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Abstract
Non-muscle myosin 2 (NM2) motors are the major contractile machines in most cell types. Unsurprisingly, these ubiquitously expressed actin-based motors power a plethora of subcellular, cellular and multicellular processes. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review the biochemical properties and mechanisms of regulation of this myosin. We highlight the central role of NM2 in multiple fundamental cellular processes, which include cell migration, cytokinesis, epithelial barrier function and tissue morphogenesis. In addition, we highlight recent studies using advanced imaging technologies that have revealed aspects of NM2 assembly hitherto inaccessible. This article will hopefully appeal to both cytoskeletal enthusiasts and investigators from outside the cytoskeleton field who have interests in one of the many basic cellular processes requiring actomyosin force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Quintanilla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60525, USA
| | - John A. Hammer
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jordan R. Beach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60525, USA
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2
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Cyclic stretching-induced epithelial cell reorientation is driven by microtubule-modulated transverse extension during the relaxation phase. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14803. [PMID: 34285275 PMCID: PMC8292395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many types of adherent cells are known to reorient upon uniaxial cyclic stretching perpendicularly to the direction of stretching to facilitate such important events as wound healing, angiogenesis, and morphogenesis. While this phenomenon has been documented for decades, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Using an on-stage stretching device that allowed programmable stretching with synchronized imaging, we found that the reorientation of NRK epithelial cells took place primarily during the relaxation phase when cells underwent rapid global retraction followed by extension transverse to the direction of stretching. Inhibition of myosin II caused cells to orient along the direction of stretching, whereas disassembly of microtubules enhanced transverse reorientation. Our results indicate distinct roles of stretching and relaxation in cell reorientation and implicate a role of myosin II-dependent contraction via a microtubule-modulated mechanism. The importance of relaxation phase also explains the difference between the responses to cyclic and static stretching.
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3
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Hydrostatic pressure promotes migration and filamin-A activation in fibroblasts with increased p38 phosphorylation and TGF-β production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 568:15-22. [PMID: 34174537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast migration is closely regulated by the mechanical characteristics in surrounding microenvironment. While increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure (HP) is a hallmark in many pathological and physiological conditions, little is known about how the HP affects fibroblast motility. Using cell-culture chips with elevated HP conditions, we showed that 20 cmH2O HP significantly accelerated fibroblast migration. The HP-induced migration acceleration was dependent on the augmentation of transforming growth factor-β1, and correlated with the activation of filamin A via the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Our results suggest that interstitial HP elevation associated with various pathological states could significantly regulate fibroblast migration.
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4
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Natale CF, Lafaurie-Janvore J, Ventre M, Babataheri A, Barakat AI. Focal adhesion clustering drives endothelial cell morphology on patterned surfaces. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190263. [PMID: 31480922 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many cell types, shape and function are intertwined. In vivo, vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are typically elongated and aligned in the direction of blood flow; however, near branches and bifurcations where atherosclerosis develops, ECs are often cuboidal and have no preferred orientation. Thus, understanding the factors that regulate EC shape and alignment is important. In vitro, EC morphology and orientation are exquisitely sensitive to the composition and topography of the substrate on which the cells are cultured; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Different strategies of substrate patterning for regulating EC shape and orientation have been reported including adhesive motifs on planar surfaces and micro- or nano-scale gratings that provide substrate topography. Here, we explore how ECs perceive planar bio-adhesive versus microgrooved topographic surfaces having identical feature dimensions. We show that while the two types of patterned surfaces are equally effective in guiding and directing EC orientation, the cells are considerably more elongated on the planar patterned surfaces than on the microgrooved surfaces. We also demonstrate that the key factor that regulates cellular morphology is focal adhesion clustering which subsequently drives cytoskeletal organization. The present results promise to inform design strategies of novel surfaces for the improved performance of implantable cardiovascular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Natale
- Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR7646, Palaiseau, France.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomedical Materials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - J Lafaurie-Janvore
- Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR7646, Palaiseau, France
| | - M Ventre
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomedical Materials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - A Babataheri
- Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR7646, Palaiseau, France
| | - A I Barakat
- Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR7646, Palaiseau, France.,School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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5
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Coordination of cell migration mediated by site-dependent cell-cell contact. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10678-10683. [PMID: 30275335 PMCID: PMC6196508 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807543115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), the repulsive response of cells upon cell-cell contact, has been the predominant paradigm for contact-mediated responses. However, it is difficult for CIL alone to account for the complex behavior of cells within a multicellular environment, where cells often migrate in cohorts such as sheets, clusters, and streams. Although cell-cell adhesion and mechanical interactions play a role, how individual cells coordinate their migration within a multicellular environment remains unclear. Using micropatterned substrates to guide cell migration and manipulate cell-cell contact, we show that contacts between different regions of cells elicit different responses. Repulsive responses were limited to interaction with the head of a migrating cell, while contact with the tail of a neighboring cell promoted migration toward the tail. The latter behavior, termed contact following of locomotion (CFL), required the Wnt signaling pathway. Inhibition of the Wnt pathway disrupted not only CFL but also collective migration of epithelial cells, without affecting the migration of individual cells. In contrast, inhibition of myosin II with blebbistatin disrupted the migration of both individual epithelial cells and collectives. We propose that CFL, in conjunction with CIL, plays a major role in guiding and coordinating cell migration within a multicellular environment.
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6
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Nonmuscle myosin IIA and IIB differentially contribute to intrinsic and directed migration of human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Cohen S, Kovari DT, Wei W, Keate R, Curtis JE, Nie S. Cdc42 regulates the cellular localization of Cdc42ep1 in controlling neural crest cell migration. J Mol Cell Biol 2017; 10:376-387. [PMID: 29040749 PMCID: PMC6692865 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The member of Rho family of small GTPases Cdc42 plays important and conserved roles in cell polarity and motility. The Cdc42ep family proteins have been identified to bind to Cdc42, yet how they interact with Cdc42 to regulate cell migration remains to be elucidated. In this study, we focus on Cdc42ep1, which is expressed predominantly in the highly migratory neural crest cells in frog embryos. Through morpholino-mediated knockdown, we show that Cdc42ep1 is required for the migration of cranial neural crest cells. Loss of Cdc42ep1 leads to rounder cell shapes and the formation of membrane blebs, consistent with the observed disruption in actin organization and focal adhesion alignment. As a result, Cdc42ep1 is critical for neural crest cells to apply traction forces at the correct place to migrate efficiently. We further show that Cdc42ep1 is localized to two areas in neural crest cells: in membrane protrusions together with Cdc42 and in perinuclear patches where Cdc42 is absent. Cdc42 directly interacts with Cdc42ep1 (through the CRIB domain) and changes in Cdc42 level shift the distribution of Cdc42ep1 between these two subcellular locations, controlling the formation of membrane protrusions and directionality of migration as a consequence. These results suggest that Cdc42ep1 elaborates Cdc42 activity in neural crest cells to promote their efficient migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomi Cohen
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Wenbin Wei
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Keate
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Curtis
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuyi Nie
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,Correspondence to: Shuyi Nie, E-mail:
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8
