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He MT, Nguyen QN, Cho EJ, Kim SH, Park S, Park JY, Lee S, Kang KS. Aloe-Emodin Isolated from Rheum Undulatum L. Regulates Cell Cycle Distribution and Cellular Senescence in Human Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells. J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:389-407. [PMID: 38062982 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2284985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Senescence can promote hyperplastic pathologies, such as cancer. Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer in men. The p21-mediate cellular senescence, facilitated through the tumor suppressor p53-dependent pathway, is considered the primary mechanism for cancer treatment. Aloe-emodin, has been reported to exert anticancer effects in various types of cancers. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivity of aloe-emodin in LNCaP cells via the activation of p21-mediated cellular senescence. Aloe-emodin treatment increased the percentage of cells in the G1 phase while decreasing the percentage in the S phase. This effect was reflected in the expression levels of proteins associated with cell cycle progression, such as p21CIP, retinoblastoma protein, and cyclin-dependent kinase2/4 in LNCaP cells. However, aloe-emodin-treated LNCaP cells did not induce cell cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint. Moreover, increased senescence-associated-galactosidase activity was observed in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with aloe-emodin. Aloe-emodin also induced DNA damage by modulating the expression of histone H2AX and lamin B1. Furthermore, aloe-emodin inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP cells, contrasting with the exponential growth observed in the nontreated cells. Importantly, this inhibition did not impact the immune system, as evidenced by the increased proliferation of splenocytes isolated from mice. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the anticancer effect of aloe-emodin in LNCaP cells, necessitating further investigations into the underlying mechanisms in vivo and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tong He
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Quynh Nhu Nguyen
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - SeonJu Park
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
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2
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Morilla I, Chan P, Caffin F, Svilar L, Selbonne S, Ladaigue S, Buard V, Tarlet G, Micheau B, Paget V, François A, Souidi M, Martin JC, Vaudry D, Benadjaoud MA, Milliat F, Guipaud O. Deep models of integrated multiscale molecular data decipher the endothelial cell response to ionizing radiation. iScience 2022; 25:103685. [PMID: 35106469 PMCID: PMC8786676 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a hot spot in the response to radiation therapy for both tumors and normal tissues. To improve patient outcomes, interpretable systemic hypotheses are needed to help radiobiologists and radiation oncologists propose endothelial targets that could protect normal tissues from the adverse effects of radiation therapy and/or enhance its antitumor potential. To this end, we captured the kinetics of multi-omics layers-i.e. miRNome, targeted transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome-in irradiated primary human endothelial cells cultured in vitro. We then designed a strategy of deep learning as in convolutional graph networks that facilitates unsupervised high-level feature extraction of important omics data to learn how ionizing radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction may evolve over time. Last, we present experimental data showing that some of the features identified using our approach are involved in the alteration of angiogenesis by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Morilla
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Medical Exposure Laboratory (LRMed), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
- Corresponding author
| | - Philippe Chan
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, PISSARO Proteomic Platform, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Fanny Caffin
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Medical Exposure Laboratory (LRMed), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Ljubica Svilar
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13007 Marseille, France
- CriBioM, Criblage Biologique Marseille, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 13205 Marseille Cedex 01, France
| | - Sonia Selbonne
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Medical Exposure Laboratory (LRMed), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Ségolène Ladaigue
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Medical Exposure Laboratory (LRMed), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
- Sorbonne University, Doctoral College, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Buard
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Medical Exposure Laboratory (LRMed), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Georges Tarlet
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Medical Exposure Laboratory (LRMed), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Béatrice Micheau
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Medical Exposure Laboratory (LRMed), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Vincent Paget
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Medical Exposure Laboratory (LRMed), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Agnès François
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Medical Exposure Laboratory (LRMed), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Maâmar Souidi
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Accidental Exposure Laboratory (LRAcc), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean-Charles Martin
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13007 Marseille, France
- CriBioM, Criblage Biologique Marseille, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 13205 Marseille Cedex 01, France
| | - David Vaudry
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, PISSARO Proteomic Platform, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Mohamed-Amine Benadjaoud
- IRSN, Radiobiology and Regenerative Medicine Research Service (SERAMED), 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Fabien Milliat
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Medical Exposure Laboratory (LRMed), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Guipaud
- IRSN, Radiobiology of Medical Exposure Laboratory (LRMed), Human Health Radiation Protection Unit, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
- Corresponding author
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3
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Liu Y, Yaozu Z, Zhao H, Peng P, Tingbao Z, Jincao C. Inhibition of Glioma Cell Growth and Apoptosis Induction through Targeting Wnt10B Expression by Pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-4-one. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923912. [PMID: 33173023 PMCID: PMC7670829 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gliomas are commonly diagnosed tumors in the central nervous system that have an elevated mortality rate. The present study evaluated pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-4-one (PP-4-one) as an anti-proliferative agent against glioma cells and investigated the associated mechanism. Material/Methods The changes in cell growth were analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and apoptosis by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC staining kit. The FACSCalibur flow cytometer was used for analysis of DNA content and western blotting for protein expression. Results The PP-4-one treatment suppressed viability of U251, C6, and U87 cells significantly at a concentration of 0.25 μM. At a concentration of 16 μM, PP-4-one treatment for 72 hours suppressed viability of U251, C6, and U87 cells to 24%, 21%, and 20%, respectively. Treatment with PP-4-one suppressed cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in U251 and C6 cells significantly (P<0.05) depending on the concentration. The apoptotic cells were increased significantly (P<0.05) by PP-4-one treatment in U251 and C6 cell cultures. A considerable enhancement in the proportion of U251 and C6 cells in the G0/G1 phase was recorded on incubation with PP-4-one. Treatment of U251 and C6 cells with PP-4-one markedly enhanced p21 expression relative to the control. The B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) level in PP-4-one treated U251 and C6 cells was markedly lower relative to the control cells. The Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 levels were elevated markedly by PP-4-one treatment in U251 and C6 cells. Conclusions This study demonstrated that PP-4-one has anti-proliferative potential for glioma cells via targeting cAMP and Bcl-2 levels. It also promoted glioma cell apoptosis through caspase activation and arrest of the cell cycle. Thus, PP-4-one may be used to develop drug candidates for the glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Central Theater of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhu Yaozu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Huang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhang Tingbao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Chen Jincao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Singh AR, Gu JJ, Zhang Q, Torka P, Sundaram S, Mavis C, Hernandez-Ilizaliturri FJ. Metformin sensitizes therapeutic agents and improves outcome in pre-clinical and clinical diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Metab 2020; 8:10. [PMID: 32647571 PMCID: PMC7336499 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-020-00213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is limited by the development of resistance to therapy, and there is a need to develop novel therapeutic strategies for relapsed and refractory aggressive lymphoma. Metformin is an oral agent for type 2 diabetes that has been shown to decrease cancer risk and lower mortality in other types of cancer. