1
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Son J, Jung O, Kim JH, Park KS, Kweon HS, Nguyen NT, Lee YJ, Cha H, Lee Y, Tran Q, Seo Y, Park J, Choi J, Cheong H, Lee SY. MARS2 drives metabolic switch of non-small-cell lung cancer cells via interaction with MCU. Redox Biol 2023; 60:102628. [PMID: 36774778 PMCID: PMC9947422 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MARS2) canonically mediates the formation of fMet-tRNAifMet for mitochondrial translation initiation. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is a major gate of Ca2+ flux from cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix. We found that MARS2 interacts with MCU and stimulates mitochondrial Ca2+ influx. Methionine binding to MARS2 would act as a molecular switch that regulates MARS2-MCU interaction. Endogenous knockdown of MARS2 attenuates mitochondrial Ca2+ influx and induces p53 upregulation through the Ca2+-dependent CaMKII/CREB signaling. Subsequently, metabolic rewiring from glycolysis into pentose phosphate pathway is triggered and cellular reactive oxygen species level decreases. This metabolic switch induces inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via cellular redox regulation. Expression of MARS2 is regulated by ZEB1 transcription factor in response to Wnt signaling. Our results suggest the mechanisms of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and metabolic control of cancer that are exerted by the key factors of the mitochondrial translational machinery and Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyeon Son
- Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, South Korea
| | - Okkeun Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, South Korea
| | - Jong Heon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, South Korea,Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Sciences and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, South Korea
| | - Kyu Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon, 26424, South Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Kweon
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28119, South Korea
| | - Nhung Thi Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon, 26424, South Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, South Korea
| | - Hansol Cha
- Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, South Korea
| | - Yejin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, South Korea
| | - Quangdon Tran
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Sciences, Metabolic Syndrom and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Yoona Seo
- Cancer Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, South Korea,Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Sciences and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, South Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Sciences, Metabolic Syndrom and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Jungwon Choi
- Cancer Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, South Korea
| | - Heesun Cheong
- Cancer Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, South Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, South Korea.
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2
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The Diffusion Model of Intra-Golgi Transport Has Limited Power. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021375. [PMID: 36674888 PMCID: PMC9861033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC) is the main station along the cell biosecretory pathway. Until now, mechanisms of intra-Golgi transport (IGT) have remained unclear. Herein, we confirm that the goodness-of-fit of the regression lines describing the exit of a cargo from the Golgi zone (GZ) corresponds to an exponential decay. When the GC was empty before the re-initiation of the intra-Golgi transport, this parameter of the curves describing the kinetics of different cargoes (which are deleted in Golgi vesicles) with different diffusional mobilities within the GZ as well as their exit from the GZ was maximal for the piecewise nonlinear regression, wherein the first segment was horizontal, while the second segment was similar to the exponential decay. The kinetic curve describing cargo exit from the GC per se resembled a linear decay. The Monte-Carlo simulation revealed that such curves reflect the role of microtubule growth in cells with a central GC or the random hovering of ministacks in cells lacking a microtubule. The synchronization of cargo exit from the GC already filled with a cargo using the wave synchronization protocol did not reveal the equilibration of cargo within a Golgi stack, which would be expected from the diffusion model (DM) of IGT. Moreover, not all cisternae are connected to each other in mini-stacks that are transporting membrane proteins. Finally, the kinetics of post-Golgi carriers and the important role of SNAREs for IGT at different level of IGT also argue against the DM of IGT.
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3
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Comparison of the Cisterna Maturation-Progression Model with the Kiss-and-Run Model of Intra-Golgi Transport: Role of Cisternal Pores and Cargo Domains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073590. [PMID: 35408951 PMCID: PMC8999060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex is the central station of the secretory pathway. Knowledge about the mechanisms of intra-Golgi transport is inconsistent. Here, we compared the explanatory power of the cisterna maturation-progression model and the kiss-and-run model. During intra-Golgi transport, conventional cargoes undergo concentration and form cisternal distensions or distinct membrane domains that contain only one membrane cargo. These domains and distension are separated from the rest of the Golgi cisternae by rows of pores. After the arrival of any membrane cargo or a large cargo aggregate at the Golgi complex, the cis-Golgi SNAREs become enriched within the membrane of cargo-containing domains and then replaced by the trans-Golgi SNAREs. During the passage of these domains, the number of cisternal pores decreases. Restoration of the cisternal pores is COPI-dependent. Our observations are more in line with the kiss-and-run model.
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4
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Lalioti V, Beznoussenko GV, Mironov AA, Sandoval IV. The E-Syt3 cleavage and traffic uncovers the primordial cisterna, a new organelle that mothers the lipid droplets in the adipocyte. Traffic 2021; 23:21-41. [PMID: 34693607 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extended synaptotagmins are endoplasmic reticulum proteins consisting of an SMP domain and multiple C2 domains that bind phospholipids and Ca2+ . E-Syts create contact junctions between the ER and plasma membrane (PM) to facilitate the exchange of glycerophospholipids between the apposed membranes. We find in the differentiating adipocyte that the E-Syt3 carboxyl domain is cleaved by a multi-step mechanism that includes removing the C2C domain. Confocal and live-cell time-lapse studies show that truncated E-Syt3ΔC2C, as well as endogenous E-Syt3 and the coat protein PLIN1, target the LDs from an annular, single giant ER cisterna. Inhibition of the proteasome blocks the proteolytic cleavage of Esyt3 and E-Syt3ΔC2C and causes the E-Syt3ΔC2C retention in the giant cisterna. The Esyt3 and PLIN1 distributions and LDs biogenesis show that the primordial cisterna, as we call it, is the birth and nurturing site of LDs in the adipocyte. Isoproterenol-induced lipolysis results in loss of cytoplasmic LDs and reappearance of the primordial cisterna. Electron microscopy and 3D-electron tomography studies show that the primordial cisterna consists of a tightly packed network of varicose tubules with extensively blistered membranes. Rounds of homotypic fusions from nascent to mature LDs play a central role in LD growth. The knockdown of E-Syt3 inhibits LD biogenesis. The identification of the primordial cisterna, an organelle that substitutes the randomly scattered ER foci that mother the LDs in non-adipose cells, sets the stage for a better understanding of LD biogenesis in the adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lalioti
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Physiological and Pathological Processes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Galina V Beznoussenko
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander A Mironov
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Ignacio V Sandoval
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Physiological and Pathological Processes, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Grond R, Veenendaal T, Duran JM, Raote I, van Es JH, Corstjens S, Delfgou L, El Haddouti B, Malhotra V, Rabouille C. The function of GORASPs in Golgi apparatus organization in vivo. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151880. [PMID: 32573693 PMCID: PMC7480117 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro experiments have shown that GRASP65 (GORASP1) and GRASP55 (GORASP2) proteins function in stacking Golgi cisternae. However, in vivo depletion of GORASPs in metazoans has given equivocal results. We have generated a mouse lacking both GORASPs and find that Golgi cisternae remained stacked. However, the stacks are disconnected laterally from each other, and the cisternal cross-sectional diameters are significantly reduced compared with their normal counterparts. These data support earlier findings on the role of GORASPs in linking stacks, and we suggest that unlinking of stacks likely affects dynamic control of COPI budding and vesicle fusion at the rims. The net result is that cisternal cores remain stacked, but cisternal diameter is reduced by rim consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Grond
- Hubrecht Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Utrecht Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tineke Veenendaal
- Department of Cell Biology, Utrecht Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Juan M Duran
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ishier Raote
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johan H van Es
- Hubrecht Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Utrecht Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Corstjens
- Hubrecht Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Utrecht Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Laura Delfgou
- Hubrecht Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Utrecht Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Benaissa El Haddouti
- Hubrecht Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Utrecht Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Vivek Malhotra
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine Rabouille
- Hubrecht Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Utrecht Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Utrecht Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biological Science of Cell and Systems, Utrecht Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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6
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Membrane Curvature, Trans-Membrane Area Asymmetry, Budding, Fission and Organelle Geometry. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207594. [PMID: 33066582 PMCID: PMC7590041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In biology, the modern scientific fashion is to mostly study proteins. Much less attention is paid to lipids. However, lipids themselves are extremely important for the formation and functioning of cellular membrane organelles. Here, the role of the geometry of the lipid bilayer in regulation of organelle shape is analyzed. It is proposed that during rapid shape transition, the number of lipid heads and their size (i.e., due to the change in lipid head charge) inside lipid leaflets modulates the geometrical properties of organelles, in particular their membrane curvature. Insertion of proteins into a lipid bilayer and the shape of protein trans-membrane domains also affect the trans-membrane asymmetry between surface areas of luminal and cytosol leaflets of the membrane. In the cases where lipid molecules with a specific shape are not predominant, the shape of lipids (cylindrical, conical, or wedge-like) is less important for the regulation of membrane curvature, due to the flexibility of their acyl chains and their high ability to diffuse.