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Zhang J, Wang YL. Centrosome defines the rear of cells during mesenchymal migration. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3240-3251. [PMID: 28855377 PMCID: PMC5687026 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of the strong polarity of cells migrating along micropatterned lines, combined with computational modeling and microsurgery, we found that the centrosome must be localized toward the rear of a cell, likely for controlling the distribution of tail formation signals. This discovery clarifies a long-standing controversy in cell biology. The importance of centrosome in directional cell migration has long been recognized. However, the conventional view that centrosome determines cell’s front, based on its often-observed position in front of the nucleus, has been challenged by contradictory observations. Here we show that centrosome defines the rear instead of the front, using cells plated on micropatterned adhesive strips to facilitate directional migration. We found that centrosome is always located proximal to the future rear before polarity is established through symmetry breaking or reversed as the cell reaches a dead end. In addition, using microsurgery to alter the distance of centrosomes from cells’ ends, we show that centrosomal proximity is predictive of the placement of the rear. Removal of centrosome impairs directional cell migration, whereas the removal of nucleus alone makes no difference in most cells. Computer modeling under the framework of a local-enhancement/global-inhibition mechanism further demonstrates that positioning of rear retraction, mediated by signals concentrated near the centrosome, recapitulates all the experimental observations. Our results resolve a long-standing controversy and explain how cells use centrosome and microtubules to maintain directional migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yu-Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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9
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Ruprecht V, Monzo P, Ravasio A, Yue Z, Makhija E, Strale PO, Gauthier N, Shivashankar GV, Studer V, Albiges-Rizo C, Viasnoff V. How cells respond to environmental cues - insights from bio-functionalized substrates. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:51-61. [PMID: 27856508 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic materials have long been the (he)art of bioengineering. They usually aim at mimicking in vivo conditions to allow in vitro culture, differentiation and expansion of cells. The past decade has witnessed a considerable amount of progress in soft lithography, bio-inspired micro-fabrication and biochemistry, allowing the design of sophisticated and physiologically relevant micro- and nano-environments. These systems now provide an exquisite toolbox with which we can control a large set of physicochemical environmental parameters that determine cell behavior. Bio-functionalized surfaces have evolved from simple protein-coated solid surfaces or cellular extracts into nano-textured 3D surfaces with controlled rheological and topographical properties. The mechanobiological molecular processes by which cells interact and sense their environment can now be unambiguously understood down to the single-molecule level. This Commentary highlights recent successful examples where bio-functionalized substrates have contributed in raising and answering new questions in the area of extracellular matrix sensing by cells, cell-cell adhesion and cell migration. The use, the availability, the impact and the challenges of such approaches in the field of biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Ruprecht
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Ravasio
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Zhang Yue
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Ekta Makhija
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Pierre Olivier Strale
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | | | - G V Shivashankar
- IFOM, Via Adamello, 16, Milano 20139, Italy.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Vincent Studer
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Corinne Albiges-Rizo
- INSERM, U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Institute Albert Bonniot, University Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche F-38700, France
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore .,CNRS UMI 3639, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411 Singapore
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10
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Liu L, Luo Q, Sun J, Song G. Nucleus and nucleus-cytoskeleton connections in 3D cell migration. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Southern BD, Grove LM, Rahaman SO, Abraham S, Scheraga RG, Niese KA, Sun H, Herzog EL, Liu F, Tschumperlin DJ, Egelhoff TT, Rosenfeld SS, Olman MA. Matrix-driven Myosin II Mediates the Pro-fibrotic Fibroblast Phenotype. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6083-95. [PMID: 26763235 PMCID: PMC4813589 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.712380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-fibrotic mesenchymal cells are known to be the key effector cells of fibroproliferative disease, but the specific matrix signals and the induced cellular responses that drive the fibrogenic phenotype remain to be elucidated. The key mediators of the fibroblast fibrogenic phenotype were characterized using a novel assay system that measures fibroblast behavior in response to actual normal and fibrotic lung tissue. Using this system, we demonstrate that normal lung promotes fibroblast motility and polarization, while fibrotic lung immobilizes the fibroblast and promotes myofibroblast differentiation. These context-specific phenotypes are surprisingly both mediated by myosin II. The role of myosin II is supported by the observation of an increase in myosin phosphorylation and a change in intracellular distribution in fibroblasts on fibrotic lung, as compared with normal lung. Moreover, loss of myosin II activity has opposing effects on protrusive activity in fibroblasts on normal and fibrotic lung. Loss of myosin II also selectively inhibits myofibroblast differentiation in fibroblasts on fibrotic lung. Importantly, these findings are recapitulated by varying the matrix stiffness of polyacrylamide gels in the range of normal and fibrotic lung tissue. Comparison of the effects of myosin inhibition on lung tissue with that of polyacrylamide gels suggests that matrix fiber organization drives the fibroblast phenotype under conditions of normal/soft lung, while matrix stiffness drives the phenotype under conditions of fibrotic/stiff lung. This work defines novel roles for myosin II as a key regulatory effector molecule of the pro-fibrotic phenotype, in response to biophysical properties of the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Huanxing Sun
