1
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Qin J, Wang J, Chen J, Xu J, Liu S, Deng D, Li F. Homozygous variant in DRC3 (LRRC48) gene causes asthenozoospermia and male infertility. J Hum Genet 2024; 69:401-409. [PMID: 38769386 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-024-01253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Human infertility affects 10-15% of couples. Asthenozoospermia accounts for 18% of men with infertility and is a common male infertility phenotype. The nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) is a large protein complex in the sperm flagellum that connects adjacent doublets of microtubules. Defects in the N-DRC can disrupt cilia/flagellum movement, resulting in primary ciliary dyskinesia and male infertility. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a pathological homozygous variant of the dynein regulatory complex subunit 3 (DRC3) gene, which expresses leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 48, a component of the N-DRC, in a patient with asthenozoospermia. The variant ENST00000313838.12: c.644dup (p. Glu216GlyfsTer36) causes premature translational arrest of DRC3, resulting in a dysfunctional DRC3 protein. The patient's semen count, color, and pH were normal according to the reference values of the World Health Organization guidelines; however, sperm motility and progressive motility were reduced. DRC3 protein was not detected in the patient's sperm and the ultrastructure of the patient's sperm flagella was destroyed. More importantly, the DRC3 variant reduced its interaction with other components of the N-DRC, including dynein regulatory complex subunits 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8. Our data not only revealed the essential biological functions of DRC3 in sperm flagellum movement and structure but also provided a new basis for the clinical genetic diagnosis of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Qin
- Department of Andrology/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jianhai Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, 1101 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jinyan Xu
- Department of Andrology/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanling Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Dong Deng
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Fuping Li
- Department of Andrology/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.
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2
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Ghanaeian A, Majhi S, McCafferty CL, Nami B, Black CS, Yang SK, Legal T, Papoulas O, Janowska M, Valente-Paterno M, Marcotte EM, Wloga D, Bui KH. Integrated modeling of the Nexin-dynein regulatory complex reveals its regulatory mechanism. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5741. [PMID: 37714832 PMCID: PMC10504270 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are hairlike protrusions that project from the surface of eukaryotic cells and play key roles in cell signaling and motility. Ciliary motility is regulated by the conserved nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), which links adjacent doublet microtubules and regulates and coordinates the activity of outer doublet complexes. Despite its critical role in cilia motility, the assembly and molecular basis of the regulatory mechanism are poorly understood. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy in conjunction with biochemical cross-linking and integrative modeling, we localize 12 DRC subunits in the N-DRC structure of Tetrahymena thermophila. We also find that the CCDC96/113 complex is in close contact with the DRC9/10 in the linker region. In addition, we reveal that the N-DRC is associated with a network of coiled-coil proteins that most likely mediates N-DRC regulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrin Ghanaeian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Sumita Majhi
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Caitlyn L McCafferty
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Babak Nami
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Corbin S Black
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Shun Kai Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Thibault Legal
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Ophelia Papoulas
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Martyna Janowska
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polish Academy of Science, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Melissa Valente-Paterno
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada.
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3
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Ghanaeian A, Majhi S, McCaffrey CL, Nami B, Black CS, Yang SK, Legal T, Papoulas O, Janowska M, Valente-Paterno M, Marcotte EM, Wloga D, Bui KH. Integrated modeling of the Nexin-dynein regulatory complex reveals its regulatory mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.31.543107. [PMID: 37398254 PMCID: PMC10312493 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.543107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are hairlike protrusions that project from the surface of eukaryotic cells and play key roles in cell signaling and motility. Ciliary motility is regulated by the conserved nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), which links adjacent doublet microtubules and regulates and coordinates the activity of outer doublet complexes. Despite its critical role in cilia motility, the assembly and molecular basis of the regulatory mechanism are poorly understood. Here, utilizing cryo-electron microscopy in conjunction with biochemical cross-linking and integrative modeling, we localized 12 DRC subunits in the N-DRC structure of Tetrahymena thermophila . We also found that the CCDC96/113 complex is in close contact with the N-DRC. In addition, we revealed that the N-DRC is associated with a network of coiled-coil proteins that most likely mediates N-DRC regulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrin Ghanaeian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Sumita Majhi
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Caitie L McCaffrey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Babak Nami
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Corbin S Black
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Shun Kai Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Thibault Legal
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Ophelia Papoulas
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Martyna Janowska
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
- current address: Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polish Academy of Science, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Melissa Valente-Paterno
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, Canada
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4
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Walton T, Gui M, Velkova S, Fassad MR, Hirst RA, Haarman E, O'Callaghan C, Bottier M, Burgoyne T, Mitchison HM, Brown A. Axonemal structures reveal mechanoregulatory and disease mechanisms. Nature 2023; 618:625-633. [PMID: 37258679 PMCID: PMC10266980 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia and flagella beat rhythmically on the surface of cells to power the flow of fluid and to enable spermatozoa and unicellular eukaryotes to swim. In humans, defective ciliary motility can lead to male infertility and a congenital disorder called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), in which impaired clearance of mucus by the cilia causes chronic respiratory infections1. Ciliary movement is generated by the axoneme, a molecular machine consisting of microtubules, ATP-powered dynein motors and regulatory complexes2. The size and complexity of the axoneme has so far prevented the development of an atomic model, hindering efforts to understand how it functions. Here we capitalize on recent developments in artificial intelligence-enabled structure prediction and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structure of the 96-nm modular repeats of axonemes from the flagella of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and human respiratory cilia. Our atomic models provide insights into the conservation and specialization of axonemes, the interconnectivity between dyneins and their regulators, and the mechanisms that maintain axonemal periodicity. Correlated conformational changes in mechanoregulatory complexes with their associated axonemal dynein motors provide a mechanism for the long-hypothesized mechanotransduction pathway to regulate ciliary motility. Structures of respiratory-cilia doublet microtubules from four individuals with PCD reveal how the loss of individual docking factors can selectively eradicate periodically repeating structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Walton
