1
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Huang H, Jiang J, Chen R, Lin Y, Chen H, Ling Q. The role of macrophage TAM receptor family in the acute-to-chronic progression of liver disease: From friend to foe? Liver Int 2022; 42:2620-2631. [PMID: 35900248 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages, the key cellular components of the liver, emerge as essential players in liver inflammation, tissue repair and subsequent fibrosis, as well as tumorigenesis. Recently, the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase family, consisting of Tyro3, Axl and MerTK, was found to be a pivotal modulator of macrophages. Activation of macrophage TAM receptor signalling promotes the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells and skews the polarization of macrophages. After briefly reviewing the mechanisms of TAM receptor signalling in macrophage polarization, we focus on their role in liver diseases from acute injury to chronic inflammation, fibrosis and then to tumorigenesis. Notably, macrophage TAM receptor signalling seems to be a two-edged sword for liver diseases. On one hand, the activation of TAM receptor signalling inhibits inflammation and facilitates tissue repair during acute liver injury. On the other hand, continuous activation of the signalling contributes to the process of chronic inflammation into fibrosis and tumorigenesis by evoking hepatic stellate cells and inhibiting anti-tumour immunity. Therefore, targeting macrophage TAM receptors and clarifying its downstream pathways will be exciting prospects for the precaution and treatment of liver diseases, particularly at different stages or statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Huang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Jiang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruihan Chen
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yimou Lin
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Ling
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Blades F, Chambers JD, Aumann TD, Nguyen CTO, Wong VHY, Aprico A, Nwoke EC, Bui BV, Grayden DB, Kilpatrick TJ, Binder MD. White matter tract conductivity is resistant to wide variations in paranodal structure and myelin thickness accompanying the loss of Tyro3: an experimental and simulated analysis. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2035-2048. [PMID: 35441271 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myelination within the central nervous system (CNS) is crucial for the conduction of action potentials by neurons. Variation in compact myelin morphology and the structure of the paranode are hypothesised to have significant impact on the speed of action potentials. There are, however, limited experimental data investigating the impact of changes in myelin structure upon conductivity in the central nervous system. We have used a genetic model in which myelin thickness is reduced to investigate the effect of myelin alterations upon action potential velocity. A detailed examination of the myelin ultrastructure of mice in which the receptor tyrosine kinase Tyro3 has been deleted showed that, in addition to thinner myelin, these mice have significantly disrupted paranodes. Despite these alterations to myelin and paranodal structure, we did not identify a reduction in conductivity in either the corpus callosum or the optic nerve. Exploration of these results using a mathematical model of neuronal conductivity predicts that the absence of Tyro3 would lead to reduced conductivity in single fibres, but would not affect the compound action potential of multiple myelinated neurons as seen in neuronal tracts. Our data highlight the importance of experimental assessment of conductivity and suggests that simple assessment of structural changes to myelin is a poor predictor of neural functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrah Blades
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Centre for Solar Biotechnology, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jordan D Chambers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Timothy D Aumann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrea Aprico
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Eze C Nwoke
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David B Grayden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michele D Binder
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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3
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Miyamoto Y, Torii T, Homma K, Oizumi H, Ohbuchi K, Mizoguchi K, Takashima S, Yamauchi J. The adaptor SH2B1 and the phosphatase PTP4A1 regulate the phosphorylation of cytohesin-2 in myelinating Schwann cells in mice. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabi5276. [PMID: 35077201 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abi5276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mature myelin sheaths insulate axons to increase nerve conduction velocity and protect nerve fibers from stress and physical injury. In the peripheral nervous system, the myelin sheath is produced by Schwann cells. The guanine-nucleotide exchange factor cytohesin-2 activates the protein Arf6 to promote Schwann cell myelination. Here, we investigated the regulation of cytohesin-2 and found that the phosphorylation status of Tyr381 in cytohesin-2 is central to Schwann cell myelination. Knockin mice with a nonphosphorylatable Y381F mutation in cytohesin-2 exhibited reduced myelin thickness and decreased Arf6 activity in sciatic nerve tissue. In HEK293T cells, cytohesin-2 was dephosphorylated at Tyr381 by the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP4A1, whereas phosphorylation at this site was maintained by interaction with the adaptor protein SH2B1. Schwann cell-specific knockdown of PTP4A1 in mice increased cytohesin-2 phosphorylation and myelin thickness. Conversely, Schwann cell-specific loss of SH2B1 resulted in reduced myelin thickness and decreased cytohesin-2 phosphorylation. Thus, a signaling unit centered on cytohesin-2-with SH2B1 as a positive regulator and PTP4A1 as a negative regulator-controls Schwann cell myelination in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Torii
