1
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Zhang S, Gao H, You G, Cao H, Wang Y, Gao L, Zheng SJ. A novel role of ETV6 as a pro-viral factor in host response by inhibiting TBK1 phosphorylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135525. [PMID: 39260650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
E26-transforming specific (ETS) variant 6 (ETV6) is a transcription factor regulating the expression of interferon stimulating genes (ISGs) and involved in the embryonic development and hematopoietic regulation, but the role of ETV6 in host response to virus infection is not clear. In this study, we show that ETV6 was upregulated in DF-1 cells with poly(I:C) stimulation or IBDV, AIV and ARV infection via engagement of dsRNA by MDA5. Overexpression of ETV6 in DF-1 cells markedly inhibited IBDV-induced type I interferon (IFN-I) and ISGs expressions. In contrast, knockdown, or knockout of ETV6 remarkably inhibited IBDV replication via promoting IFN-I response. Furthermore, our data show that ETV6 negatively regulated host antiviral response to IBDV infection by interaction with TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and subsequently inhibited its phosphorylation. These results uncovered a novel role of ETV6 as a pro-viral factor in host response by inhibiting TBK1 phosphorylation, furthering our understandings of RNA virus immunosuppression and providing a valuable clue to the development of antiviral reagents for the control of avian RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, China; Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, China; Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangju You
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, China; Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, China; Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, China; Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shijun J Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, China; Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Wang B, Zhang L, Deng F, Hu Z, Wang M, Liu J. Hsp90 β is critical for the infection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Virol Sin 2024; 39:113-122. [PMID: 38008382 PMCID: PMC10877427 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV) is an emerging disease in East Asia with a fatality rate of up to 30%. However, the viral-host interaction of SFTSV remains largely unknown. The heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family consists of highly conserved chaperones that fold and remodel proteins and has a broad impact on the infection of many viruses. Here, we showed that Hsp90 is an important host factor involved in SFTSV infection. Hsp90 inhibitors significantly reduced SFTSV replication, viral protein expression, and the formation of inclusion bodies consisting of nonstructural proteins (NSs). Among viral proteins, NSs appeared to be the most reduced when Hsp90 inhibitors were used, and further analysis showed that their translation was affected. Co-immunoprecipitation of NSs with four isomers of Hsp90 showed that Hsp90 β specifically interacted with them. Knockdown of Hsp90 β expression also inhibited replication of SFTSV. These results suggest that Hsp90 β plays a critical role during SFTSV infection and could be a potential target for the development of drugs against SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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3
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Reiss BT, Bouza L, Thomas S, Suarez CD, Hill ER, Nichols DB. The MC160 protein of the molluscum contagiosum virus dampens cGAS/STING-induced interferon-β activation. Exp Mol Pathol 2023; 134:104876. [PMID: 37890651 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2023.104876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a poxvirus that causes benign, persistent skin lesions. MCV encodes a variety of immune evasion molecules to dampen host immune responses. Two of these proteins are the MC159 and MC160 proteins. Both MC159 and MC160 contain two tandem death effector domains and share homology to the cellular FLIPs, FADD, and procaspase-8. MC159 and MC160 dampen several innate immune responses such as NF-κB activation and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS)-mediated induction of type 1 interferon (IFN). The type 1 IFN response is also activated by the cytosolic DNA sensors cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Both cGAS and STING play a vital role in sensing a poxvirus infection. In this study, we demonstrate that there are nuanced differences between both MC160 and MC159 in terms of how the viral proteins modulate the cGAS/STING and MAVS pathways. Specifically, MC160 expression, but not MC159 expression, dampens cGAS/STING-mediated induction of IFN in HEK 293 T cells. Further, MC160 expression prevented the K63-ubiquitination of both STING and TBK1, a kinase downstream of cGAS/STING. Ectopic expression of the MC160 protein, but not the MC159 protein, resulted in a measurable decrease in the TBK1 protein levels as detected via immunoblotting. Finally, using a panel of MC160 truncation mutants, we report that the MC160 protein requires both DEDs to inhibit cGAS/STING-induced activation of IFN-β. Our model indicates MC160 likely alters the TBK1 signaling complex to decrease IFN-β activation at the molecular intersection of the cGAS/STING and MAVS signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Lissette Bouza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Swagath Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Catherine D Suarez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Erik R Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
| | - Daniel Brian Nichols
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
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4
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Hu B, Zhong G, Ding S, Xu K, Peng X, Dong W, Zhou J. African swine fever virus protein p17 promotes mitophagy by facilitating the interaction of SQSTM1 with TOMM70. Virulence 2023; 14:2232707. [PMID: 37442088 PMCID: PMC10348029 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2232707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have developed different strategies to hijack mitophagy to facilitate their replication. However, whether and how African swine fever virus (ASFV) regulates mitophagy are largely unknown. Here, we found that the ASFV-encoded p17 induced mitophagy. Coimmunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry assays identified translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70 (TOMM70) as the protein that interacted with p17. The binding of TOMM70 to p17 promoted the binding of the mitophagy receptor SQSTM1 to TOMM70, led to engulfment of mitochondria by autophagosomes, and consequently decreased the number of mitochondria. Consistently, the levels of TOMM70 and TOMM20 decreased substantially after p17 expression or ASFV infection. Furthermore, p17-mediated mitophagy resulted in the degradation of mitochondrial antiviral signalling proteins and inhibited the production of IFN-α, IL-6 and TNFα. Overall, our findings suggest that ASFV p17 regulates innate immunity by inducing mitophagy via the interaction of SQSTM1 with TOMM70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boli Hu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Guifang Zhong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Shuxiang Ding
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Kang Xu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Xiran Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Weiren Dong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, PR, China
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5
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Zhang B, Han H, Zhao X, Li AN, Wang Y, Yuan W, Yang Z, Li MD. An HBV susceptibility variant of KNG1 modulates the therapeutic effects of interferons α and λ1 in HBV infection by promoting MAVS lysosomal degradation. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104694. [PMID: 37442062 PMCID: PMC10435766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the main causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The relationship between HBV infection and the host genome as well as their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. METHODS In this study, we performed a whole-genome exon sequencing analysis of 300 sib-pairs of Chinese HBV-infected families with the goal of identifying variants and genes involved in HBV infection. A site-direct mutant plasmid was used to investigate the function of SNP rs76438938 in KNG1. The functional and mechanical studies of KNG1 were conducted with in vitro liver cell lines and a hydrodynamic injection model in vivo. The impact of KNG1 on HBV infection therapy was determined in hepatocytes treated with IFN-α/λ1. FINDINGS Our whole-exon association study of 300 families with hepatitis B infection found that SNP rs76438938 in KNG1 significantly increased the risk for HBV infection, and the rs76438938-T allele was found to promote HBV replication by increasing the stability of KNG1 mRNA. By competitively binding HSP90A with MAVS, KNG1 can inhibit the expression of types I and III IFNs by promoting MAVS lysosomal degradation. Such suppression of IFN expression and promotion of HBV replication by Kng1 were further demonstrated with an animal model in vivo. Lastly, we showed that the rs76438938-C allele can improve the therapeutic effect of IFN-α and -λ1 in HBV infection. INTERPRETATION This study identified a SNP, rs76438938, in a newly discovered host gene, KNG1, for its involvement in HBV infection and treatment effect through modulating the cellular antiviral process. FUNDING This study was supported in part by the Independent Task of State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, the China Precision Medicine Initiative (2016YFC0906300), and the Research Center for Air Pollution and Health of Zhejiang University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Andria N Li
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenji Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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6
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Wu S, Zhao Y, Wang D, Chen Z. Mode of Action of Heat Shock Protein (HSP) Inhibitors against Viruses through Host HSP and Virus Interactions. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040792. [PMID: 37107550 PMCID: PMC10138296 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolded proteins after stress-induced denaturation can regain their functions through correct re-folding with the aid of molecular chaperones. As a molecular chaperone, heat shock proteins (HSPs) can help client proteins fold correctly. During viral infection, HSPs are involved with replication, movement, assembly, disassembly, subcellular localization, and transport of the virus via the formation of macromolecular protein complexes, such as the viral replicase complex. Recent studies have indicated that HSP inhibitors can inhibit viral replication by interfering with the interaction of the virus with the HSP. In this review, we describe the function and classification of HSPs, the transcriptional mechanism of HSPs promoted by heat shock factors (HSFs), discuss the interaction between HSPs and viruses, and the mode of action of HSP inhibitors at two aspects of inhibiting the expression of HSPs and targeting the HSPs, and elaborate their potential use as antiviral agents.