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7
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Mironov AA, Beznoussenko GV. Models of Intracellular Transport: Pros and Cons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:146. [PMID: 31440506 PMCID: PMC6693330 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport is one of the most confusing issues in the field of cell biology. Many different models and their combinations have been proposed to explain the experimental data on intracellular transport. Here, we analyse the data related to the mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi and intra-Golgi transport from the point of view of the main models of intracellular transport; namely: the vesicular model, the diffusion model, the compartment maturation–progression model, and the kiss-and-run model. This review initially describes our current understanding of Golgi function, while highlighting the recent progress that has been made. It then continues to discuss the outstanding questions and potential avenues for future research with regard to the models of these transport steps. To compare the power of these models, we have applied the method proposed by K. Popper; namely, the formulation of prohibitive observations according to, and the consecutive evaluation of, previous data, on the basis on the new models. The levels to which the different models can explain the experimental observations are different, and to date, the most powerful has been the kiss-and-run model, whereas the least powerful has been the diffusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
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8
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Erdmann RS, Baguley SW, Richens JH, Wissner RF, Xi Z, Allgeyer ES, Zhong S, Thompson AD, Lowe N, Butler R, Bewersdorf J, Rothman JE, St Johnston D, Schepartz A, Toomre D. Labeling Strategies Matter for Super-Resolution Microscopy: A Comparison between HaloTags and SNAP-tags. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:584-592.e6. [PMID: 30745239 PMCID: PMC6474801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy requires that subcellular structures are labeled with bright and photostable fluorophores, especially for live-cell imaging. Organic fluorophores may help here as they can yield more photons-by orders of magnitude-than fluorescent proteins. To achieve molecular specificity with organic fluorophores in live cells, self-labeling proteins are often used, with HaloTags and SNAP-tags being the most common. However, how these two different tagging systems compare with each other is unclear, especially for stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, which is limited to a small repertoire of fluorophores in living cells. Herein, we compare the two labeling approaches in confocal and STED imaging using various proteins and two model systems. Strikingly, we find that the fluorescent signal can be up to 9-fold higher with HaloTags than with SNAP-tags when using far-red rhodamine derivatives. This result demonstrates that the labeling strategy matters and can greatly influence the duration of super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman S. Erdmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Wood Baguley
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Richens
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Rebecca F. Wissner
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhiqun Xi
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward S. Allgeyer
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Lowe
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Richard Butler
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James E. Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Derek Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA.
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9
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Pre-embedding labeling for subcellular detection of molecules with electron microscopy. Tissue Cell 2019; 57:103-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Mironov AA, Dimov ID, Beznoussenko GV. Role of Intracellular Transport in the Centriole-Dependent Formation of Golgi Ribbon. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 67:49-79. [PMID: 31435792 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular transport is the most confusing issue in the field of cell biology. The Golgi complex (GC) is the central station along the secretory pathway. It contains Golgi glycosylation enzymes, which are responsible for protein and lipid glycosylation, and in many cells, it is organized into a ribbon. Position and structure of the GC depend on the position and function of the centriole. Here, we analyze published data related to the role of centriole and intracellular transport (ICT) for the formation of Golgi ribbon and specifically stress the importance of the delivery of membranes containing cargo and membrane proteins to the cell centre where centriole/centrosome is localized. Additionally, we re-examined the formation of Golgi ribbon from the point of view of different models of ICT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan D Dimov
- Department of Anatomy, Saint Petersburg State Paediatric Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Publisher Note. Tissue Cell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Tie HC, Ludwig A, Sandin S, Lu L. The spatial separation of processing and transport functions to the interior and periphery of the Golgi stack. eLife 2018; 7:41301. [PMID: 30499774 PMCID: PMC6294550 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how the two principal functions of the Golgi complex, processing and transport, are spatially organized. Studying such spatial organization by optical imaging is challenging, partially due to the dense packing of stochastically oriented Golgi stacks. Using super-resolution microscopy and markers such as Giantin, we developed a method to identify en face and side views of individual nocodazole-induced Golgi mini-stacks. Our imaging uncovered that Golgi enzymes preferentially localize to the cisternal interior, appearing as a central disk or inner-ring, whereas components of the trafficking machinery reside at the periphery of the stack, including the cisternal rim. Interestingly, conventional secretory cargos appeared at the cisternal interior during their intra-Golgi trafficking and transiently localized to the cisternal rim before exiting the Golgi. In contrast, bulky cargos were found only at the rim. Our study therefore directly demonstrates the spatial separation of processing and transport functions within the Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieng Chiong Tie
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sara Sandin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Different Golgi ultrastructure across species and tissues: Implications under functional and pathological conditions, and an attempt at classification. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:186-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Lipid transfer proteins and the tuning of compartmental identity in the Golgi apparatus. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 200:42-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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The tobacco-specific carcinogen-operated calcium channel promotes lung tumorigenesis via IGF2 exocytosis in lung epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12961. [PMID: 27666821 PMCID: PMC5052689 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) binding to the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) induces Ca2+ signalling, a mechanism that is implicated in various human cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of NNK-mediated Ca2+ signalling in lung cancer formation. We show significant overexpression of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in association with IGF-1R activation in human preneoplastic lung lesions in smokers. NNK induces voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC)-intervened calcium influx in airway epithelial cells, resulting in a rapid IGF2 secretion via the regulated pathway and thus IGF-1R activation. Silencing nAChR, α1 subunit of L-type VDCC, or various vesicular trafficking curators, including synaptotagmins and Rabs, or blockade of nAChR/VDCC-mediated Ca2+ influx significantly suppresses NNK-induced IGF2 exocytosis, transformation and tumorigenesis of lung epithelial cells. Publicly available database reveals inverse correlation between use of calcium channel blockers and lung cancer diagnosis. Our data indicate that NNK disrupts the regulated pathway of IGF2 exocytosis and promotes lung tumorigenesis. The binding of tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) induces calcium signalling. Here the authors show that NKK-induced calcium influx in airway epithelial cells triggers IGF2 secretion and tumourigenesis.