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Pathophysiology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Keiichi Homma
- Department of Life Science and Informatics, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Oizumi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Shou Takashima
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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4
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Wofford KL, Shultz RB, Burrell JC, Cullen DK. Neuroimmune interactions and immunoengineering strategies in peripheral nerve repair. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 208:102172. [PMID: 34492307 PMCID: PMC8712351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries result in disrupted cellular communication between the central nervous system and somatic distal end targets. The peripheral nervous system is capable of independent and extensive regeneration; however, meaningful target muscle reinnervation and functional recovery remain limited and may result in chronic neuropathic pain and diminished quality of life. Macrophages, the primary innate immune cells of the body, are critical contributors to regeneration of the injured peripheral nervous system. However, in some clinical scenarios, macrophages may fail to provide adequate support with optimal timing, duration, and location. Here, we review the history of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory strategies to treat nerve injuries. Thereafter, we enumerate the ways in which macrophages contribute to successful nerve regeneration. We argue that implementing macrophage-based immunomodulatory therapies is a promising treatment strategy for nerve injuries across a wide range of clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Wofford
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Robert B Shultz
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Axonova Medical, LLC, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Justin C Burrell
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Axonova Medical, LLC, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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5
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Facci L, Barbierato M, Fusco M, Giusti P, Zusso M. Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/Luteolin-Induced Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation is Associated With Tyro3 Receptor Upregulation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:698133. [PMID: 34276381 PMCID: PMC8277943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.698133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination in patients with multiple sclerosis frequently fails, especially in the chronic phase of the disease promoting axonal and neuronal degeneration and progressive disease disability. Drug-based therapies able to promote endogenous remyelination capability of oligodendrocytes are thus emerging as primary approaches to multiple sclerosis. We have recently reported that the co-ultramicronized composite of palmitoylethanolamide and the flavonoid luteolin (PEALut) promotes oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) maturation without affecting proliferation. Since TAM receptor signaling has been reported to be important modulator of oligodendrocyte survival, we here evaluated the eventual involvement of TAM receptors in PEALut-induced OPC maturation. The mRNAs related to TAM receptors -Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk- were all present at day 2 in vitro. However, while Tyro3 gene expression significantly increased upon cell differentiation, Axl and Mertk did not change during the first week in vitro. Tyro3 gene expression developmental pattern resembled that of MBP myelin protein. In OPCs treated with PEALut the developmental increase of Tyro3 mRNA was significantly higher as compared to vehicle while was reduced gene expression related to Axl and Mertk. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, prevented oligodendrocyte growth differentiation and myelination. PEALut, administered to the cultures 30 min after rapamycin, prevented the alteration of mRNA basal expression of the TAM receptors as well as the expression of myelin proteins MBP and CNPase. Altogether, data obtained confirm that PEALut promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation as shown by the increase of MBP and CNPase and Tyro3 mRNAs as well as CNPase and Tyro3 immunostainings. The finding that these effects are reduced when OPCs are exposed to rapamycin suggests an involvement of mTOR signaling in PEALut effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Facci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Barbierato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Mariella Fusco
- Scientific Information and Documentation Center, Epitech Group SpA, Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Giusti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Morena Zusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
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6
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Msaouel P, Genovese G, Gao J, Sen S, Tannir NM. TAM kinase inhibition and immune checkpoint blockade- a winning combination in cancer treatment? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:141-151. [PMID: 33356674 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1869212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have shown great promise in a wide spectrum of malignancies. However, responses are not always durable, and this mode of treatment is only effective in a subset of patients. As such, there exists an unmet need for novel approaches to bolster ICI efficacy.Areas covered: We review the role of the Tyro3, Axl, and Mer (TAM) receptor tyrosine kinases in promoting tumor-induced immune suppression and discuss the benefits that may be derived from combining ICI with TAM kinase-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We searched the MEDLINE Public Library of Medicine (PubMed) and EMBASE databases and referred to ClinicalTrials.gov for relevant ongoing studies.Expert opinion: Targeting of TAM kinases may improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. However, it remains to be determined whether this effect will be better achieved by the selective targeting of each TAM receptor, depending on the context, or by multi-receptor TAM inhibitors. Triple inhibition of all TAM receptors is more likely to be associated with an increased risk for adverse events. Clinical trial designs should use high-resolution clinical endpoints and proper control arms to determine the synergistic effects of combining TAM inhibition with immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Nizar M Tannir
