrating from peripheral tissues by cannulation of the afferent lymphatic vessels provides DC which can be used directly ex vivo without extensive in vitro manipulations. We have previously used bovine migrating DC to show that recombinant human adenovirus 5 vectors efficiently transduce afferent lymph migrating DEC-205(+) CD11c(+) CD8(-) DC (ALDC). We have also shown that recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) infects ALDC in vitro, causing downregulation of costimulatory molecules, apoptosis, and cell death. We now show that in the bovine system, modified vaccinia virus Ankara-induced apoptosis in DC draining from the skin occurs soon after virus binding via the caspase 8 pathway and is not associated with viral gene expression. We also show that after virus entry, the caspase 9 pathway cascade is initiated. The magnitude of T cell responses to mycobacterial antigen 85A (Ag85A) expressed by recombinant MVA-infected ALDC is increased by blocking caspase-induced apoptosis. Apoptotic bodies generated by recombinant MVA (rMVA)-Ag85A-infected ALDC and containing Ag85A were phagocytosed by noninfected migrating ALDC expressing SIRPα via actin-dependent phagocytosis, and these ALDC in turn presented antigen. However, the addition of fresh ALDC to MVA-infected cultures did not improve on the magnitude of the T cell responses; in contrast, these noninfected DC showed downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), CD40, CD80, and CD86. We also observed that MVA-infected ALDC promoted migration of DEC-205(+) SIRPα(+) CD21(+) DC as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells independently of caspase activation. These in vitro studies show that induction of apoptosis in DC by MVA vectors is detrimental to the subsequent induction of T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Guzman
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Falivene J, Del Médico Zajac MP, Pascutti MF, Rodríguez AM, Maeto C, Perdiguero B, Gómez CE, Esteban M, Calamante G, Gherardi MM. Improving the MVA vaccine potential by deleting the viral gene coding for the IL-18 binding protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32220. [PMID: 22384183 PMCID: PMC3285208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated strain of Vaccinia virus (VACV) currently employed in many clinical trials against HIV/AIDS and other diseases. MVA still retains genes involved in host immune response evasion, enabling its optimization by removing some of them. The aim of this study was to evaluate cellular immune responses (CIR) induced by an IL-18 binding protein gene (C12L) deleted vector (MVAΔC12L). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were immunized with different doses of MVAΔC12L or MVA wild type (MVAwt), then CIR to VACV epitopes in immunogenic proteins were evaluated in spleen and draining lymph nodes at acute and memory phases (7 and 40 days post-immunization respectively). Compared with parental MVAwt, MVAΔC12L immunization induced a significant increase of two to three-fold in CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses to different VACV epitopes, with increased percentage of anti-VACV cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cells (CD107a/b(+)) during the acute phase of the response. Importantly, the immunogenicity enhancement was also observed after MVAΔC12L inoculation with different viral doses and by distinct routes (systemic and mucosal). Potentiation of MVA's CIR was also observed during the memory phase, in correlation with a higher protection against an intranasal challenge with VACV WR. Of note, we could also show a significant increase in the CIR against HIV antigens such as Env, Gag, Pol and Nef from different subtypes expressed from two recombinants of MVAΔC12L during heterologous DNA prime/MVA boost vaccination regimens. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates the relevance of IL-18 bp contribution in the immune response evasion during MVA infection. Our findings clearly show that the deletion of the viral IL-18 bp gene is an effective approach to increase MVA vaccine efficacy, as immunogenicity improvements were observed against vector antigens and more importantly to HIV antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Falivene
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Fernanda Pascutti
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cynthia Maeto
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen E. Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela Calamante
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA-INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Magdalena Gherardi
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|