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miao Gui
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Simona Velkova
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahmoud R Fassad
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Robert A Hirst
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Eric Haarman
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher O'Callaghan
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation Department, NIHR GOSH BRC, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mathieu Bottier
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alan Brown
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Pereira R, Sousa M. Morphological and Molecular Bases of Male Infertility: A Closer Look at Sperm Flagellum. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:383. [PMID: 36833310 PMCID: PMC9956255 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a major health problem worldwide without an effective therapy or cure. It is estimated to affect 8-12% of couples in the reproductive age group, equally affecting both genders. There is no single cause of infertility, and its knowledge is still far from complete, with about 30% of infertile couples having no cause identified (named idiopathic infertility). Among male causes of infertility, asthenozoospermia (i.e., reduced sperm motility) is one of the most observed, being estimated that more than 20% of infertile men have this condition. In recent years, many researchers have focused on possible factors leading to asthenozoospermia, revealing the existence of many cellular and molecular players. So far, more than 4000 genes are thought to be involved in sperm production and as regulators of different aspects of sperm development, maturation, and function, and all can potentially cause male infertility if mutated. In this review, we aim to give a brief overview of the typical sperm flagellum morphology and compile some of the most relevant information regarding the genetic factors involved in male infertility, with a focus on sperm immotility and on genes related to sperm flagellum development, structure, or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Pereira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Sousa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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6
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DRC3 is an assembly adapter of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex functional components during spermatogenesis in humans and mice. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:26. [PMID: 36627292 PMCID: PMC9832115 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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7
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Huang S, Huang Y, Li S, He Y. Chromosome 17 translocation affects sperm morphology: Two case studies and literature review. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14620. [PMID: 36270636 DOI: 10.1111/and.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present two cases of infertile males with teratozoospermia stemming from chromosome 17 translocation. The patients present karyotypes that have not been previously reported. Genes located on breakpoints (17p11.2, 9q31, and 11p15) were analysed to find the probable mechanism affecting sperm morphology. Our results suggest that ALKBH5, TOP3A, and LLGL1 interactions may be an underlying cause of abnormal sperm head morphology. Translocation of chromosome 17 occurred in conjunction with chromosome 9 and chromosome 11 translocation in the two cases, resulting in oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia, respectively. These abnormal phenotypes may involve meiosis- and motility-related genes such as LDHC, DNHD1, UBQLN3, and NUP98. Translocation is thus a risk factor for sperm morphological abnormalities and motility deficiency. The interaction network of 22 genes on breakpoints suggests that they contribute to spermatogenesis as a group. In conclusion, this study highlighted the importance of investigating genes linked to sperm morphology, together with chromosome 17 translocation and reproductive risks. For patients interested in screening before a future pregnancy, we recommend preimplantation genetic diagnosis to reduce the risk of karyotypically unbalanced foetuses and birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yingting Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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8
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Godar S, Oristian J, Hinsch V, Wentworth K, Lopez E, Amlashi P, Enverso G, Markley S, Alper JD. Light chain 2 is a Tctex-type related axonemal dynein light chain that regulates directional ciliary motility in Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009984. [PMID: 36155669 PMCID: PMC9536576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagellar motility is essential for the cell morphology, viability, and virulence of pathogenic kinetoplastids. Trypanosoma brucei flagella beat with a bending wave that propagates from the flagellum's tip to its base, rather than base-to-tip as in other eukaryotes. Thousands of dynein motor proteins coordinate their activity to drive ciliary bending wave propagation. Dynein-associated light and intermediate chains regulate the biophysical mechanisms of axonemal dynein. Tctex-type outer arm dynein light chain 2 (LC2) regulates flagellar bending wave propagation direction, amplitude, and frequency in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the role of Tctex-type light chains in regulating T. brucei motility is unknown. Here, we used a combination of bioinformatics, in-situ molecular tagging, and immunofluorescence microscopy to identify a Tctex-type light chain in the procyclic form of T. brucei (TbLC2). We knocked down TbLC2 expression using RNAi in both wild-type and FLAM3, a flagellar attachment zone protein, knockdown cells and quantified TbLC2's effects on trypanosome cell biology and biophysics. We found that TbLC2 knockdown reduced the directional persistence of trypanosome cell swimming, induced an asymmetric ciliary bending waveform, modulated the bias between the base-to-tip and tip-to-base beating modes, and increased the beating frequency. Together, our findings are consistent with a model of TbLC2 as a down-regulator of axonemal dynein activity that stabilizes the forward tip-to-base beating ciliary waveform characteristic of trypanosome cells. Our work sheds light on axonemal dynein regulation mechanisms that contribute to pathogenic kinetoplastids' unique tip-to-base ciliary beating nature and how those mechanisms underlie dynein-driven ciliary motility more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Godar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - James Oristian
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Valerie Hinsch
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine Wentworth
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ethan Lopez
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Amlashi
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gerald Enverso
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Samantha Markley