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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7
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Torii T, Miyamoto Y, Yamauchi J. Cellular Signal-Regulated Schwann Cell Myelination and Remyelination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:3-22. [PMID: 31760634 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing studies have demonstrated multiple signaling molecules responsible for oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells development such as migration, differentiation, myelination, and axo-glial interaction. However, complicated roles in these events are still poorly understood. This chapter focuses on well established intracellular signaling transduction and recent topics that control myelination and are elucidated from accumulating evidences. The underlying molecular mechanisms, which involved in membrane trafficking through small GTPase Arf6 and its activator cytohesins, demonstrate the crosstalk between well established intracellular signaling transduction and a new finding signaling pathway in glial cells links to physiological phenotype and essential role in peripheral nerve system (PNS). Since Arf family proteins affect the expression levels of myelin protein zero (MPZ) and Krox20, which is a transcription factor regulatory factor in early developmental stages of Schwann cells, Arf proteins likely to be key regulator for Schwann cells development. Herein, we discuss how intracellular signaling transductions in Schwann cells associate with myelination in CNS and PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Torii
- Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
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8
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Stratton JA, Holmes A, Rosin NL, Sinha S, Vohra M, Burma NE, Trang T, Midha R, Biernaskie J. Macrophages Regulate Schwann Cell Maturation after Nerve Injury. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2561-2572.e6. [PMID: 30184491 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-regenerative macrophages are well known for their role in promoting tissue repair; however, their specific roles in promoting regeneration of the injured nerve are not well defined. Specifically, how macrophages interact with Schwann cells following injury during remyelination has been largely unexplored. We demonstrate that after injury, including in humans, macrophages function to clear debris and persist within the nerve microenvironment. Macrophage ablation immediately preceding remyelination results in an increase in immature Schwann cell density, a reduction in remyelination, and long-term deficits in conduction velocity. Targeted RNA-seq of macrophages from injured nerve identified Gas6 as one of several candidate factors involved in regulating Schwann cell dynamics. Functional studies show that the absence of Gas6 within monocyte lineage cells impairs Schwann cell remyelination within the injured nerve. These results demonstrate a role for macrophages in regulating Schwann cell function during nerve regeneration and highlight a molecular mechanism by which this occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Anne Stratton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexandra Holmes
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Nicole L Rosin
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Mohit Vohra
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Nicole E Burma
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Tuan Trang
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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9
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TAM Receptor Pathways at the Crossroads of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2387614. [PMID: 31636733 PMCID: PMC6766163 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2387614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are strongly linked with neuroinflammatory responses. Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM receptors) constitute a subgroup of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, cell surface receptors which transmit signals from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm and nucleus. TAM receptors and the corresponding ligands, Growth Arrest Specific 6 and Protein S, are expressed in different tissues, including the nervous system, playing complex roles in tissue repair, inflammation and cell survival, proliferation, and migration. In the nervous system, TAM receptor signalling modulates neurogenesis and neuronal migration, synaptic plasticity, microglial activation, phagocytosis, myelination, and peripheral nerve repair, resulting in potential interest in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. In Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, a role of TAM receptors in neuronal survival and pathological protein aggregate clearance has been suggested, while in Multiple Sclerosis TAM receptors are involved in myelination and demyelination processes. To better clarify roles and pathways involving TAM receptors may have important therapeutic implications, given the fine modulation of multiple molecular processes which could be reached. In this review, we summarise the roles of TAM receptors in the central nervous system, focusing on the regulation of immune responses and microglial activities and analysing in vitro and in vivo studies regarding TAM signalling involvement in neurodegeneration.
