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Wang HH, Lin LL, Li ZJ, Wei X, Askander O, Cappuccio G, Hashem MO, Hubert L, Munnich A, Alqahtani M, Pang Q, Burmeister M, Lu Y, Poirier K, Besmond C, Sun S, Brunetti-Pierri N, Alkuraya FS, Qi L. Hypomorphic variants of SEL1L-HRD1 ER-associated degradation are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e170054. [PMID: 37943610 PMCID: PMC10786691 DOI: 10.1172/jci170054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies using cell type-specific knockout mouse models have improved our understanding of the pathophysiological relevance of suppressor of lin-12-like-HMG-CoA reductase degradation 1 (SEL1L-HRD1) endoplasmic reticulum-associated (ER-associated) degradation (ERAD); however, its importance in humans remains unclear, as no disease variant has been identified. Here, we report the identification of 3 biallelic missense variants of SEL1L and HRD1 (or SYVN1) in 6 children from 3 independent families presenting with developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, facial dysmorphisms, hypotonia, and/or ataxia. These SEL1L (p.Gly585Asp, p.Met528Arg) and HRD1 (p.Pro398Leu) variants were hypomorphic and impaired ERAD function at distinct steps of ERAD, including substrate recruitment (SEL1L p.Gly585Asp), SEL1L-HRD1 complex formation (SEL1L p.Met528Arg), and HRD1 activity (HRD1 p.Pro398Leu). Our study not only provides insights into the structure-function relationship of SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD, but also establishes the importance of SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilun H. Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
| | - Liangguang L. Lin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
| | - Zexin J. Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
| | - Omar Askander
- Hopital Cheik Zaïd, Hopital Universitaire International RABAT, Morocco
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mais O. Hashem
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laurence Hubert
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Mashael Alqahtani
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qi Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute and Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Psychiatry, and Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - You Lu
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
| | | | | | - Shengyi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM, School of Advanced Studies), Genomics and Experimental Medicine Program, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fowzan S. Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Lin LL, Wei X, Wang HH, Pederson B, Torres M, Lu Y, Li ZJ, Liu X, Mao H, Wang H, Zhao Z, Sun S, Qi L. SEL1L-HRD1 interaction is prerequisite for the formation of a functional HRD1 ERAD complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.13.536796. [PMID: 37333389 PMCID: PMC10274661 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.13.536796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The SEL1L-HRD1 protein complex represents the most conserved branch of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD); however, definitive evidence for the importance of SEL1L in HRD1 ERAD is lacking. Here we report that attenuation of the interaction between SEL1L and HRD1 impairs HRD1 ERAD function and has pathological consequences in mice. Our data show that SEL1L variant p.Ser658Pro ( SEL1L S 658 P ) previously identified in Finnish Hound suffering cerebellar ataxia is a recessive hypomorphic mutation, causing partial embryonic lethality, developmental delay, and early-onset cerebellar ataxia in homozygous mice carrying the bi-allelic variant. Mechanistically, SEL1L S 658 P variant attenuates the SEL1L-HRD1 interaction and causes HRD1 dysfunction by generating electrostatic repulsion between SEL1L F668 and HRD1 Y30 residues. Proteomic screens of SEL1L and HRD1 interactomes revealed that the SEL1L-HRD1 interaction is prerequisite for the formation of a functional HRD1 ERAD complex, as SEL1L recruits not only the lectins OS9 and ERLEC1, but the E2 UBE2J1 and retrotranslocon DERLIN, to HRD1. These data underscore the pathophysiological importance and disease relevance of the SEL1L-HRD1 complex, and identify a key step in organizing the HRD1 ERAD complex.