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16
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Papanikou E, Day KJ, Austin J, Glick BS. COPI selectively drives maturation of the early Golgi. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26709839 PMCID: PMC4758959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COPI coated vesicles carry material between Golgi compartments, but the role of COPI in the secretory pathway has been ambiguous. Previous studies of thermosensitive yeast COPI mutants yielded the surprising conclusion that COPI was dispensable both for the secretion of certain proteins and for Golgi cisternal maturation. To revisit these issues, we optimized the anchor-away method, which allows peripheral membrane proteins such as COPI to be sequestered rapidly by adding rapamycin. Video fluorescence microscopy revealed that COPI inactivation causes an early Golgi protein to remain in place while late Golgi proteins undergo cycles of arrival and departure. These dynamics generate partially functional hybrid Golgi structures that contain both early and late Golgi proteins, explaining how secretion can persist when COPI has been inactivated. Our findings suggest that cisternal maturation involves a COPI-dependent pathway that recycles early Golgi proteins, followed by multiple COPI-independent pathways that recycle late Golgi proteins. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13232.001 Proteins play many important roles for cells, and these roles often require the proteins to be in particular locations in or around the cells. A set of cell compartments called the Golgi packages certain proteins into bubble-like structures called vesicles to enable the proteins to be used elsewhere in the cell or released to the outside of the cell, in a process called the secretory pathway. The operation of the secretory pathway requires the Golgi compartments to be continually remodeled. Proteins and other materials can be ferried between the compartments of the Golgi by another type of vesicle. These vesicles are coated with a group, or complex, of proteins called COPI, which forms a curved lattice around the vesicles and helps them to capture the materials they will transport. However, it is not clear whether COPI is also involved in remodeling of the Golgi compartments. Papanikou, Day et al. addressed this question using a technique called the “anchor-away method” combined with microscopy to study COPI in yeast cells. The yeast were genetically engineered so that COPI activity was effectively shut down in the presence of a drug called rapamycin. The experiments show that COPI is involved in the early stages of remodeling the Golgi compartments, but not the later stages. This finding supports the emerging view of the Golgi as a self-organizing cellular machine, and it provides a framework for uncovering the engineering principles that underlie the secretory pathway. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13232.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Effrosyni Papanikou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Kasey J Day
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Jotham Austin
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
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17
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Beznoussenko GV, Pilyugin SS, Geerts WJC, Kozlov MM, Burger KNJ, Luini A, Derganc J, Mironov AA. Trans-membrane area asymmetry controls the shape of cellular organelles. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5299-333. [PMID: 25761238 PMCID: PMC4394477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane organelles often have complicated shapes and differ in their volume, surface area and membrane curvature. The ratio between the surface area of the cytosolic and luminal leaflets (trans-membrane area asymmetry (TAA)) determines the membrane curvature within different sites of the organelle. Thus, the shape of the organelle could be critically dependent on TAA. Here, using mathematical modeling and stereological measurements of TAA during fast transformation of organelle shapes, we present evidence that suggests that when organelle volume and surface area are constant, TAA can regulate transformation of the shape of the Golgi apparatus, endosomal multivesicular bodies, and microvilli of brush borders of kidney epithelial cells. Extraction of membrane curvature by small spheres, such as COPI-dependent vesicles within the Golgi (extraction of positive curvature), or by intraluminal vesicles within endosomes (extraction of negative curvature) controls the shape of these organelles. For instance, Golgi tubulation is critically dependent on the fusion of COPI vesicles with Golgi cisternae, and vice versa, for the extraction of membrane curvature into 50–60 nm vesicles, to induce transformation of Golgi tubules into cisternae. Also, formation of intraluminal ultra-small vesicles after fusion of endosomes allows equilibration of their TAA, volume and surface area. Finally, when microvilli of the brush border are broken into vesicles and microvilli fragments, TAA of these membranes remains the same as TAA of the microvilli. Thus, TAA has a significant role in transformation of organelle shape when other factors remain constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Beznoussenko
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy.
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbaro, Chieti 66030, Italy.
| | - Sergei S Pilyugin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8105, USA.
| | - Willie J C Geerts
- Department of Biochemical Physiology, Institute of Biomembranes, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Koert N J Burger
- Department of Biochemical Physiology, Institute of Biomembranes, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Alberto Luini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Jure Derganc
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Alexander A Mironov
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy.
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbaro, Chieti 66030, Italy.