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10
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Shepard CJ, Cline SG, Hinds D, Jahanbakhsh S, Prokop JW. Breakdown of multiple sclerosis genetics to identify an integrated disease network and potential variant mechanisms. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:562-577. [PMID: 31482761 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00120.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetics of multiple sclerosis (MS) are highly polygenic with few insights into mechanistic associations with pathology. In this study, we assessed MS genetics through linkage disequilibrium and missense variant interpretation to yield a MS gene network. This network of 96 genes was taken through pathway analysis, tissue expression profiles, single cell expression segregation, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), genome annotations, transcription factor (TF) binding profiles, structural genome looping, and overlap with additional associated genetic traits. This work revealed immune system dysfunction, nerve cell myelination, energetic control, transcriptional regulation, and variants that overlap multiple autoimmune disorders. Tissue-specific expression and eQTLs of MS genes implicate multiple immune cell types including macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells, while the genes in neural cell types enrich for oligodendrocyte and myelin sheath biology. There are eQTLs in linkage with lead MS variants in 25 genes including the multitissue eQTL, rs9271640, for HLA-DRB1/DRB5. Using multiple functional genomic databases, we identified noncoding variants that disrupt TF binding for GABPA, CTCF, EGR1, YY1, SPI1, CLOCK, ARNTL, BACH1, and GFI1. Overall, this paper suggests multiple genetic mechanisms for MS associated variants while highlighting the importance of a systems biology and network approach when elucidating intersections of the immune and nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joy Shepard
- Department of Biology, Athens State University, Athens, Alabama.,Graduate Biomedical Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sara G Cline
- Department of Biology, Athens State University, Athens, Alabama
| | - David Hinds
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama.,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Seyedehameneh Jahanbakhsh
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Jeremy W Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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11
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Wolf B, Busso C, Gönczy P. Live imaging screen reveals that TYRO3 and GAK ensure accurate spindle positioning in human cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2859. [PMID: 31253758 PMCID: PMC6599018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper spindle positioning is crucial for spatial cell division control. Spindle positioning in human cells relies on a ternary complex comprising Gαi1-3, LGN and NuMA, which anchors dynein at the cell cortex, thus enabling pulling forces to be exerted on astral microtubules. We develop a live imaging siRNA-based screen using stereotyped fibronectin micropatterns to uncover components modulating spindle positioning in human cells, testing 1280 genes, including all kinases and phosphatases. We thus discover 16 components whose inactivation dramatically perturbs spindle positioning, including tyrosine receptor kinase 3 (TYRO3) and cyclin G associated kinase (GAK). TYRO3 depletion results in excess NuMA and dynein at the cortex during metaphase, similar to the effect of blocking the TYRO3 downstream target phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Furthermore, depletion of GAK leads to impaired astral microtubules, similar to the effect of downregulating the GAK-interactor Clathrin. Overall, our work uncovers components and mechanisms governing spindle positioning in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Wolf
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Busso
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Smart SK, Vasileiadi E, Wang X, DeRyckere D, Graham DK. The Emerging Role of TYRO3 as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120474. [PMID: 30501104 PMCID: PMC6316664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The TAM family (TYRO3, AXL, MERTK) tyrosine kinases play roles in diverse biological processes including immune regulation, clearance of apoptotic cells, platelet aggregation, and cell proliferation, survival, and migration. While AXL and MERTK have been extensively studied, less is known about TYRO3. Recent studies revealed roles for TYRO3 in cancer and suggest TYRO3 as a therapeutic target in this context. TYRO3 is overexpressed in many types of cancer and functions to promote tumor cell survival and/or proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, higher levels of TYRO3 expression have been associated with decreased overall survival in patients with colorectal, hepatocellular, and breast cancers. Here we review the physiological roles for TYRO3 and its expression and functions in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, with emphasis on the signaling pathways that are regulated downstream of TYRO3 and emerging roles for TYRO3 in the immune system. Translational agents that target TYRO3 are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri K Smart
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Eleana Vasileiadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Douglas K Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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13