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Bhaduri S, Scott NA, Neal SE. The Role of the Rhomboid Superfamily in ER Protein Quality Control: From Mechanisms and Functions to Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041248. [PMID: 35940905 PMCID: PMC9899648 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle in eukaryotic cells and is a major site for protein folding, modification, and lipid synthesis. Perturbations within the ER, such as protein misfolding and high demand for protein folding, lead to dysregulation of the ER protein quality control network and ER stress. Recently, the rhomboid superfamily has emerged as a critical player in ER protein quality control because it has diverse cellular functions, including ER-associated degradation (ERAD), endosome Golgi-associated degradation (EGAD), and ER preemptive quality control (ERpQC). This breadth of function both illustrates the importance of the rhomboid superfamily in health and diseases and emphasizes the necessity of understanding their mechanisms of action. Because dysregulation of rhomboid proteins has been implicated in various diseases, such as neurological disorders and cancers, they represent promising potential therapeutic drug targets. This review provides a comprehensive account of the various roles of rhomboid proteins in the context of ER protein quality control and discusses their significance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Bhaduri
- School of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Nicola A Scott
- School of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sonya E Neal
- School of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Sagarika P, Yadav K, Sahi C. Volleying plasma membrane proteins from birth to death: Role of J-domain proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1072242. [PMID: 36589230 PMCID: PMC9798423 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1072242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The function, stability, and turnover of plasma membrane (PM) proteins are crucial for cellular homeostasis. Compared to soluble proteins, quality control of plasma membrane proteins is extremely challenging. Failure to meet the high quality control standards is detrimental to cellular and organismal health. J-domain proteins (JDPs) are among the most diverse group of chaperones that collaborate with other chaperones and protein degradation machinery to oversee cellular protein quality control (PQC). Although fragmented, the available literature from different models, including yeast, mammals, and plants, suggests that JDPs assist PM proteins with their synthesis, folding, and trafficking to their destination as well as their degradation, either through endocytic or proteasomal degradation pathways. Moreover, some JDPs interact directly with the membrane to regulate the stability and/or functionality of proteins at the PM. The deconvoluted picture emerging is that PM proteins are relayed from one JDP to another throughout their life cycle, further underscoring the versatility of the Hsp70:JDP machinery in the cell.
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Bhattacharya A, Wei J, Song W, Gao B, Tian C, Wu SA, Wang J, Chen L, Fang D, Qi L. SEL1L-HRD1 ER-associated degradation suppresses hepatocyte hyperproliferation and liver cancer. iScience 2022; 25:105183. [PMID: 36238898 PMCID: PMC9550610 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various forms of cancer; however, our understanding of the role of ER quality control mechanisms in tumorigenesis remains incomplete. Here, we show that the SEL1L-HRD1 complex of ER-associated degradation (ERAD) suppresses hepatocyte proliferation and tumorigenesis in mice. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Sel1L or Hrd1 predisposed mice to diet/chemical-induced tumors. Proteomics screen from SEL1L-deficient livers revealed WNT5A, a tumor suppressor, as an ERAD substrate. Indeed, nascent WNT5A was misfolding prone and degraded by SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD in a quality control capacity. In the absence of ERAD, WNT5A misfolds is largely retained in the ER and forms high-molecular weight aggregates, thereby depicting a loss-of-function effect and attenuating WNT5A-mediated suppression of hepatocyte proliferation. In humans, SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD expression correlated positively with survival time for patients with liver cancer. Overall, our data reveal a key role of SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD in suppressing hepatocyte proliferation and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Bhattacharya
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Graduate Program of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Juncheng Wei
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wenxin Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Beixue Gao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Chunyan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuangcheng Alivia Wu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Pisa R, Rapoport TA. Disulfide-crosslink analysis of the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 complex during endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102373. [PMID: 35970394 PMCID: PMC9478403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are retrotranslocated into the cytosol and degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, a pathway termed luminal ER-associated protein degradation. Retrotranslocation is mediated by a conserved protein complex, consisting of the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 and four associated proteins (Der1, Usa1, Hrd3, and Yos9). Photocrosslinking experiments provided preliminary evidence for the polypeptide path through the membrane but did not reveal specific interactions between amino acids in the substrate and Hrd1 complex. Here, we have used site-specific