1
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Wang W, Shi Z, Zhang D, Hou W, Ma H, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Yang Z, Jia B, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Kinesin motor KIF16A regulates microtubule stability and actin-dependent spindle migration in mouse oocyte meiosis. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23750. [PMID: 38888878 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400989r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Kif16A, a member of the kinesin-3 family of motor proteins, has been shown to play crucial roles in inducing mitotic arrest, apoptosis, and mitotic cell death. However, its roles during oocyte meiotic maturation have not been fully defined. In this study, we report that Kif16A exhibits unique accumulation on the spindle apparatus and colocalizes with microtubule fibers during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. Targeted depletion of Kif16A using gene-targeting siRNA disrupts the progression of the meiotic cell cycle. Furthermore, Kif16A depletion leads to aberrant spindle assembly and chromosome misalignment in oocytes. Our findings also indicate that Kif16A depletion reduces tubulin acetylation levels and compromises microtubule resistance to depolymerizing drugs, suggesting its crucial role in microtubule stability maintenance. Notably, we find that the depletion of Kif16A results in a notably elevated incidence of defective kinetochore-microtubule attachments and the absence of BubR1 localization at kinetochores, suggesting a critical role for Kif16A in the activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) activity. Additionally, we observe that Kif16A is indispensable for proper actin filament distribution, thereby impacting spindle migration. In summary, our findings demonstrate that Kif16A plays a pivotal role in regulating microtubule and actin dynamics crucial for ensuring both spindle assembly and migration during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenhu Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Wanbei Coal Group, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo of Suzhou City, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Hou
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
| | - Huijie Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yongteng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jinbao Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Zaishan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Qimei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Mianqun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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2
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Garcia YA, Velasquez EF, Gao LW, Gholkar AA, Clutario KM, Cheung K, Williams-Hamilton T, Whitelegge JP, Torres JZ. Mapping Proximity Associations of Core Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Proteins. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3414-3427. [PMID: 34087075 PMCID: PMC8256817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is critical for sensing defective microtubule-kinetochore attachments and tension across the kinetochore and functions to arrest cells in prometaphase to allow time to repair any errors before proceeding into anaphase. Dysregulation of the SAC leads to chromosome segregation errors that have been linked to human diseases like cancer. Although much has been learned about the composition of the SAC and the factors that regulate its activity, the proximity associations of core SAC components have not been explored in a systematic manner. Here, we have taken a BioID2-proximity-labeling proteomic approach to define the proximity protein environment for each of the five core SAC proteins BUB1, BUB3, BUBR1, MAD1L1, and MAD2L1 in mitotic-enriched populations of cells where the SAC is active. These five protein association maps were integrated to generate a SAC proximity protein network that contains multiple layers of information related to core SAC protein complexes, protein-protein interactions, and proximity associations. Our analysis validated many known SAC complexes and protein-protein interactions. Additionally, it uncovered new protein associations, including the ELYS-MAD1L1 interaction that we have validated, which lend insight into the functioning of core SAC proteins and highlight future areas of investigation to better understand the SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenni A. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Erick F. Velasquez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Lucy W. Gao
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and
Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
90095, United States
| | - Ankur A. Gholkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Kevin M. Clutario
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Keith Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Taylor Williams-Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and
Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
90095, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of
California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United
States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Jorge Z. Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of
California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United
States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
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3
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Cheng T, Shuang W, Ye D, Zhang W, Yang Z, Fang W, Xu H, Gu M, Xu W, Guan C. SNHG16 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis via regulation of the miR-1303-p/STARD9 axis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110013. [PMID: 33901578 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and causes many deaths. Numerous medical studies have suggested that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exert their biological functions on ccRCC. Herein, functions of lncRNA SNHG16 in ccRCC cells and the mechanism mediated by SNHG16 were investigated. The expression levels of SNHG16 and its downstream genes in ccRCC cells and RCC tissues were examined utilizing reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. Cell counting kit-8 and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays were performed to evaluate the proliferation of ccRCC cells, and flow cytometry analyses were employed to determine the apoptosis of ccRCC cells. Western blot analysis was applied to examine protein levels associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis. The combination between SNHG16 and miRNA as well as miRNA and its target gene were explored by luciferase reporter, RNA pull down, and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. The significant upregulation of SNHG16 was observed in RCC tissues and ccRCC cells. SNHG16 downregulation inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of ccRCC cells. In addition, SNHG16 served as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-1301-3p, and STARD9 was a target gene of miR-1301-3p in ccRCC cells. SNHG16 upregulated STARD9 expression by binding with miR-1301-3p in ccRCC cells. Rescue assays validated that SNHG16 promoted ccRCC cell promotion and induced ccRCC cell apoptosis by upregulating STARD9 expression. In conclusions, SNHG16 promotes ccRCC cell proliferation and suppresses ccRCC cell apoptosis via interaction with miR-1301-3p to upregulate STARD9 expression in ccRCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cheng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Weibing Shuang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Dawen Ye
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhang
- Innoscience Research Sdn Bhd, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Zhao Yang
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenge Fang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Mingli Gu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Weiqiang Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Guan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China..
