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Chen T, Tang X, Wang Z, Feng F, Xu C, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Sun H, Chen Y. Inhibition of Son of Sevenless Homologue 1 (SOS1): Promising therapeutic treatment for KRAS-mutant cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115828. [PMID: 37778239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Kristen rat sarcoma (KRAS) is one of the most common oncogenes in human cancers. As a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Son of Sevenless Homologue 1 (SOS1) represents a potential therapeutic concept for the treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers because of its activation on KRAS and downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, biological function, and regulation of SOS1. We also focus on the recent advances in SOS1 inhibitors and emphasize their binding modes, structure-activity relationships and pharmacological activities. We hope that this publication can provide a comprehensive compendium on the rational design of SOS1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingkai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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Ram T, Singh AK, Kumar A, Singh H, Pathak P, Grishina M, Khalilullah H, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Verma A, Kumar P. MEK inhibitors in cancer treatment: structural insights, regulation, recent advances and future perspectives. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1837-1857. [PMID: 37859720 PMCID: PMC10583825 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00145h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MEK1/2 are critical components of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK or MAPK signalling pathway that regulates a variety of cellular functions including proliferation, survival, and differentiation. In 1997, a lung cancer cell line was first found to have a MEK mutation (encoding MEK2P298L). MEK is involved in various human cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), spurious melanoma, and pancreatic, colorectal, basal, breast, and liver cancer. To date, 4 MEK inhibitors i.e., trametinib, cobimetinib, selumetinib, and binimetinib have been approved by the FDA and several are under clinical trials. In this review, we have highlighted structural insights into the MEK1/2 proteins, such as the αC-helix, catalytic loop, P-loop, F-helix, hydrophobic pocket, and DFG motif. We have also discussed current issues with all FDA-approved MEK inhibitors or drugs under clinical trials and combination therapies to improve the efficacy of clinical drugs. Finally, this study addressed recent developments on synthetic MEK inhibitors (from their discovery in 1997 to 2022), their unique properties, and their relevance to MEK mutant inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teja Ram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab Ghudda Bathinda 151401 India
| | - Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab Ghudda Bathinda 151401 India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab Ghudda Bathinda 151401 India
| | - Harshwardhan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab Ghudda Bathinda 151401 India
| | - Prateek Pathak
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University Chelyabinsk 454008 Russia
- Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GITAM School of Pharmacy at "Hyderabad Campus", GITAM (Deemed to be University) India
| | - Maria Grishina
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University Chelyabinsk 454008 Russia
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University Unayzah 51911 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic and Med. Chem. Res., Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Prayagraj 211007 India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab Ghudda Bathinda 151401 India
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3
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Bai X, Wang S. Signaling pathway intervention in premature ovarian failure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:999440. [PMID: 36507521 PMCID: PMC9733706 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.999440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a multifactorial disease that refers to the occurrence of secondary amenorrhea, estrogen decrease, and gonadotropin increase in women under the age of 40. The prevalence of POF is increasing year by year, and the existing instances can be categorized as primary or secondary cases. This disease has adverse effects on both the physiology and psychology of women. Hormone replacement therapy is the recommended treatment for POF, and a multidisciplinary strategy is required to enhance the quality of life of patients. According to recent studies, the primary mechanism of POF is the depletion of ovarian reserve function as a result of increased primordial follicular activation or primordial follicular insufficiency. Therefore, understanding the processes of primordial follicle activation and associated pathways and exploring effective interventions are important for the treatment of POF.
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Solano JD, Ibarra-Rubio ME. Redox-sensitive signaling pathways in renal cell carcinoma. Biofactors 2022; 48:342-358. [PMID: 34590744 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal urological cancers, highly resistant to chemo and radiotherapy. Obesity and smoking are the best-known risk factors of RCC, both related to oxidative stress presence, suggesting a significant role in RCC development and maintenance. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for localized RCC; however, this neoplasia is hardly diagnosable at its initial stages, occurring commonly in late phases and even when metastasis is already present. Systemic therapies are the option against RCC in these more advanced stages, such as cytokine therapy or a combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with immunotherapies; nevertheless, these strategies are still insufficient. A field poorly analyzed in this neoplasia is the status of cell signaling pathways sensible to the redox state, which have been associated with the development and maintenance of RCC. This review focuses on alterations reported in the following redox-sensitive molecules and signaling pathways in RCC: mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase B (AKT)/tuberous sclerosis complex 2/mammalian target of rapamycin C1, AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3/β-catenin, nuclear factor κB/inhibitor of κB/epidermal growth factor receptor, and protein kinase Cζ/cut-like homeodomain protein/factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)/HIF as potential targets for redox therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José D Solano
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Elena Ibarra-Rubio
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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5
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España MS. Treatment of advanced BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer: where we are and where we are going. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2022; 21:71-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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DeLuca JM, Murphy MK, Wang X, Wilson TJ. FCRL1 Regulates B Cell Receptor-Induced ERK Activation through GRB2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2688-2698. [PMID: 34697226 PMCID: PMC8629370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of BCR signaling has important consequences for generating effective Ab responses to pathogens and preventing production of autoreactive B cells during development. Currently defined functions of Fc receptor-like (FCRL) 1 include positive regulation of BCR-induced calcium flux, proliferation, and Ab production; however, the mechanistic basis of FCRL1 signaling and its contributions to B cell development remain undefined. Molecular characterization of FCRL1 signaling shows phosphotyrosine-dependent associations with GRB2, GRAP, SHIP-1, and SOS1, all of which can profoundly influence MAPK signaling. In contrast with previous characterizations of FCRL1 as a strictly activating receptor, we discover a role for FCRL1 in suppressing ERK activation under homeostatic and BCR-stimulated conditions in a GRB2-dependent manner. Our analysis of B cells in Fcrl1 -/- mice shows that ERK suppression by FCRL1 is associated with a restriction in the number of cells surviving splenic maturation in vivo. The capacity of FCRL1 to modulate ERK activation presents a potential for FCRL1 to be a regulator of peripheral B cell tolerance, homeostasis, and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M DeLuca
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
| | | | - Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
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Roles of Therapeutic Bioactive Compounds in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9068850. [PMID: 34754365 PMCID: PMC8572616 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9068850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is due to poor prognosis and lack of availability of effective treatment. Novel therapeutic strategies will be the fine tuning of intracellular ROS signaling to effectively deprive cells of ROS-induced tumor-promoting events. This review discusses the generation of ROS, the major signaling their modulation in therapeutics. We explore some of the major pathways involved in HCC, which include the VEGF, MAPK/ERK, mTOR, FGF, and Ser/Thr kinase pathways. In this review, we study cornerstone on natural bioactive compounds with their effect on hepatocarcinomas. Furthermore, we focus on oxidative stress and FDA-approved signaling pathway inhibitors, along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy enhancers which with early evidence of success. While more in vivo testing is required to confirm the findings presented here, our findings will aid future nonclinical, preclinical, and clinical studies with these compounds, as well as inspire medicinal chemistry scientists to conduct appropriate research on this promising natural compound and their derivatives.