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of the RPCCC database looking at patients with DLBCL treated with front-line chemotherapy. We also performed pre-clinical studies looking at the effect of metformin on cell viability, cell number, Ki67, ATP production, apoptosis, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle, effect with chemotherapeutic agents, and rituximab. Finally, we studied mouse models to see the anti-tumor effect of metformin. RESULTS Among diabetic patients, metformin use was associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to diabetic patients not on metformin. Our pre-clinical studies showed metformin is itself capable of anti-tumor effects and causes cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Metformin induces apoptosis, ROS production, and increased mitochondrial membrane permeability. Metformin exhibited additive/synergistic effects when combined with traditional chemotherapy or rituximab in vitro. In vivo, metformin in combination with rituximab showed improved survival compared with rituximab monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our retrospective analysis showed that metformin with front-line chemotherapy in diabetic patients resulted in improved PFS and OS. Our pre-clinical studies demonstrate metformin has potential to re-sensitize resistant lymphoma to the chemo-immunotherapy and allow us to develop a hypothesis as to its activity in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan J. Gu
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, USA
- Department Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, USA
| | - Qunling Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pallawi Torka
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, USA
| | - Suchitra Sundaram
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, USA
| | - Cory Mavis
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, USA
- Department Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, USA
| | - Francisco J. Hernandez-Ilizaliturri
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, USA
- Department Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, USA
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5
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Fan H, Geng L, Yang F, Dong X, He D, Zhang Y. Ursolic acid derivative induces apoptosis in glioma cells through down-regulation of cAMP. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:61-67. [PMID: 31096119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to synthesize and evaluate ursolic acid hybrid compounds against glioma cells. Initial screening revealed that most of the synthesized compounds displayed better inhibitory effect on glioma cell proliferation compared to parent ursolic acid. The mechanism of inhibitory effect of the most potent compound 6d on glioma cells was investigated in detail. Treatment with compound 6d significantly (p < 0.001) reduced U251 and C6 cell proliferation at 48 h. The growth of U251 and C6 glioma cells was reduced to minimum level (17 and 21%) on treatment with 10 μM concentration of compound 6d. Treatment of the U251 cells with 10 μM concentration of compound 6d caused a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of cAMP level. In U251 cell cultures treatment with compound 6d at 10 μM concentration enhanced proportion of apoptotic cells to 69.32% compared to 2.34% in the control cultures. The compound 6d treatment of U251 cells for 48 h caused arrest of cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase with consequent decrease of cell population in G2/M and S phases. The results from TEM showed that compound 6d treatment of U251 cells for 48 h caused blebbing of the cell membranes, chromatin condensation, appearance of foamy cytoplasmic material and autophagic vacuoles. The results from SEM revealed that compound 6d treatment of U251 cells caused a marked inhibition of microvilli and extensions on the cell surfaces. Thus present study demonstrates that compound 6d inhibits glioma cell growth, induces apoptosis and arrest cell cycle through metabolic pathway down-regulation. Therefore, compound 6d can be evaluated further for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Li Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xushuai Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Dong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yongchao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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6
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Jewell JL, Fu V, Hong AW, Yu FX, Meng D, Melick CH, Wang H, Lam WLM, Yuan HX, Taylor SS, Guan KL. GPCR signaling inhibits mTORC1 via PKA phosphorylation of Raptor. eLife 2019; 8:43038. [PMID: 31112131 PMCID: PMC6529218 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth, metabolism, and autophagy. Extensive research has focused on pathways that activate mTORC1 like growth factors and amino acids; however, much less is known about signaling cues that directly inhibit mTORC1 activity. Here, we report that G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) paired to Gαs proteins increase cyclic adenosine 3’5’ monophosphate (cAMP) to activate protein kinase A (PKA) and inhibit mTORC1. Mechanistically, PKA phosphorylates the mTORC1 component Raptor on Ser 791, leading to decreased mTORC1 activity. Consistently, in cells where Raptor Ser 791 is mutated to Ala, mTORC1 activity is partially rescued even after PKA activation. Gαs-coupled GPCRs stimulation leads to inhibition of mTORC1 in multiple cell lines and mouse tissues. Our results uncover a signaling pathway that directly inhibits mTORC1, and suggest that GPCRs paired to Gαs proteins may be potential therapeutic targets for human diseases with hyperactivated mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Jewell
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Vivian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Audrey W Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Fa-Xing Yu
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Delong Meng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Chase H Melick
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Wai-Ling Macrina Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Hai-Xin Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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7
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Skah S, Richartz N, Duthil E, Gilljam KM, Bindesbøll C, Naderi EH, Eriksen AB, Ruud E, Dirdal MM, Simonsen A, Blomhoff HK. cAMP-mediated autophagy inhibits DNA damage-induced death of leukemia cells independent of p53. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30434-30449. [PMID: 30100998 PMCID: PMC6084393 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is important in regulating the balance between cell death and survival, with the tumor suppressor p53 as one of the key components in this interplay. We have previously utilized an in vitro model of the most common form of childhood cancer, B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), to show that activation of the cAMP signaling pathway inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis in response to DNA damage in both cell lines and primary leukemic cells. The present study reveals that cAMP-mediated survival of BCP-ALL cells exposed to DNA damaging agents, involves a critical and p53-independent enhancement of autophagy. Although autophagy generally is regarded as a survival mechanism, DNA damage-induced apoptosis has been linked both to enhanced and reduced levels of autophagy. Here we show that exposure of BCP-ALL cells to irradiation or cytotoxic drugs triggers autophagy and cell death in a p53-dependent manner. Stimulation of the cAMP signaling pathway further augments autophagy and inhibits the DNA damage-induced cell death concomitant with reduced nuclear levels of p53. Knocking-down the levels of p53 reduced the irradiation-induced autophagy and cell death, but had no effect on the cAMP-mediated autophagy. Moreover, prevention of autophagy by bafilomycin A1 or by the ULK-inhibitor MRT68921, diminished the protecting effect of cAMP signaling on DNA damage-induced cell death. Having previously proposed a role of the cAMP signaling pathway in development and treatment of BCP-ALLs, we here suggest that inhibitors of autophagy may improve current DNA damage-based therapy of BCP-ALL - independent of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham Skah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Richartz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Duthil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karin M Gilljam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Bindesbøll
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Hallan Naderi
- Department of Oncology, Section for Head and Neck Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnete B Eriksen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Ruud
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marta M Dirdal
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Kiil Blomhoff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Zuo R, Liu X, Wang W, Li W, Ying H, Sun K. A repressive role of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression in the human placenta. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7578-7587. [PMID: 28302719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), which acts as a placental glucocorticoid barrier, is silenced in cytotrophoblasts but substantially up-regulated during syncytialization. However, the repressive mechanism of 11β-HSD2 expression before syncytialization and how this repression is lifted during syncytialization remain mostly unresolved. Here we found that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) accounts for the silence of 11β-HSD2 expression via trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 at the promoter of the 11β-HSD2 gene. Further studies revealed that, upon syncytialization, human chorionic gonadotropin reduced the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) via activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway, which sequesters E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), the transcription factor for EZH2 expression. As a result of inactivation of the pRB-E2F1-EZH2 pathway, the repressive marker trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 at the 11β-HSD2 promoter is removed, which leads to the robust expression of 11β-HSD2 during syncytialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuan Zuo