- Yale ILD Center of Excellence, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Yale ILD Center of Excellence, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | | | - Steven S Rosenfeld
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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12
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Kai F, Fawcett JP, Duncan R. Synaptopodin-2 induces assembly of peripheral actin bundles and immature focal adhesions to promote lamellipodia formation and prostate cancer cell migration. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11162-74. [PMID: 25883213 PMCID: PMC4484447 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptopodin-2 (Synpo2), an actin-binding protein and invasive cancer biomarker, induces formation of complex stress fiber networks in the cell body and promotes PC3 prostate cancer cell migration in response to serum stimulation. The role of these actin networks in enhanced cancer cell migration is unknown. Using time-course analysis and live cell imaging of mock- and Synpo2-transduced PC3 cells, we now show that Synpo2 induces assembly of actin fibers near the cell periphery and Arp2/3-dependent lamellipodia formation. Lamellipodia formed in a non-directional manner or repeatedly changed direction, explaining the enhanced chemokinetic activity of PC3 cells in response to serum stimulation. Myosin contraction promotes retrograde flow of the Synpo2-associated actin filaments at the leading edge and their merger with actin networks in the cell body. Enhanced PC3 cell migration correlates with Synpo2-induced formation of lamellipodia and immature focal adhesions (FAs), but is not dependent on myosin contraction or FA maturation. The previously reported correlation between Synpo2-induced stress fiber assembly and enhanced PC3 cell migration therefore reflects the role of Synpo2 as a newly identified regulator of actin bundle formation and nascent FA assembly near the leading cell edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- FuiBoon Kai
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - James P Fawcett
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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13
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Monzo P, Chong YK, Guetta-Terrier C, Krishnasamy A, Sathe SR, Yim EKF, Ng WH, Ang BT, Tang C, Ladoux B, Gauthier NC, Sheetz MP. Mechanical confinement triggers glioma linear migration dependent on formin FHOD3. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1246-61. [PMID: 26912794 PMCID: PMC4831879 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-08-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are extremely aggressive brain tumors with highly invasive properties. Brain linear tracks such as blood vessel walls constitute their main invasive routes. Here we analyze rat C6 and patient-derived glioma cell motility in vitro using micropatterned linear tracks to mimic blood vessels. On laminin-coated tracks (3-10 μm), these cells used an efficient saltatory mode of migration similar to their in vivo migration. This saltatory migration was also observed on larger tracks (50-400 μm in width) at high cell densities. In these cases, the mechanical constraints imposed by neighboring cells triggered this efficient mode of migration, resulting in the formation of remarkable antiparallel streams of cells along the tracks. This motility involved microtubule-dependent polarization, contractile actin bundles and dynamic paxillin-containing adhesions in the leading process and in the tail. Glioma linear migration was dramatically reduced by inhibiting formins but, surprisingly, accelerated by inhibiting Arp2/3. Protein expression and phenotypic analysis indicated that the formin FHOD3 played a role in this motility but not mDia1 or mDia2. We propose that glioma migration under confinement on laminin relies on formins, including FHOD3, but not Arp2/3 and that the low level of adhesion allows rapid antiparallel migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Monzo
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | | | | | - Anitha Krishnasamy
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Sharvari R Sathe
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575 Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Wai Hoe Ng
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433 Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Beng Ti Ang
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433 Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857 Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597 Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore 117609
| | - Carol Tang