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Pashirzad M, Khorasanian R, Fard MM, Arjmand MH, Langari H, Khazaei M, Soleimanpour S, Rezayi M, Ferns GA, Hassanian SM, Avan A. The Therapeutic Potential of MAPK/ERK Inhibitors in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:932-943. [PMID: 34732116 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666211103113339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The MAPK/ERK signaling pathway regulates cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, metastasis and drug resistance. Mutations and up-regulation of components of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, as well as over-activation of this critical signaling pathway, are frequently observed in colorectal carcinomas. Targeting the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, using specific pharmacological inhibitors, elicits potent anti-tumor effects, supporting the therapeutic potential of these inhibitors in the treatment of CRC. Several drugs have recently been developed for the inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway in preclinical and clinical settings, such as MEK162 and MK-2206. MEK1/2 inhibitors demonstrate promising efficacy and anticancer activity for the treatment of this malignancy. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of CRC and the potential clinical value of synthetic inhibitors of this pathway in preventing CRC progression for a better understanding, and hence, better management of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Pashirzad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Reihaneh Khorasanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoudi Fard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord. Iran
| | - Hadis Langari
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord. Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord. Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO. United States
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
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9
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Cheng M, Ye X, Dai J, Sun F. SOS1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer(EOC) cells through AKT independent NF-κB signaling pathway. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101160. [PMID: 34175715 PMCID: PMC8242062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the role and mechanism of SOS1 (Son of sevenless homolog 1) in malignant behaviors of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells Hey with high metastatic potential. Firstly, compared with Hey-WT (wild type) and Hey-NT (none targeted) cells, Hey-SOS1i cells showed decreased polarities, disorders in cytoskeleton arrangement. Numbers of transwell migrated, invaded, intravasation cells and extravasated cells were decreased significantly. Hey-NT cells and Hey-SOS1i cells were employed to establish a peritoneal dissemination model in nude mice. Hey-SOS1i cells formed less implantation metastatic foci in the abdominal cavity than Hey-NT cells, especially on the intestine and diaphragm in the 5th week after the tumor cells were injected intraperitoneally. SOS1 knockdown in Hey cells resulted in increased E-cadherin and decreased Vimentin, N-cadherin, MMP2, and MMP9, together with reduced Snail and activation of NF-κB pathway. Together, these results suggest SOS1 might induce EMT through activating AKT independent NF-κB pathway and the transcriptive activity of Snail, and subsequently regulate the cytoskeleton reprogramming and cell motility of Hey, one of EOC cells with high metastatic potential. This may provide some new targets for the treatment of ovarian cancer with high metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, 563000, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jiemin Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Feiji Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, 563000, Guizhou Province, P.R. China.
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK. Redox-sensitive signalling pathways regulated by human papillomavirus in HPV-related cancers. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2230. [PMID: 33709497 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) chronic infection is associated with the induction of different HPV-related cancers, such as cervical, anus, vaginal, vulva, penis and oropharynx. HPV-related cancers have been related to oxidative stress (OS), where OS has a significant role in cancer development and maintenance. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for localised HPV-related cancers; however, these malignancies commonly progress to metastasis. In advanced stages, systemic therapies are the best option against HPV-related cancers. These therapies include cytokine therapy or a combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with immunotherapies. Nevertheless, these strategies are still insufficient. Cell redox-sensitive signalling pathways have been poorly studied, although they have been associated with the development and maintenance of HPV-related cancers. In this review, we analyse the known alterations of the following redox-sensitive molecules and signalling pathways by HR-HPV in HPV-related cancers: MAPKs, Akt/TSC2/mTORC1, Wnt/β-Cat, NFkB/IkB/NOX2, HIF/VHL/VEGF and mitochondrial signalling pathways as potential targets for redox therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, México
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Baltanás FC, Zarich N, Rojas-Cabañeros JM, Santos E. SOS GEFs in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188445. [PMID: 33035641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SOS1 and SOS2 are the most universal and widely expressed family of guanine exchange factors (GEFs) capable or activating RAS or RAC1 proteins in metazoan cells. SOS proteins contain a sequence of modular domains that are responsible for different intramolecular and intermolecular interactions modulating mechanisms of self-inhibition, allosteric activation and intracellular homeostasis. Despite their homology, analyses of SOS1/2-KO mice demonstrate functional prevalence of SOS1 over SOS2 in cellular processes including proliferation, migration, inflammation or maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis, although some functional redundancy cannot be excluded, particularly at the organismal level. Specific SOS1 gain-of-function mutations have been identified in inherited RASopathies and various sporadic human cancers. SOS1 depletion reduces tumorigenesis mediated by RAS or RAC1 in mouse models and is associated with increased intracellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Since WT RAS is essential for development of RAS-mutant tumors, the SOS GEFs may be considered as relevant biomarkers or therapy targets in RAS-dependent cancers. Inhibitors blocking SOS expression, intrinsic GEF activity, or productive SOS protein-protein interactions with cellular regulators and/or RAS/RAC targets have been recently developed and shown preclinical and clinical effectiveness blocking aberrant RAS signaling in RAS-driven and RTK-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Baltanás