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18
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Kumar A, Mazzanti M, Mistrik M, Kosar M, Beznoussenko GV, Mironov AA, Garrè M, Parazzoli D, Shivashankar GV, Scita G, Bartek J, Foiani M. ATR mediates a checkpoint at the nuclear envelope in response to mechanical stress. Cell 2015; 158:633-46. [PMID: 25083873 PMCID: PMC4121522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ATR controls chromosome integrity and chromatin dynamics. We have previously shown that yeast Mec1/ATR promotes chromatin detachment from the nuclear envelope to counteract aberrant topological transitions during DNA replication. Here, we provide evidence that ATR activity at the nuclear envelope responds to mechanical stress. Human ATR associates with the nuclear envelope during S phase and prophase, and both osmotic stress and mechanical stretching relocalize ATR to nuclear membranes throughout the cell cycle. The ATR-mediated mechanical response occurs within the range of physiological forces, is reversible, and is independent of DNA damage signaling. ATR-defective cells exhibit aberrant chromatin condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown. We propose that mechanical forces derived from chromosome dynamics and torsional stress on nuclear membranes activate ATR to modulate nuclear envelope plasticity and chromatin association to the nuclear envelope, thus enabling cells to cope with the mechanical strain imposed by these molecular processes. ATR localizes at the nuclear envelope in S phase and prophase ATR responds to mechanical stress by relocalizing to the nuclear envelope The ATR mechanical response is fast and reversible ATR coordinates chromatin condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Martin Mistrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77115 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kosar
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Galina V Beznoussenko
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Alexandre A Mironov
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Garrè
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Parazzoli
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - G V Shivashankar
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giorgio Scita
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77115 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Marco Foiani
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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19
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Kim MJ, Je AR, Kim HJ, Huh YH, Kweon HS. Coat protein I depletion-associated Golgi fragmentation in an Alzheimer's disease model. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.984756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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20
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Ito Y, Uemura T, Nakano A. Formation and maintenance of the Golgi apparatus in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 310:221-87. [PMID: 24725428 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800180-6.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus plays essential roles in intracellular trafficking, protein and lipid modification, and polysaccharide synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It is well known for its unique stacked structure, which is conserved among most eukaryotes. However, the mechanisms of biogenesis and maintenance of the structure, which are deeply related to ER-Golgi and intra-Golgi transport systems, have long been mysterious. Now having extremely powerful microscopic technologies developed for live-cell imaging, the plant Golgi apparatus provides an ideal system to resolve the question. The plant Golgi apparatus has unique features that are not conserved in other kingdoms, which will also give new insights into the Golgi functions in plant life. In this review, we will summarize the features of the plant Golgi apparatus and transport mechanisms around it, with a focus on recent advances in Golgi biogenesis by live imaging of plants cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Live Cell Molecular Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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21
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Luini A. A brief history of the cisternal progression-maturation model. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2014; 1:6-11. [PMID: 21686099 DOI: 10.4161/cl.1.1.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Luini
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine; Napoli, Italy
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22
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Mironov AA, Sesorova IV, Beznoussenko GV. Golgi's way: a long path toward the new paradigm of the intra-Golgi transport. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:383-93. [PMID: 24068461 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transport of proteins and lipids is one of the main cellular functions. The vesicular model, compartment (or cisterna) maturation model, and the diffusion model compete with each other for the right to be the paradigm within the field of the intra-Golgi transport. These models have significant difficulties explaining the existing experimental data. Recently, we proposed the kiss-and-run (KAR) model of intra-Golgi transport (Mironov and Beznoussenko in Int J Mol Sci 13(6):6800-6819, 2012), which can be symmetric, when fusion and fission occur in the same location, and asymmetric, when fusion and fission take place at different sites. Here, we compare the ability of main models of the intra-Golgi transport to explain the existing results examining the evidence in favor and against each model. We propose that the KAR model has the highest potential for the explanation of the majority of experimental observations existing within the field of intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Mironov
- Istituto di Oncologia Molecolare di Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 20139, Milan, Italy,
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23
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Day KJ, Staehelin LA, Glick BS. A three-stage model of Golgi structure and function. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:239-49. [PMID: 23881164 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus contains multiple classes of cisternae that differ in structure, composition, and function, but there is no consensus about the number and definition of these classes. A useful way to classify Golgi cisternae is according to the trafficking pathways by which the cisternae import and export components. By this criterion, we propose that Golgi cisternae can be divided into three classes that correspond to functional stages of maturation. First, cisternae at the cisternal assembly stage receive COPII vesicles from the ER and recycle components to the ER in COPI vesicles. At this stage, new cisternae are generated. Second, cisternae at the carbohydrate synthesis stage exchange material with one another via COPI vesicles. At this stage, most of the glycosylation and polysaccharide synthesis reactions occur. Third, cisternae at the carrier formation stage produce clathrin-coated vesicles and exchange material with endosomes. At this stage, biosynthetic cargo proteins are packaged into various transport carriers, and the cisternae ultimately disassemble. Discrete transitions occur as a cisterna matures from one stage to the next. Within each stage, the structure and composition of a cisterna can evolve, but the trafficking pathways remain unchanged. This model offers a unified framework for understanding the properties of the Golgi in diverse organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey J Day
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL, 60615, USA
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24
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Rizzo R, Parashuraman S, Mirabelli P, Puri C, Lucocq J, Luini A. The dynamics of engineered resident proteins in the mammalian Golgi complex relies on cisternal maturation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:1027-36. [PMID: 23775191 PMCID: PMC3691466 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201211147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
After leaving the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory proteins traverse several membranous transport compartments before reaching their destinations. How they move through the Golgi complex, a major secretory station composed of stacks of membranous cisternae, is a central yet unsettled issue in membrane biology. Two classes of mechanisms have been proposed. One is based on cargo-laden carriers hopping across stable cisternae and the other on "maturing" cisternae that carry cargo forward while progressing through the stack. A key difference between the two concerns the behavior of Golgi-resident proteins. Under stable cisternae models, Golgi residents remain in the same cisterna, whereas, according to cisternal maturation, Golgi residents recycle from distal to proximal cisternae via retrograde carriers in synchrony with cisternal progression. Here, we have engineered Golgi-resident constructs that can be polymerized at will to prevent their recycling via Golgi carriers. Maturation models predict the progress of such polymerized residents through the stack along with cargo, but stable cisternae models do not. The results support the cisternal maturation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rizzo
- Instituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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25