- From the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China.,the Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China, and
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- the Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Wangsheng Wang
- From the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China.,the Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China, and
| | - Wenjiao Li
- From the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China.,the Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China, and
| | - Hao Ying
- the Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Kang Sun
- From the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China, .,the Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China, and
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9
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Kong XY, Zhang DC, Zhuang WX, Hua SH, Dai Y, Yuan YY, Feng LL, Huang Q, Teng BG, Yu XY, Liu WZ, Zhang YX. AKAP95 promotes cell cycle progression via interactions with cyclin E and low molecular weight cyclin E. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:811-826. [PMID: 27158371 PMCID: PMC4846928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AKAP95 in lung cancer tissues showed higher expression than in paracancerous tissues. AKAP95 can bind with cyclin D and cyclin E during G1/S cell cycle transition, but its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To identify the mechanism of AKAP95 in cell cycle progression, we performed AKAP95 transfection and silencing in A549 cells, examined AKAP95, cyclin E1 and cyclin E2 expression, and the interactions of AKAP95 with cyclins E1 and E2. Results showed that over-expression of AKAP95 promoted cell growth and AKAP95 bound cyclin E1 and E2, low molecular weight cyclin E1 (LWM-E1) and LWM-E2. Additionally AKAP95 bound cyclin E1 and LMW-E2 in the nucleus during G1/S transition, bound LMW-E1 during G1, S and G2/M, and bound cyclin E2 mainly on the nuclear membrane during interphase. Cyclin E2 and LMW-E2 were also detected. AKAP95 over-expression increased cyclin E1 and LMW-E2 expression but decreased cyclin E2 levels. Unlike cyclin E1 and LMW-E2 that were nuclear located during the G1, S and G1/S phases, cyclin E2 and LMW-E1 were expressed in all cell cycle phases, with cyclin E2 present in the cytoplasm and nuclear membrane, with traces in the nucleus. LMW-E1 was present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. The 20 kDa form of LMW-E1 showed only cytoplasmic expression, while the 40 kDa form was nuclear expressed. The expression of AKAP95, cyclin E1, LMW-E1 and -E2, might be regulated by cAMP. We conclude that AKAP95 might promote cell cycle progression by interacting with cyclin E1 and LMW-E2. LMW-E2, but not cyclin E2, might be involved in G1/S transition. The binding of AKAP95 and LMW-E1 was found throughout cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Kong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian UniversityDalian Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Deng-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen UniversityXiamen Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Wen-Xin Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen UniversityXiamen Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Su-Hang Hua
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian UniversityDalian Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang Liaoning, 110015, China
| | - Yang-Yang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen UniversityXiamen Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Li-Li Feng
- Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Beijing YouAn Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, 10069, China
| | - Qian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen UniversityXiamen Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Bo-Gang Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen UniversityXiamen Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiu-Yi Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamen Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian UniversityDalian Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Yong-Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen UniversityXiamen Fujian, 361102, China
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Raju G, Ram Reddy A. Potential benefits of triethylamine as n-electron donor in the estimation of forskolin by electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 154:84-88. [PMID: 26519914 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diterpenoid forskolin was isolated from Coleus forskolii. The electronic absorption and emission studies of forskolin were investigated in various solvents with an aim to improve its detection limits. The two chromophores present in the diterpenoid are not conjugated leading to the poor absorption and emission of UV light. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were solvent specific. In the presence of a monodentate ligand, triethylamine the detection of forskolin is improved by 3.63 times in ethanol with the fluorescence method and 3.36 times in DMSO by the absorption spectral method. The longer wavelength absorption maximum is blue shifted while the lower energy fluorescence maximum is red shifted in the presence of triethylamine. From the wavelength of fluorescence maxima of the exciplex formed between excited forskolin and triethylamine it is concluded that the order of reactivity of hydroxyl groups in the excited state forskolin is in the reverse order to that of the order of the reactivity of hydroxyl groups in its ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajula Raju
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University Campus, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | - A Ram Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University Campus, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
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11
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Sun F, Yang XJ, Lv HY, Tang YB, An SM, Ding XP, Li WB, Teng L, Shen Y, Chen HZ, Zhu L. β2-Adrenoreceptor-Mediated Proliferation Inhibition of Embryonic Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2640-6. [PMID: 25639860 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adrenoreceptors (ARs) are widely expressed and play essential roles throughout the body. Different subtype adrenoceptors elicit distinct effects on cell proliferation, but knowledge remains scarce about the subtype-specific effects of β2-ARs on the proliferation of embryonic pluripotent stem (PS) cells that represent different characteristics of proliferation and cell cycle regulation with the somatic cells. Herein, we identified a β2-AR/AC/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in embryonic PS cells and found that the pathway stimulation inhibited proliferation and cell cycle progression involving modulating the stem cell growth and cycle regulatory machinery. Embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryonal carcinoma stem (ECS) cells expressed functional β-ARs coupled to AC/cAMP/PKA signaling. Agonistic activation of β-ARs led to embryonic PS cell cycle arrest and proliferation inhibition. Pharmacological and genetic analyzes using receptor subtype blocking and RNA interference approaches revealed that this effect selectively depended on β2-AR signaling involving the regulation of AKT, ERK, Rb, and Cyclin E molecules. Better understanding of the effects of β2-ARs on embryonic PS cell proliferation and cycle progression may provide new insights into stem cell biology and afford the opportunity for exploiting more selective ligands targeting the receptor subtype for the modulation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Jie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Yu Lv
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Bin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Min An
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Ping Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Teng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Teng IT, Chang YJ, Wang LS, Lu HY, Wu LC, Yang CM, Chiu CC, Yang CH, Hsu SL, Ho JAA. Phospholipid-functionalized mesoporous silica nanocarriers for selective photodynamic therapy of cancer. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7462-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Kloster MM, Naderi EH, Haaland I, Gjertsen BT, Blomhoff HK, Naderi S. cAMP signalling inhibits p53 acetylation and apoptosis via HDAC and SIRT deacetylases. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1815-21. [PMID: 23483263 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of cAMP signalling potently inhibits DNA damage-induced apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by promoting the turnover of p53 protein. Recently, we showed that the cAMP-induced destabilization of p53 in DNA-damaged cells occurs as a result of enhanced interaction between p53 and HDM2. In this report, we present results showing that increased levels of cAMP in cells with DNA damage enhances the deacetylation of p53, an event that facilitates the interaction of p53 with HDM2, thus annulling the stabilizing effect of DNA damage on p53. The combined inhibition of the HDAC and SIRT1 deacetylases abolished the cAMP-mediated deacetylation of p53, implying that cAMP-mediated deacetylation of p53 is dependent on the activity of these two classes of histone deacetylases. Importantly, diminishing the activity of HDACs and SIRT1 was also found to reverse the inhibitory effect of cAMP on the DNA damage-induced p53 stabilization and apoptosis, suggesting the involvement of the p53 acetylation pathway in the anti-apoptotic effect of cAMP signalling.