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer - IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Natasha Zarich
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Rojas-Cabañeros
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer - IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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12
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Buday L, Vas V. Novel regulation of Ras proteins by direct tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 39:1067-1073. [PMID: 32936431 PMCID: PMC7680326 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09918-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations in the RAS genes are frequent in human tumors, especially in pancreatic, colorectal, and non-small-cell lung cancers. Such mutations generally decrease the ability of Ras to hydrolyze GTP, maintaining the protein in a constitutively active GTP-bound form that drives uncontrolled cell proliferation. Efforts to develop drugs that target Ras oncoproteins have been unsuccessful. Recent emerging data suggest that Ras regulation is more complex than the scientific community has believed for decades. In this review, we summarize advances in the "textbook" view of Ras activation. We also discuss a novel type of Ras regulation that involves direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Ras tyrosine residues. The discovery that pharmacological inhibition of the tyrosine phosphoprotein phosphatase SHP2 maintains mutant Ras in an inactive state suggests that SHP2 could be a novel drug target for the treatment of Ras-driven human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Buday
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
| | - Virág Vas
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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13
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Cowan JR, Salyer L, Wright NT, Kinnamon DD, Amaya P, Jordan E, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Hershberger RE. SOS1 Gain-of-Function Variants in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2020; 13:e002892. [PMID: 32603605 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.119.002892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a genetically heterogeneous cardiac disease characterized by progressive ventricular enlargement and reduced systolic function. Here, we report genetic and functional analyses implicating the rat sarcoma signaling protein, SOS1 (Son of sevenless homolog 1), in DCM pathogenesis. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed on 412 probands and family members from our DCM cohort, identifying several SOS1 variants with potential disease involvement. As several lines of evidence have implicated dysregulated rat sarcoma signaling in the pathogenesis of DCM, we assessed functional impact of each variant on the activation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), AKT (protein kinase B), and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) pathways. Relative expression levels were determined by Western blot in HEK293T cells transfected with variant or wild-type human SOS1 expression constructs. RESULTS A rare SOS1 variant [c.571G>A, p.(Glu191Lys)] was found to segregate alongside an A-band TTN truncating variant in a pedigree with aggressive, early-onset DCM. Reduced disease severity in the absence of the SOS1 variant suggested its potential involvement as a genetic risk factor for DCM in this family. Exome sequencing identified 5 additional SOS1 variants with potential disease involvement in 4 other families [c.1820T>C, p.(Ile607Thr); c.2156G>C, p.(Gly719Ala); c.2230A>G, p.(Arg744Gly); c.2728G>C, p.(Asp910His); c.3601C>T, p.(Arg1201Trp)]. Impacted amino acids occupied a number of functional domains relevant to SOS1 activity, including the N-terminal histone fold, as well as the C-terminal REM (rat sarcoma exchange motif), CDC25 (cell division cycle 25), and PR (proline-rich) tail domains. Increased phosphorylated ERK expression relative to wild-type levels was seen for all 6 SOS1 variants, paralleling known disease-relevant SOS1 signaling profiles. CONCLUSIONS These data support gain-of-function variation in SOS1 as a contributing factor to isolated DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cowan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Lorien Salyer
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Nathan T Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA (N.T.W.)
| | - Daniel D Kinnamon
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Pedro Amaya
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Elizabeth Jordan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics (M.J.B.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Ray E Hershberger
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
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14
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Fan WD, Chen T, Liu PJ. NIMA related kinase 2 promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation via ERK/MAPK signaling. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:2898-2910. [PMID: 31249448 PMCID: PMC6589739 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i23.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NIMA related kinase 2 (NEK2) is closely related to mitosis, and it is currently considered to be over-expressed frequently in many poorly prognostic cancers. However, the effect of the up-regulated NEK2 on cellular signaling in tumors, such as gastric cancer (GC), is con-fusing.
AIM To determine the role of the up-regulation of NEK2 in GC.
METHODS To investigate the pathological significance of NEK2 in GC, the expression pattern of NEK2 in GC was investigated based on the “Oncomain” database and compared between 30 pairs of cancer samples and adjacent tissues. The co-expression of NEK2 and ERK in GC was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and confirmed in clinical samples by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the survival curve was also plotted. Western blot or qRT-PCR was used to analyze the effect of NEK2 on the phosphorylation levels of ERK and c-JUN in two GC cell lines (BGC823 and SGC7901) with NEK2 overexpression, and the expression of the downstream effector cyclin D1. Furthermore, CCK8, EdU incorporation assay, and flow cytometry were used to detect the proliferative ability of BGC823 and SGC7901 cells with stably silenced ERK.
RESULTS NEK2 was significantly up-regulated in human GC tissues. ERK was significantly associated with NEK2 expression in human clinical specimens, and combined overexpression of NEK2 and ERK potentially forecasted a poor prognosis and survival in GC patients. NEK2 knockdown in GC cells inhibited ERK and c-JUN phosphory-lation and reduced the transcription of cyclin D1. More interestingly, NEK2 can rescue the inhibition of cellular viability, proliferation, and cell cycle progression due to ERK knockdown.