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joshua Daniel Alper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
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9
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Huang S, Wu H, Qi Y, Wei L, Lv X, He Y. Case Report: Balanced Reciprocal Translocation t (17; 22) (p11.2; q11.2) and 10q23.31 Microduplication in an Infertile Male Patient Suffering From Teratozoospermia. Front Genet 2022; 13:797813. [PMID: 35719406 PMCID: PMC9204271 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.797813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two chromosomal abnormalities are described in an infertile man suffering from teratozoospermia: balanced reciprocal translocation t (17; 22) (p11.2; q11.2) and a microduplication in the region 10q23.31. Twenty genes located on the breakpoints of translocation (e.g., ALKBH5, TOP3A, SPECC1L, and CDC45) are selected due to their high expression in testicular tissues and might be influenced by chromosome translocation. Four genes located on the breakpoints of microduplication including FLJ37201, KIF20B, LINC00865, and PANK1 result in an increased dosage of genes, representing an imbalance in the genome. These genes have been reported to be associated with developmental disorders/retardation and might be risk factors affecting spermatogenesis. Bioinformatics analysis is carried out on these key genes, intending to find the pathogenic process of reproduction in the context of the translocation and microduplication encountered in the male patient. The combination of the two chromosomal abnormalities carries additional risks for gametogenesis and genomic instability and is apparently harmful to male fertility. Overall, our findings could contribute to the knowledge of male infertility caused by genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huiling Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunwei Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liqiang Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaodan Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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10
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Burkhardt P, Jékely G. Evolution of synapses and neurotransmitter systems: The divide-and-conquer model for early neural cell-type evolution. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 71:127-138. [PMID: 34826676 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nervous systems evolved around 560 million years ago to coordinate and empower animal bodies. Ctenophores - one of the earliest-branching lineages - are thought to share a few neuronal genes with bilaterians and may have evolved neurons convergently. Here we review our current understanding of the evolution of neuronal molecules in nonbilaterians. We also reanalyse single-cell sequencing data in light of new cell-cluster identities from a ctenophore and uncover evidence supporting the homology of one ctenophore neuron-type with neurons in Bilateria. The specific coexpression of the presynaptic proteins Unc13 and RIM with voltage-gated channels, neuropeptides and homeobox genes pinpoint a spiking sensory-peptidergic cell in the ctenophore mouth. Similar Unc13-RIM neurons may have been present in the first eumetazoans to rise to dominance only in stem Bilateria. We hypothesise that the Unc13-RIM lineage ancestrally innervated the mouth and conquered other parts of the body with the rise of macrophagy and predation during the Cambrian explosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Burkhardt
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
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11
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Zhang X, Sun J, Lu Y, Zhang J, Shimada K, Noda T, Zhao S, Koyano T, Matsuyama M, Zhou S, Wu J, Ikawa M, Liu M. LRRC23 is a conserved component of the radial spoke that is necessary for sperm motility and male fertility in mice. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs259381. [PMID: 34585727 PMCID: PMC10658914 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are ancient structures that achieve controlled motor functions through the coordinated interaction based on microtubules and some attached projections. Radial spokes (RSs) facilitate the beating motion of these organelles by mediating signal transduction between dyneins and a central pair (CP) of singlet microtubules. RS complex isolation from Chlamydomonas axonemes enabled the detection of 23 radial spoke proteins (RSP1-RSP23), although the roles of some radial spoke proteins remain unknown. Recently, RSP15 has been reported to be bound to the stalk of RS2, but its homolog in mammals has not been identified. Herein, we show that Lrrc23 is an evolutionarily conserved testis-enriched gene encoding an RSP15 homolog in mice. We found that LRRC23 localizes to the RS complex within murine sperm flagella and interacts with RSPH3A and RSPH3B. The knockout of Lrrc23 resulted in male infertility due to RS disorganization and impaired motility in murine spermatozoa, whereas the ciliary beating was not significantly affected. These data indicate that LRRC23 is a key regulator that underpins the integrity of the RS complex within the flagella of mammalian spermatozoa, whereas it is dispensable in cilia. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jiang Sun
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Yonggang Lu
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Jintao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Keisuke Shimada
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Taichi Noda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Animal Core Facility of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Takayuki Koyano
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Shigei Medical Research Institute, 701-0202 Okayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsuyama
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Shigei Medical Research Institute, 701-0202 Okayama, Japan
| | - Shushu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, 108-8639 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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12
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Yamamoto R, Hwang J, Ishikawa T, Kon T, Sale WS. Composition and function of ciliary inner-dynein-arm subunits studied in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:77-96. [PMID: 33876572 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia (also interchangeably called "flagella") are conserved organelles extending from the surface of many animal cells and play essential functions in eukaryotes, including cell motility and environmental sensing. Large motor complexes, the ciliary dyneins, are present on ciliary outer-doublet microtubules and drive movement of cilia. Ciliary dyneins are classified into two general types: the outer dynein arms (ODAs) and the inner dynein arms (IDAs). While ODAs are important for generation of force and regulation of ciliary beat frequency, IDAs are essential for control of the size and shape of the bend, features collectively referred to as waveform. Also, recent studies have revealed unexpected links between IDA components and human diseases. In spite of their importance, studies on IDAs have been difficult since they are very complex and composed for several types of IDA motors, each unique in composition and location in the axoneme. Thanks in part to genetic, biochemical, and structural analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we are beginning to understand the organization and function of the ciliary IDAs. In this review, we summarize the composition of Chlamydomonas IDAs particularly focusing on each subunit, and discuss the assembly, conservation, and functional role(s) of these IDA subunits. Furthermore, we raise several additional questions/challenges regarding IDAs, and discuss future perspectives of IDA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Juyeon Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takahide Kon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Winfield S Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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13