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14
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Growth of HepG2 Cells was Suppressed Through Modulation of STAT6/IL-4 and IL-10 in RAW 264.7 Cells Treated by Phytoglycoprotein (38 kDa). Inflammation 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Wang W, Taylor RN, Bagchi IC, Bagchi MK. Regulation of human endometrial stromal proliferation and differentiation by C/EBPβ involves cyclin E-cdk2 and STAT3. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:2016-30. [PMID: 23097472 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During each menstrual cycle, the human uterus undergoes a unique transformation, known as decidualization, which involves endometrial stromal proliferation and differentiation. During this process, the stromal cells are transformed into decidual cells, which produce factors that prepare the uterus for potential embryo implantation. We previously identified the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)β as a regulator of endometrial stromal proliferation and differentiation in mice. In this study, we addressed the role of C/EBPβ in human endometrial decidualization. Using small interfering RNA targeted to C/EBPβ mRNA, we demonstrated that C/EBPβ controls the proliferation of primary human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) by regulating the expression of several key cell cycle-regulatory factors during the G(1)-S phase transition. Additionally, loss of C/EBPβ expression blocked the differentiation of HESCs in response to estrogen, progesterone, and cyclic AMP. Gene expression profiling of normal and C/EBPβ-deficient HESCs revealed that the receptor for the cytokine IL-11 and its downstream signal transducer signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) are targets of regulation by C/EBPβ. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that C/EBPβ controls the expression of STAT3 gene by directly interacting with a distinct regulatory sequence in its 5'-flanking region. Attenuation of STAT3 mRNA expression in HESCs resulted in markedly reduced differentiation of these cells, indicating an important role for STAT3 in decidualization. Gene expression profiling, using STAT3-deficient HESCs, showed an extensive overlap of pathways downstream of STAT3 and C/EBPβ during stromal cell differentiation. Collectively, these findings revealed a novel functional link between C/EBPβ and STAT3 that is a critical regulator of endometrial differentiation in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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16
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Foo NP, Ou Yang H, Chiu HH, Chan HY, Liao CC, Yu CK, Wang YJ. Probiotics prevent the development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colonic tumorigenesis through suppressed colonic mucosa cellular proliferation and increased stimulation of macrophages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:13337-13345. [PMID: 22049926 DOI: 10.1021/jf203444d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics modulate immunity and inhibit colon carcinogenesis in experimental models, but these effects largely depend on the bacterial strain, and the precise mechanisms are not well understood. Therefore, we studied the effect of Bifidobacterium longum and/or Lactobacillus gasseri on the development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colonic precancerous lesions and tumors in mice while delineating the possible mechanisms involved. The results suggest that dietary consumption of probiotics (B. longum and L. gasseri) resulted in a significant inhibition of DMH-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation in male ICR mice. Long-term (24 weeks) dietary consumption of probiotics resulted in a reduction of colon tumor multiplicity and the size of the tumors. Administration of B. longum and L. gasseri suppressed the rate of colonic mucosa cellular proliferation in a manner correlating with the inhibition of tumor induction by DMH. In addition, the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was significantly increased in the DMH-treated mice that were fed various doses of B. longum, but not with L. gasseri or combined probiotics (B. longum + L. gasseri). We also found that L. gasseri significantly increased the proliferation of RAW264.7 macrophage cells through an increase in S phase DNA synthesis, which was related to the up-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin A. Taken together, these results demonstrate the in vivo chemopreventive efficacy and the immune stimulating mechanisms of dietary probiotics against DMH-induced colonic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ping Foo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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17
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Activation of cAMP signaling interferes with stress-induced p53 accumulation in ALL-derived cells by promoting the interaction between p53 and HDM2. Neoplasia 2011; 13:653-63. [PMID: 21750659 DOI: 10.1593/neo.11542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 provides an important barrier to the initiation and maintenance of cancers. As a consequence, p53 function must be inactivated for a tumor to develop. This is achieved by mutation in approximately 50% of cases and probably by functional inactivation in the remaining cases. We have previously shown that the second messenger cAMP can inhibit DNA damage-induced wild-type p53 accumulation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, leading to a profound reduction of their apoptotic response. In the present article, we provide a mechanistic insight into the regulation of p53 levels by cAMP. We show that increased levels of cAMP augment the binding of p53 to its negative regulator HDM2, overriding the DNA damage-induced dissociation of p53 from HDM2. This results in maintained levels of p53 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which in turn counteracts the DNA damage-induced stabilization of the p53 protein. The apoptosis inhibitory effect of cAMP is further shown to depend on this effect on p53 levels. These findings potentially implicate deregulation of cAMP signaling as a candidate mechanism used by transformed cells to quench the p53 response while retaining wild-type p53.