CONCLUSION Our results indicate that NEK2 plays a carcinogenic role in the malignant proliferation of GC cells via the ERK/MAPK signaling, which may be important for treatment and improving patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Wujin Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng-Jun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Wujin Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213002, Jiangsu Province, China
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15
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Zarich N, Anta B, Fernández-Medarde A, Ballester A, de Lucas MP, Cámara AB, Anta B, Oliva JL, Rojas-Cabañeros JM, Santos E. The CSN3 subunit of the COP9 signalosome interacts with the HD region of Sos1 regulating stability of this GEF protein. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:2. [PMID: 30631038 PMCID: PMC6328564 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sos1 is an universal, widely expressed Ras guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (RasGEF) in eukaryotic cells. Its N-terminal HD motif is known to be involved in allosteric regulation of Sos1 GEF activity through intramolecular interaction with the neighboring PH domain. Here, we searched for other cellular proteins also able to interact productively with the Sos1 HD domain. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identified the interaction between the Sos1 HD region and CSN3, the third component of the COP9 signalosome, a conserved, multi-subunit protein complex that functions in the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway to control degradation of many cellular proteins. The interaction of CSN3 with the HD of Sos1 was confirmed in vitro by GST pull-down assays using truncated mutants and reproduced in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation with the endogenous, full-length cellular Sos1 protein. In vitro kinase assays showed that PKD, a COP9 signalosome-associated-kinase, is able to phosphorylate Sos1. The intracellular levels of Sos1 protein were clearly diminished following CSN3 or PKD knockdown. A sizable fraction of the endogenous Sos1 protein was found ubiquitinated in different mammalian cell types. A significant reduction of RasGTP formation upon growth factor stimulation was also observed in CSN3-silenced as compared with control cells. Our data suggest that the interaction of Sos1 with the COP9 signalosome and PKD plays a significant role in maintenance of cellular Sos1 protein stability and homeostasis under physiological conditions and raises the possibility of considering the CSN/PKD complex as a potential target for design of novel therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Zarich
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Anta
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alicia Ballester
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar de Lucas
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Cámara
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Anta
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luís Oliva
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Rojas-Cabañeros
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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16
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Mechanism of SOS PR-domain autoinhibition revealed by single-molecule assays on native protein from lysate. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15061. [PMID: 28452363 PMCID: PMC5414354 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Son of Sevenless (SOS) plays a critical role in signal transduction by activating Ras. Here we introduce a single-molecule assay in which individual SOS molecules are captured from raw cell lysate using Ras-functionalized supported membrane microarrays. This enables characterization of the full-length SOS protein, which has not previously been studied in reconstitution due to difficulties in purification. Our measurements on the full-length protein reveal a distinct role of the C-terminal proline-rich (PR) domain to obstruct the engagement of allosteric Ras independently of the well-known N-terminal domain autoinhibition. This inhibitory role of the PR domain limits Grb2-independent recruitment of SOS to the membrane through binding of Ras·GTP in the SOS allosteric binding site. More generally, this assay strategy enables characterization of the functional behaviour of GEFs with single-molecule precision but without the need for purification.
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17
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Lian M, Wang H, Fang J, Zhai J, Wang R, Shen X, Yang Y, Ma Z, Liu H. Microarray gene expression analysis of chemosensitivity for docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) combined chemotherapeutic regimen in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Chin J Cancer Res 2017; 29:204-212. [PMID: 28729771 PMCID: PMC5497207 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.03.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To screen out a set of candidate genes which could help to determine whether patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) could benefit from docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) induction chemotherapy. Methods Gene-expression profiles in 12 TPF-sensitive patients were compared to 9 resistant controls by microarray analysis. Subsequently, expression levels of potential biomarkers in chemosensitive cell line FaDu after TPF treatment were observed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results Through microarray analysis, 1,579 differentially expressed genes were identified, of which 815 were up-regulated in TPF chemotherapy-responsive tissues whereas 764 were down-regulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis suggested these genes participating in physiological processes including transcription and its regulation, cellular signal transduction and metabolic process. Additionally, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database revealed that MAPK and Jat/STAT signaling pathways occupied important roles in TPF chemotherapeutic sensitivity. Moreover, in vitro cell culture experiments revealed the expression alternations of IL-6, MAPK14, JUN, CDK5 and CAMK2A exposed to TPF treatment by qRT-PCR, whilst providing an insight into the mechanism underlying TPF chemotherapeutic response in HSCC.