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Blades F, Aprico A, Akkermann R, Ellis S, Binder MD, Kilpatrick TJ. The TAM receptor TYRO3 is a critical regulator of myelin thickness in the central nervous system. Glia 2018; 66:2209-2220. [PMID: 30208252 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Major deficits arise in MS patients due to an inability to repair damaged myelin sheaths following CNS insult, resulting in prolonged axonal exposure and neurodegeneration. The TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk) have been implicated in MS susceptibility, demyelination and remyelination. Previously, we have shown that Tyro3 regulates developmental myelination and myelin thickness within the optic nerve and rostral region of the corpus callosum (CC) of adult mice. In this study we have verified and extended our previous findings via a comprehensive analysis of axonal ensheathment and myelin thickness in the CC of unchallenged mice, following demyelination and during myelin repair. We show that the loss of the Tyro3 receptor correlates with significantly thinner myelin sheaths in both unchallenged mice and during remyelination, particularly in larger caliber axons. The hypomyelinated phenotype observed in the absence of Tyro3 occurs independently of any influence upon oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) maturation, or density of oligodendrocytes (OLs) or microglia. Rather, the primary effect of Tyro3 is upon the radial expansion of myelin. The loss of Tyro3 leads to a reduction in the number of myelin lamellae on axons, and is therefore most likely a key component of the regulatory mechanism by which oligodendrocytes match myelin production to axonal diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrah Blades
- Multiple Sclerosis division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrea Aprico
- Multiple Sclerosis division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Rainer Akkermann
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah Ellis
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Michele D Binder
- Multiple Sclerosis division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Multiple Sclerosis division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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14
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Shafit-Zagardo B, Gruber RC, DuBois JC. The role of TAM family receptors and ligands in the nervous system: From development to pathobiology. Pharmacol Ther 2018. [PMID: 29514053 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk, referred to as the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases, are instrumental in maintaining cell survival and homeostasis in mammals. TAM receptors interact with multiple signaling molecules to regulate cell migration, survival, phagocytosis and clearance of metabolic products and cell debris called efferocytosis. The TAMs also function as rheostats to reduce the expression of proinflammatory molecules and prevent autoimmunity. All three TAM receptors are activated in a concentration-dependent manner by the vitamin K-dependent growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6). Gas6 and the TAMs are abundantly expressed in the nervous system. Gas6, secreted by neurons and endothelial cells, is the sole ligand for Axl. ProteinS1 (ProS1), another vitamin K-dependent protein functions mainly as an anti-coagulant, and independent of this function can activate Tyro3 and Mertk, but not Axl. This review will focus on the role of the TAM receptors and their ligands in the nervous system. We highlight studies that explore the function of TAM signaling in myelination, the visual cortex, neural cancers, and multiple sclerosis (MS) using Gas6-/- and TAM mutant mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Shafit-Zagardo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Ross C Gruber
- Sanofi, Neuroinflammation and MS Research, 49 New York Ave, Framingham, MA 01701, United States
| | - Juwen C DuBois
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
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15
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Abstract
The most widely used method (Brockes' method) for preparing primary Schwann cell culture uses neonatal rat sciatic nerves as the primary source of Schwann cells. The procedure is relatively simple and yields a highly purified population of Schwann cells in a short period of time. The method has also been used to prepare Schwann cells from mice, however, with limitation. For example, Brockes' method is not applicable when the genotypes of mouse neonates are unknown or if the mouse mutants do not develop to term. We described a method ideal for preparing Schwann cells in a transgenic/knockout mouse study. The method uses embryonic dorsal root ganglia as the primary source of Schwann cells and allows preparing separate, highly purified Schwann cell cultures from individual mouse embryos in less than 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Haesun A Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
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16
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Torii T, Miyamoto Y, Kawahara K, Tanoue A, Seki Y, Morimoto T, Yamamoto M, Yamauchi J. Data supporting the role of Fyn in embryonic sciatic nerve fasciculation. Data Brief 2017; 11:358-363. [PMID: 28275669 PMCID: PMC5329064 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fyn is the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that has critical roles in many aspects of biological functions. In the central [1] and peripheral nervous systems [2], [3], Fyn plays the key role in initiating myelination by myelin-forming glial cells (Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes). Herein we provide the data regarding the role of Fyn in fasciculation and branching of embryonic peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Torii