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4
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Ong JY, Bradley MC, Torres JZ. Phospho-regulation of mitotic spindle assembly. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:558-578. [PMID: 33280275 PMCID: PMC7898546 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of the bipolar mitotic spindle requires the careful orchestration of a myriad of enzyme activities like protein posttranslational modifications. Among these, phosphorylation has arisen as the principle mode for spatially and temporally activating the proteins involved in early mitotic spindle assembly processes. Here, we review key kinases, phosphatases, and phosphorylation events that regulate critical aspects of these processes. We highlight key phosphorylation substrates that are important for ensuring the fidelity of centriole duplication, centrosome maturation, and the establishment of the bipolar spindle. We also highlight techniques used to understand kinase-substrate relationships and to study phosphorylation events. We conclude with perspectives on the field of posttranslational modifications in early mitotic spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michelle C Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Clark BJ. The START-domain proteins in intracellular lipid transport and beyond. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 504:110704. [PMID: 31927098 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein-related Lipid Transfer (START) domain is a ~210 amino acid sequence that folds into an α/β helix-grip structure forming a hydrophobic pocket for lipid binding. The helix-grip fold structure defines a large superfamily of proteins, and this review focuses on the mammalian START domain family members that include single START domain proteins with identified ligands, and larger multi-domain proteins that may have novel roles in metabolism. Much of our understanding of the mammalian START domain proteins in lipid transport and changes in metabolism has advanced through studies using knockout mouse models, although for some of these proteins the identity and/or physiological role of ligand binding remains unknown. The findings that helped define START domain lipid-binding specificity, lipid transport, and changes in metabolism are presented to highlight that fundamental questions remain regarding the biological function(s) for START domain-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Cell division is a highly regulated and carefully orchestrated process. Understanding the mechanisms that promote proper cell division is an important step toward unraveling important questions in cell biology and human health. Early studies seeking to dissect the mechanisms of cell division used classical genetics approaches to identify genes involved in mitosis and deployed biochemical approaches to isolate and identify proteins critical for cell division. These studies underscored that post-translational modifications and cyclin-kinase complexes play roles at the heart of the cell division program. Modern approaches for examining the mechanisms of cell division, including the use of high-throughput methods to study the effects of RNAi, cDNA, and chemical libraries, have evolved to encompass a larger biological and chemical space. Here, we outline some of the classical studies that established a foundation for the field and provide an overview of recent approaches that have advanced the study of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 .,The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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7
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Srivastava S, Panda D. A centrosomal protein STARD9 promotes microtubule stability and regulates spindle microtubule dynamics. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2052-2068. [PMID: 30160609 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1513764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomal proteins play important roles in the spindle assembly and the segregation of chromosomes in the eukaryotic cells. STARD9, a recently identified centrosomal protein, was reported to influence the spindle pole assembly. However, the role of STARD9 in maintaining the stability and organization of microtubules are not known. Here, we show that STARD9 regulates the assembly and dynamics of both interphase and mitotic microtubules. The knockdown of STARD9 in HeLa or HCT116 cells with siRNA or shRNA induced a strong depolymerization of the interphase microtubules. The over-expression of the motor domain of STARD9 stabilizes microtubules against cold and nocodazole suggesting that STARD9 stabilizes microtubules in HeLa cells. Using fluorescent recovery after photobleaching, we showed that the knockdown of STARD9 strongly reduced microtubule dynamics in the live spindles of HeLa cells. The reassembly of microtubules in the STARD9-depleted cells was strongly reduced as compared to the microtubules in the control cells implying the role of STARD9 in the nucleation of microtubules. Further, the depletion of STARD9 inhibited chromosome separation and the STARD9-depleted HeLa cells were blocked at mitosis. Interestingly, the frequency of multipolar spindle formation increased significantly in the STARD9-depleted HeLa cells in the presence of vinblastine and the STARD9-depleted cells showed much higher sensitivity towards vinblastine than the control cells indicating a new approach for cancer chemotherapy. The evidence suggests that STARD9 regulates the assembly and stability of both interphase and spindle microtubules and thereby, play important roles in the cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Srivastava
- a Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai , India
| | - Dulal Panda
- a Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai , India
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8