disulfide crosslinking to map the interactions of a glycosylated model substrate with the Hrd1 complex in live S. cerevisiae cells. Together with available electron cryo-microscopy structures, the results show that the substrate interacts on the luminal side with both a groove in Hrd3 and the lectin domain of Yos9 and inserts a loop into the membrane, with one side of the loop interacting with the lateral gate of Der1 and the other with the lateral gate of Hrd1. Our disulfide crosslinking experiments also show that two Hrd1 molecules can interact through their lateral gates and that Hrd1 autoubiquitination is required for the disassembly of these Hrd1 dimers. Taken together, these data define the path of a polypeptide through the ER membrane and suggest that autoubiquitination of inactive Hrd1 dimers is required to generate active Hrd1 monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Pisa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tom A Rapoport
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Piirainen MA, Frey AD. The Impact of Glycoengineering on the Endoplasmic Reticulum Quality Control System in Yeasts. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:910709. [PMID: 35720120 PMCID: PMC9201249 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.910709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are widely used and established production hosts for biopharmaceuticals. Despite of tremendous advances on creating human-type N-glycosylation, N-glycosylated biopharmaceuticals manufactured with yeasts are missing on the market. The N-linked glycans fulfill several purposes. They are essential for the properties of the final protein product for example modulating half-lives or interactions with cellular components. Still, while the protein is being formed in the endoplasmic reticulum, specific glycan intermediates play crucial roles in the folding of or disposal of proteins which failed to fold. Despite of this intricate interplay between glycan intermediates and the cellular machinery, many of the glycoengineering approaches are based on modifications of the N-glycan processing steps in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These N-glycans deviate from the canonical structures required for interactions with the lectins of the ER quality control system. In this review we provide a concise overview on the N-glycan biosynthesis, glycan-dependent protein folding and quality control systems and the wide array glycoengineering approaches. Furthermore, we discuss how the current glycoengineering approaches partially or fully by-pass glycan-dependent protein folding mechanisms or create structures that mimic the glycan epitope required for ER associated protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari A. Piirainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Alexander D. Frey
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Kemistintie 1, Aalto University, Otakaari, Finland
- *Correspondence: Alexander D. Frey,
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Strub MD, Gao L, Tan K, McCray PB. Analysis of multiple gene co-expression networks to discover interactions favoring CFTR biogenesis and ΔF508-CFTR rescue. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:258. [PMID: 34717611 PMCID: PMC8557508 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that expression of a miR-138 mimic or knockdown of SIN3A in primary cultures of cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelia increased ΔF508-CFTR mRNA and protein levels, and partially restored CFTR-dependent chloride transport. Global mRNA transcript profiling in ΔF508-CFBE cells treated with miR-138 mimic or SIN3A siRNA identified two genes, SYVN1 and NEDD8, whose inhibition significantly increased ΔF508-CFTR trafficking, maturation, and function. Little is known regarding the dynamic changes in the CFTR gene network during such rescue events. We hypothesized that analysis of condition-specific gene networks from transcriptomic data characterizing ΔF508-CFTR rescue could help identify dynamic gene modules associated with CFTR biogenesis. METHODS We applied a computational method, termed M-module, to analyze multiple gene networks, each of which exhibited differential activity compared to a baseline condition. In doing so, we identified both unique and shared gene pathways across multiple differential networks. To construct differential networks, gene expression data from CFBE cells were divided into three groups: (1) siRNA inhibition of NEDD8 and SYVN1; (2) miR-138 mimic and SIN3A siRNA; and (3) temperature (27 °C for 24 h, 40 °C for 24 h, and 27 °C for 24 h followed by 40 °C for 24 h). RESULTS Interrogation of individual networks (e.g., NEDD8/SYVN1 network), combinations of two networks (e.g., NEDD8/SYVN1 + temperature networks), and all three networks yielded sets of 1-modules, 2-modules, and 3-modules, respectively. Gene ontology analysis revealed significant enrichment of dynamic modules in pathways including translation, protein metabolic/catabolic processes, protein complex assembly, and endocytosis. Candidate CFTR effectors identified in the analysis included CHURC1, GZF1, and RPL15, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of these genes partially restored CFTR-dependent transepithelial chloride current to ΔF508-CFBE cells. CONCLUSIONS The ability of the M-module to identify dynamic modules involved in ΔF508 rescue provides a novel approach for studying CFTR biogenesis and identifying candidate suppressors of ΔF508.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Strub
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 6320 PBDB, 169 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA
| | - Long Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kai Tan
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paul B McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 6320 PBDB, 169 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA.