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Fusella A, Micaroni M, Di Giandomenico D, Mironov AA, Beznoussenko GV. Segregation of the Qb-SNAREs GS27 and GS28 into Golgi vesicles regulates intra-Golgi transport. Traffic 2013; 14:568-84. [PMID: 23387339 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is the main glycosylation and sorting station along the secretory pathway. Its structure includes the Golgi vesicles, which are depleted of anterograde cargo, and also of at least some Golgi-resident proteins. The role of Golgi vesicles remains unclear. Here, we show that Golgi vesicles are enriched in the Qb-SNAREs GS27 (membrin) and GS28 (GOS-28), and depleted of nucleotide sugar transporters. A block of intra-Golgi transport leads to accumulation of Golgi vesicles and partitioning of GS27 and GS28 into these vesicles. Conversely, active intra-Golgi transport induces fusion of these vesicles with the Golgi cisternae, delivering GS27 and GS28 to these cisternae. In an in vitro assay based on a donor compartment that lacks UDP-galactose translocase (a sugar transporter), the segregation of Golgi vesicles from isolated Golgi membranes inhibits intra-Golgi transport; re-addition of isolated Golgi vesicles devoid of UDP-galactose translocase obtained from normal cells restores intra-Golgi transport. We conclude that this activity is due to the presence of GS27 and GS28 in the Golgi vesicles, rather than the sugar transporter. Furthermore, there is an inverse correlation between the number of Golgi vesicles and the number of inter-cisternal connections under different experimental conditions. Finally, a rapid block of the formation of vesicles via COPI through degradation of ϵCOP accelerates the cis-to-trans delivery of VSVG. These data suggest that Golgi vesicles, presumably with COPI, serve to inhibit intra-Golgi transport by the extraction of GS27 and GS28 from the Golgi cisternae, which blocks the formation of inter-cisternal connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Fusella
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8, 66030, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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26
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Mironov AA, Beznoussenko GV. The kiss-and-run model of intra-Golgi transport. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6800-6819. [PMID: 22837664 PMCID: PMC3397496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13066800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is the main station along the secretory pathway. Mechanisms of intra-Golgi transport remain unresolved. Three models compete with each other for the right to be defined as the paradigm. The vesicular model cannot explain the following: (1) lipid droplets and aggregates of procollagen that are larger than coatomer I (COPI)-dependent vesicles are transported across the GA; and (2) most anterograde cargoes are depleted in COPI vesicles. The compartment progression/maturation model has the following problems: (1) most Golgi-resident proteins are depleted in COPI vesicles; (2) there are no COPI vesicles for the recycling of the resident proteins in the trans-most-Golgi cisterna; and (3) different proteins have different rates of intra-Golgi transport. The diffusion model based on permanent inter-cisternal connections cannot explain the existence of lipid, ionic and protein gradients across the Golgi stacks. In contrast, the kiss-and-run model has the potential to explain most of the experimental observations. The kiss-and-run model can be symmetric when fusion and then fission occurs in the same place, and asymmetric when fusion takes place in one location, whereas fission takes place in another. The asymmetric kiss-and-run model resembles the carrier maturation mechanism, and it can be used to explain the transport of large cargo aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Mironov
- IFOM Foundation, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM-IEO Campus), Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Galina V. Beznoussenko
- IFOM Foundation, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM-IEO Campus), Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
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27
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Gannon J, Bergeron JJM, Nilsson T. Golgi and related vesicle proteomics: simplify to identify. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a005421. [PMID: 21813401 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a005421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite more than six decades of successful Golgi research, the fundamental question as to how biosynthetic material is transported through the secretory pathway remains unanswered. New technologies such as live cell imaging and correlative microscopy have highlighted the plastic nature of the Golgi, one that is sensitive to perturbation yet highly efficient in regaining both structure and function. Single molecule-microscopy and super resolution-microscopy further adds to this picture. Various models for protein transport have been put forward, each with its own merits and pitfalls but we are far from resolving whether one is more correct than the other. As such, our laboratory considers multiple mechanisms of Golgi transport until proven otherwise. This includes the two classical modes of transport, vesicular transport and cisternal progression/maturation as well as more recent models such as tubular inter- and intra-cisternal connections (long lasting or transient) and inter-Golgi stack transport. In this article, we focus on an emerging inductive technology, mass spectrometry-based proteomics that has already enabled insight into the relative composition of compartments and subcompartments of the secretory pathway including mechanistic aspects of protein transport. We note that proteomics, as with any other technology, is not a stand-alone technology but one that works best alongside complementary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Gannon
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and the Department of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Abstract
A variety of secretory cargoes move through the Golgi, but the pathways and mechanisms of this traffic are still being debated. Here, we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of five current models for Golgi traffic: (1) anterograde vesicular transport between stable compartments, (2) cisternal progression/maturation, (3) cisternal progression/maturation with heterotypic tubular transport, (4) rapid partitioning in a mixed Golgi, and (5) stable compartments as cisternal progenitors. Each model is assessed for its ability to explain a set of key observations encompassing multiple cell types. No single model can easily explain all of the observations from diverse organisms. However, we propose that cisternal progression/maturation is the best candidate for a conserved core mechanism of Golgi traffic, and that some cells elaborate this core mechanism by means of heterotypic tubular transport between cisternae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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29
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Mayhew TM. Mapping the distributions and quantifying the labelling intensities of cell compartments by immunoelectron microscopy: progress towards a coherent set of methods. J Anat 2011; 219:647-60. [PMID: 21999926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An important tool in cell biology is the combination of immunogold labelling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by which target molecules (e.g. antigens) are bound specifically to affinity markers (primary antibodies) and then detected and localised with visualisation probes (e.g. colloidal gold particles bound to protein A). Gold particles are electron-dense, punctate and available in different sizes whilst TEM provides high-resolution images of particles and cell compartments. By virtue of these properties, the combination can be used also to quantify one or more defined targets in cell compartments. During the past decade, new ways of quantifying gold labelling within cells have been devised. Their efficiency and validity rely on sound principles of specimen sampling, event counting and inferential statistics. These include random selection of items at each sampling stage (e.g. specimen blocks, thin sections, microscopical fields), stereological analysis of cell ultrastructure, unbiased particle counting and statistical evaluation of a suitable null hypothesis (no difference in the intensity or pattern of labelling between compartments or groups of cells). The following approaches are possible: (i) A target molecule can be tested for preferential labelling by mapping the localisation of gold particles across a set of compartments. (ii) Data from wild-type and knockdown/knockout control cells can be used to correct raw gold particle counts, estimate specific labelling densities and then test for preferential labeling. (iii) The same antigen can be mapped in two or more groups of cells to test whether there are experimental shifts in compartment labelling patterns. (iv) A variant of this approach uses more than one size of gold particle to test whether or not different antigens colocalise in one or more compartments. (v) In studies involving antigen translocation, absolute numbers of gold particles can be mapped over compartments at specific positions within polarised, oriented or dividing cells. Here, the current state of the art is reviewed and approaches are illustrated with virtual datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Mayhew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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30
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Yang JS, Valente C, Polishchuk RS, Turacchio G, Layre E, Moody DB, Leslie CC, Gelb MH, Brown WJ, Corda D, Luini A, Hsu VW. COPI acts in both vesicular and tubular transport. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:996-1003. [PMID: 21725317 PMCID: PMC3149785 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport occurs through two general types of carrier, either vesicles or tubules. Coat proteins act as the core machinery that initiates vesicle formation, but the counterpart that initiates tubule formation has been unclear. Here, we find that the coat protein I (COPI) complex initially drives the formation of Golgi buds. Subsequently, a set of opposing lipid enzymatic activities determines whether these buds become vesicles or tubules. Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase-γ (LPAATγ) promotes COPI vesicle fission for retrograde vesicular transport. In contrast, cytosolic phospholipase A2-α (cPLA2α) inhibits this fission event to induce COPI tubules, which act in anterograde intra-Golgi transport and Golgi ribbon formation. These findings not only advance a molecular understanding of how COPI vesicle fission is achieved, but also provide insight into how COPI acts in intra-Golgi transport and reveal an unexpected mechanistic relationship between vesicular and tubular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shu Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Carmen Valente
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roman S. Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriele Turacchio