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kawahara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akito Tanoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yoichi Seki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan
| | - Takako Morimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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17
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Yamashita T, Miyamoto Y, Bando Y, Ono T, Kobayashi S, Doi A, Araki T, Kato Y, Shirakawa T, Suzuki Y, Yamauchi J, Yoshida S, Sato N. Differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from dissociated monolayer and feeder-free cultured pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171947. [PMID: 28192470 PMCID: PMC5305255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons and form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system. The development of therapies for demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis and leukodystrophies, is a challenge because the pathogenic mechanisms of disease remain poorly understood. Primate pluripotent stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes are expected to help elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of these diseases. Oligodendrocytes have been successfully differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells. However, it is challenging to prepare large amounts of oligodendrocytes over a short amount of time because of manipulation difficulties under conventional primate pluripotent stem cell culture methods. We developed a proprietary dissociated monolayer and feeder-free culture system to handle pluripotent stem cell cultures. Because the dissociated monolayer and feeder-free culture system improves the quality and growth of primate pluripotent stem cells, these cells could potentially be differentiated into any desired functional cells and consistently cultured in large-scale conditions. In the current study, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes were generated within three months from monkey embryonic stem cells. The embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes exhibited in vitro myelinogenic potency with rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Additionally, the transplanted oligodendrocyte progenitor cells differentiated into myelin basic protein-positive mature oligodendrocytes in the mouse corpus callosum. This preparative method was used for human induced pluripotent stem cells, which were also successfully differentiated into oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes that were capable of myelinating rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Moreover, it was possible to freeze, thaw, and successfully re-culture the differentiating cells. These results showed that embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells maintained in a dissociated monolayer and feeder-free culture system have the potential to generate oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes in vitro and in vivo. This culture method could be applied to prepare large amounts of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes in a relatively short amount of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamashita
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sakurako Kobayashi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayano Doi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Araki
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kato
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shirakawa
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yoshida
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoya Sato
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- MP Healthcare Venture Management, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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18
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Akkermann R, Aprico A, Perera AA, Bujalka H, Cole AE, Xiao J, Field J, Kilpatrick TJ, Binder MD. The TAM receptor Tyro3 regulates myelination in the central nervous system. Glia 2017; 65:581-591. [PMID: 28145605 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is an essential component of the mammalian nervous system, facilitating rapid conduction of electrical impulses by axons, as well as providing trophic support to neurons. Within the central nervous system, the oligodendrocyte is the specialized neural cell responsible for producing myelin by a process that is thought to be regulated by both activity dependent and independent mechanisms but in incompletely understood ways. We have previously identified that the protein Gas6, a ligand for a family of tyrosine kinase receptors known as the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk) receptors, directly increases oligodendrocyte induced myelination in vitro. Gas6 can bind to and activate all three TAM receptors, but the high level of expression of Tyro3 on oligodendrocytes makes this receptor the principal candidate for transducing the pro-myelinating effect of Gas6. In this study, we establish that in the absence of Tyro3, the pro-myelinating effect of Gas6 is lost, that developmental myelination is delayed and that the myelin produced is thinner than normal. We show that this effect is specific to the myelination process and not due to changes in the proliferation or differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. We have further demonstrated that the reduction in myelination is due to the loss of Tyro3 on oligodendrocytes, and this effect may be mediated by activation of Erk1. Collectively, our findings indicate the critical importance of Tyro3 in potentiating central nervous system myelination. GLIA 2017 GLIA 2017;65:581-591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Akkermann