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Importin-β Directly Regulates the Motor Activity and Turnover of a Kinesin-4. Dev Cell 2018; 44:642-651.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Okamoto N, Tsuchiya Y, Miya F, Tsunoda T, Yamashita K, Boroevich KA, Kato M, Saitoh S, Yamasaki M, Kanemura Y, Kosaki K, Kitagawa D. A novel genetic syndrome with STARD9 mutation and abnormal spindle morphology. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2690-2696. [PMID: 28777490 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is one of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by serious defects in both intelligence and adaptive behavior. Although it has been suggested that genetic aberrations associated with the process of cell division underlie ID, the cytological evidence for mitotic defects in actual patient's cells is rarely reported. Here, we report a novel mutation in the STARD9 (also known as KIF16A) gene found in a patient with severe ID, characteristic features, epilepsy, acquired microcephaly, and blindness. Using whole-exome sequence analysis, we sequenced potential candidate genes in the patient. We identified a homozygous single-nucleotide deletion creating a premature stop codon in the STARD9 gene. STARD9 encodes a 4,700 amino acid protein belonging to the kinesin superfamily. Depletion of STARD9 or overexpression of C-terminally truncated STARD9 mutants were known to induce spindle assembly defects in human culture cells. To determine cytological features in the patient cells, we isolated lymphoblast cells from the patient, and performed immunofluorescence analysis. Remarkably, mitotic defects, including multipolar spindle formation, fragmentation of pericentriolar materials and centrosome amplification, were observed in the cells. Taken together, our findings raise the possibility that controlled expression of full-length STARD9 is necessary for proper spindle assembly in cell division during human development. We propose that mutations in STARD9 result in abnormal spindle morphology and cause a novel genetic syndrome with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsuchiya
- National Institute of Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Centrosome Biology, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Miya
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yamashita
- Biwako Gakuen Kusatsu Medical and Welfare Center for Children and Persons with Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Keith A Boroevich
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Yamasaki
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Takatsuki General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- National Institute of Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Centrosome Biology, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
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10
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Chen XS, Reader RH, Hoischen A, Veltman JA, Simpson NH, Francks C, Newbury DF, Fisher SE. Next-generation DNA sequencing identifies novel gene variants and pathways involved in specific language impairment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46105. [PMID: 28440294 PMCID: PMC5404330 DOI: 10.1038/srep46105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of children have unexplained problems acquiring proficient linguistic skills despite adequate intelligence and opportunity. Developmental language disorders are highly heritable with substantial societal impact. Molecular studies have begun to identify candidate loci, but much of the underlying genetic architecture remains undetermined. We performed whole-exome sequencing of 43 unrelated probands affected by severe specific language impairment, followed by independent validations with Sanger sequencing, and analyses of segregation patterns in parents and siblings, to shed new light on aetiology. By first focusing on a pre-defined set of known candidates from the literature, we identified potentially pathogenic variants in genes already implicated in diverse language-related syndromes, including ERC1, GRIN2A, and SRPX2. Complementary analyses suggested novel putative candidates carrying validated variants which were predicted to have functional effects, such as OXR1, SCN9A and KMT2D. We also searched for potential “multiple-hit” cases; one proband carried a rare AUTS2 variant in combination with a rare inherited haplotype affecting STARD9, while another carried a novel nonsynonymous variant in SEMA6D together with a rare stop-gain in SYNPR. On broadening scope to all rare and novel variants throughout the exomes, we identified biological themes that were enriched for such variants, including microtubule transport and cytoskeletal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sylvia Chen
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rose H Reader
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nuala H Simpson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dianne F Newbury
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Bradley M, Ramirez I, Cheung K, Gholkar AA, Torres JZ. Inducible LAP-tagged Stable Cell Lines for Investigating Protein Function, Spatiotemporal Localization and Protein Interaction Networks. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060263 PMCID: PMC5226453 DOI: 10.3791/54870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-protein complexes, rather than single proteins acting in isolation, often govern molecular pathways regulating cellular homeostasis. Based on this principle, the purification of critical proteins required for the functioning of these pathways along with their native interacting partners has not only allowed the mapping of the protein constituents of these pathways, but has also provided a deeper understanding of how these proteins coordinate to regulate these pathways. Within this context, understanding a protein's spatiotemporal localization and its protein-protein interaction network can aid in defining its role within a pathway, as well as how its misregulation may lead to disease pathogenesis. To address this need, several approaches for protein purification such as tandem affinity purification (TAP) and localization and affinity purification (LAP) have been designed and used successfully. Nevertheless, in order to apply these approaches to pathway-scale proteomic analyses, these strategies must be supplemented with modern technological developments in cloning and mammalian stable cell line generation. Here, we describe a method for generating LAP-tagged human inducible stable cell lines for investigating protein subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction networks. This approach has been successfully applied to the dissection of multiple cellular pathways including cell division and is compatible with high-throughput proteomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Ivan Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Keith Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Ankur A Gholkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles;