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emilie Layre
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Christina C. Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, and Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - William J. Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Victor W. Hsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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31
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Schoberer J, Runions J, Steinkellner H, Strasser R, Hawes C, Osterrieder A. Sequential depletion and acquisition of proteins during Golgi stack disassembly and reformation. Traffic 2010; 11:1429-44. [PMID: 20716110 PMCID: PMC3039244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the stepwise transport of multiple plant Golgi membrane markers during disassembly of the Golgi apparatus in tobacco leaf epidermal cells in response to the induced expression of the GTP-locked Sar1p or Brefeldin A (BFA), and reassembly on BFA washout. The distribution of fluorescent Golgi-resident N-glycan processing enzymes and matrix proteins (golgins) with specific cis-trans-Golgi sub-locations was followed by confocal microscopy during disassembly and reassembly. The first event during Golgi disassembly was the loss of trans-Golgi enzymes and golgins from Golgi membranes, followed by a sequential redistribution of medial and cis-Golgi enzymes into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whilst golgins were relocated to the ER or cytoplasm. This event was confirmed by fractionation and immuno-blotting. The sequential redistribution of Golgi components in a trans-cis sequence may highlight a novel retrograde trafficking pathway between the trans-Golgi and the ER in plants. Release of Golgi markers from the ER upon BFA washout occurred in the opposite sequence, with cis-matrix proteins labelling Golgi-like structures before cis/medial enzymes. Trans-enzyme location was preceded by trans-matrix proteins being recruited back to Golgi membranes. Our results show that Golgi disassembly and reassembly occur in a highly ordered fashion in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schoberer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - John Runions
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington CampusGipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Hawes
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington CampusGipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Anne Osterrieder
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington CampusGipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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Micaroni M, Mironov AA. Roles of Ca and secretory pathway Ca-ATPase pump type 1 (SPCA1) in intra-Golgi transport. Commun Integr Biol 2010; 3:504-7. [PMID: 21331225 DOI: 10.4161/cib.3.6.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms for intra-Golgi transport remain a hotly debated topic. Recently, we published data illuminating a new aspect involved in intra-Golgi transport, namely a release of free cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) from the lumen of Golgi cisternae that is fundamental for the secretion and the progression of newly synthesized proteins through the Golgi apparatus (GA). This increase in [Ca(2+)](cyt) during the late stage of synchronous intra-Golgi transport stimulates the fusion of membranes containing cargo proteins and Golgi cisternae, allowing the progression of proteins through the GA. Subsequent restoration of the basal [Ca(2+)](cyt) is also important for the delivery of cargo to the proper final destination. Additionally, the secretory pathway Ca(2+)-ATPase Ca(2+) pump (SPCA1) plays an essential role at this stage. The fine regulation of membrane fusion is also important for the formation and the maintenance of the Golgi ribbon and SPCA1, which regulates [Ca(2+)](cyt) levels, can be considered a controller of trafficking. This evidence contradicts a model of intra-Golgi transport in which permanent membrane continuity allows cargo diffusion and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Micaroni
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; Brisbane, QLD Australia
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Conserved molecular mechanisms underlying homeostasis of the Golgi complex. Int J Cell Biol 2010; 2010:758230. [PMID: 20976261 PMCID: PMC2952910 DOI: 10.1155/2010/758230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex performs a central function in the secretory pathway in the sorting and sequential processing of a large number of proteins destined for other endomembrane organelles, the plasma membrane, or secretion from the cell, in addition to lipid metabolism and signaling. The Golgi apparatus can be regarded as a self-organizing system that maintains a relatively stable morphofunctional organization in the face of an enormous flux of lipids and proteins. A large number of the molecular players that operate in these processes have been identified, their functions and interactions defined, but there is still debate about many aspects that regulate protein trafficking and, in particular, the maintenance of these highly dynamic structures and processes. Here, we consider how an evolutionarily conserved underlying mechanism based on retrograde trafficking that uses lipids, COPI, SNAREs, and tethers could maintain such a homeodynamic system.
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34
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Passage through the Golgi. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:471-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Micaroni M, Perinetti G, Berrie CP, Mironov AA. The SPCA1 Ca2+ Pump and Intracellular Membrane Trafficking. Traffic 2010; 11:1315-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Lee KH. Rapid detection of intracellular nanoparticles by electron microscopy. J Anal Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.5355/jast.2010.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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37
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Abstract
Newly synthesized secretory cargo molecules pass through the Golgi apparatus while resident Golgi proteins remain in the organelle. However, the pathways of membrane traffic within the Golgi are still uncertain. Most of the available data can be accommodated by the cisternal maturation model, which postulates that Golgi cisternae form de novo, carry secretory cargoes forward and ultimately disappear. The entry face of the Golgi receives material that has been exported from transitional endoplasmic reticulum sites, and the exit face of the Golgi is intimately connected with endocytic compartments. These conserved features are enhanced by cell-type-specific elaborations such as tubular connections between mammalian Golgi cisternae. Key mechanistic questions remain about the formation and maturation of Golgi cisternae, the recycling of resident Golgi proteins, the origins of Golgi compartmental identity, the establishment of Golgi architecture, and the roles of Golgi structural elements in membrane traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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38
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Mironov AA, Beznoussenko GV. Correlative microscopy: a potent tool for the study of rare or unique cellular and tissue events. J Microsc 2009; 235:308-21. [PMID: 19754725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biological studies have relied on two complementary microscope technologies - light (fluorescence) microscopy and electron microscopy. Light microscopy is used to study phenomena at a global scale to look for unique or rare events, and it also provides an opportunity for live imaging, whereas the forte of electron microscopy is the high resolution. Traditionally light and electron microscopy observations are carried out in different populations of cells/tissues and a 'correlative' inference is drawn. The advent of true correlative light-electron microscopy has allowed high-resolution imaging by electron microscopy of the same structure observed by light microscopy, and in advanced cases by video microscopy. Thus a rare event captured by low-resolution imaging of a population or transient events captured by live imaging can now also be studied at high resolution by electron microscopy. Here, the potential and difficulties of this approach, along with the most impressive breakthroughs obtained by these methods, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy.
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39
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Papanikou E, Glick BS. The yeast Golgi apparatus: insights and mysteries. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:3746-51. [PMID: 19879270 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is known to modify and sort newly synthesized secretory proteins. However, fundamental mysteries remain about the structure, operation, and dynamics of this organelle. Important insights have emerged from studying the Golgi in yeasts. For example, yeasts have provided direct evidence for Golgi cisternal maturation, a mechanism that is likely to be broadly conserved. Here, we highlight features of the yeast Golgi as well as challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effrosyni Papanikou
- The University of Chicago, Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, 920 East 58th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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40
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Modeling membrane shaping by proteins: focus on EHD2 and N-BAR domains. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:1830-9. [PMID: 19836393 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes are highly dynamic, undergoing both persistent and dynamic shape changes driven by specialized proteins. The observed membrane shaping can be simple deformations of existing shapes or membrane remodeling involving fission or fusion. Here we describe several mechanistic principles by which membrane shaping proteins act. We especially consider models for membrane bending and fission by EHD2 proteins and membrane bending by N-BAR domains. There are major challenges ahead to understand the general principles by which diverse membrane bending proteins act and to understand how some proteins appear to span multiple modes of action from driving curvature to inducing membrane remodeling.