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Neal S, Syau D, Nejatfard A, Nadeau S, Hampton RY. HRD Complex Self-Remodeling Enables a Novel Route of Membrane Protein Retrotranslocation. iScience 2020; 23:101493. [PMID: 32891886 PMCID: PMC7481253 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ER-associated degradation (ERAD) targets misfolded ER proteins for degradation. Retrotranslocation, a key feature of ERAD, entails removal of ubiquitinated substrates into the cytosol for proteasomal destruction. Recently, it has been shown that the Hrd1 E3 ligase forms a retrotranslocation channel for luminal (ERAD-L) substrates. Conversely, our studies found that integral membrane (ERAD-M) substrates exit the ER through a distinct pathway mediated by the Dfm1 rhomboid protein. Those studies also revealed a second, Hrd1-dependent pathway of ERAD-M retrotranslocation can arise in dfm1Δ null. Here we show that, in the dfm1Δ null, the HRD complex undergoes remodeling to a form that mediates ERAD-M retrotranslocation. Specifically, Hrd1's normally present stochiometric partner Hrd3 is efficiently removed during suppressive remodeling, allowing Hrd1 to function in this novel capacity. Neither Hrd1 autoubiquitination nor its cytosolic domain is required for suppressive ERAD-M retrotranslocation. Thus, the HRD complex displays remarkable functional flexibility in response to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Neal
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Della Syau
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anahita Nejatfard
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Samantha Nadeau
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Randolph Y Hampton
- Division of Biological Sciences, the Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Hosomi A, Iida K, Cho T, Iida H, Kaneko M, Suzuki T. The ER-associated protease Ste24 prevents N-terminal signal peptide-independent translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10406-10419. [PMID: 32513868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble proteins destined for the secretory pathway contain an N-terminal signal peptide that induces their translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The importance of N-terminal signal peptides for ER translocation has been extensively examined over the past few decades. However, in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a few proteins devoid of a signal peptide are still translocated into the ER and then N-glycosyl-ated. Using signal peptide-truncated reporter proteins, here we report the detection of significant translocation of N-terminal signal peptide-truncated proteins in a yeast mutant strain (ste24Δ) that lacks the endopeptidase Ste24 at the ER membrane. Furthermore, several ER/cytosolic proteins, including Sec61, Sec66, and Sec72, were identified as being involved in the translocation process. On the basis of screening for 20 soluble proteins that may be N-glycosylated in the ER in the ste24Δ strain, we identified the transcription factor Rme1 as a protein that is partially N-glycosylated despite the lack of a signal peptide. These results clearly indicate that some proteins lacking a signal peptide can be translocated into the ER and that Ste24 typically suppresses this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hosomi
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kazuko Iida
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Cho
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Iida
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Kaneko
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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11
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Lajoie P, Snapp EL. Size-dependent secretory protein reflux into the cytosol in association with acute endoplasmic reticulum stress. Traffic 2020; 21:419-429. [PMID: 32246734 PMCID: PMC7317852 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Once secretory proteins have been targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, the proteins typically remain partitioned from the cytosol. If the secretory proteins misfold, they can be unfolded and retrotranslocated into the cytosol for destruction by the proteasome by ER-Associated protein Degradation (ERAD). Here, we report that correctly folded and targeted luminal ER fluorescent protein reporters accumulate in the cytosol during acute misfolded secretory protein stress in yeast. Photoactivation fluorescence microscopy experiments reveal that luminal reporters already localized to the ER relocalize to the cytosol, even in the absence of essential ERAD machinery. We named this process "ER reflux." Reflux appears to be regulated in a size-dependent manner for reporters. Interestingly, prior heat shock stress also prevents ER stress-induced reflux. Together, our findings establish a new ER stress-regulated pathway for relocalization of small luminal secretory proteins into the cytosol, distinct from the ERAD and preemptive quality control pathways. Importantly, our results highlight the value of fully characterizing the cell biology of reporters and describe a simple modification to maintain luminal ER reporters in the ER during acute ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