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Bazan R, Schröfel A, Joachimiak E, Poprzeczko M, Pigino G, Wloga D. Ccdc113/Ccdc96 complex, a novel regulator of ciliary beating that connects radial spoke 3 to dynein g and the nexin link. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009388. [PMID: 33661892 PMCID: PMC7987202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary beating requires the coordinated activity of numerous axonemal complexes. The protein composition and role of radial spokes (RS), nexin links (N-DRC) and dyneins (ODAs and IDAs) is well established. However, how information is transmitted from the central apparatus to the RS and across other ciliary structures remains unclear. Here, we identify a complex comprising the evolutionarily conserved proteins Ccdc96 and Ccdc113, positioned parallel to N-DRC and forming a connection between RS3, dynein g, and N-DRC. Although Ccdc96 and Ccdc113 can be transported to cilia independently, their stable docking and function requires the presence of both proteins. Deletion of either CCDC113 or CCDC96 alters cilia beating frequency, amplitude and waveform. We propose that the Ccdc113/Ccdc96 complex transmits signals from RS3 and N-DRC to dynein g and thus regulates its activity and the ciliary beat pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Bazan
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Schröfel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Poprzeczko
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gaia Pigino
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (GP); (DW)
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (GP); (DW)
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14
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Petriman NA, Lorentzen E. Structural insights into the architecture and assembly of eukaryotic flagella. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2020; 7:289-299. [PMID: 33150161 PMCID: PMC7590530 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.11.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are slender projections found on most eukaryotic cells including unicellular organisms such as Chlamydomonas, Trypanosoma and Tetrahymena, where they serve motility and signaling functions. The cilium is a large molecular machine consisting of hundreds of different proteins that are trafficked into the organelle to organize a repetitive microtubule-based axoneme. Several recent studies took advantage of improved cryo-EM methodology to unravel the high-resolution structures of ciliary complexes. These include the recently reported purification and structure determination of axonemal doublet microtubules from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which allows for the modeling of more than 30 associated protein factors to provide deep molecular insight into the architecture and repetitive nature of doublet microtubules. In addition, we will review several recent contributions that dissect the structure and function of ciliary trafficking complexes that ferry structural and signaling components between the cell body and the cilium organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcis-Adrian Petriman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10c, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10c, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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15
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Lee L, Ostrowski LE. Motile cilia genetics and cell biology: big results from little mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:769-797. [PMID: 32915243 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of motile cilia and their role in disease has increased tremendously over the last two decades, with critical information and insight coming from the analysis of mouse models. Motile cilia form on specific epithelial cell types and typically beat in a coordinated, whip-like manner to facilitate the flow and clearance of fluids along the cell surface. Defects in formation and function of motile cilia result in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetically heterogeneous disorder with a well-characterized phenotype but no effective treatment. A number of model systems, ranging from unicellular eukaryotes to mammals, have provided information about the genetics, biochemistry, and structure of motile cilia. However, with remarkable resources available for genetic manipulation and developmental, pathological, and physiological analysis of phenotype, the mouse has risen to the forefront of understanding mammalian motile cilia and modeling PCD. This is evidenced by a large number of relevant mouse lines and an extensive body of genetic and phenotypic data. More recently, application of innovative cell biological techniques to these models has enabled substantial advancement in elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and function of mammalian motile cilia. In this article, we will review genetic and cell biological studies of motile cilia in mouse models and their contributions to our understanding of motile cilia and PCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Ostrowski
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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16
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Beeby M, Ferreira JL, Tripp P, Albers SV, Mitchell DR. Propulsive nanomachines: the convergent evolution of archaella, flagella and cilia. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:253-304. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Echoing the repeated convergent evolution of flight and vision in large eukaryotes, propulsive swimming motility has evolved independently in microbes in each of the three domains of life. Filamentous appendages – archaella in Archaea, flagella in Bacteria and cilia in Eukaryotes – wave, whip or rotate to propel microbes, overcoming diffusion and enabling colonization of new environments. The implementations of the three propulsive nanomachines are distinct, however: archaella and flagella rotate, while cilia beat or wave; flagella and cilia assemble at their tips, while archaella assemble at their base; archaella and cilia use ATP for motility, while flagella use ion-motive force. These underlying differences reflect the tinkering required to evolve a molecular machine, in which pre-existing machines in the appropriate contexts were iteratively co-opted for new functions and whose origins are reflected in their resultant mechanisms. Contemporary homologies suggest that archaella evolved from a non-rotary pilus, flagella from a non-rotary appendage or secretion system, and cilia from a passive sensory structure. Here, we review the structure, assembly, mechanism and homologies of the three distinct solutions as a foundation to better understand how propulsive nanomachines evolved three times independently and to highlight principles of molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Beeby
- Department of Life Sciences, Frankland Road, Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josie L Ferreira
- Department of Life Sciences, Frankland Road, Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Patrick Tripp
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79211 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79211 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David R Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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17