Conclusions These results provided a battery of genes related to TPF chemotherapeutic sensitivity and might act as molecular targets in HSCC treatment. Moreover, these candidate biomarkers could contribute to HSCC individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jugao Fang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jie Zhai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xixi Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Honggang Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
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18
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López-Huertas MR, Li J, Zafar A, Rodríguez-Mora S, García-Domínguez C, Mateos E, Alcamí J, Rao S, Coiras M. PKCθ and HIV-1 Transcriptional Regulator Tat Co-exist at the LTR Promoter in CD4(+) T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:69. [PMID: 26973648 PMCID: PMC4770193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PKCθ is essential for the activation of CD4+ T cells. Upon TCR/CD28 stimulation, PKCθ is phosphorylated and migrates to the immunological synapse, inducing the activation of cellular transcription factors such as NF-κB and kinases as ERK that are critical for HIV-1 replication. We previously demonstrated that PKCθ is also necessary for HIV-1 replication but the precise mechanism is unknown. Efficient HIV-1 transcription and elongation are absolutely dependent on the synergy between NF-κB and the viral regulator Tat. Tat exerts its function by binding a RNA stem-loop structure proximal to the viral mRNA cap site termed TAR. Besides, due to its effect on cellular metabolic pathways, Tat causes profound changes in infected CD4+ T cells such as the activation of NF-κB and ERK. We hypothesized that the aberrant upregulation of Tat-mediated activation of NF-κB and ERK occurred through PKCθ signaling. In fact, Jurkat TetOff cells with stable and doxycycline-repressible expression of Tat (Jurkat-Tat) expressed high levels of mRNA for PKCθ. In these cells, PKCθ located at the plasma membrane was phosphorylated at T538 residue in undivided cells, in the absence of stimulation. Treatment with doxycycline inhibited PKCθ phosphorylation in Jurkat-Tat, suggesting that Tat expression was directly related to the activation of PKCθ. Both NF-κB and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway were significantly activated in Jurkat-Tat cells, and this correlated with high transactivation of HIV-1 LTR promoter. RNA interference for PKCθ inhibited NF-κB and ERK activity, as well as LTR-mediated transactivation even in the presence of Tat. In addition to Tat-mediated activation of PKCθ in the cytosol, we demonstrated by sequential ChIP that Tat and PKCθ coexisted in the same complex bound at the HIV-1 LTR promoter, specifically at the region containing TAR loop. In conclusion, PKCθ-Tat interaction seemed to be essential for HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells and could be used as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jasmine Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Anjum Zafar
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carlota García-Domínguez
- Functional Research Unit in Chronic Diseases, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Elena Mateos
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Sudha Rao
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
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19
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Mitkov M, Joseph R, Copland J. Steroid hormone influence on melanomagenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 417:94-102. [PMID: 26415591 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disparities in the prognosis and incidence of melanoma between male and female patients have led clinicians to explore the influence of steroid hormones on the development and progression of this malignancy. A better understanding of the disparities of melanoma behavior between sexes and ages could lead to improved prevention and treatment options. There are multiple themes in the literature that unify the physiologic functions of estrogen and androgen receptors; herein we discuss and map their pathways. Overall, it is important to understand that the differences in melanoma behavior between the sexes are multifactorial and likely involve interactions between the immune system, endocrine system, and environment, namely UV-radiation. Melanoma deserves a spot among hormone-sensitive tumors, and if tamoxifen is re-introduced for future therapy, tissue ratios of estrogen receptors should be obtained beforehand to assess their therapeutic predictive value. Because androgens, estrogens, and their receptors are involved in signaling of commonly mutated melanoma pathways, potential synergistic properties of the recently developed molecular kinase inhibitors that target those pathways may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mitkov
- Mayo Clinic Department of Dermatology, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Richard Joseph
- Mayo Clinic Department of Oncology, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - John Copland
- Mayo Clinic Department of Cancer Biology, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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20
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Subhash VV, Ho B. Inflammation and proliferation – a causal event of host response to Helicobacter pylori infection. Microbiology (Reading) 2015; 161:1150-60. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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21
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Ravi A, Kaushik S, Ravichandran A, Pan CQ, Low BC. Epidermal growth factor activates the Rho GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 via focal adhesion kinase and protein phosphatase 2A. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4149-62. [PMID: 25525271 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.616839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 (DLC1) is a RHO GTPase-activating protein (GAP) that negatively regulates RHO. Through its GAP activity, it modulates the actin cytoskeleton network and focal adhesion dynamics, ultimately leading to suppression of cell invasion and metastasis. Despite its presence in various structural and signaling components, little is known about how the activity of DLC1 is regulated at focal adhesions. Here we show that EGF stimulation activates the GAP activity of DLC1 through a concerted mechanism involving DLC1 phosphorylation by MEK/ERK and its subsequent dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and inhibition of focal adhesion kinase by MEK/ERK to allow the binding between DLC1 and PP2A. Phosphoproteomics and mutation studies revealed that threonine 301 and serine 308 on DLC1, known previously to be mutated in certain cancers, are required for DLC1-PP2A interaction and the subsequent activation of DLC1 upon their dephosphorylation. The intricate interplay of this "MEK/ERK-focal adhesion kinase-DLC1-PP2A" quartet provides a novel checkpoint in the spatiotemporal control of cell spreading and cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Ravi
- From the Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore and the Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive, 117411 Singapore
| | - Shelly Kaushik
- From the Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore and the Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive, 117411 Singapore
| | - Aarthi Ravichandran
- the Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive, 117411 Singapore
| | - Catherine Qiurong Pan
- the Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive, 117411 Singapore
| | - Boon Chuan Low
- From the Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore and the Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive, 117411 Singapore
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22
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Abstract
The Shoc2 protein has been implicated in the positive regulation of the Ras-ERK pathway by increasing the functional binding interaction between Ras and Raf, leading to increased ERK activity. Here we found that Shoc2 overexpression induced sustained ERK phosphorylation, notably in the case of EGF stimulation, and Shoc2 knockdown inhibited ERK activation. We demonstrate that ectopic overexpression of human Shoc2 in PC12 cells significantly promotes neurite extension in the presence of EGF, a stimulus that induces proliferation rather than differentiation in these cells. Finally, Shoc2 depletion reduces both NGF-induced neurite outgrowth and ERK activation in PC12 cells. Our data indicate that Shoc2 is essential to modulate the Ras-ERK signaling outcome in cell differentiation processes involved in neurite outgrowth.