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Strub MD, McCray, Jr. PB. Transcriptomic and Proteostasis Networks of CFTR and the Development of Small Molecule Modulators for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050546. [PMID: 32414011 PMCID: PMC7288469 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The diversity of mutations and the multiple ways by which the protein is affected present challenges for therapeutic development. The observation that the Phe508del-CFTR mutant protein is temperature sensitive provided proof of principle that mutant CFTR could escape proteosomal degradation and retain partial function. Several specific protein interactors and quality control checkpoints encountered by CFTR during its proteostasis have been investigated for therapeutic purposes, but remain incompletely understood. Furthermore, pharmacological manipulation of many CFTR interactors has not been thoroughly investigated for the rescue of Phe508del-CFTR. However, high-throughput screening technologies helped identify several small molecule modulators that rescue CFTR from proteosomal degradation and restore partial function to the protein. Here, we discuss the current state of CFTR transcriptomic and biogenesis research and small molecule therapy development. We also review recent progress in CFTR proteostasis modulators and discuss how such treatments could complement current FDA-approved small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Strub
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Paul B. McCray, Jr.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(319)-335-6844
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14
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Regulation of CFTR Biogenesis by the Proteostatic Network and Pharmacological Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020452. [PMID: 31936842 PMCID: PMC7013518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal inherited disease among Caucasians in North America and a significant portion of Europe. The disease arises from one of many mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, or CFTR. The most common disease-associated allele, F508del, along with several other mutations affect the folding, transport, and stability of CFTR as it transits from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the plasma membrane, where it functions primarily as a chloride channel. Early data demonstrated that F508del CFTR is selected for ER associated degradation (ERAD), a pathway in which misfolded proteins are recognized by ER-associated molecular chaperones, ubiquitinated, and delivered to the proteasome for degradation. Later studies showed that F508del CFTR that is rescued from ERAD and folds can alternatively be selected for enhanced endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. A number of other disease-causing mutations in CFTR also undergo these events. Fortunately, pharmacological modulators of CFTR biogenesis can repair CFTR, permitting its folding, escape from ERAD, and function at the cell surface. In this article, we review the many cellular checkpoints that monitor CFTR biogenesis, discuss the emergence of effective treatments for CF, and highlight future areas of research on the proteostatic control of CFTR.
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15
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Needham PG, Guerriero CJ, Brodsky JL. Chaperoning Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation (ERAD) and Protein Conformational Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a033928. [PMID: 30670468 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Misfolded proteins compromise cellular homeostasis. This is especially problematic in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is a high-capacity protein-folding compartment and whose function requires stringent protein quality-control systems. Multiprotein complexes in the ER are able to identify, remove, ubiquitinate, and deliver misfolded proteins to the 26S proteasome for degradation in the cytosol, and these events are collectively termed ER-associated degradation, or ERAD. Several steps in the ERAD pathway are facilitated by molecular chaperone networks, and the importance of ERAD is highlighted by the fact that this pathway is linked to numerous protein conformational diseases. In this review, we discuss the factors that constitute the ERAD machinery and detail how each step in the pathway occurs. We then highlight the underlying pathophysiology of protein conformational diseases associated with ERAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Needham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | | | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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16
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Abstract
Elimination of misfolded proteins by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) ensures that proteins proceeding through the secretory pathway are correctly folded and processed, which is critical to minimize ER stress. All ERAD pathways include a protein translocation process termed retrotranslocation, in which ubiquitinated misfolded substrates are extracted from the ER and degraded by the cytosolic 26S proteasome. Despite being integral to ERAD, the retrotranslocation process has been largely obscure. Recently, an explosion of discoveries has provided key mechanistic insights into this novel route of protein transport. These advances were facilitated by the development of in vitro and in vivo assays that utilize components from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The assays permit detailed study of the distinct steps in ERAD-linked retrotranslocation, including ubiquitination of selected ERAD substrates, substrate removal from the ER, maintenance of cytosolic substrate solubility in the cytosol, and substrate degradation. Here we provide detailed protocols for these assays that pertain to work on retrotranslocation of integral membrane proteins (ERAD-M substrates), with the expectation that these approaches can be adapted for many related biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Neal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Sascha H Duttke
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Randolph Y Hampton
- Division of Biological Sciences, The Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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17