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Morohoshi A, Miyata H, Shimada K, Nozawa K, Matsumura T, Yanase R, Shiba K, Inaba K, Ikawa M. Nexin-Dynein regulatory complex component DRC7 but not FBXL13 is required for sperm flagellum formation and male fertility in mice. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008585. [PMID: 31961863 PMCID: PMC6994161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagella and cilia are evolutionarily conserved cellular organelles. Abnormal formation or motility of these organelles in humans causes several syndromic diseases termed ciliopathies. The central component of flagella and cilia is the axoneme that is composed of the ‘9+2’ microtubule arrangement, dynein arms, radial spokes, and the Nexin-Dynein Regulatory Complex (N-DRC). The N-DRC is localized between doublet microtubules and has been extensively studied in the unicellular flagellate Chlamydomonas. Recently, it has been reported that TCTE1 (DRC5), a component of the N-DRC, is essential for proper sperm motility and male fertility in mice. Further, TCTE1 has been shown to interact with FBXL13 (DRC6) and DRC7; however, functional roles of FBXL13 and DRC7 in mammals have not been elucidated. Here we show that Fbxl13 and Drc7 expression are testes-enriched in mice. Although Fbxl13 knockout (KO) mice did not show any obvious phenotypes, Drc7 KO male mice were infertile due to their short immotile spermatozoa. In Drc7 KO spermatids, the axoneme is disorganized and the ‘9+2’ microtubule arrangement was difficult to detect. Further, other N-DRC components fail to incorporate into the flagellum without DRC7. These results indicate that Drc7, but not Fbxl13, is essential for the correct assembly of the N-DRC and flagella. In recent years, almost one in six couples face infertility, and nearly 50% of cases are attributed to male factors. It has been shown that approximately 15% of male infertility is caused by genetic factors. The conditions of male infertility mainly include spermatozoa with abnormal morphology (teratozoospermia), reduced sperm motility (asthenozoospermia), and no or low sperm count (azoospermia). Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) are characterized as asthenoteratozoospermia, which is a condition with abnormal sperm tail morphology, including absent, coiled, bent, or short tails. Sperm tails are formed during spermiogenesis; however, the mechanism that govern tail formation remains unclear. Here we mutated Fbxl13 and Drc7, two genes with strong expression in mouse testis and which have been shown to be important for flagellum formation and regulation in other systems. Deletion of Drc7 leads to aberrant tail formation in mouse spermatozoa that phenocopies patients with MMAF, while deletion of Fbxl13 has no observable effect on sperm function. Our results identified DRC7 as an important factor for sperm flagellum formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Morohoshi
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Miyata
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shimada
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Nozawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Matsumura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yanase
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kogiku Shiba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Rare Human Diseases: Model Organisms in Deciphering the Molecular Basis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121614. [PMID: 31835861 PMCID: PMC6952885 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a recessive heterogeneous disorder of motile cilia, affecting one per 15,000-30,000 individuals; however, the frequency of this disorder is likely underestimated. Even though more than 40 genes are currently associated with PCD, in the case of approximately 30% of patients, the genetic cause of the manifested PCD symptoms remains unknown. Because motile cilia are highly evolutionarily conserved organelles at both the proteomic and ultrastructural levels, analyses in the unicellular and multicellular model organisms can help not only to identify new proteins essential for cilia motility (and thus identify new putative PCD-causative genes), but also to elucidate the function of the proteins encoded by known PCD-causative genes. Consequently, studies involving model organisms can help us to understand the molecular mechanism(s) behind the phenotypic changes observed in the motile cilia of PCD affected patients. Here, we summarize the current state of the art in the genetics and biology of PCD and emphasize the impact of the studies conducted using model organisms on existing knowledge.
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19
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Imhof S, Zhang J, Wang H, Bui KH, Nguyen H, Atanasov I, Hui WH, Yang SK, Zhou ZH, Hill KL. Cryo electron tomography with volta phase plate reveals novel structural foundations of the 96-nm axonemal repeat in the pathogen Trypanosoma brucei. eLife 2019; 8:e52058. [PMID: 31710293 PMCID: PMC6974359 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 96-nm axonemal repeat includes dynein motors and accessory structures as the foundation for motility of eukaryotic flagella and cilia. However, high-resolution 3D axoneme structures are unavailable for organisms among the Excavates, which include pathogens of medical and economic importance. Here we report cryo electron tomography structures of the 96-nm repeat from Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite in the Excavate lineage that causes African trypanosomiasis. We examined bloodstream and procyclic life cycle stages, and a knockdown lacking DRC11/CMF22 of the nexin dynein regulatory complex (NDRC). Sub-tomogram averaging yields a resolution of 21.8 Å for the 96-nm repeat. We discovered several lineage-specific structures, including novel inter-doublet linkages and microtubule inner proteins (MIPs). We establish that DRC11/CMF22 is required for the NDRC proximal lobe that binds the adjacent doublet microtubule. We propose that lineage-specific elaboration of axoneme structure in T. brucei reflects adaptations to support unique motility needs in diverse host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Imhof
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealUnited States
| | - Hoangkim Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ivo Atanasov
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Wong H Hui
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Shun Kai Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealUnited States
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kent L Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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20
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Fu G, Zhao L, Dymek E, Hou Y, Song K, Phan N, Shang Z, Smith EF, Witman GB, Nicastro D. Structural organization of the C1a-e-c supercomplex within the ciliary central apparatus. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4236-4251. [PMID: 31672705 PMCID: PMC6891083 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fu et al. use a WT versus mutant comparison and cryo-electron tomography of Chlamydomonas flagella to identify central apparatus (CA) subunits and visualize their location in the native 3D CA structure. This study provides a better understanding of the CA and how it regulates ciliary motility. Nearly all motile cilia contain a central apparatus (CA) composed of two connected singlet microtubules with attached projections that play crucial roles in regulating ciliary motility. Defects in CA assembly usually result in motility-impaired or paralyzed cilia, which in humans causes disease. Despite their importance, the protein composition and functions of the CA projections are largely unknown. Here, we integrated biochemical and genetic approaches with cryo-electron tomography to compare the CA of wild-type Chlamydomonas with CA mutants. We identified a large (>2 MD) complex, the C1a-e-c supercomplex, that requires the PF16 protein for assembly and contains the CA components FAP76, FAP81, FAP92, and FAP216. We localized these subunits within the supercomplex using nanogold labeling and show that loss of any one of them results in impaired ciliary motility. These data provide insight into the subunit organization and 3D structure of the CA, which is a prerequisite for understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the CA regulates ciliary beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Fu
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Erin Dymek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Yuqing Hou