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23
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Karthik D, Majumder P, Palanisamy S, Khairunnisa K, Venugopal V. Targeting cysteine rich C1 domain of Scaffold protein Kinase Suppressor of Ras (KSR) with anthocyanidins and flavonoids - a binding affinity characterization study. Bioinformation 2014; 10:580-5. [PMID: 25352726 PMCID: PMC4209367 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase Suppressor of Ras (KSR) is a molecular scaffold that interacts with the core kinase components of the ERK cascade, Raf, MEK, ERK to provide spatial and temporal regulation of Ras-dependent ERK cascade signaling. Interruption of this mechanism can have a high influence in inhibiting the downstream signaling of the mutated tyrosine kinase receptor kinase upon ligand binding. Still none of the studies targeted to prevent the binding of Raf, MEK binding on kinase suppressor of RAS. In that perspective the cysteine rich C1 domain of scaffold proteins kinase suppressor of Ras-1 was targeted rather than its ATP binding site with small ligand molecules like flavones and anthocyanidins and analyzed through insilico docking studies. The binding energy evaluation shows the importance of hydroxyl groups at various positions on the flavone and anthocyanidin nucleus. Over all binding interaction shows these ligands occupied the potential sites of cysteine rich C1 domain of scaffold protein KSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjayan Karthik
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Pulak Majumder
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Acharya & B.M.Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sivanandy Palanisamy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, International Medical University, Kualalampur, Malaysia
| | | | - Varsha Venugopal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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24
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Li Z, Jiang JD, Kong WJ. Berberine Up-Regulates Hepatic Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor through Ras-Independent but AMP-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Raf-1 Activation. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1766-75. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products and Function, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Wei-Jia Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
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25
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Lee CH, Kim TH, Lee JH, Oh SJ, Yoo JY, Kwon HS, Kim YI, Ferguson SD, Ahn JY, Ku BJ, Fazleabas AT, Lim JM, Jeong JW. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway is required for endometrial decidualization in mice and human. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75282. [PMID: 24086495 PMCID: PMC3782496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decidualization is a crucial change required for successful embryo implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy. During this process, endometrial stromal cells differentiate into decidual cells in response to the ovarian steroid hormones of early pregnancy. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are known to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in multiple cell types, including uterine endometrial cells. Aberrant activation of ERK1/2 has recently been implicated in the pathological processes of endometriosis and endometrial cancer. However, the function of ERK1/2 signaling during implantation and decidualization is still unknown. To determine the role and regulation of ERK1/2 signaling during implantation and decidualization, we examine ERK1/2 signaling in the mouse uterus during early pregnancy using immunostaining and qPCR. Interestingly, levels of phospho-ERK1/2 were highest within decidual cells located at the implantation sites. Expression levels of ERK1/2 target genes were also significantly higher at implantation sites, when compared to either inter-implantation sites. To determine if ERK1/2 signaling is also important during human endometrial decidualization, we examined levels of phospho-ERK1/2 in cultured human endometrial stromal cells during in vitro decidualization. Following treatment with a well-established decidualization-inducing steroidogenic cocktail, levels of phospho-ERK1/2 were markedly increased. Treatment with the ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, significantly decreased the expression of the known decidualization marker genes, IGFBP1 and PRL as well as inhibited the induction of known ERK1/2 target genes; FOS, MSK1, STAT1, and STAT3. Interestingly, the phosphorylation level of CCAAT/ enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ), a protein previously shown to be critical for decidualization, was significantly reduced in this model. These results suggest that ERK1/2 signaling is required for successful decidualization in mice as well as human endometrial stromal cells and implicates C/EBPβ as a downstream target of ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Hyun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jae Hee Lee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Seo Jin Oh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- WCU Biomodulation Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Yoon Yoo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hyo Suk Kwon
- WCU Biomodulation Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Im Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Susan D. Ferguson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ji Yeon Ahn
- WCU Biomodulation Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bon Jeong Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Asgerally T. Fazleabas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- WCU Biomodulation Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Mook Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- WCU Biomodulation Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (JWJ); (JML)
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- WCU Biomodulation Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (JWJ); (JML)
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26
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Maeda Y, Fukushima K, Omichi R, Kariya S, Nishizaki K. Time courses of changes in phospho- and total- MAP kinases in the cochlea after intense noise exposure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58775. [PMID: 23484051 PMCID: PMC3590164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) are intracellular signaling kinases activated by phosphorylation in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli. Mammalian MAP kinase pathways are composed of three major pathways: MEK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1)/ERK 1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2)/p90 RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase), JNK (c-Jun amino (N)-terminal kinase)/c-Jun, and p38 MAPK pathways. These pathways coordinately mediate physiological processes such as cell survival, protein synthesis, cell proliferation, growth, migration, and apoptosis. The involvement of MAP kinase in noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) has been implicated in the cochlea; however, it is unknown how expression levels of MAP kinase change after the onset of NIHL and whether they are regulated by transient phosphorylation or protein synthesis. CBA/J mice were exposed to 120-dB octave band noise for 2 h. Auditory brainstem response confirmed a component of temporary threshold shift within 0–24 h and significant permanent threshold shift at 14 days after noise exposure. Levels and localizations of phospho- and total- MEK1/ERK1/2/p90 RSK, JNK/c-Jun, and p38 MAPK were comprehensively analyzed by the Bio-Plex® Suspension Array System and immunohistochemistry at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after noise exposure. The phospho-MEK1/ERK1/2/p90 RSK signaling pathway was activated in the spiral ligament and the sensory and supporting cells of the organ of Corti, with peaks at 3–6 h and independently of regulations of total-MEK1/ERK1/2/p90 RSK. The expression of phospho-JNK and p38 MAPK showed late upregulation in spiral neurons at 48 h, in addition to early upregulations with peaks at 3 h after noise trauma. Phospho-p38 MAPK activation was dependent on upregulation of total-p38 MAPK. At present, comprehensive data on MAP kinase expression provide significant insight into understanding the molecular mechanism of NIHL, and for developing therapeutic models for acute sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihide Maeda
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy, Okayama, Japan.