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7
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Pim1 promotes IFN-β production by interacting with IRF3. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:2092-2103. [PMID: 36446848 PMCID: PMC9722908 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pim (proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus) proteins compose a serine threonine kinase family whose members regulate cell proliferation, migration and cell survival. However, whether Pim kinases participate in innate immune responses is unclear. Here, we show for the first time that Pim1 plays an essential role in the production of interferon (IFN)-β by macrophages after their Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Specifically, Pim1 was quickly upregulated in an NF-κB-dependent manner after TLR stimulation with PAMPs. Pim1 deficiency reduced TLR3- or TLR4-stimulated IFN-β and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression but not proinflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages. Mechanistically, Pim1 specifically upregulates IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. However, this role is not dependent on Pim1 kinase activity. Rather, Pim1 appears to promote IRF3 phosphorylation by enhancing the formation of IFN-β signaling complexes composed of TRIF, TRAF3, TBK1, and IRF3. Poly (I:C)-treated Pim1-/- mice produced less serum IFN-β and were less likely to survive than wild-type mice. These findings show for the first time that Pim1 participates in TLR-mediated IFN-β production, thus revealing a novel target for controlling antiviral innate immune responses.
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8
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HSP27 Attenuates cGAS-Mediated IFN-β Signaling through Ubiquitination of cGAS and Promotes PRV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091851. [PMID: 36146658 PMCID: PMC9502172 DOI: 10.3390/v14091851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is a domestic and wild animal infectious disease caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV) and is one of the major infectious diseases that endanger the global swine industry. Studies have reported that PRV may achieve cross-species transmission from pigs to humans in recent years. Therefore, in-depth exploration of the relationship between PRV and host proteins is of great significance for elucidating the pathogenic mechanism of PRV and anti-PRV infection. Here, we report that heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) ubiquitinates and degrades cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and attenuates cGAS-mediated antiviral responses, thereby promoting PRV infection. Overexpression of HSP27 promoted PRV proliferation in vitro, while knockdown of HSP27 inhibited PRV infection. Importantly, we found that HSP27 inhibited PRV infection or poly(dA:dT)-activated IFN-β expression. Further studies found that HSP27 may inhibit cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-β expression through targeting cGAS. In addition, we found that HSP27 can suppress the expression of endogenous cGAS in different cells at both gene transcription and protein expression levels, and that HSP27 interacts with and ubiquitinates cGAS. In conclusion, we reveal for the first time that HSP27 is a novel negative regulator of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway induced by PRV infection or poly(dA:dT) activation and demonstrate that HSP27 plays a crucial role in PRV infection.
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9
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Dalidowska I, Orlowska A, Smreczak M, Bieganowski P. Hsp90 Activity Is Necessary for the Maturation of Rabies Virus Polymerase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6946. [PMID: 35805948 PMCID: PMC9266396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononegavirales is an order of viruses with a genome in the form of a non-segmented negative-strand RNA that encodes several proteins. The functional polymerase complex of these viruses is composed of two proteins: a large protein (L) and a phosphoprotein (P). The replication of viruses from this order depends on Hsp90 chaperone activity. Previous studies have demonstrated that Hsp90 inhibition results in the degradation of mononegaviruses L protein, with exception of the rabies virus, for which the degradation of P protein was observed. Here, we demonstrated that Hsp90 inhibition does not affect the expression of rabies L and P proteins, but it inhibits binding of the P protein and L protein into functional viral polymerase. Rabies and the vesicular stomatitis virus, but not the measles virus, L proteins can be expressed independently of the presence of a P protein and in the presence of an Hsp90 inhibitor. Our results suggest that the interaction of L proteins with P proteins and Hsp90 in the process of polymerase maturation may be a process specific to particular viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Dalidowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Orlowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Pawel Bieganowski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
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Chen J, Lu Z, Yang X, Zhou Y, Gao J, Zhang S, Huang S, Cai J, Yu J, Zhao W, Zhang B. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 ORF8 Protein Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Targeting HSP90B1 Signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:899546. [PMID: 35677655 PMCID: PMC9168264 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.899546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global pandemic that has currently infected over 430 million individuals worldwide. With the variant strains of SARS-CoV-2 emerging, a region of high mutation rates in ORF8 was identified during the early pandemic, which resulted in a mutation from leucine (L) to serine (S) at amino acid 84. A typical feature of ORF8 is the immune evasion by suppressing interferon response; however, the mechanisms by which the two variants of ORF8 antagonize the type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway have not yet been clearly investigated. Here, we reported that SARS-CoV-2 ORF8L and ORF8S with no difference inhibit the production of IFN-β, MDA5, RIG-I, ISG15, ISG56, IRF3, and other IFN-related genes induced by poly(I:C). In addition, both ORF8L and ORF8S proteins were found to suppress the nuclear translocation of IRF3. Mechanistically, the SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 protein interacts with HSP90B1, which was later investigated to induce the production of IFN-β and IRF3. Taken together, these results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 antagonizes the RIG-I/MDA-5 signaling pathway by targeting HSP90B1, which subsequently exhibits an inhibitory effect on the production of IFN-I. These functions appeared not to be influenced by the genotypes of ORF8L and ORF8S. Our study provides an explanation for the antiviral immune suppression of SARS-CoV-2 and suggests implications for the pathogenic mechanism and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixin Lu
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuwen Yang
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yezhen Zhou
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Gao
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jintai Cai
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhai Yu
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bao Zhang, ; Wei Zhao,
| | - Bao Zhang
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bao Zhang, ; Wei Zhao,
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11
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Van Royen T, Rossey I, Sedeyn K, Schepens B, Saelens X. How RSV Proteins Join Forces to Overcome the Host Innate Immune Response. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020419. [PMID: 35216012 PMCID: PMC8874859 DOI: 10.3390/v14020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants worldwide. Although several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can sense RSV-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), infection with RSV is typically associated with low to undetectable levels of type I interferons (IFNs). Multiple RSV proteins can hinder the host’s innate immune response. The main players are NS1 and NS2 which suppress type I IFN production and signalling in multiple ways. The recruitment of innate immune cells and the production of several cytokines are reduced by RSV G. Next, RSV N can sequester immunostimulatory proteins to inclusion bodies (IBs). N might also facilitate the assembly of a multiprotein complex that is responsible for the negative regulation of innate immune pathways. Furthermore, RSV M modulates the host’s innate immune response. The nuclear accumulation of RSV M has been linked to an impaired host gene transcription, in particular for nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. In addition, RSV M might also directly target mitochondrial proteins which results in a reduced mitochondrion-mediated innate immune recognition of RSV. Lastly, RSV SH might prolong the viral replication in infected cells and influence cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Van Royen
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Iebe Rossey
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Sedeyn
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Host protein, HSP90β, antagonizes IFN-β signaling pathway and facilitates the proliferation of encephalomyocarditis virus in vitro. Virus Res 2021; 305:198547. [PMID: 34425163 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a small, non-enveloped, single stranded RNA virus which infects a wide variety of mammalian species, and has zoonotic importance. Many host proteins are known to regulate EMCV proliferation by interacting with its structural or nonstructural proteins, but the regulatory role and mechanism of heat shock protein 90β (HSP90β), in EMCV infection has not been reported yet. Here, we report that overexpression of HSP90β significantly promotes the growth and proliferation of EMCV in vitro. On the contrary, down-regulation of HSP90β by RNAi or geldanamycin inhibits EMCV replication. HSP90β suppresses IFN-β responses in the RLRs pathway by targeting the expression of the key adaptor molecules MAVS, TBK1, and IRF3, but not MDA5. This study demonstrates the firsthand information that HSP90β plays a positive role in viral proliferation by inhibiting EMCV induced IFN-β production. Collectively, the results reveal new insights into HSP90β-assisted progression of EMCV infection.
