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Nahar M, Rai R, Jat D. Therapeutic intervention of vitamin B12 in mitigating chronic alcoholism induced alterations in adult zebrafish ( Danio rerio): a holistic in vivo approach. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39207796 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2398564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcoholism refers to the unpleasant symptoms directly resulting from excessive drinking. Increased alcohol metabolites and an unbalanced oxidative state are likely to blame for the reported effects under these circumstances. According to preclinical and clinical research, vitamin B12 can act on several organ systems with demonstrated neuroprotective, antioxidant, and glutamate modulating properties. OBJECTIVE This research sought to examine the ameliorative effects of vitamin B12 (VtB12) in persistent alcohol (AlOH) exposed adult zebrafish with the help of following parameters like the anxiety related behavior test, Oxidative stress, and antioxidant assays, histological and immunofluorescence analysis. METHODS Zebrafish pretreated with 0.40% AlOH (v/v) for 120 min (+AlOH) or not (-AlOH), were exposed for 6 h to home tank water (-VtB12) or to 59 µg-VtB12/kg-fish food (+VtB12) to analyze anxiety behavior in the geotaxis (novel tank) test as well as the oxidative brain damage in the adult zebrafish. RESULTS Adult zebrafish exposed to chronic AlOH showed a decrease in the distance travelled, average and mobility speed, and increased the average frozen time, the explored area, and total no. of the site explored in the trapezoid tank. AlOH exposure also resulted in oxidative damage, enhanced lipid peroxidation, advanced oxidative protein products, decreased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities, and enhanced reactive oxygen species generation. Additionally, VtB12 supplementation improved neurogenesis, evident in increased Nissl cell numbers and NeuN expression in the brain. CONCLUSION Chronic alcoholism may be effect on the brain cells as well as on the neuro-behavior of zebrafish. This research demonstrated that VtB12 shows promise as a neuroprotective agent against chronic alcoholism induced alterations in zebrafish's brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nahar
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P, India
| | - Ravina Rai
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P, India
| | - Deepali Jat
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P, India
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Guo S, Rezaei MJ. The benefits of ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) supplements on brain function and sports performance. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1439294. [PMID: 39155932 PMCID: PMC11327513 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1439294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ashwagandha or Withania somnifera is an herbal plant belonging to the Solanaceae family. Because of its wide range of phytochemicals, ashwagandha root extract has been used in numerous research studies, either alone or in conjunction with other natural plants, for various biomedical applications, which include its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-stress, anti-tumor, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Additionally, it improves endothelial function, lowers reactive oxygen species, controls apoptosis, and improves mitochondrial function. These properties make it a useful treatment for a variety of conditions, including age-related symptoms, anxiety, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, stress, arthritis, fatigue, and cognitive/memory impairment. Despite the numerous benefits of ashwagandha supplementation, there have been just four meta-analyses on the herb's effectiveness in treating anxiety, neurobehavioral disorders, impotence, and infertility. Moreover, no reviews exist that examine how ashwagandha affects antioxidant response and physical sports performance. Consequently, the goal of this study was to analyze the scientific literature regarding the effects of ashwagandha consumption on antioxidant response and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Guo
- College of Physical Education, LiaoNing Petrochemical University, Fushun, Liaoning, China
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3
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Stagaman K, Alexiev A, Sieler MJ, Hammer A, Kasschau KD, Truong L, Tanguay RL, Sharpton TJ. The zebrafish gut microbiome influences benzo[a]pyrene developmental neurobehavioral toxicity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14618. [PMID: 38918492 PMCID: PMC11199668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-life exposure to environmental toxicants like Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is associated with several health consequences in vertebrates (i.e., impaired or altered neurophysiological and behavioral development). Although toxicant impacts were initially studied relative to host physiology, recent studies suggest that the gut microbiome is a possible target and/or mediator of behavioral responses to chemical exposure in organisms, via the gut-brain axis. However, the connection between BaP exposure, gut microbiota, and developmental neurotoxicity remains understudied. Using a zebrafish model, we determined whether the gut microbiome influences BaP impacts on behavior development. Embryonic zebrafish were treated with increasing concentrations of BaP and allowed to grow to the larval life stage, during which they underwent behavioral testing and intestinal dissection for gut microbiome profiling via high-throughput sequencing. We found that exposure affected larval zebrafish microbiome diversity and composition in a manner tied to behavioral development: increasing concentrations of BaP were associated with increased taxonomic diversity, exposure was associated with unweighted UniFrac distance, and microbiome diversity and exposure predicted larval behavior. Further, a gnotobiotic zebrafish experiment clarified whether microbiome presence was associated with BaP exposure response and behavioral changes. We found that gut microbiome state altered the relationship between BaP exposure concentration and behavioral response. These results support the idea that the zebrafish gut microbiome is a determinant of the developmental neurotoxicity that results from chemical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton Stagaman
