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Zu S, Li C, Li L, Deng YQ, Chen X, Luo D, Ye Q, Huang YJ, Li XF, Zhang RR, Sun N, Zhang X, Aliyari SR, Nielsen-Saines K, Jung JU, Yang H, Qin CF, Cheng G. TRIM22 suppresses Zika virus replication by targeting NS1 and NS3 for proteasomal degradation. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:139. [PMID: 36042495 PMCID: PMC9429444 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00872-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recognition of viral invasion by innate antiviral immune system triggers activation of the type I interferon (IFN-I) and proinflammatory signaling pathways. Subsequently, IFN-I induction regulates expression of a group of genes known as IFN-I-stimulated genes (ISGs) to block viral infection. The tripartite motif containing 22 (TRIM22) is an ISG with strong antiviral functions. Results Here we have shown that the TRIM22 has been strongly upregulated both transcriptionally and translationally upon Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. ZIKV infection is associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations in human from mild to severe symptoms including abnormal fetal brain development. We found that the antiviral function of TRIM22 plays a crucial role in counterattacking ZIKV infection. Overexpression of TRIM22 protein inhibited ZIKV growth whereas deletion of TRIM22 in host cells increased ZIKV infectivity. Mechanistically, TRIM22, as a functional E3 ubiquitin ligase, promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of ZIKV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and nonstructural protein 3 (NS3). Further studies showed that the SPRY domain and Ring domain of TRIM22 played important roles in protein interaction and degradation, respectively. In addition, we found that TRIM22 also inhibited other flaviviruses infection including dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Conclusion Thus, TRIM22 is an ISG with important role in host defense against flaviviruses through binding and degradation of the NS1 and NS3 proteins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00872-w.
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A comprehensive review of Artificial Intelligence and Network based approaches to drug repurposing in Covid-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113350. [PMID: 35777222 PMCID: PMC9236981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional drug discovery and development is tedious and time-taking process; because of which it has failed to keep the required pace to mitigate threats and cater demands of viral and re-occurring diseases, such as Covid-19. The main reasons of this delay in traditional drug development are: high attrition rates, extensive time requirements, and huge financial investment with significant risk. The effective solution to de novo drug discovery is drug repurposing. Previous studies have shown that the network-based approaches and analysis are versatile platform for repurposing as the network biology is used to model the interactions between variety of biological concepts. Herein, we provide a comprehensive background of machine learning and deep learning in drug repurposing while specifically focusing on the applications of network-based approach to drug repurposing in Covid-19, data sources, and tools used. Furthermore, use of network proximity, network diffusion, and AI on network-based drug repurposing for Covid-19 is well-explained. Finally, limitations of network-based approaches in general and specific to network are stated along with future recommendations for better network-based models.
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Mahar I, Memon FH, Lee JW, Kim KH, Ahmed R, Soomro F, Rehman F, Memon AA, Thebo KH, Choi KH. Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) for Water Purification and Antibacterial Applications. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:869. [PMID: 34832099 PMCID: PMC8623976 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDS), boron nitride (BN), and layered double hydroxide (LDH) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely investigated as potential candidates in various separation applications because of their high mechanical strength, large surface area, ideal chemical and thermal stability, simplicity, ease of functionalization, environmental comparability, and good antibacterial performance. Recently, MXene as a new member of the 2D polymer family has attracted significant attention in water purification, desalination, gas separation, antibacterial, and antifouling applications. Herein, we review the most recent progress in the fabrication, preparation, and modification methods of MXene-based lamellar membranes with the emphasis on applications for water purification and desalination. Moreover, the antibacterial properties of MXene-based membranes show a significant potential for commercial use in water purification. Thus, this review provides a directional guide for future development in this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inamullah Mahar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry (NCEAC), University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76060, Sindh, Pakistan; (I.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Fida Hussain Memon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Sindh, Pakistan;
- Advanced Micro Mechatronics Lab., Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea; (J.-W.L.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Jae-Wook Lee
- Advanced Micro Mechatronics Lab., Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea; (J.-W.L.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Advanced Micro Mechatronics Lab., Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea; (J.-W.L.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Rafique Ahmed
- Institute of Composite Science Innovation (InCSI), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Faheeda Soomro
- Department of Linguistics and Human Sciences, Begum Nusrat Bhutto Women University, Sukkur 65200, Sindh, Pakistan;
| | - Faisal Rehman
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, College of EME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Peshawar Road, Rawalpindi 43701, Punjab, Pakistan;
| | - Ayaz Ali Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry (NCEAC), University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76060, Sindh, Pakistan; (I.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Khalid Hussain Thebo
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kyung Hyun Choi
- Advanced Micro Mechatronics Lab., Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea; (J.-W.L.); (K.H.K.)