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27
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Nagalingam RS, Sundaresan NR, Gupta MP, Geenen DL, Solaro RJ, Gupta M. A cardiac-enriched microRNA, miR-378, blocks cardiac hypertrophy by targeting Ras signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11216-32. [PMID: 23447532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of cardiomyocyte growth is crucial for the management of adverse ventricular remodeling and heart failure. MicroRNA-378 (miR-378) is a newly described member of the cardiac-enriched miRNAs, which is expressed only in cardiac myocytes and not in cardiac fibroblasts. We have previously shown that miR-378 regulates cardiac growth during the postnatal period by direct targeting of IGF1R (Knezevic, I., Patel, A., Sundaresan, N. R., Gupta, M. P., Solaro, R. J., Nagalingam, R. S., and Gupta, M. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287, 12913-12926). Here, we report that miR-378 is an endogenous negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy, and its levels are down-regulated during hypertrophic growth of the heart and during heart failure. In primary cultures of cardiomyocytes, overexpression of miR-378 blocked phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated Ras activity and also prevented activation of two major growth-promoting signaling pathways, PI3K-AKT and Raf1-MEK1-ERK1/2, acting downstream of Ras signaling. Overexpression of miR-378 suppressed PE-induced phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal kinase, pERK1/2, pAKT, pGSK-3β, and nuclear accumulation of NFAT. There was also suppression of the fetal gene program that was induced by PE. Experiments carried out to delineate the mechanism behind the suppression of Ras, led us to identify Grb2, an upstream component of Ras signaling, as a bona fide direct target of miR-378-mediated regulation. Deficiency of miR-378 alone was sufficient to induce fetal gene expression, which was prevented by knocking down Grb2 expression and blocking Ras activation, thus suggesting that miR-378 interferes with Ras activation by targeting Grb2. Our study demonstrates that miR-378 is an endogenous negative regulator of Ras signaling and cardiac hypertrophy and its deficiency contributes to the development of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu S Nagalingam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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28
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Rojas JM, Oliva JL, Santos E. Mammalian son of sevenless Guanine nucleotide exchange factors: old concepts and new perspectives. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:298-305. [PMID: 21779500 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911408078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Son of Sevenless (Sos) factors were originally discovered 2 decades ago as specialized Ras activators in signaling pathways controlling the process of R7 cell development in the eye of Drosophila melanogaster. The 2 known members of the mammalian Sos family (Sos1 and Sos2) code for ubiquitously expressed, highly homologous (69% overall) proteins involved in coupling signals originated by cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to downstream, Ras-dependent mitogenic signaling pathways. Mechanistically, the Sos proteins function as enzymatic factors interacting with Ras proteins in response to upstream stimuli to promote guanine nucleotide exchange (GDP/GTP) and subsequent formation of the active Ras-GTP complex. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on structural, regulatory, and functional aspects of the Sos family, focusing on specific aspects of Sos biology such as structure-function relationship, crosstalk with different signaling pathways, and in vivo functional significance as deduced from phenotypic characterization of Sos knockout mice and human genetic syndromes caused by germline hSos1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Rojas
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Sacco E, Farina M, Greco C, Lamperti S, Busti S, Degioia L, Alberghina L, Liberati D, Vanoni M. Regulation of hSos1 activity is a system-level property generated by its multi-domain structure. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:154-68. [PMID: 21851854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The multi-domain protein hSos1 plays a major role in cell growth and differentiation through its Ras-specific guanine nucleotide exchange domain whose complex regulation involves intra-molecular, inter-domain rearrangements. We present a stochastic mathematical model describing intra-molecular regulation of hSos1 activity. The population macroscopic effect is reproduced through a Monte-Carlo approach. Key model parameters have been experimentally determined by BIAcore analysis. Complementation experiments of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc25(ts) strain with Sos deletion mutants provided a comprehensive data set for estimation of unknown parameters and model validation. The model is robust against parameter alteration and describes both the behavior of Sos deletion mutants and modulation of activity of the full length molecule under physiological conditions. By incorporating the calculated effect of amino acid changes at an inter-domain interface, the behavior of a mutant correlating with a developmental syndrome could be simulated, further validating the model. The activation state of Ras-specific guanine nucleotide exchange domain of hSos1 arises as an "emergent property" of its multi-domain structure that allows multi-level integration of a complex network of intra- and inter-molecular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sacco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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30
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García-Domínguez CA, Martínez N, Gragera T, Pérez-Rodríguez A, Retana D, León G, Sánchez A, Oliva JL, Pérez-Sala D, Rojas JM. Sprouty2 and Spred1-2 proteins inhibit the activation of the ERK pathway elicited by cyclopentenone prostanoids. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16787. [PMID: 21364986 PMCID: PMC3043057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty and Spred proteins have been widely implicated in the negative regulation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor-extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. In considering the functional role of these proteins, we explored their effects on ERK activation induced by cyclopentenone prostanoids, which bind to and activate Ras proteins. We therefore found that ectopic overexpression in HeLa cells of human Sprouty2, or human Spred1 or 2, inhibits ERK1/2 and Elk-1 activation triggered by the cyclopentenone prostanoids PGA1 and 15d-PGJ2. Furthermore, we found that in HT cells that do not express Sprouty2 due to hypermethylation of its gene-promoter, PGA1-provoked ERK activation was more intense and sustained compared to other hematopoietic cell lines with unaltered Sprouty2 expression. Cyclopentenone prostanoids did not induce Sprouty2 tyrosine phosphorylation, in agreement with its incapability to activate tyrosine-kinase receptors. However, Sprouty2 Y55F, which acts as a defective mutant upon tyrosine-kinase receptor stimulation, did not inhibit cyclopentenone prostanoids-elicited ERK pathway activation. In addition, Sprouty2 did not affect the Ras-GTP levels promoted by cyclopentenone prostanoids. These results unveil both common and differential features in the activation of Ras-dependent pathways by cyclopentenone prostanoids and growth factors. Moreover, they provide the first evidence that Sprouty and Spred proteins are negative regulators of the ERK/Elk-1 pathway activation induced not only by growth-factors, but also by reactive lipidic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota A. García-Domínguez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Martínez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Gragera
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Pérez-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Retana
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo León
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Sánchez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Oliva