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Kangkang Song
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nhan Phan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Zhiguo Shang
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - George B Witman
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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21
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Scaffold subunits support associated subunit assembly in the Chlamydomonas ciliary nexin-dynein regulatory complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23152-23162. [PMID: 31659045 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910960116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) in motile cilia and flagella functions as a linker between neighboring doublet microtubules, acts to stabilize the axonemal core structure, and serves as a central hub for the regulation of ciliary motility. Although the N-DRC has been studied extensively using genetic, biochemical, and structural approaches, the precise arrangement of the 11 (or more) N-DRC subunits remains unknown. Here, using cryo-electron tomography, we have compared the structure of Chlamydomonas wild-type flagella to that of strains with specific DRC subunit deletions or rescued strains with tagged DRC subunits. Our results show that DRC7 is a central linker subunit that helps connect the N-DRC to the outer dynein arms. DRC11 is required for the assembly of DRC8, and DRC8/11 form a subcomplex in the proximal lobe of the linker domain that is required to form stable contacts to the neighboring B-tubule. Gold labeling of tagged subunits determines the precise locations of the previously ambiguous N terminus of DRC4 and C terminus of DRC5. DRC4 is now shown to contribute to the core scaffold of the N-DRC. Our results reveal the overall architecture of N-DRC, with the 3 subunits DRC1/2/4 forming a core complex that serves as the scaffold for the assembly of the "functional subunits," namely DRC3/5-8/11. These findings shed light on N-DRC assembly and its role in regulating flagellar beating.
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22
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Osinka A, Poprzeczko M, Zielinska MM, Fabczak H, Joachimiak E, Wloga D. Ciliary Proteins: Filling the Gaps. Recent Advances in Deciphering the Protein Composition of Motile Ciliary Complexes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070730. [PMID: 31319499 PMCID: PMC6678824 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are highly evolutionarily conserved, microtubule-based cell protrusions present in eukaryotic organisms from protists to humans, with the exception of fungi and higher plants. Cilia can be broadly divided into non-motile sensory cilia, called primary cilia, and motile cilia, which are locomotory organelles. The skeleton (axoneme) of primary cilia is formed by nine outer doublet microtubules distributed on the cilium circumference. In contrast, the skeleton of motile cilia is more complex: in addition to outer doublets, it is composed of two central microtubules and several diverse multi-protein complexes that are distributed periodically along both types of microtubules. For many years, researchers have endeavored to fully characterize the protein composition of ciliary macro-complexes and the molecular basis of signal transduction between these complexes. Genetic and biochemical analyses have suggested that several hundreds of proteins could be involved in the assembly and function of motile cilia. Within the last several years, the combined efforts of researchers using cryo-electron tomography, genetic and biochemical approaches, and diverse model organisms have significantly advanced our knowledge of the ciliary structure and protein composition. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the identification of the subunits of ciliary complexes, their precise intraciliary localization determined by cryo-electron tomography data, and the role of newly identified proteins in cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Osinka
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Poprzeczko
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena M Zielinska
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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23
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Zhao L, Hou Y, Picariello T, Craige B, Witman GB. Proteome of the central apparatus of a ciliary axoneme. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2051-2070. [PMID: 31092556 PMCID: PMC6548120 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The central apparatus is an essential component of “9+2” cilia. Zhao et al. identify more than 40 new potential components of the central apparatus of Chlamydomonas. Many are conserved and will facilitate genetic screening of patients with a form of primary ciliary dyskinesia that is difficult to diagnose. Nearly all motile cilia have a “9+2” axoneme containing a central apparatus (CA), consisting of two central microtubules with projections, that is essential for motility. To date, only 22 proteins are known to be CA components. To identify new candidate CA proteins, we used mass spectrometry to compare axonemes of wild-type Chlamydomonas and a CA-less mutant. We identified 44 novel candidate CA proteins, of which 13 are conserved in humans. Five of the latter were studied more closely, and all five localized to the CA; therefore, most of the other candidates are likely to also be CA components. Our results reveal that the CA is far more compositionally complex than previously recognized and provide a greatly expanded knowledge base for studies to understand the architecture of the CA and how it functions. The discovery of the new conserved CA proteins will facilitate genetic screening to identify patients with a form of primary ciliary dyskinesia that has been difficult to diagnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Yuqing Hou
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Tyler Picariello
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Branch Craige
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - George B Witman
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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24
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Zhang P, Jiang W, Luo N, Zhu W, Fan L. IQ motif containing D (IQCD), a new acrosomal protein involved in the acrosome reaction and fertilisation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:898-914. [DOI: 10.1071/rd18416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The acrosome is single, large, dense-core secretory granule overlying the nucleus of most mammalian spermatozoa. Its exocytosis, the acrosome reaction, is a crucial event during fertilisation. In this study we identified a new acrosome-associated gene, namely IQ motif containing D (IQCD), expressed nearly in multiple tissues with highest expression levels in the testis. In mouse testis, Iqcd transcript accumulated from Postnatal Day (PND) 1 to adulthood. However, expression of IQCD protein at the testicular development stage started primarily from PND 18 and increased in an age-dependent manner until plateauing in adulthood. IQCD was primarily accumulated in the acrosome area of round and elongating spermatids within seminiferous tubules of the testes during the late stage of spermiogenesis; this immunolocalisation pattern is similar in mice and humans. IQCD levels in spermatozoa were significantly lower in IVF patients with total fertilisation failure or a low fertilisation rate than in healthy men. Anti-IQCD antibody significantly inhibited the acrosome reaction and slightly reduced protein tyrosine phosphorylation levels in human spermatozoa, but specifically blocked murine IVF. IQCD interacted with mammalian homolog of C. elegans uncoordinated gene 13 (Munc13) in spermatozoa and may participate in acrosome exocytosis. In conclusion, this study identified a new acrosomal protein, namely IQCD, which is involved in fertilisation and the acrosome reaction.