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12
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Xia X, Gholkar A, Senese S, Torres JZ. A LCMT1-PME-1 methylation equilibrium controls mitotic spindle size. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1938-47. [PMID: 25839665 PMCID: PMC4614068 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1026487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1 (LCMT1) and protein phosphatase methylesterase-1 (PME-1) are essential enzymes that regulate the methylation of the protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2AC). LCMT1 and PME-1 have been linked to the regulation of cell growth and proliferation, but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. We show here an important role for an LCMT1-PME-1 methylation equilibrium in controlling mitotic spindle size. Depletion of LCMT1 or overexpression of PME-1 led to long spindles. In contrast, depletion of PME-1, pharmacological inhibition of PME-1 or overexpression of LCMT1 led to short spindles. Furthermore, perturbation of the LCMT1-PME-1 methylation equilibrium led to mitotic arrest, spindle assembly checkpoint activation, defective cell divisions, induction of apoptosis and reduced cell viability. Thus, we propose that the LCMT1-PME-1 methylation equilibrium is critical for regulating mitotic spindle size and thereby proper cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xia
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California ; Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Cheung K, Senese S, Kuang J, Bui N, Ongpipattanakul C, Gholkar A, Cohn W, Capri J, Whitelegge JP, Torres JZ. Proteomic Analysis of the Mammalian Katanin Family of Microtubule-severing Enzymes Defines Katanin p80 subunit B-like 1 (KATNBL1) as a Regulator of Mammalian Katanin Microtubule-severing. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1658-69. [PMID: 26929214 PMCID: PMC4858946 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.056465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Katanin family of microtubule-severing enzymes is critical for remodeling microtubule-based structures that influence cell division, motility, morphogenesis and signaling. Katanin is composed of a catalytic p60 subunit (A subunit, KATNA1) and a regulatory p80 subunit (B subunit, KATNB1). The mammalian genome also encodes two additional A-like subunits (KATNAL1 and KATNAL2) and one additional B-like subunit (KATNBL1) that have remained poorly characterized. To better understand the factors and mechanisms controlling mammalian microtubule-severing, we have taken a mass proteomic approach to define the protein interaction module for each mammalian Katanin subunit and to generate the mammalian Katanin family interaction network (Katan-ome). Further, we have analyzed the function of the KATNBL1 subunit and determined that it associates with KATNA1 and KATNAL1, it localizes to the spindle poles only during mitosis and it regulates Katanin A subunit microtubule-severing activity in vitro. Interestingly, during interphase, KATNBL1 is sequestered in the nucleus through an N-terminal nuclear localization signal. Finally KATNB1 was able to compete the interaction of KATNBL1 with KATNA1 and KATNAL1. These data indicate that KATNBL1 functions as a regulator of Katanin A subunit microtubule-severing activity during mitosis and that it likely coordinates with KATNB1 to perform this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Cheung
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Silvia Senese
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Jiaen Kuang
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Ngoc Bui
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Chayanid Ongpipattanakul
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Ankur Gholkar
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- §Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Joseph Capri
- §Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- §Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ¶Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095; ‖Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095; ¶Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095; ‖Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
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Gholkar AA, Senese S, Lo YC, Vides E, Contreras E, Hodara E, Capri J, Whitelegge JP, Torres JZ. The X-Linked-Intellectual-Disability-Associated Ubiquitin Ligase Mid2 Interacts with Astrin and Regulates Astrin Levels to Promote Cell Division. Cell Rep 2015; 14:180-8. [PMID: 26748699 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mid1 and Mid2 are ubiquitin ligases that regulate microtubule dynamics and whose mutation is associated with X-linked developmental disorders. We show that astrin, a microtubule-organizing protein, co-purifies with Mid1 and Mid2, has an overlapping localization with Mid1 and Mid2 at intercellular bridge microtubules, is ubiquitinated by Mid2 on lysine 409, and is degraded during cytokinesis. Mid2 depletion led to astrin stabilization during cytokinesis, cytokinetic defects, multinucleated cells, and cell death. Similarly, expression of a K409A mutant astrin in astrin-depleted cells led to the accumulation of K409A on intercellular bridge microtubules and an increase in cytokinetic defects, multinucleated cells, and cell death. These results indicate that Mid2 regulates cell division through the ubiquitination of astrin on K409, which is critical for its degradation and proper cytokinesis. These results could help explain how mutation of MID2 leads to misregulation of microtubule organization and the downstream disease pathology associated with X-linked intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur A Gholkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Silvia Senese
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Edmundo Vides
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ely Contreras
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Hodara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph Capri
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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