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Departamento de Biología Físico-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, C.S.I.C., Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rojas
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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31
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Pierre S, Bats AS, Chevallier A, Bui LC, Ambolet-Camoit A, Garlatti M, Aggerbeck M, Barouki R, Coumoul X. Induction of the Ras activator Son of Sevenless 1 by environmental pollutants mediates their effects on cellular proliferation. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 81:304-13. [PMID: 20950586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin), a highly persistent environmental pollutant and a human carcinogen, is the ligand with the highest affinity for the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) that induces via the AhR, xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme genes as well as several other genes. This pollutant elicits a variety of systemic toxic effects, which include cancer promotion and diverse cellular alterations that modify cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. Large-scale studies have shown that the expression of Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1), the main mediator of Ras activation, is one of the targets of dioxin in human cultured cells. In this study, we investigated the regulation of the previously uncharacterized SOS1 gene promoter by the AhR and its ligands in the human hepatocarcinoma cell line, HepG2. We found that several environmental pollutants (AhR ligands) induce SOS1 gene expression by increasing its transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the AhR binds directly and activates the SOS1 gene promoter. We also showed that dioxin treatment leads to an activated Ras-GTP state, to ERK activation and to accelerated cellular proliferation. All these effects were mediated by SOS1 induction as shown by knock down experiments. Our data indicate that dioxin-induced cellular proliferation is mediated, at least partially, by SOS1 induction. Remarkably, our studies also suggest that SOS1 induction leads to functional effects similar to those elicited by the well-characterized oncogenic Ras mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Pierre
- INSERM UMR-S 747, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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32
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Khokhlova EV, Shkoporov AN, Volodin NN, Efimov BA, Pavlov KA, Kafarskaia LI. Relationship between suppression of E6 and E7 virus oncogenes and expression of apoptosis and cell cycle genes in cervical cancer culture. Bull Exp Biol Med 2010; 149:73-7. [PMID: 21113463 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of short interfering RNA suppressing the expression of E6 and E7 human papilloma virus (type 18) on the expression of apoptosis and cell cycle genes were studied in HeLa cells. Changes in the transcription profiles were evaluated using DNA microarray and real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Cell transfection with anti-E6 and anti-E7 short interfering RNA moderately reduced the expression of mRNA for CDC25C, GRB2, GTSE1, and PLK1 genes and induced expression of CDKN1A (p21(CIP)) gene mRNA. In addition, culture proliferation was inhibited and morphological changes characteristic of differentiation and cell aging developed.
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33
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Moses J, Goodchild A, Rivory LP. Intended transcriptional silencing with siRNA results in gene repression through sequence-specific off-targeting. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 16:430-441. [PMID: 20026621 PMCID: PMC2811671 DOI: 10.1261/rna.1808510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional gene silencing has been reported with siRNA targeting the promoter region of genes. We tested several siRNAs directed against the human VEGF promoter. Of these, siVFp(-992) exhibited > or =50% suppression of VEGF production in two human cell lines. To determine the specificity of this siRNA-mediated suppression, plasmids were prepared to express a luciferase reporter under the control of VEGF promoters featuring wild-type, mutated, or deleted target sequences. siRNA transfection assays established sequence-specific inhibition of luciferase from the reporter plasmid featuring the wild-type VEGF promoter. However, siVFp(-992) also suppressed the luciferase expression from the plasmids with mutated or deleted target sites, suggesting that silencing was due to a sequence-specific off-target phenomenon, and this was supported by subsequent microarray and bioinformatics analyses. To determine if our concerns regarding the specificity of promoter targeting siRNAs were relevant to other systems where RNA-mediated transcriptional silencing had been previously reported, we tested a published small RNA sequence directed to the HIV(SF2)-LTR promoter. siRNA transfection assays performed in human cells expressing a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the HIV(SF2)-LTR promoter revealed significant suppression whether the target sequence was intact or mutated, or when the entire HIV(SF2)-LTR was replaced by an irrelevant promoter. These data stress the need to examine target specificity when conducting investigations into transcriptional gene regulation with siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Moses
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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34
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Many faces of Ras activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2008; 1786:178-87. [PMID: 18541156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins were originally identified as the products of oncogenes capable of inducing cell transformation. Over the last twenty-five years they have been studied in great detail because mutant Ras proteins are associated with many types of human cancer. Wild type Ras proteins play a central role in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of various cell types. They alternate between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state. Their activation is catalysed by a specialized group of enzymes known as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). To date, four subfamilies of GEF molecules have been identified. Although all of them are able to activate Ras, their structure, tissue expression and regulation are significantly diverse. In this review we will summarize the various mechanisms by which these exchange factors activate Ras.
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35
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Martínez N, García-Domínguez CA, Domingo B, Oliva JL, Zarich N, Sánchez A, Gutiérrez-Eisman S, Llopis J, Rojas JM. Sprouty2 binds Grb2 at two different proline-rich regions, and the mechanism of ERK inhibition is independent of this interaction. Cell Signal 2007; 19:2277-85. [PMID: 17689925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty2 has been widely implicated in the negative regulation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor-extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Sprouty2 directly interacts with the adapter protein Grb2, member of the receptor tyrosine kinase-induced signaling pathways. In considering the functional role of Grb2, we investigated whether the interaction with this protein was responsible for ERK pathway inhibition. We found that the binding between Sprouty2 and Grb2 is constitutive, independent of Sprouty2 tyrosine phosphorylation, although it is increased when fibroblast growth factor receptor is activated. This connection is mediated by the N-terminal SH3 domain of Grb2 and two Sprouty2 proline-rich stretches (residues 59-64 and 303-307). Most importantly, a double Sprouty2 mutant (hSpry2 P59AP304A), which is unable to bind Grb2, developed at a similar inhibition level of fibroblast growth factor receptor-ERK pathway than that which originated from Sprouty2 wt. These results are evidence that the Sprouty2 mechanism of ERK inhibition is independent of Grb2 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martínez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, Majadahonda-28220, Madrid, Spain
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