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25
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King SM. Turning dyneins off bends cilia. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:372-381. [PMID: 30176122 PMCID: PMC6249098 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary and flagellar motility is caused by the ensemble action of inner and outer dynein arm motors acting on axonemal doublet microtubules. The switch point or switching hypothesis, for which much experimental and computational evidence exists, requires that dyneins on only one side of the axoneme are actively working during bending, and that this active motor region propagate along the axonemal length. Generation of a reverse bend results from switching active sliding to the opposite side of the axoneme. However, the mechanochemical states of individual dynein arms within both straight and curved regions and how these change during beating has until now eluded experimental observation. Recently, Lin and Nicastro used high-resolution cryo-electron tomography to determine the power stroke state of dyneins along flagella of sea urchin sperm that were rapidly frozen while actively beating. The results reveal that axonemal dyneins are generally in a pre-power stroke conformation that is thought to yield a force-balanced state in straight regions; inhibition of this conformational state and microtubule release on specific doublets may then lead to a force imbalance across the axoneme allowing for microtubule sliding and consequently the initiation and formation of a ciliary bend. Propagation of this inhibitory signal from base-to-tip and switching the microtubule doublet subsets that are inhibited is proposed to result in oscillatory motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. King
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiophysicsUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterFarmingtonConnecticut
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26
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Muschol M, Wenders C, Wennemuth G. Four-dimensional analysis by high-speed holographic imaging reveals a chiral memory of sperm flagella. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199678. [PMID: 29953515 PMCID: PMC6023239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Here high-speed Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM) records sperm flagellar waveforms and swimming paths in 4 dimensions (X, Z, and t). We find flagellar excursions into the Z-plane nearly as large as the envelope of the flagellar waveform projected onto the XY-plane. These Z-plane excursions travel as waves down the flagellum each beat cycle. DHM also tracks the heads of free-swimming sperm and the dynamics and chirality of rolling of sperm around their long axis. We find that mouse sperm roll CW at the maximum positive Z-plane excursion of the head, then roll CCW at the subsequent maximum negative Z-plane excursion. This alternating chirality of rolling indicates sperm have a chiral memory. Procrustes alignments of path trajectories for sequences of roll-counterroll cycles show that path chirality is always CW for the cells analyzed in this study. Human and bull sperm lack distinguishable left and right surfaces, but DHM still indicates coordination of Z-plane excursions and rolling events. We propose that sperm have a chiral memory that resides in a hypothetical elastic linkage within the flagellar machinery, which stores some of the torque required for a CW or CCW roll to reuse in the following counter-roll. Separate mechanisms control path chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Muschol
- Institute for Anatomy, University Hospital, Duisburg-Essen University, Essen, Germany
| | - Caroline Wenders
- Institute for Anatomy, University Hospital, Duisburg-Essen University, Essen, Germany
| | - Gunther Wennemuth
- Institute for Anatomy, University Hospital, Duisburg-Essen University, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Hunter EL, Lechtreck K, Fu G, Hwang J, Lin H, Gokhale A, Alford LM, Lewis B, Yamamoto R, Kamiya R, Yang F, Nicastro D, Dutcher SK, Wirschell M, Sale WS. The IDA3 adapter, required for intraflagellar transport of I1 dynein, is regulated by ciliary length. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:886-896. [PMID: 29467251 PMCID: PMC5896928 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-12-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined how the ciliary motor I1 dynein is transported. A specialized adapter, IDA3, facilitates I1 dynein attachment to the ciliary transporter called intraflagellar transport (IFT). Loading of IDA3 and I1 dynein on IFT is regulated by ciliary length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Hunter
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Karl Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Gang Fu
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Juyeon Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Huawen Lin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lea M. Alford
- Department of Biology, Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, GA 30319
| | - Brian Lewis
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ritsu Kamiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Susan K. Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Maureen Wirschell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
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28
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Hu T, Bayly PV. Finite element models of flagella with sliding radial spokes and interdoublet links exhibit propagating waves under steady dynein loading. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:185-200. [PMID: 29316355 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear how flagella generate propulsive, oscillatory waveforms. While it is well known that dynein motors, in combination with passive cytoskeletal elements, drive the bending of the axoneme by applying shearing forces and bending moments to microtubule doublets, the origin of rhythmicity is still mysterious. Most conceptual models of flagellar oscillation involve dynein regulation or switching, so that dynein activity first on one side of the axoneme, then the other, drives bending. In contrast, a "viscoelastic flutter" mechanism has recently been proposed, based on a dynamic structural instability. Simple mathematical models of coupled elastic beams in viscous fluid, subjected to steady, axially distributed, dynein forces of sufficient magnitude, can exhibit oscillatory motion without any switching or dynamic regulation. Here we introduce more realistic finite element (FE) models of 6-doublet and 9-doublet flagella, with radial spokes and interdoublet links that slide along the central pair or corresponding doublet. These models demonstrate the viscoelastic flutter mechanism. Above a critical force threshold, these models exhibit an abrupt onset of propulsive, wavelike oscillations typical of flutter instability. Changes in the magnitude and spatial distribution of steady dynein force, or to viscous resistance, lead to behavior qualitatively consistent with experimental observations. This study demonstrates the ability of FE models to simulate nonlinear interactions between axonemal components during flagellar beating, and supports the plausibility of viscoelastic flutter as a mechanism of flagellar oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchen Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Philip V Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