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433 Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857 Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot and CNRS UMR 7592, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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14
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Jiang J, Zhang ZH, Yuan XB, Poo MM. Spatiotemporal dynamics of traction forces show three contraction centers in migratory neurons. J Cell Biol 2015; 209:759-74. [PMID: 26056143 PMCID: PMC4460152 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201410068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traction force microscopy provides a comprehensive description of the spatiotemporal dynamics of contractile activities and their regulation by guidance molecules in migrating neurons, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Traction force against the substrate is required for neuronal migration, but how it is generated and regulated remains controversial. Using traction force microscopy, we showed in cultured granule cells the coexistence of three distinct contraction centers (CCs) that are located at the distal and proximal regions of the leading process as well as at the trailing process, regions exhibiting high-level myosin-II activities. The CC activities depended on myosin-II, actin filaments, and microtubules, as well as substrate adhesion, and exhibited apparently independent fluctuation. The difference of strain energies associated with CC activities between leading versus trailing processes tightly correlated with the displacement of the soma at any given time. Application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Slit2, factors known to guide neuronal migration, at the leading process altered CC activities by regulating the small GTPases Cdc42 and RhoA, respectively, leading to forward and rearward soma translocation. These results delineate the multiple origins and spatiotemporal dynamics of the traction force underlying neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 200031 Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 200031
| | - Zheng-hong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 200031
| | - Xiao-bin Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 200031
| | - Mu-ming Poo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 200031
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15
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Abstract
Microtubules are known to play an important role in cell polarity; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Using cells migrating persistently on micropatterned strips, we found that depolymerization of microtubules caused cells to change from persistent to oscillatory migration. Mathematical modeling in the context of a local-excitation-global-inhibition control mechanism indicated that this mechanism can account for microtubule-dependent oscillation, assuming that microtubules remove inhibitory signals from the front after a delayed generation. Experiments further supported model predictions that the period of oscillation positively correlates with cell length and that oscillation may be induced by inhibiting retrograde motors. We suggest that microtubules are required not for the generation but for the maintenance of cell polarity, by mediating the global distribution of inhibitory signals. Disassembly of microtubules induces cell oscillation by allowing inhibitory signals to accumulate at the front, which stops frontal protrusion and allows the polarity to reverse.
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16
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Huda S, Pilans D, Makurath M, Hermans T, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Grzybowski BA. Microfabricated Systems and Assays for Studying the Cytoskeletal Organization, Micromechanics, and Motility Patterns of Cancerous Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES 2014; 1:1400158. [PMID: 26900544 PMCID: PMC4757490 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201400158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell motions are driven by coordinated actions of the intracellular cytoskeleton - actin, microtubules (MTs) and substrate/focal adhesions (FAs). This coordination is altered in metastatic cancer cells resulting in deregulated and increased cellular motility. Microfabrication tools, including photolithography, micromolding, microcontact printing, wet stamping and microfluidic devices have emerged as a powerful set of experimental tools with which to probe and define the differences in cytoskeleton organization/dynamics and cell motility patterns in non-metastatic and metastatic cancer cells. In this review, we discuss four categories of microfabricated systems: (i) micropatterned substrates for studying of cell motility sub-processes (for example, MT targeting of FAs or cell polarization); (ii) systems for studying cell mechanical properties, (iii) systems for probing overall cell motility patterns within challenging geometric confines relevant to metastasis (for example, linear and ratchet geometries), and (iv) microfluidic devices that incorporate co-cultures of multiple cells types and chemical gradients to mimic in vivo intravasation/extravasation steps of metastasis. Together, these systems allow for creating controlled microenvironments that not only mimic complex soft tissues, but are also compatible with live cell high-resolution imaging and quantitative analysis of single cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabil Huda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Didzis Pilans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Monika Makurath