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13
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Zhu H, Zheng C. The Race between Host Antiviral Innate Immunity and the Immune Evasion Strategies of Herpes Simplex Virus 1. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00099-20. [PMID: 32998978 PMCID: PMC7528619 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00099-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is very successful in establishing acute and latent infections in humans by counteracting host antiviral innate immune responses. HSV-1 has evolved various strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity and some cellular survival-associated pathways. Since there is still no vaccine available for HSV-1, a continuous update of information regarding the interaction between HSV-1 infection and the host antiviral innate immunity will provide novel insights to develop new therapeutic strategies for HSV-1 infection and its associated diseases. Here, we update recent studies about how HSV-1 evades the host antiviral innate immunity, specifically how HSV-1 proteins directly or indirectly target the adaptors in the antiviral innate immunity signaling pathways to downregulate the signal transduction. Additionally, some classical intracellular stress responses, which also play important roles in defense of viral invasion, will be discussed here. With a comprehensive review of evasion mechanisms of antiviral innate immunity by HSV-1, we will be able to develop potential new targets for therapies and a possible vaccine against HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Neonatal/Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Sato S, Li K, Sakurai N, Hashizume M, Baidya S, Nonaka H, Noguchi K, Ishikawa K, Obuse C, Takaoka A. Regulation of an adaptor protein STING by Hsp90β to enhance innate immune responses against microbial infections. Cell Immunol 2020; 356:104188. [PMID: 32763501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays important roles in the DNA-mediated innate immune responses. However, the regulatory mechanism of STING in terms of stabilization is not fully understood. Here, we identified the chaperone protein Hsp90s as novel STING interacting proteins. Treatment with an Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG and knockdown of Hsp90β but not Hsp90α reduced STING at protein level, resulted in the suppression of IFN induction in response to stimulation with cGAMP, and infections with HSV-1 and Listeria monocytogenes. Collectively, our results suggest that the control of STING protein by Hsp90β is a critical biological process in the DNA sensing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Sato
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan; Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Biological Chemistry and Engineering Course, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan; Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Biological Chemistry and Engineering Course, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sakurai
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Mei Hashizume
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan; Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Biological Chemistry and Engineering Course, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Sunanda Baidya
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan; Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Biological Chemistry and Engineering Course, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nonaka
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan; Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Biological Chemistry and Engineering Course, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Koki Noguchi
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan; Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Biological Chemistry and Engineering Course, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Kozo Ishikawa
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Chikashi Obuse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akinori Takaoka
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan; Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Biological Chemistry and Engineering Course, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
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15
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Wong LYR, Ye ZW, Lui PY, Zheng X, Yuan S, Zhu L, Fung SY, Yuen KS, Siu KL, Yeung ML, Cai Z, Woo PCY, Yuen KY, Chan CP, Jin DY. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ORF8b Accessory Protein Suppresses Type I IFN Expression by Impeding HSP70-Dependent Activation of IRF3 Kinase IKKε. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1564-1579. [PMID: 32747502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly pathogenic human coronavirus causing severe disease and mortality. MERS-CoV infection failed to elicit robust IFN response, suggesting that the virus might have evolved strategies to evade host innate immune surveillance. In this study, we identified and characterized type I IFN antagonism of MERS-CoV open reading frame (ORF) 8b accessory protein. ORF8b was abundantly expressed in MERS-CoV-infected Huh-7 cells. When ectopically expressed, ORF8b inhibited IRF3-mediated IFN-β expression induced by Sendai virus and poly(I:C). ORF8b was found to act at a step upstream of IRF3 to impede the interaction between IRF3 kinase IKKε and chaperone protein HSP70, which is required for the activation of IKKε and IRF3. An infection study using recombinant wild-type and ORF8b-deficient MERS-CoV further confirmed the suppressive role of ORF8b in type I IFN induction and its disruption of the colocalization of HSP70 with IKKε. Ectopic expression of HSP70 relieved suppression of IFN-β expression by ORF8b in an IKKε-dependent manner. Enhancement of IFN-β induction in cells infected with ORF8b-deficient virus was erased when HSP70 was depleted. Taken together, HSP70 chaperone is important for IKKε activation, and MERS-CoV ORF8b suppresses type I IFN expression by competing with IKKε for interaction with HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok-Yin Roy Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zi-Wei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; and
| | - Pak-Yin Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Xuyang Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; and
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Sin-Yee Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kit-San Yuen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kam-Leung Siu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Lung Yeung
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; and
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Chiu-Yat Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; and
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; and
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong;
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong;
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16
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Liu X, Matrenec R, Gack MU, He B. Disassembly of the TRIM23-TBK1 Complex by the Us11 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Impairs Autophagy. J Virol 2019; 93:e00497-19. [PMID: 31189704 PMCID: PMC6694819 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00497-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Us11 protein encoded by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) functions to impair autophagy; however, the molecular mechanisms of this inhibition remain to be fully established. Here, we report that the Us11 protein targets tripartite motif protein 23 (TRIM23), which is a key regulator of autophagy-mediated antiviral defense mediated by TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). In virus-infected cells, the Us11 protein drastically reduces the formation of autophagosomes mediated by TRIM23 or TBK1. This autophagy-inhibitory effect is attributable to the binding of the Us11 protein to the ARF domain in TRIM23. Furthermore, such interaction spatially excludes TBK1 from the TRIM23 complex that also contains heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). When stably expressed alone in host cells, the Us11 protein recapitulates the observed phenotypes seen in cells infected with the US11-expressing or wild-type virus. Consistent with this, expression of the Us11 protein promotes HSV-1 growth, while expression of TRIM23 restricts HSV-1 replication in the absence of US11. Together, these results suggest that disruption of the TRIM23-TBK1 complex by the Us11 protein inhibits autophagy-mediated restriction of HSV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that restricts certain intracellular pathogens, including HSV-1. Although HSV-1 is well known to inhibit autophagy, little is known about the precise molecular mechanisms of autophagy inhibition. We demonstrate that the Us11 protein of HSV-1 spatially disrupts the TRIM23-TBK1 complex, which subsequently suppresses autophagy and autophagy-mediated virus restriction. Thus, expression of the Us11 protein facilitates HSV-1 replication. These data unveil new insight into viral escape from autophagy-mediated host restriction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachel Matrenec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Saul VV, Seibert M, Krüger M, Jeratsch S, Kracht M, Schmitz ML. ULK1/2 Restricts the Formation of Inducible SINT-Speckles, Membraneless Organelles Controlling the Threshold of TBK1 Activation. iScience 2019; 19:527-544. [PMID: 31442668 PMCID: PMC6710720 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membraneless organelles (MLOs) are liquid-like subcellular compartments providing spatiotemporal control to biological processes. This study reveals that cellular stress leads to the incorporation of the adaptor protein SINTBAD (TBKBP1) into membraneless, cytosolic speckles. Determination of the interactome identified >100 proteins forming constitutive and stress-inducible members of an MLO that we termed SINT-speckles. SINT-speckles partially colocalize with activated TBK1, and deletion of SINTBAD and the SINT-speckle component AZI2 leads to impaired TBK1 phosphorylation. Dynamic formation of SINT-speckles is positively controlled by the acetyltransferase KAT2A (GCN5) and antagonized by heat shock protein-mediated chaperone activity. SINT-speckle formation is also inhibited by the autophagy-initiating kinases ULK1/2, and knockdown of these kinases prevented focal TBK1 phosphorylation in a pathway-specific manner. The phlebovirus-encoded non-structural protein S enhances ULK1-mediated TBK1 phosphorylation and shows a stress-induced translocation to SINT-speckles, raising the possibility that viruses can also target this signaling hub to manipulate host cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Vivian Saul
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research
| | - Markus Seibert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sylvia Jeratsch
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research
| | - Michael Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research.
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18
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Liu J, Ma C, Zhang X, You J, Dong M, Chen L, Jiang P, Yun S. Molecular detection of Hsp90 inhibitor suppressing PCV2 replication in host cells. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:51-58. [PMID: 31028862 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) is a pathogen that has the ability to cause devastating disease manifestations in pig populations with major economic implications. Our previous research found that Hsp90 is required for PCV2 production in PK-15 and 3D4/31 cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hsp90 inhibitor regulating PCV2 replication and to explore its underlying mechanism. In PK-15 and 3D4/31 cells treated with 17-AAG after viral adsorption, replication of PCV2 was attenuated as assessed by quantitating the expression of viral protein. Following NF-κB activation it was observed that 24hpi with PCV2 was significantly inhibited in the presence of 17-AAG. The expression of Hsp90 associated client proteins in PCV2-infected cells were also reduced in the presence of 17-AAG. However, treatment with MG-132 failed to rescue 17-AAG mediated reduction of PCV2 production in host cells. Thus, Hsp90 regulates PCV2 by modulating cellular signaling proteins. These results highlight the importance of cellular proteins during PCV2 infection and the possibility of targeting cellular chaperones for developing new anti-rotaviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, No.305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Chang Ma
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, No.305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Xuliang Zhang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, No.305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Jinwei You
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, No.305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, No.305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, No.305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Shifeng Yun
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, No.305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
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19
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Shang J, Xia T, Han QQ, Zhao X, Hu MM, Shu HB, Guo L. Quantitative Proteomics Identified TTC4 as a TBK1 Interactor and a Positive Regulator of SeV-Induced Innate Immunity. Proteomics 2019; 18. [PMID: 29251827 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TBK1, STING, and MDA5 are important players within the antiviral innate immune response network. We mapped the interactome of endogenous TBK1, STING, and MDA5 by affinity enrichment MS in virally infected or uninfected THP-1 cells. Based on quantitative data of more than 2000 proteins and stringent statistical analysis, 58 proteins were identified as high-confidence interactors for at least one of three bait proteins. Our data indicated that TBK1 and MDA5 mostly interacted within preexisting protein networks, while STING interacted with different proteins with different viral infections. Functional analysis was performed on 17 interactors, and six were found to have functions in innate immune responses. We identified TTC4 as a TBK1 interactor and positive regulator of sendai virus-induced innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming-Ming Hu
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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20
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Inhibits TANK-Binding Kinase 1 through Formation of the Us11-Hsp90 Complex. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00402-18. [PMID: 29743370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00402-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Us11 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an accessory factor with multiple functions. In virus-infected cells, it inhibits double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, RIG-I, and MDA-5. However, its precise role is incompletely defined. By screening a human cDNA library, we showed that the Us11 protein targets heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), which inactivates TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and antiviral immunity. When ectopically expressed, HSV-1 Us11 precludes TBK1 from access to Hsp90 and interferon (IFN) promoter activation. Consistently, the Us11 protein, upon HSV infection, suppresses the expression of beta interferon (IFN-β), RANTES, and interferon-stimulated genes. This is mirrored by a blockade in the phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3. Mechanistically, the Us11 protein associates with endogenous Hsp90 to disrupt the Hsp90-TBK1 complex. Furthermore, Us11 induces destabilization of TBK1 through a proteasome-dependent pathway. Accordingly, Us11 expression facilitates HSV growth. In contrast, TBK1 expression restricts viral replication. These results suggest that control of TBK1 by Us11 promotes HSV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE TANK binding kinase 1 plays a key role in antiviral immunity. Although multiple factors are thought to participate in this process, the picture is obscure in herpes simplex virus infection. We demonstrated that the Us11 protein of HSV-1 forms a complex with heat shock protein 90, which inactivates TANK binding kinase 1 and IFN induction. As a result, expression of the Us11 protein promotes HSV replication. These experimental data provide a new insight into the molecular network of virus-host interactions.