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Bhattacharya A, Sun S, Wang H, Liu M, Long Q, Yin L, Kersten S, Zhang K, Qi L. Hepatic Sel1L-Hrd1 ER-associated degradation (ERAD) manages FGF21 levels and systemic metabolism via CREBH. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899277. [PMID: 30389665 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) is a liver-derived, fasting-induced hormone with broad effects on growth, nutrient metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Here, we report the discovery of a novel mechanism regulating Fgf21 expression under growth and fasting-feeding. The Sel1L-Hrd1 complex is the most conserved branch of mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery. Mice with liver-specific deletion of Sel1L exhibit growth retardation with markedly elevated circulating Fgf21, reaching levels close to those in Fgf21 transgenic mice or pharmacological models. Mechanistically, we show that the Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD complex controls Fgf21 transcription by regulating the ubiquitination and turnover (and thus nuclear abundance) of ER-resident transcription factor Crebh, while having no effect on the other well-known Fgf21 transcription factor Pparα. Our data reveal a physiologically regulated, inverse correlation between Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD and Crebh-Fgf21 levels under fasting-feeding and growth. This study not only establishes the importance of Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD in the liver in the regulation of systemic energy metabolism, but also reveals a novel hepatic "ERAD-Crebh-Fgf21" axis directly linking ER protein turnover to gene transcription and systemic metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Bhattacharya
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shengyi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Heting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiaoming Long
- Cam-Su Mouse Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA .,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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18
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Mehrtash AB, Hochstrasser M. Ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation at the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 93:111-124. [PMID: 30278225 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous nascent proteins undergo folding and maturation within the luminal and membrane compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Despite the presence of various factors in the ER that promote protein folding, many proteins fail to properly fold and assemble and are subsequently degraded. Regulatory proteins in the ER also undergo degradation in a way that is responsive to stimuli or the changing needs of the cell. As in most cellular compartments, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is responsible for the majority of the degradation at the ER-in a process termed ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Autophagic processes utilizing ubiquitin-like protein-conjugating systems also play roles in protein degradation at the ER. The ER is continuous with the nuclear envelope (NE), which consists of the outer nuclear membrane (ONM) and inner nuclear membrane (INM). While ERAD is known also to occur at the NE, only some of the ERAD ubiquitin-ligation pathways function at the INM. Protein degradation machineries in the ER/NE target a wide variety of substrates in multiple cellular compartments, including the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, ER lumen, ER membrane, and the NE. Here, we review the protein degradation machineries of the ER and NE and the underlying mechanisms dictating recognition and processing of substrates by these machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian B Mehrtash
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, 06520, CT, USA.
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, 06520, CT, USA.
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19
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Zahrl RJ, Mattanovich D, Gasser B. The impact of ERAD on recombinant protein secretion in Pichia pastoris (syn Komagataella spp.). MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018. [PMID: 29533745 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Pichia pastoris (syn. Komagataella spp.) is a popular cell factory for recombinant protein production. Yeasts in general provide a good starting point for cell factory engineering. They are intrinsically robust and easy to manipulate and cultivate. However, their secretory pathway is not evolutionarily adapted to high loads of secretory protein. In particular, more complex proteins, like the antibody fragment (Fab) used in this study, overwhelm the folding and secretion capacity. This triggers cellular stress responses, which may cause excessive intracellular degradation. Previous results have shown that, in fact, about 60 % of the newly synthesized Fab is intracellularly degraded. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) is one possible intracellular degradation pathway for proteins aimed for secretion. We therefore targeted ERAD for cell factory engineering and investigated the impact on recombinant protein secretion in P. pastoris. Three components of the ERAD-L complex, which is involved in the degradation of luminal proteins, and a protein involved in proteasomal degradation, were successfully disrupted in Fab-secreting P. pastoris. Contrary to expectation, the effect on secretion was marginal. In the course of more detailed investigation of the impact of ERAD, we took a closer look at the intracellular variants of the recombinant protein. This enabled us to further zero in on the issue of intracellular Fab degradation and exclude an overshooting ER quality control. We propose that a major fraction of the Fab is actually degraded before entering the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Zahrl