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrea Aprico
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade (Cnr Genetics Lane), Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Ashwyn A Perera
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade (Cnr Genetics Lane), Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Helena Bujalka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Alistair E Cole
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Judith Field
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade (Cnr Genetics Lane), Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade (Cnr Genetics Lane), Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Michele D Binder
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade (Cnr Genetics Lane), Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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19
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Ichihara Y, Doi T, Ryu Y, Nagao M, Sawada Y, Ogata T. Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Directly Utilize Lactate for Promoting Cell Cycling and Differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:986-995. [PMID: 27861886 PMCID: PMC5299506 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) undergo marked morphological changes to become mature oligodendrocytes, but the metabolic resources for this process have not been fully elucidated. Although lactate, a metabolic derivative of glycogen, has been reported to be consumed in oligodendrocytes as a metabolite, and to ameliorate hypomyelination induced by low glucose conditions, it is not clear about the direct contribution of lactate to cell cycling and differentiation of OPCs, and the source of lactate for remyelination. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐d‐arabinitol (DAB), an inhibitor of the glycogen catabolic enzyme glycogen phosphorylase, in a mouse cuprizone model. Cuprizone induced demyelination in the corpus callosum and remyelination occurred after cuprizone treatment ceased. This remyelination was inhibited by the administration of DAB. To further examine whether lactate affects proliferation or differentiation of OPCs, we cultured mouse primary OPC‐rich cells and analyzed the effect of lactate. Lactate rescued the slowed cell cycling induced by 0.4 mM glucose, as assessed by the BrdU‐positive cell ratio. Lactate also promoted OPC differentiation detected by monitoring the mature oligodendrocyte marker myelin basic protein, in the presence of both 36.6 mM and 0.4 mM glucose. Furthermore, these lactate‐mediated effects were suppressed by the reported monocarboxylate transporter inhibitor, α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxy‐cinnamate. These results suggest that lactate directly promotes the cell cycling rate and differentiation of OPCs, and that glycogen, one of the sources of lactate, contributes to remyelination in vivo. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 986–995, 2017. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ichihara
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons With Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Doi
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons With Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
| | - Youngjae Ryu
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons With Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
| | - Motoshi Nagao
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons With Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sawada
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons With Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons With Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
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20
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Goudarzi S, Rivera A, Butt AM, Hafizi S. Gas6 Promotes Oligodendrogenesis and Myelination in the Adult Central Nervous System and After Lysolecithin-Induced Demyelination. ASN Neuro 2016; 8:8/5/1759091416668430. [PMID: 27630207 PMCID: PMC5027908 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416668430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A key aim of therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS) is to promote the regeneration of oligodendrocytes and remyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). The present study provides evidence that the vitamin K-dependent protein growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6) promotes such repair in in vitro cultures of mouse optic nerve and cerebellum. We first determined expression of Gas6 and TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) receptors in the mouse CNS, with all three TAM receptors increasing in expression through postnatal development, reaching maximal levels in the adult. Treatment of cultured mouse optic nerves with Gas6 resulted in significant increases in oligodendrocyte numbers as well as expression of myelin basic protein (MBP). Gas6 stimulation also resulted in activation of STAT3 in optic nerves as well as downregulation of multiple genes involved in MS development, including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), which may decrease the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and