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21
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Rouhi A, Miller C, Grasedieck S, Reinhart S, Stolze B, Döhner H, Kuchenbauer F, Bullinger L, Fröhling S, Scholl C. Prospective identification of resistance mechanisms to HSP90 inhibition in KRAS mutant cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7678-7690. [PMID: 28032595 PMCID: PMC5352352 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the HSP90 chaperone results in depletion of many signaling proteins that drive tumorigenesis, such as downstream effectors of KRAS, the most commonly mutated human oncogene. As a consequence, several small-molecule HSP90 inhibitors are being evaluated in clinical trials as anticancer agents. To prospectively identify mechanisms through which HSP90-dependent cancer cells evade pharmacologic HSP90 blockade, we generated multiple mutant KRAS-driven cancer cell lines with acquired resistance to the purine-scaffold HSP90 inhibitor PU-H71. All cell lines retained dependence on HSP90 function, as evidenced by sensitivity to short hairpin RNA-mediated suppression of HSP90AA1 or HSP90AB1 (also called HSP90α and HSP90β, respectively), and exhibited two types of genomic alterations that interfere with the effects of PU-H71 on cell viability and proliferation: (i) a Y142N missense mutation in the ATP-binding domain of HSP90α that co-occurred with amplification of the HSP90AA1 locus, (ii) genomic amplification and overexpression of the ABCB1 gene encoding the MDR1 drug efflux pump. In support of a functional role for these alterations, exogenous expression of HSP90α Y142N conferred PU-H71 resistance to HSP90-dependent cells, and pharmacologic MDR1 inhibition with tariquidar or lowering ABCB1 expression restored sensitivity to PU-H71 in ABCB1-amplified cells. Finally, comparison with structurally distinct HSP90 inhibitors currently in clinical development revealed that PU-H71 resistance could be overcome, in part, by ganetespib (also known as STA9090) but not tanespimycin (also known as 17-AAG). Together, these data identify potential mechanisms of acquired resistance to small molecules targeting HSP90 that may warrant proactive screening for additional HSP90 inhibitors or rational combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefeh Rouhi
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Grasedieck
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reinhart
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Stolze
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Scholl
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Phillips AM, Gonzalez LO, Nekongo EE, Ponomarenko AI, McHugh SM, Butty VL, Levine SS, Lin YS, Mirny LA, Shoulders MD. Host proteostasis modulates influenza evolution. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28949290 PMCID: PMC5614556 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting and constraining RNA virus evolution require understanding the molecular factors that define the mutational landscape accessible to these pathogens. RNA viruses typically have high mutation rates, resulting in frequent production of protein variants with compromised biophysical properties. Their evolution is necessarily constrained by the consequent challenge to protein folding and function. We hypothesized that host proteostasis mechanisms may be significant determinants of the fitness of viral protein variants, serving as a critical force shaping viral evolution. Here, we test that hypothesis by propagating influenza in host cells displaying chemically-controlled, divergent proteostasis environments. We find that both the nature of selection on the influenza genome and the accessibility of specific mutational trajectories are significantly impacted by host proteostasis. These findings provide new insights into features of host–pathogen interactions that shape viral evolution, and into the potential design of host proteostasis-targeted antiviral therapeutics that are refractory to resistance. Influenza viruses, commonly called flu, can evade our immune system and develop resistance to treatments by changing frequently. Specifically, mutations in their genome cause influenza proteins to change in ways that can help the virus evade our defences. However, these mutations come at a cost and can prevent the viral proteins from forming functional and stable three-dimensional shapes – a process known as protein folding – thereby hampering the virus’ ability to replicate. In human cells, proteins called chaperones can help our other proteins fold properly. Influenza viruses do not have their own chaperones and, instead, hijack those of their host. Host chaperones are therefore crucial to the virus’ ability to replicate. However, until now, it was not known if host chaperones can influence how these viruses evolve. Here, Phillips et al. used mammalian cells to study how host chaperones affect an evolving influenza population. First, cells were engineered to either have normal chaperone levels, elevated chaperone levels, or inactive chaperones. Next, the H3N2 influenza strain was grown in these different conditions for nearly 200 generations and sequenced to determine how the virus evolved in each distinctive host chaperone environment. Phillips et al. discovered that host chaperones affect the rate at which mutations accumulate in the influenza population, and also the types of mutations in the influenza genome. For instance, when a chaperone called Hsp90 was inactivated, mutations became prevalent in the viral population more slowly than in cells with normal or elevated chaperone levels. Moreover, some specific mutations fared better in cells with high chaperone levels, whilst others worked better in cells with inactivated chaperones. These results suggest that influenza evolution is affected by host chaperone levels in complex and important ways. Moreover, whether chaperones will promote or hinder the effects of any single mutation is difficult to predict ahead of time. This discovery is significant, as the chaperones available to influenza can vary in different tissues, organisms and infectious conditions, and may therefore influence the virus' ability to change and evolve in a context-specific manner. The findings are likely to extend to other viruses such as HIV and Ebola, which also hijack host chaperones for the same purpose. More work is now needed to systematically quantify these effects so that we can better predict how specific chaperones will affect the ability of viruses to adapt, especially in pathologically relevant conditions like fever or viral host-switching. In the future, such insights could help shape the design of treatments to which viruses do not evolve resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Luna O Gonzalez
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Emmanuel E Nekongo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Anna I Ponomarenko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Sean M McHugh
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, United States
| | - Vincent L Butty
- BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Stuart S Levine
- BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, United States
| | - Leonid A Mirny
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Matthew D Shoulders
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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de Almeida DC, Evangelista LSM, Câmara NOS. Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mesenchymal stromal cell activation: A minireview. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:152-158. [PMID: 29026461 PMCID: PMC5620424 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i9.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess great therapeutic advantages due to their ability to produce a diverse array of trophic/growth factors related to cytoprotection and immunoregulation. MSC activation via specific receptors is a crucial event for these cells to exert their immunosuppressive response. The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a sensitive molecule for external signals and it is expressed in MSCs and, upon positive activation, may potentially regulate the MSC-associated immunomodulatory function. Consequently, signalling pathways linked to AhR activation can elucidate some of the molecular cascades involved in MSC-mediated immunosuppression. In this minireview, we have noted some important findings concerning MSC regulation via AhR, highlighting that its activation is associated with improvement in migration and immunoregulation, as well as an increase in pro-regenerative potential. Thus, AhR-mediated MSC activation can contribute to new perspectives on MSC-based therapies, particularly those directed at immune-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Candido de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04039-003, Brazil
| | | | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04039-003, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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24
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Wang Y, Jin F, Wang R, Li F, Wu Y, Kitazato K, Wang Y. HSP90: a promising broad-spectrum antiviral drug target. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3269-3282. [PMID: 28780632 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antiviral drug-resistant mutants is the most important issue in current antiviral therapy. As obligate parasites, viruses require host factors for efficient replication. An ideal therapeutic target to prevent drug-resistance development is represented by host factors that are crucial for the viral life cycle. Recent studies have indicated that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a crucial host factor that is required by many viruses for multiple phases of their life cycle including viral entry, nuclear import, transcription, and replication. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances regarding HSP90 function, mechanisms of action, and molecular pathways that are associated with viral infection, and provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of HSP90 in the immune response and exosome-mediated viral transmission. In addition, several HSP90 inhibitors have entered clinical trials for specific cancers that are associated with viral infection, which further implies a crucial role for HSP90 in the malignant transformation of virus-infected cells; as such, HSP90 inhibitors exhibit excellent therapeutic potential. Finally, we describe the challenge of developing HSP90 inhibitors as anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongze Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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25
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He X, Ma S, Tian Y, Wei C, Zhu Y, Li F, Zhang P, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zhong H. ERRα negatively regulates type I interferon induction by inhibiting TBK1-IRF3 interaction. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006347. [PMID: 28591144 PMCID: PMC5476288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily controlling energy homeostasis; however, its precise role in regulating antiviral innate immunity remains to be clarified. Here, we showed that ERRα deficiency conferred resistance to viral infection both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, ERRα inhibited the production of type-I interferon (IFN-I) and the expression of multiple interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, we found that viral infection induced TBK1-dependent ERRα stabilization, which in turn associated with TBK1 and IRF3 to impede the formation of TBK1-IRF3, IRF3 phosphorylation, IRF3 dimerization, and the DNA binding affinity of IRF3. The effect of ERRα on IFN-I production was independent of its transcriptional activity and PCG-1α. Notably, ERRα chemical inhibitor XCT790 has broad antiviral potency. This work not only identifies ERRα as a critical negative regulator of antiviral signaling, but also provides a potential target for future antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yinyin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Healthy Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Congwen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yongjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Healthy Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Healthy Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Penghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
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26
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Dexamethasone treatment decreases replication of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in Epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1387-1392. [PMID: 28155193 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of Mx1 in EPC cells after treatment with poly(I:C) or infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) was significantly suppressed by treatment with dexamethasone. However, the titer of VHSV did not increase but instead decreased after dexamethasone treatment. This suggests that dexamethasone not only downregulates type I IFN but also affects certain factors that are necessary for VHSV replication. An important effect of HSP90 on replication of RNA viruses and downregulation of HSP90 by glucocorticoids have been reported. In this study, dexamethasone downregulated HSP90α expression in EPC cells that were stimulated with poly(I:C) or infected with VHSV. Furthermore, cells treated with an HSP90 inhibitor, geldanamycin, showed significantly decreased titers of VHSV, suggesting that HSP90 may be an important host component involved in VHSV replication, and HSP90 inhibition might be one of the causes for the observed reduction in viral titer caused by dexamethasone treatment.