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Alexandra Alexiev
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Michael J Sieler
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Austin Hammer
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kristin D Kasschau
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Abomosallam M, Hendam BM, Abdallah AA, Refaat R, El-Hak HNG. Neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera leaves extract nanoemulsion against penconazole-induced neurotoxicity in albino rats via modulating TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1903-1928. [PMID: 38630361 PMCID: PMC11136823 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Penconazole (PEN) is a systemic triazole fungicide used to control various fungal diseases on grapes, stone fruits, cucurbits, and strawberries. Still, it leaves residues on treated crops after collection with many hazardous effects on population including neurotoxicity. Withania somnifera leaves extract (WSLE) is known for its memory and brain function enhancing ability. To evoke such action efficiently, WSLE bioactive metabolites are needed to cross the blood-brain barrier, that could limit the availability of such compounds to be localized within the brain. Therefore, in the present study, the association between PEN exposure and neurotoxicity was evaluated, and formulated WSLE nanoemulsion was investigated for improving the permeability of the plant extract across the blood-brain barrier. The rats were divided into five groups (n = 6). The control group was administered distilled water, group II was treated with W. somnifera leaves extract nanoemulsion (WSLE NE), group III received PEN, group IV received PEN and WSLE, and group V received PEN and WSLE NE. All rats were gavaged daily for 6 weeks. Characterization of compounds in WSLE using LC-MS/MS analysis was estimated. Neurobehavioral disorders were evaluated in all groups. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzyme activities, and inflammatory cytokines were measured in brain tissue. Furthermore, the gene expression patterns of GFAP, APP, vimentin, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Bax were measured. Histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression in the peripheral sciatic nerve and cerebral cortex were evaluated. A total of 91 compounds of different chemo-types were detected and identified in WSLE in both ionization modes. Our data showed behavioral impairment in the PEN-treated group, with significant elevation of oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, neuronal damage, and apoptosis. In contrast, the PEN-treated group with WSLE NE showed marked improvement in behavioral performance and histopathological alteration with a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to the group administered WSLE alone. The PEN-treated group with WSLE NE in turn significantly downregulated the expression levels of GFAP, APP, vimentin, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Bax in brain tissue. In conclusion, WSLE NE markedly enhanced the permeability of plant extract constituents through the blood brain barrier to boost its neuroprotective effect against PEN-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abomosallam
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Basma M Hendam
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amr A Abdallah
- Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha Refaat
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Nageh Gad El-Hak
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 10, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Muduli N, Aparna S, Patri M, Sahoo KK. Saffron stigma extract and crocin play an important neuroprotective role in therapeutic measures against benzo[a]pyrene-induced behavioral alterations in zebrafish. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:131-142. [PMID: 37649374 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2250576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Saffron is a well-known expensive spice, which has many pharmacological properties against a variety of ailments. Saffron stigma and leaf contain apocarotenoids and bioactive phytochemicals having therapeutic potential against human disorders. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most common toxins in today's aquatic environment. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a high molecular weight PAHs prototype, and reported as a potent neurotoxicant, which is profoundly contaminating the environment. The present study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of Saffron stigma extracts and crocin, on B[a]P-induced behavioral changes, altered antioxidant activities, and neurodegeneration in zebrafish. The behavioral responses monitored through the light-dark preference test and novel tank diving test suggested that B[a]P treated zebrafish group showed alteration in anxiolytic-like behavior. Animals exhibited their native behavior when treated alone with Saffron Stigma Extract (SSE) and crocin, an apocarotenoid which also reduced the altered behavior induced by B[a]P. The SSE and crocin stimulated the antioxidant activities with an accumulation of reduced glutathione and catalase enzymes, indicating a protective role against B[a]P-induced oxidative stress and behavioral deficits. The histopathological studies showed the percentage change of pyknotic cell counts in the Periventricular Gray Zone region of the Optic Tectum was 1.74 folds high in B[a]P treated animals as compared to control. Furthermore, the treatment of SSE and crocin reduced the pyknosis process induced by B[a]P-mediated neurodegeneration, possibly due to a better protective mechanism. Future studies may reveal the detailed mechanisms of action of potent SSE and crocin like bioactive compounds having neuroprotective potentials against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Muduli