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Srivastava M, Zhang Y, Chen J, Sirohi D, Miller A, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Lu H, Xu J, Kuhn RJ, Andy Tao W. Chemical proteomics tracks virus entry and uncovers NCAM1 as Zika virus receptor. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3896. [PMID: 32753727 PMCID: PMC7403387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) in 2016 created worldwide health emergency which demand urgent research efforts on understanding the virus biology and developing therapeutic strategies. Here, we present a time-resolved chemical proteomic strategy to track the early-stage entry of ZIKV into host cells. ZIKV was labeled on its surface with a chemical probe, which carries a photocrosslinker to covalently link virus-interacting proteins in living cells on UV exposure at different time points, and a biotin tag for subsequent enrichment and mass spectrometric identification of the receptor or other host proteins critical for virus internalization. We identified Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM1) as a potential ZIKV receptor and further validated it through overexpression, knockout, and inhibition of NCAM1 in Vero cells and human glioblastoma cells U-251 MG. Collectively, the strategy can serve as a universal tool to map virus entry pathways and uncover key interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Jian Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Devika Sirohi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Andrew Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhilu Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - W Andy Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Zika virus infection differentially affects genome-wide transcription in neuronal cells and myeloid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231049. [PMID: 32287277 PMCID: PMC7156053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has attracted global attention and international awareness. ZIKV infection exhibits mild symptoms including fever and pains; however, ZIKV has recently been shown to be related to increased birth defects, including microcephaly, in infants. In addition, ZIKV is related to the onset of neurological disorders, such as a type of paralysis similar to Guillain-Barré syndrome. However, the mechanisms through which ZIKV affect neuronal cells and myeloid dendritic cells and how ZIKV avoids host immunity are unclear. Accordingly, in this study, we analyzed RNA sequencing data from ZIKV-infected neuronal cells and myeloid dendritic cells by comparative network analyses using protein-protein interaction information. Comparative network analysis revealed major genes showing differential changes in the peripheral neurons, neural crest cells, and myeloid dendritic cells after ZIKV infection. The genes were related to DNA repair systems and prolactin signaling as well as the interferon signaling, neuroinflammation, and cell cycle pathways. These pathways were interconnected by the interaction of proteins in the pathway and significantly regulated by ZIKV infection in neuronal cells and myeloid dendritic cells. Our analysis showed that neuronal cell damage occurred through up-regulation of neuroinflammation and down-regulation of the DNA repair system, but not in myeloid dendritic cells. Interestingly, immune escape by ZIKV infection could be caused by downregulation of prolactin signaling including IRS2, PIK3C3, JAK3, STAT3, and IRF1 as well as mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative phosphorylation in myeloid dendritic cells. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of ZIKV infection in the host and the association of ZIKV with neurological and immunological symptoms, which may facilitate the development of therapeutic agents and vaccines.
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The journey of Zika to the developing brain. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3097-3115. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractZika virus is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus originally isolated from humans in 1952. Following its re-emergence in Brazil in 2015, an increase in the number of babies born with microcephaly to infected mothers was observed. Microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterised phenotypically by a smaller than average head size, and is usually developed in utero. The 2015 outbreak in the Americas led to the World Health Organisation declaring Zika a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Since then, much research into the effects of Zika has been carried out. Studies have investigated the structure of the virus, its effects on and evasion of the immune response, cellular entry including target receptors, its transmission from infected mother to foetus and its cellular targets. This review discusses current knowledge and novel research into these areas, in hope of developing a further understanding of how exposure of pregnant women to the Zika virus can lead to impaired brain development of their foetus. Although no longer considered an epidemic in the Americas, the mechanism by which Zika acts is still not comprehensively and wholly understood, and this understanding will be crucial in developing effective vaccines and treatments.
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Therapeutic Advances Against ZIKV: A Quick Response, a Long Way to Go. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030127. [PMID: 31480297 PMCID: PMC6789873 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that spread throughout the American continent in 2015 causing considerable worldwide social and health alarm due to its association with ocular lesions and microcephaly in newborns, and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) cases in adults. Nowadays, no licensed vaccines or antivirals are available against ZIKV, and thus, in this very short time, the scientific community has conducted enormous efforts to develop vaccines and antivirals. So that, different platforms (purified inactivated and live attenuated viruses, DNA and RNA nucleic acid based candidates, virus-like particles, subunit elements, and recombinant viruses) have been evaluated as vaccine candidates. Overall, these vaccines have shown the induction of vigorous humoral and cellular responses, the decrease of viremia and viral RNA levels in natural target organs, the prevention of vertical and sexual transmission, as well as that of ZIKV-associated malformations, and the protection of experimental animal models. Some of these vaccine candidates have already been assayed in clinical trials. Likewise, the search for antivirals have also been the focus of recent investigations, with dozens of compounds tested in cell culture and a few in animal models. Both direct acting antivirals (DAAs), directed to viral structural proteins and enzymes, and host acting antivirals (HAAs), directed to cellular factors affecting all steps of the viral life cycle (binding, entry, fusion, transcription, translation, replication, maturation, and egress), have been evaluated. It is expected that this huge collaborative effort will produce affordable and effective therapeutic and prophylactic tools to combat ZIKV and other related still unknown or nowadays neglected flaviviruses. Here, a comprehensive overview of the advances made in the development of therapeutic measures against ZIKV and the questions that still have to be faced are summarized.