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28
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Watanabe Y, Tsujimura A, Taguchi K, Tanaka M. HSF1 stress response pathway regulates autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62-associated proteostasis. Autophagy 2016; 13:133-148. [PMID: 27846364 PMCID: PMC5240838 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1248018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis is important for protecting cells from harmful proteins and is mainly controlled by the HSF1 (heat shock transcription factor 1) stress response pathway. This pathway facilitates protein refolding by molecular chaperones; however, it is unclear whether it functions in autophagy or inclusion formation. The autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 is involved in selective autophagic clearance and inclusion formation by harmful proteins, and its phosphorylation at S349, S403, and S407 is required for binding to substrates. Here, we demonstrate that casein kinase 1 phosphorylates the SQSTM1 S349 residue when harmful proteins accumulate. Investigation of upstream factors showed that both SQSTM1 S349 and SQSTM1 S403 residues were phosphorylated in an HSF1 dependent manner. Inhibition of SQSTM1 phosphorylation suppressed inclusion formation by ubiquitinated proteins and prevented colocalization of SQSTM1 with aggregation-prone proteins. Moreover, HSF1 inhibition impaired aggregate-induced autophagosome formation and elimination of protein aggregates. Our findings indicate that HSF1 triggers SQSTM1-mediated proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Watanabe
- a Department of Basic Geriatrics , Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Atsushi Tsujimura
- a Department of Basic Geriatrics , Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Taguchi
- b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
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29
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Viperin inhibits rabies virus replication via reduced cholesterol and sphingomyelin and is regulated upstream by TLR4. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30529. [PMID: 27456665 PMCID: PMC4960569 DOI: 10.1038/srep30529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viperin (virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, IFN-inducible) is an interferon-inducible protein that mediates antiviral activity. Generally, rabies virus (RABV) multiplies extremely well in susceptible cells, leading to high virus titres. In this study, we found that viperin was significantly up-regulated in macrophage RAW264.7 cells but not in NA, BHK-21 or BSR cells. Transient viperin overexpression in BSR cells and stable expression in BHK-21 cells could inhibit RABV replication, including both attenuated and street RABV. Furthermore, the inhibitory function of viperin was related to reduce cholesterol/sphingomyelin on the membranes of RAW264.7 cells. We explored the up-stream regulation pathway of viperin in macrophage RAW264.7 cells in the context of RABV infection. An experiment confirmed that a specific Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor, TAK-242, could inhibit viperin expression in RABV-infected RAW264.7 cells. These results support a regulatory role for TLR4. Geldanamycin, a specific inhibitor of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) (by inhibiting heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) of the IRF3 phosphorylation chaperone), significantly delayed and reduced viperin expression, indicating that IRF3 is involved in viperin induction in RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, our data support the therapeutic potential for viperin to inhibit RABV replication, which appears to involve upstream regulation by TLR4.
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30
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Wei D, Li NL, Zeng Y, Liu B, Kumthip K, Wang TT, Huo D, Ingels JF, Lu L, Shang J, Li K. The Molecular Chaperone GRP78 Contributes to Toll-like Receptor 3-mediated Innate Immune Response to Hepatitis C Virus in Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12294-309. [PMID: 27129228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.711598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) senses double-stranded RNA intermediates produced during hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication, leading to activation of interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) and NF-κB and subsequent antiviral and proinflammatory responses. Yet, how this TLR3-dependent pathway operates in hepatocytes is unclear. Upon fractionating cultured hepatocytes into various cellular organelles, we observed that TLR3 predominantly resides in endolysosomes of hepatocytes. To determine the critical regulators of TLR3 signaling in response to HCV infection in human hepatocytes, we isolated endolysosome fractions from mock-infected and HCV-infected hepatoma Huh7.5 cells that had been reconstituted for TLR3 expression, separated these fractions on two-dimensional gels, and identified up-regulated/down-regulated proteins by mass spectrometry. Approximately a dozen of cellular proteins were found to be differentially expressed in endolysosome fractions following HCV infection. Of these, expression of several molecular chaperone proteins was elevated. Knockdown of one of these chaperones, glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78), compromised TLR3-dependent induction of interferon-stimulated genes and chemokines following HCV infection or poly(I:C) stimulation in cultured hepatocytes. Consistent with this finding, GRP78 depletion impaired TLR3-mediated establishment of an antiviral state. Mechanistically, although TLR3 trafficking to endolysosomes was not affected, phosphorylated IRF3 diminished faster following GRP78 knockdown. Remarkably, GRP78 transcript was significantly up-regulated in liver biopsies of chronic hepatitis C patients as compared with normal liver tissues. Moreover, the GRP78 expression level correlated with that of RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) and CXCL10, two inflammatory chemokines most frequently elevated in HCV-infected liver. Altogether, our data suggest that GRP78 contributes to TLR3-mediated, IRF3-dependent innate immune response to HCV in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Wei
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry and
| | - Nan L Li
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry and
| | - Yanli Zeng
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Baoming Liu
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry and
| | | | - Tony T Wang
- the SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22802, and
| | - Dezheng Huo
- the Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Jesse F Ingels
- Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Lu Lu
- Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Jia Shang
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Kui Li
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry and
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Borges PV, Moret KH, Maya-Monteiro CM, Souza-Silva F, Alves CR, Batista PR, Caffarena ER, Pacheco P, Henriques MDG, Penido C. Gedunin Binds to Myeloid Differentiation Protein 2 and Impairs Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Macrophages. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:949-61. [PMID: 26330549 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by innate immune system is mediated by the cluster of differentiation 14/Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) complex. In this study, we investigated the modulatory effect of gedunin, a limonoid from species of the Meliaceae family described as a heat shock protein Hsp90 inhibitor, on LPS-induced response in immortalized murine macrophages. The pretreatment of wild-type (WT) macrophages with gedunin (0.01-100 µM, noncytotoxic concentrations) inhibited LPS (50 ng/ml)-induced calcium influx, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner. The selective effect of gedunin on MyD88-adapter-like/myeloid differentiation primary response 88- and TRIF-related adaptor molecule/TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β-dependent signaling pathways was further investigated. The pretreatment of WT, TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β knockout, and MyD88 adapter-like knockout macrophages with gedunin (10 µM) significantly inhibited LPS (50 ng/ml)-induced tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 production, at 6 hours and 24 hours, suggesting that gedunin modulates a common event between both signaling pathways. Furthermore, gedunin (10 µM) inhibited LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 production, cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and nuclear factor κB translocation into the nucleus of WT macrophages, demonstrating a wide-range effect of this chemical compound. In addition to the ability to inhibit LPS-induced proinflammatory mediators, gedunin also triggered anti-inflammatory factors interleukin-10, heme oxygenase-1, and Hsp70 in macrophages stimulated or not with LPS. In silico modeling studies revealed that gedunin efficiently docked into the MD-2 LPS binding site, a phenomenon further confirmed by surface plasmon resonance. Our results reveal that, in addition to Hsp90 modulation, gedunin acts as a competitive inhibitor of LPS, blocking the formation of the Toll-like receptor 4/MD-2/LPS complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Villani Borges
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (P.V.B., K.H.M., P.P., M.d.G.H., C.P.), Computational Science Program, Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group (P.R.B.; E.R.C.), and Center for Technological Development in Health (M.G.H., C.P.), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laborator of Immunopharmacology (C.M.M.-M.) and Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases (F.S.S., C.R.A.), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katelim Hottz Moret
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (P.V.B., K.H.M., P.P., M.d.G.H., C.P.), Computational Science Program, Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group (P.R.B.; E.R.C.), and Center for Technological Development in Health (M.G.H., C.P.), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laborator of Immunopharmacology (C.M.M.-M.) and Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases (F.S.S., C.R.A.), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Menezes Maya-Monteiro