- Department of Botany, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India
| | - Sai Aparna
- Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India
| | - Manorama Patri
- Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment potentiates ethanol-induced behavioral changes through modulation of intestinal epithelium in Danio rerio. INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s10123-022-00320-2. [PMID: 36656417 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis directly regulates the brain homeostatic environment; an imbalance in gut microbial composition following ethanol exposure is maleficent. In this context, involvement of probiotics as prophylactic intervention against ethanol-induced neurotoxicity is elusive in the literature. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the impact of chronic ethanol exposure on the neurobehavioral response of zebrafish and possible neuroprotection through co-supplementation of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). Zebrafish were divided into naive, control, ethanol (0.01% v/v), LGG, and ethanol co-supplemented with LGG groups. Neurobehavioral assessment was performed after 7 days of chronic waterborne exposure to ethanol with LGG co-supplementation followed by histopathological studies. The findings indicated that there was a clear alteration in locomotor activity and habitat preference, with animals preferentially migrating toward altered zones on exposure to ethanol. However, co-supplementation of LGG showed restoration against ethanol-induced neurobehavioral and cognitive dysfunction. Brain tissue pyknosis and intestinal epithelial disruption were significantly mitigated on LGG co-supplementation against ethanol in zebrafish. The present study provides a novel approach toward supplementation of probiotics such as LGG in modulation of gut commensal microbiota influencing zebrafish behavior. Moreover, the findings delineate the possible role of probiotics as a curative administration to counter ethanol-persuaded neurological outcomes.
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Satpathy L, Parida SP. Study on the Effects of Kandhamal Haladi in Benzo [a]Pyrene-Induced Behavioral Changes in Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1886124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laxminandan Satpathy
- Department of Zoology, School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Siba Prasad Parida
- Department of Zoology, School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Pradhan LK, Sahoo PK, Chauhan NR, Das SK. Temporal exposure to chronic unpredictable stress induces precocious neurobehavioral deficits by distorting neuromorphology and glutathione biosynthesis in zebrafish brain. Behav Brain Res 2021; 418:113672. [PMID: 34785260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modelling of chronic stress conditions in experimental animals and its neuropsychiatric outcomes has been well documented in literature. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) by exhibiting significant genetic and epidemiological similarities with human beings, has now emerged as a promising animal model of translational research. In this line, risk assessment following exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) towards neurobehavioral response and neuromorphology of sensitive brain region in zebrafish is the prime objective of the present study. With the existing knowledge on CUS in affecting diverse neurobehavioral aspects, we were primarily interested in whether this neurobehavioral transformation is an outcome of altered glutathione biosynthesis in zebrafish. We were also concerned about whether the precocious neurobehavioral transformation has been linked to altered neuromorphology in the periventricular grey zone (PGZ) of the zebrafish brain. Our basic findings showed that CUS itself represented as a universal factor in altering native bottom-dwelling and scototaxis behaviour of zebrafish. Our findings also backing the argument that CUS itself represented a collective stress regimen by altering the brain glutathione biosynthesis in zebrafish. Correspondingly, a temporal transformation in CUS instigated augmentation in neuronal pyknosis and chromatin condensation were observed in PGZ of the zebrafish brain. Collectively, these findings designate that CUS induced temporal neurobehavioral transformation is an outcome of augmented oxidative stress and neuromorphological alteration in the zebrafish brain. However, the underlying mechanism of such neuropathological manifestation associated with CUS might provide novel insight towards the development of prophylactic/therapeutic intervention to counter such co-morbid behavioral alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilesh Kumar Pradhan
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Sahoo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Nishant Ranjan Chauhan
- Infectious Disease Biology Division, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India.