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8
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A 'Furry-Tale' of Zika Virus Infection: What Have We Learned from Animal Models? Viruses 2019; 11:v11010029. [PMID: 30621317 PMCID: PMC6356866 DOI: 10.3390/v11010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide attention that the Zika virus (ZIKV) attracted, following its declaration as a Public Health Emergency of International concern by WHO in 2016, has led to a large collective effort by the international scientific community to understand its biology. Despite the mild symptoms caused by ZIKV in most infected people, the virus displays a number of worrying features, such as its ability to cause transplacental infection, fetal abnormalities and vector independent transmission through body fluids. In addition, the virus has been associated with the induction of Guillain-Barre syndrome in a number of infected individuals. With travelling, the virus has spread outside the original ZIKV endemic areas making it imperative to find ways to control it. Thus far, the large number of animal models developed to study ZIKV pathogenesis have proven to be valuable tools in understanding how the virus replicates and manifests itself in the host, its tissue tropism and the type of immune responses it induces. Still, vital questions, such as the molecular mechanisms of ZIKV persistence and the long-term consequences of ZIKV infection in the developing brain, remain unanswered. Here, we reviewed and discussed the major and most recent findings coming from animal studies and their implications for a ZIKV vaccine design.
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Burgos-Muñoz SJ, Toro-Huamanchumo CJ. Zika knowledge and preventive practices among reproductive-age women from Lambayeque, Peru. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 228:255-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ma J, Ketkar H, Geng T, Lo E, Wang L, Xi J, Sun Q, Zhu Z, Cui Y, Yang L, Wang P. Zika Virus Non-structural Protein 4A Blocks the RLR-MAVS Signaling. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1350. [PMID: 29988497 PMCID: PMC6026624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses have evolved complex mechanisms to evade the mammalian host immune systems including the RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) like receptor (RLR) signaling. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging flavivirus that is associated with severe neonatal microcephaly and adult Guillain-Barre syndrome. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ZIKV pathogenesis remain poorly defined. Here we report that ZIKV non-structural protein 4A (NS4A) impairs the RLR-mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) interaction and subsequent induction of antiviral immune responses. In human trophoblasts, both RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) contribute to type I interferon (IFN) induction and control ZIKV replication. Type I IFN induction by ZIKV is almost completely abolished in MAVS-/- cells. NS4A represses RLR-, but not Toll-like receptor-mediated immune responses. NS4A specifically binds the N-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) of MAVS and thus blocks its accessibility by RLRs. Our study provides in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune evasion by ZIKV and its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Harshada Ketkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Tingting Geng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Emily Lo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Leilei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juemin Xi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Bueno-Marí R. Prevention and Control Strategies to Counter Zika Virus, a Special Focus on Intervention Approaches against Vector Mosquitoes-Current Updates. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:87. [PMID: 29472902 PMCID: PMC5809424 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is the most recent intruder that acquired the status of global threat creating panic and frightening situation to public owing to its rapid spread, attaining higher virulence and causing complex clinical manifestations including microcephaly in newborns and Guillain Barré Syndrome. Alike other flaviviruses, the principal mode of ZIKV transmission is by mosquitoes. Advances in research have provided reliable diagnostics for detecting ZIKV infection, while several drug/therapeutic targets and vaccine candidates have been identified recently. Despite these progresses, currently there is neither any effective drug nor any vaccine available against ZIKV. Under such circumstances and to tackle the problem at large, control measures of which mosquito population control need to be strengthened following appropriate mechanical, chemical, biological and genetic control measures. Apart from this, several other known modes of ZIKV transmission which have gained importance in recent past such as intrauterine, sexual intercourse, and blood-borne spread need to be checked and kept under control by adopting appropriate precautions and utmost care during sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and organ transplantation. The virus inactivation by pasteurization, detergents, chemicals, and filtration can effectively reduce viral load in plasma-derived medicinal products. Added to this, strengthening of the surveillance and monitoring of ZIKV as well as avoiding travel to Zika infected areas would aid in keeping viral infection under check. Here, we discuss the salient advances in the prevention and control strategies to combat ZIKV with a focus on highlighting various intervention approaches against the vector mosquitoes of this viral pathogen along with presenting an overview regarding human intervention measures to counter other modes of ZIKV transmission and spread. Additionally, owing to the success of vaccines for a number of infections globally, a separate section dealing with advances in ZIKV vaccines and transmission blocking vaccines has also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Agartala, India
| | - Yashpal S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Rubén Bueno-Marí
- Laboratorios Lokímica, Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D), Valencia, Spain
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