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18
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Kelly AD, Breitkopf SB, Yuan M, Goldsmith J, Spentzos D, Asara JM. Metabolomic profiling from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue using targeted LC/MS/MS: application in sarcoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25357. [PMID: 21984915 PMCID: PMC3184969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The relatively new field of onco-metabolomics attempts to identify relationships between various cancer phenotypes and global metabolite content. Previous metabolomics studies utilized either nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and analyzed metabolites present in urine and serum. However, direct metabolomic assessment of tumor tissues is important for determining altered metabolism in cancers. In this respect, the ability to obtain reliable data from archival specimens is desirable and has not been reported to date. In this feasibility study, we demonstrate the analysis of polar metabolites extracted directly from ten formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens, including five soft tissue sarcomas and five paired normal samples. Using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) via selected reaction monitoring (SRM), we detect an average of 106 metabolites across the samples with excellent reproducibility and correlation between different sections of the same specimen. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering and principal components analysis reliably recovers a priori known tumor and normal tissue phenotypes, and supervised analysis identifies candidate metabolic markers supported by the literature. In addition, we find that diverse biochemical processes are well-represented in the list of detected metabolites. Our study supports the notion that reliable and broadly informative metabolomic data may be acquired from FFPE soft tissue sarcoma specimens, a finding that is likely to be extended to other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Kelly
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Sarcoma Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susanne B. Breitkopf
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Min Yuan
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dimitrios Spentzos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Sarcoma Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John M. Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Follin-Arbelet V, Hofgaard PO, Hauglin H, Naderi S, Sundan A, Blomhoff R, Bogen B, Blomhoff HK. Cyclic AMP induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells and inhibits tumor development in a mouse myeloma model. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:301. [PMID: 21767374 PMCID: PMC3161033 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma is an incurable disease requiring the development of effective therapies which can be used clinically. We have elucidated the potential for manipulating the cAMP signaling pathway as a target for inhibiting the growth of multiple myeloma cells. Methods As a model system, we primarily used the murine multiple myeloma cell line MOPC315 which can be grown both in vivo and in vitro. Human multiple myeloma cell lines U266, INA-6 and the B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line Reh were used only for in vitro studies. Cell death was assessed by flow cytometry and western blot analysis after treatment with cAMP elevating agents (forskolin, prostaglandin E2 and rolipram) and cAMP analogs. We followed tumor growth in vivo after forskolin treatment by imaging DsRed-labelled MOPC315 cells transplanted subcutaneously in BALB/c nude mice. Results In contrast to the effect on Reh cells, 50 μM forskolin more than tripled the death of MOPC315 cells after 24 h in vitro. Forskolin induced cell death to a similar extent in the human myeloma cell lines U266 and INA-6. cAMP-mediated cell death had all the typical hallmarks of apoptosis, including changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and cleavage of caspase 3, caspase 9 and PARP. Forskolin also inhibited the growth of multiple myeloma cells in a mouse model in vivo. Conclusions Elevation of intracellular levels of cAMP kills multiple myeloma cells in vitro and inhibits development of multiple myeloma in vivo. This strongly suggests that compounds activating the cAMP signaling pathway may be useful in the field of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Follin-Arbelet
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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20
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Xie J, Ponuwei GA, Moore CE, Willars GB, Tee AR, Herbert TP. cAMP inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 and -2 (mTORC1 and 2) by promoting complex dissociation and inhibiting mTOR kinase activity. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1927-35. [PMID: 21763421 PMCID: PMC3189512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
cAMP and mTOR signalling pathways control a number of critical cellular processes including metabolism, protein synthesis, proliferation and cell survival and therefore understanding the signalling events which integrate these two signalling pathways is of particular interest. In this study, we show that the pharmacological elevation of [cAMP](i) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells inhibits mTORC1 activation via a PKA-dependent mechanism. Although the inhibitory effect of cAMP on mTOR could be mediated by impinging on signalling cascades (i.e. PKB, MAPK and AMPK) that inhibit TSC1/2, an upstream negative regulator of mTORC1, we show that cAMP inhibits mTORC1 in TSC2 knockout (TSC2(-/-)) MEFs. We also show that cAMP inhibits insulin and amino acid-stimulated mTORC1 activation independently of Rheb, Rag GTPases, TSC2, PKB, MAPK and AMPK, indicating that cAMP may act independently of known regulatory inputs into mTOR. Moreover, we show that the prolonged elevation in [cAMP](i) can also inhibit mTORC2. We provide evidence that this cAMP-dependent inhibition of mTORC1/2 is caused by the dissociation of mTORC1 and 2 and a reduction in mTOR catalytic activity, as determined by its auto-phosphorylation on Ser2481. Taken together, these results provide an important insight into how cAMP signals to mTOR and down-regulates its activity, which may lead to the identification of novel drug targets to inhibit mTOR that could be used for the treatment and prevention of human diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Xie
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, The Henry Wellcome Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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21
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The protein phosphatase 1 regulator PNUTS is a new component of the DNA damage response. EMBO Rep 2010; 11:868-75. [PMID: 20890310 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2010.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of protein phosphatase 1 nuclear-targeting subunit (PNUTS)--one of the most abundant nuclear-targeting subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1c)--remains largely uncharacterized. We show that PNUTS depletion by small interfering RNA activates a G2 checkpoint in unperturbed cells and prolongs G2 checkpoint and Chk1 activation after ionizing-radiation-induced DNA damage. Overexpression of PNUTS-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)--which is rapidly and transiently recruited at DNA damage sites--inhibits G2 arrest. Finally, γH2AX, p53-binding protein 1, replication protein A and Rad51 foci are present for a prolonged period and clonogenic survival is decreased in PNUTS-depleted cells after ionizing radiation treatment. We identify the PP1c regulatory subunit PNUTS as a new and integral component of the DNA damage response involved in DNA repair.
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22
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Vlad P, Gorincioi E, Aricu A, Barba A, Manzocchi A, Santaniello E. Asymmetric dihydroxylation of drim-7-en-11-ol: synthesis of diastereomerically pure driman-7α,8α,11-triol and its elaboration into novel chlorinated norlabdanic compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Duggal S, Frønsdal KB, Szöke K, Shahdadfar A, Melvik JE, Brinchmann JE. Phenotype and gene expression of human mesenchymal stem cells in alginate scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:1763-73. [PMID: 19115828 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are popular candidates for tissue engineering. MSC are defined by their properties in two-dimensional (2D) culture systems. Cells in 2D are known to differ from their in vivo counterparts in cell shape, proliferation, and gene expression. Little is so far known about the phenotype and gene expression of cells in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. To begin to unravel the impact of 3D versus 2D culture conditions on MSC, we have established MSC from adipose tissue and bone marrow in 3D cultures in alginate beads covalently modified with the tripeptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), the integrin-binding motif found in several molecules within the extracellular matrix. The MSC changed from their fibroblastoid shape (2D) to a small, compact shape when embedded in RGD alginate (3D). High viability was maintained throughout the experiment. The MSC retained expression of integrins known to bind RGD, and practically ceased to proliferate. Microarray analysis revealed that the gene expression in cells in RGD alginate was different both from the cells cultured in 2D and from prospectively isolated, uncultured MSC, but more similar to 2D cells. As alginate may be entirely dissolved, leaving the cells as single cell suspensions for various analyses, this represents a useful model for the study of cells in 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivali Duggal
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Activation of cAMP signaling inhibits DNA damage-induced apoptosis in BCP-ALL cells through abrogation of p53 accumulation. Blood 2009; 114:608-18. [PMID: 19451550 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-204883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In lymphocytes, the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a well-established antiproliferative role through inhibition of G(1)/S transition and S-phase progression. We have previously demonstrated that, during S-phase arrest, cAMP inhibits the action of S phase-specific cytotoxic compounds, leading to reduction in their apoptotic response. In this report, we provide evidence that cAMP can also inhibit the action of DNA-damaging agents independently of its effect on S phase. Elevation of cAMP in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells is shown to profoundly inhibit the apoptotic response to ionizing radiation, anthracyclins, alkylating agents, and platinum compounds. We further demonstrate that this effect depends on the ability of elevated cAMP levels to quench DNA damage-induced p53 accumulation by increasing the p53 turnover, resulting in attenuated Puma and Bax induction, mitochondrial outer membrane depolarization, caspase activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that cAMP levels may influence p53 function in malignant cells that retain wild-type p53, potentially affecting p53 both as a tumor suppressor during cancer initiation and maintenance, and as an effector of the apoptotic response to DNA-damaging agents during anticancer treatment.