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Pradhan LK, Sahoo PK, Aparna S, Sargam M, Biswal AK, Polai O, Chauhan NR, Das SK. Suppression of bisphenol A-induced oxidative stress by taurine promotes neuroprotection and restores altered neurobehavioral response in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:2342-2353. [PMID: 34403186 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been documented as a mediator for a number of health effects, including inflammation, oxidative stress, carcinogenicity, and mood dysfunction. The literature on the role of BPA in inducing altered neurobehavioral response and brain morphology and plausible neuroprotective role of taurine against BPA induced oxidative stress mediated neurotoxicity is limited. Therefore, the present experimental paradigm was set for 21 days to expound the neuroprotective efficacy of taurine against BPA-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) following waterborne exposure. Neurobehavioral studies were conducted by light-dark preference test (LDPT) and novel tank diving test (NTDT). To validate that the neuroprotective efficacy of taurine against BPA-induced neurotoxicity is associated with the modulation of the antioxidant defense system, we have conducted biochemical studies in zebrafish brain. Changes in brain morphology leading to neurobehavioral variations following co-supplementation of BPA and taurine were evaluated by Hoechst staining and cresyl violet staining (CVS) in periventricular gray zone (PGZ) of zebrafish brain. Our findings show that taurine co-supplementation significantly improved the BPA-induced altered scototaxis and explorative behavior of zebrafish. Further, BPA-induced augmented oxidative stress was considerably ameliorated by taurine co-supplementation. Subsequently, our observation also points toward the neuroprotective role of taurine against BPA-induced neuronal pyknosis and chromatin condensation in PGZ of zebrafish brain. In a nutshell, the findings of the current study show the neuroprotective efficacy of taurine against BPA-induced oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity. Elucidation of the underlying signaling mechanism of taurine-mediated neuroprotection would provide novel strategies for the prevention/treatment of BPA-persuaded serious neurological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilesh Kumar Pradhan
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Sahoo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sai Aparna
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India
| | - Meghana Sargam
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Amit Kumar Biswal
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Omkar Polai
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
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Sahoo PK, Pradhan LK, Das SK. Chronic bisphenol A exposure induces temporal neurobehavioral transformation and augmented chromatin condensation in the periventricular gray zone of zebrafish brain. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2794-2803. [PMID: 34670469 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1991774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial synthetic chemical that is extensively used for manufacturing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. However, there is limited literature on BPA-induced temporal neurobehavioral transformation and oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration in the subtle region of the zebrafish brain. Consequently, an investigational setup was prepared to study the temporal response to duration-dependent BPA exposure on neurobehavioral, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration in zebrafish. Zebrafish were divided into five groups: naïve, control, 7 days (BPA7D), 14 days (BPA14D), and 21 days (BPA21D). Our findings indicated that chronic waterborne exposure to BPA substantially altered the light/dark preference and bottom-dwelling behavior of zebrafish in the BPA14D, and BPA21D groups compared with naïve and control groups. Biochemical studies revealed that there was a significant downregulation in the cellular level of small-molecule antioxidants evidenced by reduced glutathione (GSH) and activity of antioxidant enzymes of glutathione biosynthesis in a duration-dependent manner after exposure to BPA. However, exposure to BPA for 7 days did not induce substantial alteration in biochemical parameters, such as GSH level, protein carbonylation, and superoxide dismutase activity, although the neurobehavioral responses expressively differed from those of the naïve and control groups. Moreover, our histopathological observation also indicated a temporal augmentation in chromatin condensation in the periventricular gray zone (PGZ) of the zebrafish brain after chronic exposure to BPA. The overall outcomes of the present study indicated that the transformed neurobehavioral phenotypes in zebrafish are a consequence of BPA-induced oxidative stress and PGZ neurodegeneration and clearly show a temporal transformation under BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyumna Kumar Sahoo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Lilesh Kumar Pradhan
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
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Paul S, Chakraborty S, Anand U, Dey S, Nandy S, Ghorai M, Saha SC, Patil MT, Kandimalla R, Proćków J, Dey A. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112175. [PMID: 34649336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) has been used as a traditional Rasayana herb for a long time. Traditional uses of this plant indicate its ameliorative properties against a plethora of human medical conditions, viz. hypertension, stress, diabetes, asthma, cancer etc. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the geographical distribution, traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of W. somnifera and its active constituents. In addition, it presents a detailed account of its presence as an active constituent in many commercial preparations with curative properties and health benefits. Clinical studies and toxicological considerations of its extracts and constituents are also elucidated. Comparative analysis of relevant in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical investigations indicated potent bioactivity of W. somnifera extracts and phytochemicals as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, cardio-protective and spermatogenic agents. W. somnifera was found to be especially active against many neurological and psychological conditions like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, ischemic stroke, sleep deprivation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The probable mechanism of action that imparts the pharmacological potential has also been explored. However, in-depth studies are needed on the clinical use of W. somnifera against human diseases. Besides, detailed toxicological analysis is also to be performed for its safe and efficacious use in preclinical and clinical studies and as a health-promoting herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Paul
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University (2nd Campus), Kolkata 700156, West Bengal, India
| | - Shreya Chakraborty
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Swarnali Dey
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Samapika Nandy
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Mimosa Ghorai
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Suchismita Chatterjee Saha
- Department of Zoology, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College (Affiliated to the University of Kalyani), Nabadwip 741302, West Bengal, India
| | - Manoj Tukaram Patil
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, SNJB's KKHA Arts, SMGL Commerce and SPHJ Science College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Chandwad, Nashik 423101, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India; Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal-506007, Telangana, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India.