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41
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Pietro ES, Capestrano M, Polishchuk EV, DiPentima A, Trucco A, Zizza P, Mariggiò S, Pulvirenti T, Sallese M, Tete S, Mironov AA, Leslie CC, Corda D, Luini A, Polishchuk RS. Group IV phospholipase A(2)alpha controls the formation of inter-cisternal continuities involved in intra-Golgi transport. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000194. [PMID: 19753100 PMCID: PMC2732982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of intra-Golgi trafficking and the nature of the transport intermediates involved (e.g., vesicles, tubules, or tubular continuities) remain incompletely understood. It was recently shown that successive cisternae in the Golgi stack are interconnected by membrane tubules that form during the arrival of transport carriers from the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we examine the mechanisms of generation and the function of these tubules. In principle, tubule formation might depend on several protein- and/or lipid-based mechanisms. Among the latter, we have studied the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-mediated generation of wedge-shaped lysolipids, with the resulting local positive membrane curvature. We show that the arrival of cargo at the Golgi complex induces the recruitment of Group IVA Ca(2+)-dependent, cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)alpha) onto the Golgi complex itself, and that this cPLA(2)alpha is required for the formation of the traffic-dependent intercisternal tubules and for intra-Golgi transport. In contrast, silencing of cPLA(2)alpha has no inhibitory effects on peri-Golgi vesicles. These findings identify cPLA(2)alpha as the first component of the machinery that is responsible for the formation of intercisternal tubular continuities and support a role for these continuities in transport through the Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica San Pietro
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Elena V. Polishchuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessio DiPentima
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alvar Trucco
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Zizza
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Teodoro Pulvirenti
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Sallese
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Tete
- Department of Oral Sciences, University “G. D'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alexander A. Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Christina C. Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniela Corda
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (AL); (RSP)
| | - Roman S. Polishchuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (AL); (RSP)
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42
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Abstract
The Golgi complex is the central sorting and processing station of the secretory pathway, ensuring that cargo proteins, which are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, are properly glycosylated and packaged into carriers for transport to their final destinations. Two recent studies highlight the fact that properties of membrane lipids play key roles in Golgi structural organization and trafficking. The Antonny laboratory has demonstrated the mechanism by which a Golgi tether containing a membrane-curvature-sensing domain at one end can link highly curved and flat membranes together in a reversible manner. In this way, a strong interaction that binds membranes together in an oriented fashion can easily be disrupted as the properties of the membranes change. The Lippincott-Schwartz laboratory has developed a new model for intra-Golgi trafficking, called the rapid-partitioning model, which incorporates lipid trafficking as an integral part. Simulations reveal that the sorting of lipids into processing and export domains that are connected to each Golgi cisterna, and bidirectional trafficking throughout the Golgi to allow proteins to associate with their preferred lipid environment, is sufficient to drive protein transport through the secretory pathway. Although only a proof in principle, this model for the first time invokes lipid sorting as the driving force in intra-Golgi trafficking, and provides a framework for future experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Jackson
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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43
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A role for the host coatomer and KDEL receptor in early vaccinia biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 106:163-8. [PMID: 19109439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811631106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the poxvirus family have been investigated for their applications as vaccines and expression vectors and, more recently, because of concern for their potential as biological weapons. Vaccinia virus, the prototypic member, evolves through multiple forms during its replication. Here, we show a surprising way by which vaccinia hijacks coatomer for early viral biogenesis. Whereas coatomer forms COPI vesicles in the host early secretory system, vaccinia formation bypasses this role of coatomer, but instead, depends on coatomer interacting with the host KDEL receptor. To gain insight into the viral roles of these two host proteins, we have detected them on the earliest recognized viral forms. These findings not only suggest insights into early vaccinia biogenesis but also reveal an alternate mechanism by which coatomer acts.
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44
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Yang JS, Gad H, Lee SY, Mironov A, Zhang L, Beznoussenko GV, Valente C, Turacchio G, Bonsra AN, Du G, Baldanzi G, Graziani A, Bourgoin S, Frohman MA, Luini A, Hsu VW. A role for phosphatidic acid in COPI vesicle fission yields insights into Golgi maintenance. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:1146-53. [PMID: 18776900 PMCID: PMC2756218 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Proteins essential for vesicle formation by the Coat Protein I (COPI) complex are being identified, but less is known about the role of specific lipids. Brefeldin-A ADP-ribosylated substrate (BARS) functions in the fission step of COPI vesicle formation. Here, we show that BARS induces membrane curvature in cooperation with phosphatidic acid. This finding has allowed us to further delineate COPI vesicle fission into two sub-stages: 1) an earlier stage of bud-neck constriction, in which BARS and other COPI components are required, and 2) a later stage of bud-neck scission, in which phosphatidic acid generated by phospholipase D2 (PLD2) is also required. Moreover, in contrast to the disruption of the Golgi seen on perturbing the core COPI components (such as coatomer), inhibition of PLD2 causes milder disruptions, suggesting that such COPI components have additional roles in maintaining Golgi structure other than through COPI vesicle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shu Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Helge Gad
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Stella Y. Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Alexander Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Galina V. Beznoussenko
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Carmen Valente
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Gabriele Turacchio
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Akua N. Bonsra
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sylvain Bourgoin
- Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, pavillon CHUL, Rhumatologie et Immunology, Quebec, Canada G1V4G2
| | - Michael A. Frohman
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Alberto Luini
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Victor W. Hsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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45
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Mayhew TM, Lucocq JM. Developments in cell biology for quantitative immunoelectron microscopy based on thin sections: a review. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:299-313. [PMID: 18553098 PMCID: PMC2491712 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy uses ultrathin sections and gold particle labelling to determine distributions of molecules across cell compartments. Here, we review a portfolio of new methods for comparing labelling distributions between different compartments in one study group (method 1) and between the same compartments in two or more groups (method 2). Specimen samples are selected unbiasedly and then observed and expected distributions of gold particles are estimated and compared by appropriate statistical procedures. The methods can be used to analyse gold label distributed between volume-occupying (organelle) and surface-occupying (membrane) compartments, but in method 1, membranes must be treated as organelles. With method 1, gold counts are combined with stereological estimators of compartment size to determine labelling density (LD). For volume-occupiers, LD can be expressed simply as golds per test point and, for surface-occupiers, as golds per test line intersection. Expected distributions are generated by randomly assigning gold particles to compartments and expressing observed/expected counts as a relative labelling index (RLI). Preferentially-labelled compartments are identified from their RLI values and by Chi-squared analysis of observed and expected distributions. For method 2, the raw gold particle counts distributed between compartments are simply compared across groups by contingency table and Chi-squared analysis. This identifies the main compartments responsible for the differences between group distributions. Finally, we discuss labelling efficiency (the number of gold particles per target molecule) and describe how it can be estimated for volume- or surface-occupiers by combining stereological data with biochemical determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Mayhew
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, E Floor, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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46
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Quantifying immunogold labelling patterns of cellular compartments when they comprise mixtures of membranes (surface-occupying) and organelles (volume-occupying). Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 129:367-78. [PMID: 18180944 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In quantitative immunoelectron microscopy, subcellular compartments that are preferentially labelled with colloidal gold particles can be identified by estimating labelling densities (LDs) and relative labelling indices (RLIs). Hitherto, this approach has been limited to compartments which are either surface occupying (membranes) or volume occupying (organelles) but not a mixture of both (membranes and organelles). However, some antigens are known to translocate between membrane and organelle compartments and the problem then arises of expressing gold particle LDs in a consistent manner (e.g., as number per compartment profile area). Here, we present one possible solution to tackle this problem. With this method, each membrane is treated as a volume-occupying compartment and this is achieved by creating an acceptance zone at a fixed distance on each side of membrane images. Gold signal intensity is then expressed as an LD within the membrane profile area so created and this LD can be compared to LDs found in volume-occupying compartments. Acceptance zone width is determined largely by the expected dispersion of gold labelling. In some cases, the zone can be applied to all visible membrane images but there is a potential problem when image loss occurs due to the fact that membranes are not cut orthogonal to their surface but are tilted within the section. The solution presented here is to select a subset of clear images representing orthogonally sectioned membranes (so-called local vertical windows, LVWs). The fraction of membrane images forming LVWs can be estimated in two ways: goniometrically (by determining the angle at which images become unclear) or stereologically (by counting intersections with test lines). The fraction obtained by either method can then be used to calculate a factor correcting for membrane image loss. In turn, this factor is used to estimate the total gold labelling associated with the acceptance zone of the entire (volume-occupying) membrane. However calculated, the LDs over the chosen (membrane and organelle) compartments are used to obtain observed and expected gold particle counts. The observed distribution is determined simply by counting gold particles associated with each compartment. Next, an expected distribution is created by randomly superimposing test points and counting those hitting each compartment. LDs of the chosen compartments are used to calculate RLI and chi-squared values and these serve to identify those compartments in which there is preferential labelling. The methods are illustrated by synthetic and real data.