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (P.V.B., K.H.M., P.P., M.d.G.H., C.P.), Computational Science Program, Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group (P.R.B.; E.R.C.), and Center for Technological Development in Health (M.G.H., C.P.), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laborator of Immunopharmacology (C.M.M.-M.) and Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases (F.S.S., C.R.A.), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Franklin Souza-Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (P.V.B., K.H.M., P.P., M.d.G.H., C.P.), Computational Science Program, Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group (P.R.B.; E.R.C.), and Center for Technological Development in Health (M.G.H., C.P.), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laborator of Immunopharmacology (C.M.M.-M.) and Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases (F.S.S., C.R.A.), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Alves
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (P.V.B., K.H.M., P.P., M.d.G.H., C.P.), Computational Science Program, Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group (P.R.B.; E.R.C.), and Center for Technological Development in Health (M.G.H., C.P.), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laborator of Immunopharmacology (C.M.M.-M.) and Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases (F.S.S., C.R.A.), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Batista
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (P.V.B., K.H.M., P.P., M.d.G.H., C.P.), Computational Science Program, Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group (P.R.B.; E.R.C.), and Center for Technological Development in Health (M.G.H., C.P.), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laborator of Immunopharmacology (C.M.M.-M.) and Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases (F.S.S., C.R.A.), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Raúl Caffarena
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (P.V.B., K.H.M., P.P., M.d.G.H., C.P.), Computational Science Program, Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group (P.R.B.; E.R.C.), and Center for Technological Development in Health (M.G.H., C.P.), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laborator of Immunopharmacology (C.M.M.-M.) and Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases (F.S.S., C.R.A.), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pacheco
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (P.V.B., K.H.M., P.P., M.d.G.H., C.P.), Computational Science Program, Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group (P.R.B.; E.R.C.), and Center for Technological Development in Health (M.G.H., C.P.), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laborator of Immunopharmacology (C.M.M.-M.) and Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases (F.S.S., C.R.A.), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Henriques
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (P.V.B., K.H.M., P.P., M.d.G.H., C.P.), Computational Science Program, Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group (P.R.B.; E.R.C.), and Center for Technological Development in Health (M.G.H., C.P.), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laborator of Immunopharmacology (C.M.M.-M.) and Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases (F.S.S., C.R.A.), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carmen Penido
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (P.V.B., K.H.M., P.P., M.d.G.H., C.P.), Computational Science Program, Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group (P.R.B.; E.R.C.), and Center for Technological Development in Health (M.G.H., C.P.), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laborator of Immunopharmacology (C.M.M.-M.) and Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases (F.S.S., C.R.A.), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Molecular chaperone Hsp90 is a therapeutic target for noroviruses. J Virol 2015; 89:6352-63. [PMID: 25855731 PMCID: PMC4474317 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00315-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are a significant cause of acute gastroenteritis in the developed world, and yet our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in norovirus replication and pathogenesis has been limited by the inability to efficiently culture these viruses in the laboratory. Using the murine norovirus (MNV) model, we have recently identified a network of host factors that interact with the 5' and 3' extremities of the norovirus RNA genome. In addition to a number of well-known cellular RNA binding proteins, the molecular chaperone Hsp90 was identified as a component of the ribonucleoprotein complex. Here, we show that the inhibition of Hsp90 activity negatively impacts norovirus replication in cell culture. Small-molecule-mediated inhibition of Hsp90 activity using 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) revealed that Hsp90 plays a pleiotropic role in the norovirus life cycle but that the stability of the viral capsid protein is integrally linked to Hsp90 activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both the MNV-1 and the HuNoV capsid proteins require Hsp90 activity for their stability and that targeting Hsp90 in vivo can significantly reduce virus replication. In summary, we demonstrate that targeting cellular proteostasis can inhibit norovirus replication, identifying a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of norovirus infections. IMPORTANCE HuNoV are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis around the world. RNA viruses, including noroviruses, rely heavily on host cell proteins and pathways for all aspects of their life cycle. Here, we identify one such protein, the molecular chaperone Hsp90, as an important factor required during the norovirus life cycle. We demonstrate that both murine and human noroviruses require the activity of Hsp90 for the stability of their capsid proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that targeting Hsp90 activity in vivo using small molecule inhibitors also reduces infectious virus production. Given the considerable interest in the development of Hsp90 inhibitors for use in cancer therapeutics, we identify here a new target that could be explored for the development of antiviral strategies to control norovirus outbreaks and treat chronic norovirus infection in immunosuppressed patients.
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Chen L, Feng L, Wang X, Du J, Chen Y, Yang W, Zhou C, Cheng L, Shen Y, Fang S, Li J, Shen Y. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor is involved in inflammation by negatively regulating the NF-κB pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8133. [PMID: 25640174 PMCID: PMC4313098 DOI: 10.1038/srep08133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation can cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and therefore activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress and the consequent UPR have the potential to activate NF-κB. However, the factors mediating the crosstalk between ER stress and the NF-κB pathway remain unclear. Here, we determined that ER stress inducible protein Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor (MANF) was up-regulated in autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disease models. Inflammation caused MANF to relocalize to the nuclei. MANF interacted with the DNA binding domain of p65 through its C-terminal SAP-like domain in the nuclei under the condition of inflammation or ER stress. MANF consequently inhibited p65-mediated transcriptional activation by interfering with the binding of p65 to its target genes promoters. Consistently, MANF suppressed the expressions of NF-κB-dependent target genes and the proliferation of inflammatory synoviocytes. These findings suggest that MANF may be a negative regulator of inflammation and mediate the crosstalk between the NF-κB pathway and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Chen
- 1] School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [2] Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [3] Department of Anesthesiology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Lijie Feng
- 1] School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [2] Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xia Wang
- 1] School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [2] Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Du
- 1] School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [2] Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wen Yang
- 1] School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [2] Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chengyue Zhou
- 1] School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [2] Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Li Cheng
- 1] School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [2] Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yujun Shen
- 1] School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [2] Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shengyun Fang
- 1] School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [2] Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [3] Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuxian Shen
- 1] School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China [2] Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Virus infection triggers immediate innate immune responses. Apoptosis represents another effective means to restrict virus invasion, besides robust expression of host cytokines and chemokines. IRF3 was recently demonstrated to be indispensable for Sendai virus (SeV)-induced apoptosis, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here we report that a dynamic protein complex, Tom70/Hsp90/IRF3/Bax, mediates SeV-induced apoptosis. The cytosolic proapoptotic protein Bax interacts specifically with IRF3 upon virus infection. The mitochondrial outer membrane protein Tom70 recruits IRF3 to mitochondria via Hsp90. Consequently, the relocation of Bax onto mitochondria induces the leakage of cytochrome c into the cytosol and initiates the corresponding apoptosis. Interestingly, IKK-i is essential for this apoptosis, whereas TBK1 is dispensable. Collectively, our study characterizes a novel protein complex that is important for SeV-induced apoptosis. IMPORTANCE Apoptosis is an effective means of sacrificing virus-infected cells and restraining the spread of virus. In this study, we demonstrate that IRF3 associates with Bax upon virus infection. Tom70 recruits this protein complex to the mitochondrial outer membrane through Hsp90, which thus induces the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, initiating virus-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, IKK-i plays an essential role in this activation. This study uncovers a novel mechanism of SeV-induced apoptosis.