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Hermans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kristiana Kandere-Grzybowska
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
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Morin TR, Ghassem-Zadeh SA, Lee J. Traction force microscopy in rapidly moving cells reveals separate roles for ROCK and MLCK in the mechanics of retraction. Exp Cell Res 2014; 326:280-94. [PMID: 24786318 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Retraction is a major rate-limiting step in cell motility, particularly in slow moving cell types that form large stable adhesions. Myosin II dependent contractile forces are thought to facilitate detachment by physically pulling up the rear edge. However, retraction can occur in the absence of myosin II activity in cell types that form small labile adhesions. To investigate the role of contractile force generation in retraction, we performed traction force microscopy during the movement of fish epithelial keratocytes. By correlating changes in local traction stress at the rear with the area retracted, we identified four distinct modes of retraction. "Recoil" retractions are preceded by a rise in local traction stress, while rear edge is temporarily stuck, followed by a sharp drop in traction stress upon detachment. This retraction type was most common in cells generating high average traction stress. In "pull" type retractions local traction stress and area retracted increase concomitantly. This was the predominant type of retraction in keratocytes and was observed mostly in cells generating low average traction stress. "Continuous" type retractions occur without any detectable change in traction stress, and are seen in cells generating low average traction stress. In contrast, to many other cell types, "release" type retractions occur in keratocytes following a decrease in local traction stress. Our identification of distinct modes of retraction suggests that contractile forces may play different roles in detachment that are related to rear adhesion strength. To determine how the regulation of contractility via MLCK or Rho kinase contributes to the mechanics of detachment, inhibitors were used to block or augment these pathways. Modulation of MLCK activity led to the most rapid change in local traction stress suggesting its importance in regulating attachment strength. Surprisingly, Rho kinase was not required for detachment, but was essential for localizing retraction to the rear. We suggest that in keratocytes MLCK and Rho kinase play distinct, complementary roles in the respective temporal and spatial control of rear detachment that is essential for maintaining rapid motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Morin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sean A Ghassem-Zadeh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Juliet Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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18
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Liu Z, Vong QP, Liu C, Zheng Y. Borg5 is required for angiogenesis by regulating persistent directional migration of the cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:841-51. [PMID: 24451259 PMCID: PMC3952853 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-09-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using mouse knockout strategy, the authors uncovered a role for Borg5 in microvascular angiogenesis. In primary mouse cardiac endothelial cells, Borg5 interacts with septin cytoskeleton and colocalizes with perinuclear actomyosin fibers. The data presented suggest that Borg5 and septin regulate the actomyosin activity critical for persistent directional migration. The microvasculature is important for vertebrate organ development and homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanism of microvascular angiogenesis remains incompletely understood. Through studying Borg5 (Binder of the Rho GTPase 5), which belongs to a family of poorly understood effector proteins of the Cdc42 GTPase, we uncover a role for Borg5 in microvascular angiogenesis. Deletion of Borg5 in mice results in defects in retinal and cardiac microvasculature as well as heart development. Borg5 promotes angiogenesis by regulating persistent directional migration of the endothelial cells (ECs). In primary mouse cardiac ECs (MCECs), Borg5 associates with septins in the perinuclear region and colocalizes with actomyosin fibers. Both Borg5 deletion and septin 7 knockdown lead to a disruption of the perinuclear actomyosin and persistent directional migration. Our findings suggest that Borg5 and septin cytoskeleton spatially control actomyosin activity to ensure persistent directional migration of MCECs and efficient microvascular angiogenesis. Our studies reported here should offer a new avenue to further investigate the functions of Borg5, septin, and actomyosin in the microvasculature in the context of development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218 iPSC and Genome Engineering Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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19