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Rath SN, Jena L, Bhuyan R, Mahanandia NC, Patri M. In silico discovery and evaluation of phytochemicals binding mechanism against human catechol-O-methyltransferase as a putative bioenhancer of L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson disease. Genomics Inform 2021; 19:e7. [PMID: 33840171 PMCID: PMC8042297 DOI: 10.5808/gi.20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (L-DOPA) therapy is normally practised to treat motor pattern associated with Parkinson disease (PD). Additionally, several inhibitory drugs such as Entacapone and Opicapone are also cosupplemented to protect peripheral inactivation of exogenous L-DOPA (~80%) that occurs due to metabolic activity of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Although, both Entacapone and Opicapone have U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval but regular use of these drugs is associated with high risk of side effects. Thus, authors have focused on in silico discovery of phytochemicals and evaluation of their effectiveness against human soluble COMT using virtual screening, molecular docking, drug-like property prediction, generation of pharmacophoric property, and molecular dynamics simulation. Overall, study proposed, nine phytochemicals (withaphysalin D, withaphysalin N, withaferin A, withacnistin, withaphysalin C, withaphysalin O, withanolide B, withasomnine, and withaphysalin F) of plant Withania somnifera have strong binding efficiency against human COMT in comparison to both of the drugs i.e., Opicapone and Entacapone, thus may be used as putative bioenhancer in L-DOPA therapy. The present study needs further experimental validation to be used as an adjuvant in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Narayan Rath
- Department of Bioinformatics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India.,Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 753003, India
| | - Lingaraja Jena
- Centers for Advanced Research & Excellence, Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi 110023, India
| | - Rajabrata Bhuyan
- Department of Bio-Science and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapeeth (Deemed) University, Banasthali 304022, India
| | | | - Manorama Patri
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 753003, India
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Aparna S, Patri M. Benzo[a]pyrene exposure and overcrowding stress impacts anxiety-like behavior and impairs learning and memory in adult zebrafish, Danio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:352-361. [PMID: 33280238 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a prototype of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ubiquitous environmental pollutant, alters neurobehavioral responses in aquatic organisms like zebrafish. Increasing organic load on water bodies causes population explosion leading to overcrowding (OC) stress. The effect of OC stress on neurobehavioral alterations remains unclear. The objective of our study is to elucidate the impact of OC stress on behavioral alterations and neurodegenerative phenotypes on exposure to B[a]P in zebrafish. We demonstrate the effects of OC stress (12 fish/L) on acute waterborne exposure to B[a]P (0.2 mg L-1 ) in adult wild zebrafish. Anxiety-like behavior, learning, and memory impairment were assayed by novel tank diving test, light/dark preference test, and T-maze test. Oxidative stress bio-markers were assayed along with histopathological changes in zebrafish brain. OC stress significantly impaired the learning ability and mood behavior by increasing the number of transition and time spent in the alter zones. Increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl formation with significant decreased catalase activity and reduced glutathione level showed oxidative stress on exposure to OC stress and B[a]P. Pyknotic neuronal counts dramatically increased in periventricular grey zone of optic tectum brain region of zebrafish. Our findings showed that OC stress modulates the B[a]P-induced behavioral alterations causing learning and memory deficiency with histopathological changes in adult zebrafish brain. OC stress may act as an early risk factor for the eventual development of cognitive impairments and B[a]P exposure plays a key role in mediating both the facilitating and impairing actions of OC stress in memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Aparna
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India
| | - Manorama Patri