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Inhibitory effects of chitooligosaccharides on tumor growth and metastasis. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1864-71. [PMID: 19427889 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are hydrolyzed products of chitosan and have been proven to exhibit various biological functions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the anti-tumor growth, anti-metastatic potency and related pathways of COS extracted from fungi. In in vitro studies, we found that COS significantly inhibited human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell proliferation, reduced the percentage of S-phase and decreased DNA synthesis rate in COS-treated HepG2 cells. Expressions of cell cycle-related genes were analyzed and the results indicated that p21 was up-regulated, while PCNA, cyclin A and cdk-2 were down-regulated. Moreover, we also found that the activity of metastatic related protein (MMP-9) could be inhibited by COS in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. In in vivo studies, we found that COS inhibited the tumor growth of HepG2 xenografts in severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mice. In a LLC-bearing mouse tumor growth and lung metastasis model, COS inhibited tumor growth and the number of lung colonies in LLC-bearing mice as well as the lung metastasis, and it prolonged the survival time of the LLC-mice. These results suggest a potential anti-tumor growth and anti-metastatic potency of COS in cancer chemoprevention.
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Wang X, Sun DF, Lu R, Chen ZF, Chen YX, Fang JY. RAF may induce cell proliferation through hypermethylation of tumor suppressor gene promoter in gastric epithelial cells. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:117-25. [PMID: 19037990 PMCID: PMC11158421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK-MAPK) is critical in human malignancies. It remained to be established whether DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) involved in DNA methylation during RAF-transformed cell proliferation. The plasmid of constitutively active RAF was used to transfect gastric cell GES-1 and cancer cell AGS. RAF promoted cell proliferation, growth in soft agar and induced cell cycle progress faster than empty plasmid by accelerating G1/S transition in both cell lines, a massive induction of cyclin D1 and PCNA expression was observed, along with reduced expression of p16INK4A, p21WAF1 and p27KIP1. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and bisulfite sequencing showed that the promoter of p16INK4A was methylated in RAF-transformed cells, treatment with 5-aza-dC or PD98059 restored the expression of p16INK4A, increased p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 partially, associated with upregulation of the activity of Dnmt in RAF-transformed cell GES-1, and also decreased the hypermethylation status of p16INK4A, but not all CpG islands of p21WAF1 and p27KIP1. These data suggest that RAF may induce cell proliferation through hypermethylation of tumor suppressor gene p16INK4A, while the epigenetic inactivation of p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 may be not a key factor in RAF-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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27
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Naderi S, Blomhoff HK. Activation of cAMP signaling enhances Fas-mediated apoptosis and activation-induced cell death through potentiation of caspase 8 activation. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:833-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Austenaa LM, Carlsen H, Hollung K, Blomhoff HK, Blomhoff R. Retinoic acid dampens LPS-induced NF-kappaB activity: results from human monoblasts and in vivo imaging of NF-kappaB reporter mice. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 20:726-34. [PMID: 18926686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major inducer of systemic inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress in response to microbial infections and may cause sepsis. In the present study, we demonstrate that retinoic acid inhibits LPS-induced activation in transgenic reporter mice and human monoblasts through inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). By using noninvasive molecular imaging of NF-kappaB luciferase reporter mice, we showed that administration of retinoic acid repressed LPS-induced whole-body luminescence, demonstrating in vivo the dynamics of retinoic acid's ability to repress physiologic response to LPS. Retinoic acid also inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappaB activity in the human myeloblastic cell line U937. Retinoic-acid-receptor-selective agonists mimicked - while specific antagonists inhibited - the effects of retinoic acid, suggesting the involvement of nuclear retinoic acid receptors. Retinoic acid also repressed LPS-induced transcription of NF-kappaB target genes such as IL-6, MCP-1 and COX-2. The effect of retinoic acid was dependent on new protein synthesis, was obstructed by a deacetylase inhibitor and was partly eliminated by a signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1)/methyltransferase inhibitor, indicating that retinoic acid induces a new protein, possibly STAT1, that is involved in inhibiting NF-kappaB. This provides more evidence for retinoic acid's anti-inflammatory potential, which may have clinical implications in terms of fighting microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv M Austenaa
- Department of Nutrition Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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29
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Ugland H, Boquest AC, Naderi S, Collas P, Blomhoff HK. cAMP-mediated induction of cyclin E sensitizes growth-arrested adipose stem cells to DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:5082-92. [PMID: 18799628 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-01-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells has been extensively studied, but little is known on cell cycle-related events in the proliferation and differentiation phases of these cells. Here, we demonstrate that exposure to cAMP-increasing agents inhibits proliferation of adipose stem cells (ASCs). This antiproliferative effect is associated with both reduced cdk2 activity and pRB phosphorylation. Concomitantly, however, the level of cyclin E markedly increases upon cAMP induction, indicating that cyclin E may have cdk2-independent functions in these cells besides its role as a cdk2 activator. Indeed, we found indications of a cdk2-independent role of cyclin E in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. 8-CPT-cAMP sensitizes ASCs to gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis, an effect abolished by knockdown of cyclin E. Moreover, cAMP induces early activation of ERK, leading to reduced degradation of cyclin E. The cAMP-mediated up-regulation of cyclin E was blocked by knockdown of ERK or by an inhibitor of the ERK kinase MEK. We conclude that cAMP inhibits cdk2 activity and pRB phosphorylation, leading to reduced ASC proliferation. Concomitant with this growth inhibition, however, cyclin E levels are increased in a MEK/ERK-dependent manner. Our results suggest that cyclin E plays an important, cdk2-independent role in genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis in mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hege Ugland
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
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30
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Comparative docking studies of labdane-type diterpenes with forskolin at the active site of adenylyl cyclase. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8237-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Rodriguez-Collazo P, Snyder SK, Chiffer RC, Bressler EA, Voss TC, Anderson EP, Genieser HG, Smith CL. cAMP signaling regulates histone H3 phosphorylation and mitotic entry through a disruption of G2 progression. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:2855-69. [PMID: 18644368 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