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Berner N, Reutter KR, Wolf DH. Protein Quality Control of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ubiquitin-Proteasome-Triggered Degradation of Aberrant Proteins: Yeast Pioneers the Path. Annu Rev Biochem 2018; 87:751-782. [PMID: 29394096 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cells must constantly monitor the integrity of their macromolecular constituents. Proteins are the most versatile class of macromolecules but are sensitive to structural alterations. Misfolded or otherwise aberrant protein structures lead to dysfunction and finally aggregation. Their presence is linked to aging and a plethora of severe human diseases. Thus, misfolded proteins have to be rapidly eliminated. Secretory proteins constitute more than one-third of the eukaryotic proteome. They are imported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they are folded and modified. A highly elaborated machinery controls their folding, recognizes aberrant folding states, and retrotranslocates permanently misfolded proteins from the ER back to the cytosol. In the cytosol, they are degraded by the highly selective ubiquitin-proteasome system. This process of protein quality control followed by proteasomal elimination of the misfolded protein is termed ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and it depends on an intricate interplay between the ER and the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Berner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; , ,
| | - Karl-Richard Reutter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; , ,
| | - Dieter H Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; , ,
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21
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Cavalier-Smith T. Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:297-357. [PMID: 28875267 PMCID: PMC5756292 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In 1981 I established kingdom Chromista, distinguished from Plantae because of its more complex chloroplast-associated membrane topology and rigid tubular multipartite ciliary hairs. Plantae originated by converting a cyanobacterium to chloroplasts with Toc/Tic translocons; most evolved cell walls early, thereby losing phagotrophy. Chromists originated by enslaving a phagocytosed red alga, surrounding plastids by two extra membranes, placing them within the endomembrane system, necessitating novel protein import machineries. Early chromists retained phagotrophy, remaining naked and repeatedly reverted to heterotrophy by losing chloroplasts. Therefore, Chromista include secondary phagoheterotrophs (notably ciliates, many dinoflagellates, Opalozoa, Rhizaria, heliozoans) or walled osmotrophs (Pseudofungi, Labyrinthulea), formerly considered protozoa or fungi respectively, plus endoparasites (e.g. Sporozoa) and all chromophyte algae (other dinoflagellates, chromeroids, ochrophytes, haptophytes, cryptophytes). I discuss their origin, evolutionary diversification, and reasons for making chromists one kingdom despite highly divergent cytoskeletons and trophic modes, including improved explanations for periplastid/chloroplast protein targeting, derlin evolution, and ciliary/cytoskeletal diversification. I conjecture that transit-peptide-receptor-mediated 'endocytosis' from periplastid membranes generates periplastid vesicles that fuse with the arguably derlin-translocon-containing periplastid reticulum (putative red algal trans-Golgi network homologue; present in all chromophytes except dinoflagellates). I explain chromist origin from ancestral corticates and neokaryotes, reappraising tertiary symbiogenesis; a chromist cytoskeletal synapomorphy, a bypassing microtubule band dextral to both centrioles, favoured multiple axopodial origins. I revise chromist higher classification by transferring rhizarian subphylum Endomyxa from Cercozoa to Retaria; establishing retarian subphylum Ectoreta for Foraminifera plus Radiozoa, apicomonad subclasses, new dinozoan classes Myzodinea (grouping Colpovora gen. n., Psammosa), Endodinea, Sulcodinea, and subclass Karlodinia; and ranking heterokont Gyrista as phylum not superphylum.
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22
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Slp1-Emp65: A Guardian Factor that Protects Folding Polypeptides from Promiscuous Degradation. Cell 2017; 171:346-357.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Abstract
The HRD (HMG-CoA reductase degradation) pathway is a conserved route of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), by which misfolded ER proteins are ubiquitinated and degraded. ERAD substrates are ubiquitinated by the action of the Hrd1 RING-H2 E3 ligase. Hrd1 is always present in a stoichiometric complex with the ER membrane protein Hrd3, which is also required for HRD-dependent degradation. Despite its conserved presence, unequivocal study of Hrd3 function has been precluded by its central role in Hrd1 stability. Loss of Hrd3 causes unrestricted self-degradation of Hrd1, resulting in significant loss of the core ligase. Accordingly, the degree to which Hrd3 functions independently of Hrd1 stabilization has remained unresolved. By capitalizing on our studies of Usa1 in Hrd1 degradation, we have devised a new approach to evaluate Hrd3 functions in ERAD. We now show that Hrd3 has a direct and critical role in ERAD in addition to Hrd1 stabilization. This direct component of Hrd3 is phenotypically as important as Hrd1 in the native HRD complex. Hrd3 was required the E3 activity of Hrd1, rather than substrate or E2 recruitment to Hrd1. Although Hrd1 can function in some circumstances independent of Hrd3, these studies show an indispensable role for Hrd3 in living cells.