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47
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Szul T, Grabski R, Lyons S, Morohashi Y, Shestopal S, Lowe M, Sztul E. Dissecting the role of the ARF guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1 in Golgi biogenesis and protein trafficking. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:3929-40. [PMID: 17956946 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.010769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
COPI recruitment to membranes appears to be essential for the biogenesis of the Golgi and for secretory trafficking. Preventing COPI recruitment by expressing inactive forms of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) or the ARF-activating guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1, or by treating cells with brefeldin A (BFA), causes the collapse of the Golgi into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and arrests trafficking of soluble and transmembrane proteins at the ER. Here, we assess COPI function in Golgi biogenesis and protein trafficking by preventing COPI recruitment to membranes by removing GBF1. We report that siRNA-mediated depletion of GBF1 causes COPI dispersal but does not lead to collapse of the Golgi. Instead, it causes extensive tubulation of the cis-Golgi. The Golgi-derived tubules target to peripheral ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) sites and create dynamic continuities between the ERGIC and the cis-Golgi compartment. COPI dispersal in GBF1-depleted cells causes dramatic inhibition of the trafficking of transmembrane proteins. Unexpectedly, soluble proteins continue to be secreted from GBF1-depleted cells. Our findings suggest that a secretory pathway capable of trafficking soluble proteins can be maintained in cells in which COPI recruitment is compromised by GBF1 depletion. However, the trafficking of transmembrane proteins through the existing pathway requires GBF1-mediated ARF activation and COPI recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szul
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35924, USA
| | - Robert Grabski
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35924, USA
| | - Susan Lyons
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35924, USA
| | - Yuichi Morohashi
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Svetlana Shestopal
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35924, USA
| | - Martin Lowe
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35924, USA
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48
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Beznoussenko GV, Dolgikh VV, Seliverstova EV, Semenov PB, Tokarev YS, Trucco A, Micaroni M, Di Giandomenico D, Auinger P, Senderskiy IV, Skarlato SO, Snigirevskaya ES, Komissarchik YY, Pavelka M, De Matteis MA, Luini A, Sokolova YY, Mironov AA. Analogs of the Golgi complex in microsporidia: structure and avesicular mechanisms of function. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:1288-98. [PMID: 17356068 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligatory intracellular parasites, most species of which live in the host cell cytosol. They synthesize and then transport secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane for formation of the spore wall and the polar tube for cell invasion. However, microsporidia do not have a typical Golgi complex. Here, using quick-freezing cryosubstitution and chemical fixation, we demonstrate that the Golgi analogs of the microsporidia Paranosema (Antonospora) grylli and Paranosema locustae appear as 300-nm networks of thin (25- to 40-nm diameter), branching or varicose tubules that display histochemical features of a Golgi, but that do not have vesicles. Vesicles are not formed even if membrane fusion is inhibited. These tubular networks are connected to the endoplasmic reticulum, the plasma membrane and the forming polar tube, and are positive for Sec13, gammaCOP and analogs of giantin and GM130. The spore-wall and polar-tube proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the target membranes through these tubular networks, within which they undergo concentration and glycosylation. We suggest that the intracellular transport of secreted proteins in microsporidia occurs by a progression mechanism that does not involve the participation of vesicles generated by coat proteins I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Beznoussenko
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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49
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Dejgaard SY, Murshid A, Dee KM, Presley JF. Confocal microscopy-based linescan methodologies for intra-Golgi localization of proteins. J Histochem Cytochem 2007; 55:709-19. [PMID: 17341478 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a7090.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of resident Golgi proteins to earlier (cis) or later (trans) Golgi compartments has traditionally required quantitative immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, which are inaccessible to many researchers. For this reason, light microscopy has often been used, initially for localization of Golgi glycotransferases and, more recently, for other Golgi proteins (e.g., Arf1, GBF1, Rab6). Quantitation of light microscopic intra-Golgi localization can be problematic. We describe here a novel quantitative light microscopic methodology using linescans crossing the Golgi ribbon. Our method determines a localization for the unknown protein in a one-dimensional coordinate system in which 0.0 corresponds to localization of a cis marker and 1.0 to localization of a trans marker. We also describe a variant of this methodology in which Golgi morphology is simplified by nocodazole-induced dispersal into ministacks, allowing a fully automated analysis. In our assay, beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-YFP and Golgin97 localize similarly to trans markers, whereas p115, GBF1, and p58-YFP are similarly near other cis markers. The medial Golgi protein alpha1,3-1,6-mannosidase II gives an intermediate localization in this assay. These methodologies may prove useful in instances where electron microscopy is technically difficult as well as when rapid analysis of large numbers of samples is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Yilmaz Dejgaard
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, 1/28 Strathcona Bldg., 3640 University, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2
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Mayhew TM. Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy: alternative ways of assessing subcellular patterns of gold labeling. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 369:309-29. [PMID: 17656757 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-294-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Using antibodies conjugated with colloidal gold particles, immunoelectron microscopy permits the high-resolution detection, localization, and quantification of one or more defined antigens in cellular compartments. These benefits reflect the properties of gold particles (they are electron dense, punctate, and available in different sizes) and the ability of transmission electron microscopy to resolve both particles and compartments. By relating gold marker to cellular fine structure and by taking into account the study design, three pertinent questions can be addressed. When studying a particular group of cells, we might ask: "What is the spatial distribution of gold particles between compartments within a group of cells?" and/or "Is the spatial distribution of gold particles within a group of cells random or due to preferential labeling of compartments?" When comparing two or more groups, a relevant question is: "Are there shifts in compartment labeling distributions in different groups of cells?" Recently, new ways of testing these basic questions have been developed. The efficiency and validity of all these methods rely on sampling, stereological, and statistical tools. Key processes include random selection of items at each sampling stage (specimen blocks, microscopical fields, etc.), stereological morphometry and/or unbiased counting, and statistical evaluation of a suitable null hypothesis (no difference in labeling between compartments or groups). This chapter reviews these new methods and illustrates their application with a consistent dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Mayhew
- Centre for Integrated System Biology and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, UK
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