cAMP signaling is known to have significant effects on cell growth, either inhibitory or stimulatory depending on the cell type. Study of cAMP-induced growth inhibition in mammalian somatic cells has focused mainly on the combined role of protein kinase A (PKA) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in regulation of progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Here we show that cAMP signaling regulates histone H3 phosphorylation in a cell cycle-dependent fashion, increasing it in quiescent cells but dramatically reducing it in cycling cells. The latter is due to a rapid and dramatic loss of mitotic histone H3 phosphorylation caused by a disruption in G2 progression, as evidenced by the inhibition of mitotic entry and decreased activity of the CyclinB/Cdk1 kinase. The inhibition of G2 progression induced through cAMP signaling is dependent on expression of the catalytic subunit of PKA and is highly sensitive to intracellular cAMP concentration. The mechanism by which G2 progression is inhibited is independent of both DNA damage and MAP kinase signaling. Our results suggest that cAMP signaling activates a G2 checkpoint by a unique mechanism and provide new insight into normal cellular regulation of G2 progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodriguez-Collazo
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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32
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Kloster MM, Hafte TT, Moltzau LR, Naderi EH, Dahle MK, Skålhegg BS, Gaudernack G, Levy FO, Naderi S, Blomhoff HK. EBV infection renders B cells resistant to growth inhibition via adenylyl cyclase. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1169-78. [PMID: 18406106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an important physiological growth inhibitor of lymphoid cells, and the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway is disrupted in several immunological disorders and cancers. Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection of B lymphocytes is responsible for the development of lymphoproliferative disease as well as certain B-lymphoid malignancies. Here we hypothesized that EBV infection might render B lymphocytes resistant to cAMP/PKA-mediated growth inhibition. To test this, we assessed the growth-inhibitory response of cAMP-elevating compounds such as forskolin and isoproterenol, as well as the PKA activator 8-CPT-cAMP in normal B lymphocytes, EBV-infected B cells and in the EBV-negative B lymphoid cell line Reh. We could demonstrate that EBV infection indeed abolished cAMP-mediated growth inhibition of B cells. The defect was pinpointed to defective adenylyl cyclase (AC) activation by forskolin and isoproterenol, resulting in reduced formation of cAMP and lack of PKA activation and CREB phosphorylation. In contrast, 8-CPT-cAMP which directly activates PKA was able to inhibit EBV-infected B cell growth. The physiological implications of these results were underlined by the observation that the ability of forskolin to inhibit camptothecin-induced apoptosis was abolished in EBV-infected B cells. We conclude that EBV infection of B cells abrogates the activation of AC and thereby cAMP formation, and that this dysfunction renders the cells resistant to growth inhibition via the cAMP/PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Müller Kloster
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
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33
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Wierød L, Rosseland CM, Lindeman B, Oksvold MP, Grøsvik H, Skarpen E, Huitfeldt HS. Activation of the p53-p21(Cip1) pathway is required for CDK2 activation and S-phase entry in primary rat hepatocytes. Oncogene 2007; 27:2763-71. [PMID: 18026139 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
p53 plays a major role in the prevention of tumor development. It responds to a range of potentially oncogenic stresses by activating protective mechanisms, most notably cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. The p53 gene is also induced during normal liver regeneration, and it has been hypothesized that p53 serve as a proliferative 'brake' to control excessive proliferation. However, it has lately been shown that p53 inhibition reduces hepatocyte growth factor-induced DNA synthesis of primary hepatocytes. Here we show that epidermal growth factor (EGF) activated p53 in a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-dependent way, and thus induced the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Cip1) in primary rat hepatocytes. p53 inactivation with a dominant-negative mutant (p53(V143A)) attenuated EGF-induced DNA synthesis and was associated with reduced CDK2 phosphorylation and retinoblastoma protein hyperphosphorylation. When p21(Cip1) was ectopically expressed in p53-inactivated cells, these effects were neutralized. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that in normal hepatocytes, EGF-induced expression of p53 is involved in regulating CDK2- and CDK4 activity, through p21(Cip1) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wierød
- Laboratory for Toxicopathology, Institute of Pathology, Rikshospitalet Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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34
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McEwan DG, Brunton VG, Baillie GS, Leslie NR, Houslay MD, Frame MC. Chemoresistant KM12C colon cancer cells are addicted to low cyclic AMP levels in a phosphodiesterase 4-regulated compartment via effects on phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5248-57. [PMID: 17545604 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the major problems in treating colon cancer is chemoresistance to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. There is therefore a need to devise new strategies to inhibit colon cancer cell growth and survival. Here, we show that a combination of low doses of the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin together with the specific cyclic AMP (cAMP) phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor rolipram, but not the cAMP phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) inhibitor cilostamide, causes profound growth arrest of chemoresistant KM12C colon cancer cells. Low-dose forskolin causes KM12C cells to exit the cell cycle in G1 by inducing p27(Kip1) and primes cells for apoptosis on addition of rolipram. The effect of the low-dose forskolin/rolipram combination is mediated by displacement of the phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate/phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling module from the plasma membrane and suppression of the Akt/protein kinase-B oncogene pathway, to which KM12C cells are addicted for growth. The cAMP and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways form a critical intersection in this response, and reexpression of the tumor suppressor lipid phosphatase, phosphatase and tensin homologue, which is commonly lost or mutated in colon cancer, sensitizes KM12C cells to growth inhibition by challenge with low-dose forskolin. Certain chemoresistant colon cancer cells are therefore exquisitely sensitive to subtle elevation of cAMP by a synergistic low-dose adenylyl cyclase activator/PDE4 inhibitor combination. Indeed, these cells are addicted to maintenance of low cAMP concentrations in a compartment that is regulated by PDE4. Well-tolerated doses of PDE4 inhibitors that are already in clinical development for other therapeutic indications may provide an exciting new strategy for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G McEwan
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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35
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Ertesvag A, Aasheim HC, Naderi S, Blomhoff HK. Vitamin A potentiates CpG-mediated memory B-cell proliferation and differentiation: involvement of early activation of p38MAPK. Blood 2007; 109:3865-72. [PMID: 17209053 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-09-046748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foreign CpG-DNA from viruses and bacteria can activate memory B cells through binding to toll-like receptor 9, and this pathway has been hypothesized to be involved in the continuous activation of memory B cells ensuring life-long humoral immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that retinoic acid (RA) is a potent coactivator of this pathway in human B cells. RA enhanced the CpG-mediated proliferation of CD27(+) memory B cells, and the proliferative response was accompanied by increased immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion indicative of plasma-cell formation. The RA-induced proliferation was preceded by enhanced expression of cyclin D3, and both the expression of cyclin D3 and the induced Ig secretion were found to be dependent on IL-10. Of importance, RA increased the CpG-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and IkappaB as early as 30 minutes after stimulation. By using specific inhibitors, all the RA-mediated events, including proliferation, cyclin D3 expression, IL-10 secretion, and Ig secretion, were shown to be dependent on p38MAPK. Hence, we propose that RA can strengthen humoral immunity by promoting CpG-mediated stimulation of CD27(+) B cells via activation of p38MAPK resulting in increased proliferation and differentiation to Ig-secreting plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aase Ertesvag