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24
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Broad W, Ling Q, Jarvis P. New Insights Into Roles of Ubiquitin Modification in Regulating Plastids and Other Endosymbiotic Organelles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 325:1-33. [PMID: 27241217 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have revealed important and diverse roles for the ubiquitin modification of proteins in the regulation of endosymbiotic organelles, which include the primary plastids of plants as well as complex plastids: the secondary endosymbiotic organelles of cryptophytes, alveolates, stramenopiles, and haptophytes. Ubiquitin modifications have a variety of potential consequences, both to the modified protein itself and to cellular regulation. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) can target individual proteins for selective degradation by the cytosolic 26S proteasome. Ubiquitin modifications can also signal the removal of whole endosymbiotic organelles, for example, via autophagy as has been well characterized in mitochondria. As plastids must import over 90% of their proteins from the cytosol, the observation that the UPS selectively targets the plastid protein import machinery is particularly significant. In this way, the UPS may influence the development and interconversions of different plastid types, as well as plastid responses to stress, by reconfiguring the organellar proteome. In complex plastids, the Symbiont-derived ERAD-Like Machinery (SELMA) has coopted the protein transport capabilities of the ER-Associated Degradation (ERAD) system, whereby misfolded proteins are retrotranslocated from ER for proteasomal degradation, uncoupling them from proteolysis: SELMA components have been retargeted to the second outermost plastid membrane to mediate protein import. In spite of this wealth of new information, there still remain a large number of unanswered questions and a need to define the roles of ubiquitin modification further in the regulation of plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Broad
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Q Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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25
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Xu C, Ng DTW. Glycosylation-directed quality control of protein folding. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:742-52. [PMID: 26465718 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound and soluble proteins of the secretory pathway are commonly glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum. These adducts have many biological functions, including, notably, their contribution to the maturation of glycoproteins. N-linked glycans are of oligomeric structure, forming configurations that provide blueprints to precisely instruct the folding of protein substrates and the quality control systems that scrutinize it. O-linked mannoses are simpler in structure and were recently found to have distinct functions in protein quality control that do not require the complex structure of N-linked glycans. Together, recent studies reveal the breadth and sophistication of the roles of these glycan-directed modifications in protein biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchao Xu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Davis T W Ng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543.,Duke University-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
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26
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Nakatsukasa K, Okumura F, Kamura T. Proteolytic regulation of metabolic enzymes by E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes: lessons from yeast. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:489-502. [PMID: 26362128 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms use diverse mechanisms to control metabolic rates in response to changes in the internal and/or external environment. Fine metabolic control is a highly responsive, energy-saving process that is mediated by allosteric inhibition/activation and/or reversible modification of preexisting metabolic enzymes. In contrast, coarse metabolic control is a relatively long-term and expensive process that involves modulating the level of metabolic enzymes. Coarse metabolic control can be achieved through the degradation of metabolic enzymes by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), in which substrates are specifically ubiquitinated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase and targeted for proteasomal degradation. Here, we review select multi-protein E3 ligase complexes that directly regulate metabolic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first part of the review focuses on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-associated Hrd1 and Doa10 E3 ligase complexes. In addition to their primary roles in the ER-associated degradation pathway that eliminates misfolded proteins, recent quantitative proteomic analyses identified native substrates of Hrd1 and Doa10 in the sterol synthesis pathway. The second part focuses on the SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein) complex, an abundant prototypical multi-protein E3 ligase complex. While the best-known roles of the SCF complex are in the regulation of the cell cycle and transcription, accumulating evidence indicates that the SCF complex also modulates carbon metabolism pathways. The increasing number of metabolic enzymes whose stability is directly regulated by the UPS underscores the importance of the proteolytic regulation of metabolic processes for the acclimation of cells to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Nakatsukasa
- a Division of Biological Sciences , Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Fumihiko Okumura
- a Division of Biological Sciences , Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Takumi Kamura
- a Division of Biological Sciences , Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
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27
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Dekker SL, Kampinga HH, Bergink S. DNAJs: more than substrate delivery to HSPA. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:35. [PMID: 26176011 PMCID: PMC4485348 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are essential components of cellular life, as building blocks, but also to guide and execute all cellular processes. Proteins require a three-dimensional folding, which is constantly being challenged by their environment. Challenges including elevated temperatures or redox changes can alter this fold and result in misfolding of proteins or even aggregation. Cells are equipped with several pathways that can deal with protein stress. Together, these pathways are referred to as the protein quality control network. The network comprises degradation and (re)folding pathways that are intertwined due to the sharing of components and by the overlap in affinity for substrates. Here, we will give examples of this sharing and intertwinement of protein degradation and protein folding and discuss how the fate of a substrate is determined. We will focus on the ubiquitylation of substrates and the role of Hsp70 co-chaperones of the DNAJ class in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Dekker
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Steven Bergink
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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