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Raman PS, Paul CD, Stroka KM, Konstantopoulos K. Probing cell traction forces in confined microenvironments. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4599-607. [PMID: 24100608 PMCID: PMC5409513 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50802a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cells migrate in vivo within three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrices. Cells also migrate through 3D longitudinal channels formed between the connective tissue and the basement membrane of muscle, nerve, and epithelium. Although traction forces have been measured during 2D cell migration, no assay has been developed to probe forces during migration through confined microenvironments. We thus fabricated a novel microfluidic device consisting of deflectable PDMS microposts incorporated within microchannels of varying cross-sectional areas. Using NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and human osteosarcoma (HOS) cells as models, we found that the average traction forces per post decreased upon increasing confinement. Inhibition of myosin-II function by blebbistatin in HOS cells decreased traction forces in unconfined (wide) channels but failed to alter them in confined spaces. Myosin activation by calyculin A also failed to affect traction forces in confining channels but increased them in wide channels. These observations underlie the importance of the physical microenvironment in the regulation of cell migration and cellular traction forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phrabha S. Raman
- Johns Hopkins Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Colin D. Paul
- Johns Hopkins Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Stroka
- Johns Hopkins Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Johns Hopkins Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- ; Fax: +1 410 516 5510; Tel: +1 410 516 7170
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20
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Tahtamouni LH, Shaw AE, Hasan MH, Yasin SR, Bamburg JR. Non-overlapping activities of ADF and cofilin-1 during the migration of metastatic breast tumor cells. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:45. [PMID: 24093776 PMCID: PMC3850953 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADF/cofilin proteins are key modulators of actin dynamics in metastasis and invasion of cancer cells. Here we focused on the roles of ADF and cofilin-1 individually in the development of polarized migration of rat mammary adenocarcinoma (MTLn3) cells, which express nearly equal amounts of each protein. Small interference RNA (siRNA) technology was used to knockdown (KD) the expression of ADF and cofilin-1 independently. RESULTS Either ADF KD or cofilin KD caused cell elongation, a reduction in cell area, a decreased ability to form invadopodia, and a decreased percentage of polarized cells after 180 s of epidermal growth factor stimulation. Moreover, ADF KD or cofilin KD increased the rate of cell migration and the time of lamellipodia protrusion but through different mechanisms: lamellipodia protrude more frequently in ADF KD cells and are more persistent in cofilin KD cells. ADF KD cells showed a significant increase in F-actin aggregates, whereas cofilin KD cells showed a significant increase in prominent F-actin bundles and increased cell adhesion. Focal adhesion area and cell adhesion in cofilin KD cells were returned to control levels by expressing exogenous cofilin but not ADF. Return to control rates of cell migration in ADF KD cells was achieved by expression of exogenous ADF but not cofilin, whereas in cofilin KD cells, expression of cofilin efficiently rescued control migration rates. CONCLUSION Although ADF and cofilin have many redundant functions, each of these isoforms has functional differences that affect F-actin structures, cell adhesion and lamellipodial dynamics, all of which are important determinants of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna H Tahtamouni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Alisa E Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Maram H Hasan
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Salem R Yasin
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - James R Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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21
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Chang SS, Guo WH, Kim Y, Wang YL. Guidance of cell migration by substrate dimension. Biophys J 2013; 104:313-21. [PMID: 23442853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest that physical parameters, including substrate rigidity, topography, and cell geometry, play an important role in cell migration. As there are significant differences in cell behavior when cultured in 1D, 2D, or 3D environments, we hypothesize that migrating cells are also able to sense the dimension of the environment as a guidance cue. NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were cultured on micropatterned substrates where the path of migration alternates between 1D lines and 2D rectangles. We found that 3T3 cells had a clear preference to stay on 2D rather than 1D substrates. Cells on 2D surfaces generated stronger traction stress than did those on 1D surfaces, but inhibition of myosin II caused cells to lose their sensitivity to substrate dimension, suggesting that myosin-II-dependent traction forces are the determining factor for dimension sensing. Furthermore, oncogene-transformed fibroblasts are defective in mechanosensing while generating similar traction forces on 1D and 2D surfaces. Dimension sensing may be involved in guiding cell migration for both physiological functions and tissue engineering, and for maintaining normal cells in their home tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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