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Munday DC, Howell G, Barr JN, Hiscox JA. Proteomic analysis of mitochondria in respiratory epithelial cells infected with human respiratory syncytial virus and functional implications for virus and cell biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:300-18. [PMID: 25533920 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to quantitatively characterise the mitochondrial proteome of airway epithelial cells infected with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), a major cause of paediatric illness. METHODS Quantitative proteomics, underpinned by stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture, coupled to LC-MS/MS, was applied to mitochondrial fractions prepared from HRSV-infected and mock-infected cells 12 and 24 h post-infection. Datasets were analysed using ingenuity pathway analysis, and the results were validated and characterised using bioimaging, targeted inhibition and gene depletion. KEY FINDINGS The data quantitatively indicated that antiviral signalling proteins converged on mitochondria during HRSV infection. The mitochondrial receptor protein Tom70 was found to act in an antiviral manner, while its chaperone, Hsp90, was confirmed to be a positive viral factor. Proteins associated with different organelles were also co-enriched in the mitochondrial fractions from HRSV-infected cells, suggesting that alterations in organelle dynamics and membrane associations occur during virus infection. CONCLUSIONS Protein and pathway-specific alterations occur to the mitochondrial proteome in a spatial and temporal manner during HRSV infection, suggesting that this organelle may have altered functions. These could be targeted as part of potential therapeutic strategies to disrupt virus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Munday
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Lin L, Pan S, Zhao J, Liu C, Wang P, Fu L, Xu X, Jin M, Zhang A. HSPD1 interacts with IRF3 to facilitate interferon-beta induction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114874. [PMID: 25506707 PMCID: PMC4266637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of IFN- I (IFN-α/β) is one of the earliest and most important host-protective responses. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a critical transcriptional factor in the IFN-β signaling pathway. Although significant progress has been achieved in the regulation of IRF3, the process may be more complicated than previously considered. In the present study, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60, HSPD1) was identified as a novel IRF3-interacting protein. Overexpression of HSPD1 facilitated the phosphorylation and dimerization of IRF3 and enhanced IFN-β induction induced by SeV infection. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous HSPD1 significantly inhibited the signaling pathway. Furthermore, HSPD1 enhanced activation of the IFN-β promoter mediated by RIG-I, MDA-5, MAVS, TBK1 and IKKε but not IRF3/5D, a mock phosphorylated form of IRF3. The present study indicated that HSPD1 interacted with IRF3 and it contributed to the induction of IFN-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Pingan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinlin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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Blair LJ, Sabbagh JJ, Dickey CA. Targeting Hsp90 and its co-chaperones to treat Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1219-32. [PMID: 25069659 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.943185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease, characterized by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and β amyloid (Aβ), currently lacks effective treatment. Chaperone proteins, such as the heat shock protein (Hsp) 90, form macromolecular complexes with co-chaperones, which can regulate tau metabolism and Aβ processing. Although small molecule inhibitors of Hsp90 have been successful at ameliorating tau and Aβ burden, their development into drugs to treat disease has been slow due to the off- and on-target effects of this approach as well as challenges with the pharmacology of current scaffolds. Thus, other approaches are being developed to improve these compounds and to target co-chaperones of Hsp90 in an effort to limit these liabilities. AREAS COVERED This article discusses the most current developments in Hsp90 inhibitors including advances in blood-brain barrier permeability, decreased toxicity and homolog-specific small-molecule inhibitors. In addition, we discuss current strategies targeting Hsp90 co-chaperones rather than Hsp90 itself to reduce off-target effects. EXPERT OPINION Although Hsp90 inhibitors have proven their efficacy at reducing tau pathology, they have yet to meet with success in the clinic. The development of Hsp90/tau complex-specific inhibitors and further development of Hsp90 co-chaperone-specific drugs should yield more potent, less toxic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Blair
- University of South Florida, USF Health Byrd Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine , 4001 E. Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL 33613 , USA
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38
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Zhong M, Zheng K, Chen M, Xiang Y, Jin F, Ma K, Qiu X, Wang Q, Peng T, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Heat-shock protein 90 promotes nuclear transport of herpes simplex virus 1 capsid protein by interacting with acetylated tubulin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99425. [PMID: 24901434 PMCID: PMC4047101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) can inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, the role of Hsp90 in HSV-1 entry and the antiviral mechanisms of Hsp90 inhibitors remain unclear. In this study, we found that Hsp90 inhibitors have potent antiviral activity against standard or drug-resistant HSV-1 strains and viral gene and protein synthesis are inhibited in an early phase. More detailed studies demonstrated that Hsp90 is upregulated by virus entry and it interacts with virus. Hsp90 knockdown by siRNA or treatment with Hsp90 inhibitors significantly inhibited the nuclear transport of viral capsid protein (ICP5) at the early stage of HSV-1 infection. In contrast, overexpression of Hsp90 restored the nuclear transport that was prevented by the Hsp90 inhibitors, suggesting that Hsp90 is required for nuclear transport of viral capsid protein. Furthermore, HSV-1 infection enhanced acetylation of α-tubulin and Hsp90 interacted with the acetylated α-tubulin, which is suppressed by Hsp90 inhibition. These results demonstrate that Hsp90, by interacting with acetylated α-tubulin, plays a crucial role in viral capsid protein nuclear transport and may provide novel insight into the role of Hsp90 in HSV-1 infection and offer a promising strategy to overcome drug-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meigong Zhong
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Maoyun Chen
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yangfei Xiang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaiqi Ma
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xianxiu Qiu
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Mitochondria-nucleus shuttling FK506-binding protein 51 interacts with TRAF proteins and facilitates the RIG-I-like receptor-mediated expression of type I IFN. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95992. [PMID: 24788966 PMCID: PMC4006813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-derived double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are sensed in the cytosol by retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs). These induce the expression of type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines through signaling pathways mediated by the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein. TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family proteins are reported to facilitate the RLR-dependent expression of type I IFN by interacting with MAVS. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show the role of FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) in regulating the dsRNA-dependent expression of type I IFN. The binding of FKBP51 to TRAF6 was first identified by “in vitro virus” selection and was subsequently confirmed with a coimmunoprecipitation assay in HEK293T cells. The TRAF-C domain of TRAF6 is required for its interaction, although FKBP51 does not contain the consensus motif for interaction with the TRAF-C domain. Besides TRAF6, we found that FKBP51 also interacts with TRAF3. The depletion of FKBP51 reduced the expression of type I IFN induced by dsRNA transfection or Newcastle disease virus infection in murine fibroblasts. Consistent with this, the FKBP51 depletion attenuated dsRNA-mediated phosphorylations of IRF3 and JNK and nuclear translocation of RelA. Interestingly, dsRNA stimulation promoted the accumulation of FKBP51 in the mitochondria. Moreover, the overexpression of FKBP51 inhibited RLR-dependent transcriptional activation, suggesting a scaffolding function for FKBP51 in the MAVS-mediated signaling pathway. Overall, we have demonstrated that FKBP51 interacts with TRAF proteins and facilitates the expression of type I IFN induced by cytosolic dsRNA. These findings suggest a novel role for FKBP51 in the innate immune response to viral infection.
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40
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Inhibition of interferon gene activation by death-effector domain-containing proteins from the molluscum contagiosum virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:E265-72. [PMID: 24379396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314569111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, NF-κB activation, and IRF3 activation are a triad of intrinsic immune responses that play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmunity. FLIPs are a family of viral and cellular proteins initially found to inhibit apoptosis and more recently to either up- or down-regulate NF-κB. As such, a broad role for FLIPs in disease regulation is postulated, but exactly how a FLIP performs such multifunctional roles remains to be established. Here we examine FLIPs (MC159 and MC160) encoded by the molluscum contagiosum virus, a dermatotropic poxvirus causing skin infections common in children and immunocompromised individuals, to better understand their roles in viral pathogenesis. While studying their molecular mechanisms responsible for NF-κB inhibition, we discovered that each protein inhibited IRF3-controlled luciferase activity, identifying a unique function for FLIPs. MC159 and MC160 each inhibited TBK1 phosphorylation, confirming this unique function. Surprisingly, MC159 coimmunoprecipitated with TBK1 and IKKε but MC160 did not, suggesting that these homologs use distinct molecular mechanisms to inhibit IRF3 activation. Equally surprising was the finding that the FLIP regions necessary for TBK1 inhibition were distinct from those MC159 or MC160 regions previously defined to inhibit NF-κB or apoptosis. These data reveal previously unappreciated complexities of FLIPs, and that subtle differences within the conserved regions of FLIPs possess distinct molecular and structural fingerprints that define crucial differences in biological activities. A future comparison of mechanistic differences between viral FLIP proteins can provide new means of precisely manipulating distinct aspects of intrinsic immune responses.
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Chiang HS, Zhao Y, Song JH, Liu S, Wang N, Terhorst C, Sharpe AH, Basavappa M, Jeffrey KL, Reinecker HC. GEF-H1 controls microtubule-dependent sensing of nucleic acids for antiviral host defenses. Nat Immunol 2013; 15:63-71. [PMID: 24270516 PMCID: PMC4066330 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Detailed understanding of the signaling intermediates that confer the sensing of intracellular viral nucleic acids for induction of type I interferons is critical for strategies to curtail viral mechanisms that impede innate immune defenses. Here we show that the activation of the microtubule-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1, encoded by Arhgef2, is essential for sensing of foreign RNA by RIG-I-like receptors. Activation of GEF-H1 controls RIG-I and Mda5-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3 and induction of interferon-β expression in macrophages. Generation of Arhgef2−/− mice revealed a pronounced signaling defect that prevented antiviral host responses to encephalomyocarditis virus and influenza A virus. Microtubule networks sequester GEF-H1 that upon activation is released to enable antiviral signaling by intracellular nucleic acid detection pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Sen Chiang
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Yun Zhao
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Joo-Hye Song
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Song Liu
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Ninghai Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Harvard Medical School
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Harvard Medical School
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Megha Basavappa
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Kate L Jeffrey
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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Jacobs JL, Coyne CB. Mechanisms of MAVS regulation at the mitochondrial membrane. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:5009-19. [PMID: 24120683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have emerged as critical platforms for antiviral innate immune signaling. This is due in large part to the mitochondrial localization of the innate immune signaling adaptor MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein), which coordinates signals received from two independent cytosolic pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) to induce antiviral genes. The existence of a shared adaptor for two central PRRs presents an ideal target by which the host cell can prevent cellular damage induced by uncontrolled inflammation through alteration of MAVS expression and/or signaling. In this review, we focus on the MAVS regulome and review the cellular factors that regulate MAVS by (1) protein-protein interactions, (2) alterations in mitochondrial dynamics, and/or (3) post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Jacobs
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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43
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HSP90 protects the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) tax oncoprotein from proteasomal degradation to support NF-κB activation and HTLV-1 replication. J Virol 2013; 87:13640-54. [PMID: 24109220 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02006-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The HTLV-1 genome encodes the Tax protein that plays essential regulatory roles in HTLV-1 replication and oncogenic transformation of T lymphocytes. Despite intensive study of Tax, how Tax interfaces with host signaling pathways to regulate virus replication and drive T-cell proliferation and immortalization remains poorly understood. To gain new insight into the mechanisms of Tax function and regulation, we used tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry to identify novel cellular Tax-interacting proteins. This screen identified heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) as a new binding partner of Tax. The interaction between HSP90 and Tax was validated by coimmunoprecipitation assays, and colocalization between the two proteins was observed by confocal microscopy. Treatment of HTLV-1-transformed cells with the HSP90 inhibitor 17-DMAG elicited proteasomal degradation of Tax in the nuclear matrix with concomitant inhibition of NF-κB and HTLV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) activation. Knockdown of HSP90 by lentiviral shRNAs similarly provoked a loss of Tax protein in HTLV-1-transformed cells. Finally, treatment of HTLV-1-transformed cell lines with 17-DMAG suppressed HTLV-1 replication and promoted apoptotic cell death. Taken together, our results reveal that Tax is a novel HSP90 client protein and HSP90 inhibitors may exert therapeutic benefits for ATL and HAM/TSP patients.