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
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36
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Lin SY, Chan HY, Shen FH, Chen MH, Wang YJ, Yu CK. Chitosan prevents the development of AOM-induced aberrant crypt foci in mice and suppressed the proliferation of AGS cells by inhibiting DNA synthesis. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:1573-80. [PMID: 17226752 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We study the effect of fungal-derived chitosan on the development of chemical-induced colonic precancerous lesions in ICR mice and delineate its possible molecular mechanisms. In the 2 weeks preventive experiments, mice fed with a diet containing high molecular weight chitosan (HMWC) had significant fewer aberrant crypt foci formation than those fed with control diet. As the treatment extended to 6 weeks, both low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC)- and HMWC-fed mice contained less aberrant crypt foci when compared to control. However, such effect was not observed in mice in the 6 weeks therapeutic experiments. The anti-tumorigenesis effect of water-soluble chitosan oligomer (WSCO) was tested on four cancer cell lines. WSCO significantly suppressed AGS and to a less extent, COLO 205 cells proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle distribution indicated that the percentage of S phase reduced significantly in AGS cells treated with WSCO together with a decrease in DNA synthesis rate in BrdU incorporation assay. WSCO treatment also upregulated cell cycle-related genes p21/Cip and p27/Kip, whereas downregulated that of PCNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyr-Yi Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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37
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Engedal N, Gjevik T, Blomhoff R, Blomhoff HK. All-trans retinoic acid stimulates IL-2-mediated proliferation of human T lymphocytes: early induction of cyclin D3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2851-61. [PMID: 16920920 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A is established as an important immune regulator, but the mechanisms whereby vitamin A regulates T cell biology are poorly defined. In this study, we show that an active metabolite of vitamin A, all-trans retinoic acid (RA), potently stimulates T cell proliferation by modulating IL-2-mediated signaling downstream of IL-2R and independent of the induction of IL-2. Thus, at concentrations as low as 0.1 nM, RA enhanced the division of normal human T lymphocytes that were simultaneously stimulated with anti-CD3 mAbs and saturating concentrations of IL-2. At the optimal concentration of RA (50 nM), a 3-fold increase in T cell proliferation was observed. The induced proliferation was preceded by increased phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein and enhanced G1- to S-phase progression. Interestingly, the promitogenic effect of RA was found to be particularly directed toward increased expression of cyclin D3 at both the mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of RA on cyclin D3 expression as well as on cell proliferation was completely abolished in the presence of the JAK inhibitor AG-490 or blocking IL-2R alpha mAbs, and RA also enhanced cyclin D3 expression and T cell proliferation in the presence of IL-2 alone. Finally, we showed that the proliferative effect of RA was mimicked by agonists of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and completely inhibited by a RAR-selective antagonist. In conclusion, our results indicate that RA, via RAR, stimulates IL-2-induced signaling in a JAK-dependent manner to enhance cyclin D3 expression and thereby promote T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Engedal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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38
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Braden WA, Lenihan JM, Lan Z, Luce KS, Zagorski W, Bosco E, Reed MF, Cook JG, Knudsen ES. Distinct action of the retinoblastoma pathway on the DNA replication machinery defines specific roles for cyclin-dependent kinase complexes in prereplication complex assembly and S-phase progression. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:7667-81. [PMID: 16908528 PMCID: PMC1636881 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00045-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) and p16ink4a tumor suppressors are believed to function in a linear pathway that is functionally inactivated in a large fraction of human cancers. Recent studies have shown that RB plays a critical role in regulating S phase as a means for suppressing aberrant proliferation and controlling genome stability. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for p16ink4a in replication control that is distinct from that of RB. Specifically, p16ink4a disrupts prereplication complex assembly by inhibiting mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) protein loading in G1, while RB was found to disrupt replication in S phase through attenuation of PCNA function. This influence of p16ink4a on the prereplication complex was dependent on the presence of RB and the downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. Strikingly, the inhibition of CDK2 activity was not sufficient to prevent the loading of MCM proteins onto chromatin, which supports a model wherein the composite action of multiple G1 CDK complexes regulates prereplication complex assembly. Additionally, p16ink4a attenuated the levels of the assembly factors Cdt1 and Cdc6. The enforced expression of these two licensing factors was sufficient to restore the assembly of the prereplication complex yet failed to promote S-phase progression due to the continued absence of PCNA function. Combined, these data reveal that RB and p16ink4a function through distinct pathways to inhibit the replication machinery and provide evidence that stepwise regulation of CDK activity interfaces with the replication machinery at two discrete execution points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Braden
- Department of Cell Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, 3125 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
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39
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Knudsen ES, Knudsen KE. Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor: where cancer meets the cell cycle. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231:1271-81. [PMID: 16816134 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene, Rb, was the first tumor suppressor identified and plays a fundamental role in regulation of progression through the cell cycle. This review details facets of RB protein function in cell cycle control and focuses on specific questions that remain intensive areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Cell Biology and University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0521, USA.
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40
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Gupte RS, Sampson V, Traganos F, Darzynkiewicz Z, Lee MYWT. Cyclic AMP regulates the expression and nuclear translocation of RFC40 in MCF7 cells. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:796-806. [PMID: 16413017 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the regulatory subunit of PKA, RIalpha, functions as a nuclear transport protein for the second subunit of the replication factor C complex, RFC40, and that this transport appears to be crucial for cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. In this study, we found that N(6)-monobutyryl cAMP significantly up-regulates the expression of RFC40 mRNA by 1.8-fold and its endogenous protein by 2.3-fold with a subsequent increase in the RIalpha-RFC40 complex formation by 3.2-fold. Additionally, the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio of RFC40 increased by 26% followed by a parallel increase in the percentage of S phase cells by 33%. However, there was reduction in the percentage of G1 cells by 16% and G2/M cells by 43% with a concurrent accumulation of cells in S phase. Interestingly, the higher percentage of S phase cells did not correlate with a parallel increase in DNA replication. Moreover, although cAMP did not affect the expression of the other RFC subunits, there was a significant decrease in the RFC40-37 complex formation by 81.3%, substantiating the decrease in DNA replication rate. Taken together, these findings suggest that cAMP functions as an upstream modulator that regulates the expression and nuclear translocation of RFC40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee S Gupte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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