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India
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Speers AB, Cabey KA, Soumyanath A, Wright KM. Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Stress and the Stress- Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1468-1495. [PMID: 34254920 PMCID: PMC8762185 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210712151556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withania somnifera (WS), also known as Ashwagandha, is commonly used in Ayurveda and other traditional medicine systems. WS has seen an increase in worldwide usage due to its reputation as an adaptogen. This popularity has elicited increased scientific study of its biological effects, including a potential application for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of preclinical and clinical studies examining the neuropsychiatric effects of WS, specifically its application in stress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. METHODS Reports of human trials and animal studies of WS were collected primarily from the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. RESULTS WS root and leaf extracts exhibited noteworthy anti-stress and anti-anxiety activity in animal and human studies. WS also improved symptoms of depression and insomnia, though fewer studies investigated these applications. WS may alleviate these conditions predominantly through modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axes, as well as through GABAergic and serotonergic pathways. While some studies link specific withanolide components to its neuropsychiatric benefits, there is evidence for the presence of additional, as yet unidentified, active compounds in WS. CONCLUSION While benefits were seen in the reviewed studies, significant variability in the WS extracts examined prevents a consensus on the optimum WS preparation or dosage for treating neuropsychiatric conditions. WS generally appears safe for human use; however, it will be important to investigate potential herb-drug interactions involving WS if used alongside pharmaceutical interventions. Further elucidation of active compounds of WS is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amala Soumyanath
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Tel/Fax: +1-503-494-6882, +1-503-494-7499; E-mails: ;
| | - Kirsten M. Wright
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Tel/Fax: +1-503-494-6882, +1-503-494-7499; E-mails: ;
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Sahoo PK, Pradhan LK, Aparna S, Agarwal K, Banerjee A, Das SK. Quercetin abrogates bisphenol A induced altered neurobehavioral response and oxidative stress in zebrafish by modulating brain antioxidant defence system. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103483. [PMID: 32866630 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-recognized anthropogenic xenoestrogen, has been identified as a causative agent responsible for inducing carcinogenicity, cognitive impairment, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, etc. However, BPA-induced neurotoxicity and its possible amelioration through natural compound intervention remain elusive. The current study was performed to elucidate the neurotoxic potential of BPA in zebrafish (Danio rerio) by waterborne exposure and its possible amelioration by quercetin co-supplementation. Protective effect of quercetin against BPA-induced altered neurobehavioral response, oxidative stress and neuromorphological changes were evaluated in zebrafish brain. The present findings reveal that BPA-induced altered neurobehavioral response was ameliorated by quercetin. Biochemical studies advocate the potential therapeutic efficacy of quercetin against BPA-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish brain. Quercetin also shows neuroprotection against BPA-induced augmented neuronal pyknosis in periventricular grey zone (PGZ) of zebrafish brain. These basic findings indicate that quercetin may act as an effective intervention against BPA-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish through down-regulation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyumna Kumar Sahoo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Lilesh Kumar Pradhan
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Sai Aparna
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 753003, India
| | - Komal Agarwal
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Ankita Banerjee
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India.