is found upregulated in MS lesions. The cytoprotective effects of Gas6 were examined in in vitro mouse cerebellar slice cultures, where lysolecithin was used to induce demyelination. Cotreatment of cerebellar slices with Gas6 significantly attenuated demyelination as determined by MBP immunostaining, and Gas6 activated Tyro3 receptor through its phosphorylation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that Gas6/TAM signaling stimulates the generation of oligodendrocytes and increased myelin production via Tyro3 receptor in the adult CNS, including repair after demyelinating injury. Furthermore, the effects of Gas6 on STAT3 signaling and matrix MMP9 downregulation indicate potential glial cell repair and immunoregulatory roles for Gas6, indicating that Gas6-TAM signaling could be a potential therapeutic target in MS and other neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Goudarzi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Andrea Rivera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Arthur M Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Sassan Hafizi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, UK
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21
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Torii T, Yamauchi J. Gas6-Tyro3 signaling is required for Schwann cell myelination and possible remyelination. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:215-6. [PMID: 27073361 PMCID: PMC4810972 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.177714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Torii
- Department of Pharmacology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Latasa MJ, Jiménez-Lara AM, Cosgaya JM. Retinoic acid regulates Schwann cell migration via NEDD9 induction by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1510-8. [PMID: 27085739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell migration is essential during the regenerative response to nerve injury, however, the factors that regulate this phenomenon are not yet clear. Here we describe that retinoic acid (RA), whose production and signaling activity are greatly enhanced during nerve regeneration, increases Schwann cell migration. This is accompanied by the up-regulation of NEDD9, a member of the CAS family of scaffold proteins previously implicated in migratory and invasive behavior in gliomas, melanomas and the neural crest cells from which Schwann cells derive. This RA-induced NEDD9 accumulation is due to augmented mRNA levels, as well as an increase of NEDD9 protein stability. Although all NEDD9 phospho-isoforms present in Schwann cells are induced by the retinoid, the hormone also changes its phosphorylation status, thus altering the ratio between the different isoforms. Silencing NEDD9 in Schwann cells had no effect on basal migratory ability, but completely abrogated RA-induced enhanced migration. Collectively, our results indicate that RA could be a major regulator of Schwann cell migration after nerve injury, thus offering a new insight into peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Jesus Latasa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Physiopathology, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Jiménez-Lara
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Physiopathology, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Cosgaya
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Physiopathology, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Terada N, Saitoh Y, Kamijo A, Ohno S, Ohno N. Involvement of membrane skeletal molecules in the Schmidt-Lanterman incisure in Schwann cells. Med Mol Morphol 2015; 49:5-10. [PMID: 26541343 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-015-0125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane skeletal networks form a two-dimensional lattice structure beneath erythrocyte membranes. 4.1R-MPP (membrane palmitoylated protein) 1-glycophorin C is one of the basic molecular complexes of the membrane skeleton. An analogous molecular complex, 4.1G-MPP6-cell adhesion molecule 4 (CADM4), is incorporated into the Schmidt-Lanterman incisure (SLI), a truncated cone shape in the myelin internode that is a specific feature of myelinated nerve fibers formed in Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. In this review, the dynamic structure of peripheral nerve fibers under stretching conditions is demonstrated using in vivo cryotechnique. The structures of nerve fibers had a beaded appearance, and the heights of SLI circular-truncated cones increased at the narrow sites of nerve fibers under the stretched condition. The height of SLI-truncated cones was lower in 4.1G-deficient nerve fibers than in wild-type nerve fibers. 4.1G was essential for the molecular targeting of MPP6 and CADM4 in SLI. The signal transduction protein, Src, was also involved in the 4.1G-MPP6-CADM4 molecular complex. The phosphorylation of Src was altered by the deletion of 4.1G. Thus, we herein demonstrate a membrane skeletal molecular complex in SLI that has potential roles in the regulation of adhesion and signal transduction as well as in structural stability in Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Terada
- Division of Health Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto City, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo City, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Akio Kamijo
- Division of Health Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto City, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo City, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo City, Yamanashi, Japan
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