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44
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Herpes simplex virus 1 ICP22 but not US 1.5 is required for efficient acute replication in mice and VICE domain formation. J Virol 2013; 87:13510-9. [PMID: 24089574 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02424-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) immediate-early protein, infected cell protein 22 (ICP22), is required for efficient replication in restrictive cells, for virus-induced chaperone-enriched (VICE) domain formation, and for normal expression of a subset of viral late proteins. Additionally, ICP22 is important for optimal acute viral replication in vivo. Previous studies have shown that the US1 gene that encodes ICP22, produces an in-frame, N-terminally truncated form of ICP22, known as US1.5. To date, studies conducted to characterize the functions of ICP22 have not separated its functions from those of US1.5. To determine the individual roles of ICP22 and US1.5, we made viral mutants that express either ICP22 with an M90A mutation in the US1.5 initiation codon (M90A) or US1.5 with three stop codons introduced upstream of the US1.5 start codon (3×stop). Our studies showed that, in contrast to M90A, 3×stop was unable to replicate efficiently in the eyes and trigeminal ganglia of mice during acute infection, to efficiently establish a latent infection, or to induce VICE domain formation and was only mildly reduced in its replication in restrictive HEL-299 cells and murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Both mutants enhanced the expression of the late viral proteins virion host shutoff (vhs) and glycoprotein C (gC) and inhibited viral gene expression mediated by HSV-1 infected cell protein 0 (ICP0). When we tested our mutants' sensitivity to type I interferon (beta interferon [IFN-β]) in restrictive cells, we noticed that the plating of the ICP22 null (d22) and 3×stop mutants was reduced by the addition of IFN-β. Overall, our data suggest that US1.5 partially complements the functions of ICP22.
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Muralidharan S, Mandrekar P. Cellular stress response and innate immune signaling: integrating pathways in host defense and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:1167-84. [PMID: 23990626 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0313153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research in the past decade has identified innate immune recognition receptors and intracellular signaling pathways that culminate in inflammatory responses. Besides its role in cytoprotection, the importance of cell stress in inflammation and host defense against pathogens is emerging. Recent studies have shown that proteins in cellular stress responses, including the heat shock response, ER stress response, and DNA damage response, interact with and regulate signaling intermediates involved in the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The effect of such regulation by cell stress proteins may dictate the inflammatory profile of the immune response during infection and disease. In this review, we describe the regulation of innate immune cell activation by cell stress pathways, present detailed descriptions of the types of stress response proteins and their crosstalk with immune signaling intermediates that are essential in host defense, and illustrate the relevance of these interactions in diseases characteristic of aberrant immune responses, such as chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Understanding the crosstalk between cellular stress proteins and immune signaling may have translational implications for designing more effective regimens to treat immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Muralidharan
- 1.LRB 221, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605.
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Liu X, Wang Q, Chen W, Wang C. Dynamic regulation of innate immunity by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:559-70. [PMID: 23953672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are central to the host innate immune regulations. Dynamically, PTMs fine-tune the spatial and temporary responses of immune- and non-immune-cells, in accordance with extracellular and intracellular stresses. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are emerging as the important multi-functional signals, controlling the activation, stability, affinity and location of many signaling proteins. Recent investigations, at the molecular-cellular-animal models, have shed new light on the versatility of the ubiquitin, SUMO and ISG15, for shaping the strength and duration of the innate immune responses. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the ubiquitin and Ubls in the innate immunity, the first line of host defense against microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Ordureau A, Enesa K, Nanda S, Le Francois B, Peggie M, Prescott A, Albert PR, Cohen P. DEAF1 is a Pellino1-interacting protein required for interferon production by Sendai virus and double-stranded RNA. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24569-80. [PMID: 23846693 PMCID: PMC3750155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.479550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded (ds) RNA of viral origin, a ligand for Melanoma Differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3), induces the TANK-Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1)-dependent phosphorylation and activation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino1, which are required for interferon β (IFNβ) gene transcription. Here, we report that Pellino1 interacts with the transcription factor Deformed Epidermal Autoregulatory Factor 1 (DEAF1). The interaction is independent of the E3 ligase activity of Pellino1, but weakened by the phosphorylation of Pellino1. We show that DEAF1 binds to the IFNβ promoter and to IRF3 and IRF7, that it is required for the transcription of the IFNβ gene and IFNβ secretion in MEFs infected with Sendai virus or transfected with poly(I:C). DEAF1 is also needed for TLR3-dependent IFNβ production. Taken together, our results identify DEAF1 as a novel component of the signal transduction network by which dsRNA of viral origin stimulates IFNβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Ordureau
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Lee Y, Song B, Park C, Kwon KS. TRIM11 negatively regulates IFNβ production and antiviral activity by targeting TBK1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63255. [PMID: 23675467 PMCID: PMC3652858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is a host defense mechanism against infection by viruses and bacteria. Type I interferons (IFNα/β) play a crucial role in innate immunity. If not tightly regulated under normal conditions and during immune responses, IFN production can become aberrant, leading to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this study, we identified TRIM11 (tripartite motif containing 11) as a novel negative regulator of IFNβ production. Ectopic expression of TRIM11 decreased IFNβ promoter activity induced by poly (I:C) stimulation or overexpression of RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I) signaling cascade components RIG-IN (constitutively active form of RIG-I), MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein), or TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase-1). Conversely, TRIM11 knockdown enhanced IFNβ promoter activity induced by these stimuli. Moreover, TRIM11 overexpression inhibited the phosphorylation and dimerization of IRF3 and expression of IFNβ mRNA. By contrast, TRIM11 knockdown increased the IRF3 phosphorylation and IFNβ mRNA expression. We also found that TRIM11 and TBK1, a key kinase that phosphorylates IRF3 in the RIG-I pathway, interacted with each other through CC and CC2 domain, respectively. This interaction was enhanced in the presence of the TBK1 adaptor proteins, NAP1 (NF-κB activating kinase-associated protein-1), SINTBAD (similar to NAP1 TBK1 adaptor) or TANK (TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator). Consistent with its inhibitory role in RIG-I-mediated IFNβ signaling, TRIM11 overexpression enhanced viral infectivity, whereas TRIM11 knockdown produced the opposite effect. Collectively, our results suggest that TRIM11 inhibits RIG-I-mediated IFNβ production by targeting the TBK1 signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younglang Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byeongwoon Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kwon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
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49
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50
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Enesa K, Ordureau A, Smith H, Barford D, Cheung PCF, Patterson-Kane J, Arthur JSC, Cohen P. Pellino1 is required for interferon production by viral double-stranded RNA. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34825-35. [PMID: 22902624 PMCID: PMC3464584 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.367557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral double-stranded RNA, a ligand for Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3) and the cytoplasmic RNA receptors RIG1 and MDA5, activate a signaling network in which the IKK-related protein kinase TBK1 phosphorylates the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino1. IRF3 then translocates to the nucleus where it stimulates transcription of the interferonβ (IFNβ) gene, but the function of Pellino1 in this pathway is unknown. Here, we report that myeloid cells and embryonic fibroblasts from knock-in mice expressing an E3 ligase-deficient mutant of Pellino1 produce reduced levels of IFNβ mRNA and secrete much less IFNβ in response to viral double-stranded RNA because the interaction of IRF3 with the IFNβ promoter is impaired. These results identify Pellino1 as a novel component of the signal transduction network by which viral double-stranded RNA stimulates IFNβ gene transcription.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Animals
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/metabolism
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1
- Interferon-beta/biosynthesis
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Barford
- the Institute of Cancer Research, London SW36JB, United Kingdom
| | | | - Janet Patterson-Kane
- the Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G611QH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip Cohen
- From the MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit and
- Scottish Institute for Cell Signaling, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, DD15EH, United Kingdom
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