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Lin YC, Wu CY, Hu CH, Pai TW, Chen YR, Wang WD. Integrated Hypoxia Signaling and Oxidative Stress in Developmental Neurotoxicity of Benzo[a]Pyrene in Zebrafish Embryos. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080731. [PMID: 32796530 PMCID: PMC7464806 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formed by the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Environmental B[a]P contamination poses a serious health risk to many organisms because the pollutant may negatively affect many physiological systems. As such, chronic exposure to B[a]P is known to lead to locomotor dysfunction and neurodegeneration in several organisms. In this study, we used the zebrafish model to delineate the acute toxic effects of B[a]P on the developing nervous system. We found that embryonic exposure of B[a]P downregulates shh and isl1, causing morphological hypoplasia in the telencephalon, ventral thalamus, hypothalamus, epiphysis and posterior commissure. Moreover, hypoxia-inducible factors (hif1a and hif2a) are repressed upon embryonic exposure of B[a]P, leading to reduced expression of the Hif-target genes, epo and survivin, which are associated with neural differentiation and maintenance. During normal embryogenesis, low-level oxidative stress regulates neuronal development and function. However, our experiments revealed that embryonic oxidative stress is greatly increased in B[a]P-treated embryos. The expression of catalase was decreased and sod1 expression increased in B[a]P-treated embryos. These transcriptional changes were coincident with increased embryonic levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, with the levels in B[a]P-treated fish similar to those in embryos treated with 120-μM H2O2. Together, our data suggest that reduced Hif signaling and increased oxidative stress are involved in B[a]P-induced acute neurotoxicity during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Lin
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Yi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Chin-Hwa Hu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Tun-Wen Pai
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Der Wang
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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Mahanta CS, Aparna S, Das SK, Jena BB, Swain BR, Patri M, Dash BP, Satapathy R. Star‐Shaped Phenylene BODIPY: Synthesis, Properties and Biocompatibility Assessment Using Zebrafish. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Aparna
- Department of ZoologyRavenshaw University Cuttack Odisha 753003 India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Centre for BiotechnologySiksha ‘O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar Odisha 751030 India
| | | | | | - Manorama Patri
- Department of ZoologyRavenshaw University Cuttack Odisha 753003 India
| | - Barada P. Dash
- Department of ChemistrySiksha ‘O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar Odisha 751030 India
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Das SK, Aparna S, Patri M. Chronic waterborne exposure to benzo[a]pyrene induces locomotor dysfunction and development of neurodegenerative phenotypes in zebrafish. Neurosci Lett 2020; 716:134646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Rath SN, Jena L, Patri M. Understanding ligands driven mechanism of wild and mutant aryl hydrocarbon receptor in presence of phytochemicals combating Parkinson’s disease: an in silico and in vivo study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:807-826. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1590240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surya Narayan Rath
- Department of Bioinformatics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Lingaraja Jena
- Bioinformatics Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manorama Patri
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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Das SK, Patri M. Neuropeptide Y expression confers benzo[a]pyrene induced anxiolytic like behavioral response during early adolescence period of male Wistar rats. Neuropeptides 2017; 61:23-30. [PMID: 27402563 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Environmental neurotoxicant like benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is known to induce neurobehavioral changes. Our previous reports address the adverse effect of B[a]P on the neurobehavioral responses and neuromorphology of sensitive brain regions in adolescent rats. Present study was conducted on male Wistar rat neonates at postnatal day 5 (PND5) to ascertain B[a]P induced anxiolytic like behavioral response could be an outcome of neuropeptide Y (NPY) overexpression in brain. Single intracisternal administration of B[a]P was carried out at PND5 to elucidate the role of NPY on neurobehavioral responses at PND30. The behavioral studies showed anxiolytic like effect of B[a]P in both light and dark box and elevated plus maze tests. Antioxidant assay involving glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly decreased where as lipid peroxidation was significantly augmented in both hippocampus and hypothalamus of B[a]P treated group as compared to naive and control. The neurotransmitter estimation by HPLC-ECD showed significant increase in 5-HT level in both hippocampus and hypothalamus of B[a]P treated group. Significant elevation in NPY expression was observed in both hippocampus and hypothalamus of B[a]P group. Intracellular Ca2+ estimation using Fura-2AM by fluorometry showed that B[a]P induced increase in Ca2+ influx was associated with augmented NPY expression in brain. As NPY has orexigenic effect, our result revealed that there was a significant increase in body weight at PND30 following B[a]P administration to rat neonates at PND5. These findings suggested that NPY overexpression in brain regions might be associated with anxiolytic like behavioral response and orexigenic effect in rats following single intracisternal B[a]P administration. Future research directing towards understanding the signaling cascades of B[a]P induced biochemical and neuromorphological alteration might address the independent pathway which induce neurodegeneration despite NPY overexpression in brain regions of adolescent rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Das
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Odisha, India
| | - Manorama Patri
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Odisha, India.
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Mohanty R, Das SK, Patri M. Modulation of Benzo[a]Pyrene Induced Anxiolytic-Like Behavior by Retinoic Acid in Zebrafish: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense System. Neurotox Res 2017; 31:493-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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