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29
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Bower R, Tritschler D, Mills KV, Heuser T, Nicastro D, Porter ME. DRC2/CCDC65 is a central hub for assembly of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex and other regulators of ciliary and flagellar motility. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:137-153. [PMID: 29167384 PMCID: PMC5909927 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DRC2 is a subunit of the nexin–dynein regulatory complex linked to primary ciliary dyskinesia. Little is known about the impact of drc2 mutations on axoneme composition and structure. We used proteomic and structural approaches to reveal that DRC2 coassembles with DRC1 to attach the N-DRC to the A-tubule and mediate interactions with other regulatory structures. The nexin–dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) plays a central role in the regulation of ciliary and flagellar motility. In most species, the N-DRC contains at least 11 subunits, but the specific function of each subunit is unknown. Mutations in three subunits (DRC1, DRC2/CCDC65, DRC4/GAS8) have been linked to defects in ciliary motility in humans and lead to a ciliopathy known as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Here we characterize the biochemical, structural, and motility phenotypes of two mutations in the DRC2 gene of Chlamydomonas. Using high-resolution proteomic and structural approaches, we find that the C-terminal region of DRC2 is critical for the coassembly of DRC2 and DRC1 to form the base plate of N-DRC and its attachment to the outer doublet microtubule. Loss of DRC2 in drc2 mutants disrupts the assembly of several other N-DRC subunits and also destabilizes the assembly of several closely associated structures such as the inner dynein arms, the radial spokes, and the calmodulin- and spoke-associated complex. Our study provides new insights into the range of ciliary defects that can lead to PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raqual Bower
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Douglas Tritschler
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kristyn VanderWaal Mills
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas Heuser
- Biology Department and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454.,Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Biology Department and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454.,Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Mary E Porter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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30
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Viswanadha R, Sale WS, Porter ME. Ciliary Motility: Regulation of Axonemal Dynein Motors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/8/a018325. [PMID: 28765157 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ciliary motility is crucial for the development and health of many organisms. Motility depends on the coordinated activity of multiple dynein motors arranged in a precise pattern on the outer doublet microtubules. Although significant progress has been made in elucidating the composition and organization of the dyneins, a comprehensive understanding of dynein regulation is lacking. Here, we focus on two conserved signaling complexes located at the base of the radial spokes. These include the I1/f inner dynein arm associated with radial spoke 1 and the calmodulin- and spoke-associated complex and the nexin-dynein regulatory complex associated with radial spoke 2. Current research is focused on understanding how these two axonemal hubs coordinate and regulate the dynein motors and ciliary motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasagnya Viswanadha
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Winfield S Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Mary E Porter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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31
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Kubo T, Oda T. Electrostatic interaction between polyglutamylated tubulin and the nexin-dynein regulatory complex regulates flagellar motility. Mol Biol Cell 2017. [PMID: 28637765 PMCID: PMC5555654 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-05-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3D localization of polyglutamylated tubulin in eukaryotic flagella is identified. Polyglutamylated tubulins are located on the interface between the microtubule and its cross-bridging structure, the N-DRC. Flagellar motility is regulated by electrostatic interaction between negatively charged tubulins and positively charged N-DRC. Tubulins undergo various posttranslational modifications. Among them, polyglutamylation is involved in the motility of eukaryotic flagella and the stability of the axonemal microtubules. However, it remains unclear where polyglutamylated tubulin localizes precisely within the axoneme and how tubulin polyglutamylation affects flagellar motility. In this study, we identified the three-dimensional localization of the polyglutamylated tubulin in Chlamydomonas flagella using antibody labeling and cryo–electron tomography. Polyglutamylated tubulins specifically located in close proximity to a microtubule-cross-bridging structure called the nexin–dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC). Because N-DRC is positively charged, we hypothesized that there is an electrostatic interaction between the polyglutamylated tubulin and the N-DRC, and therefore we mutated the amino acid sequences of DRC4 to modify the charge of the N-DRC. We found that both augmentation and reduction of the positive charge on DRC4 resulted in reduced flagellar motility. Moreover, reduced motility in a mutant with a structurally defective N-DRC was partially restored by increasing the positive charge on DRC4. These results clearly indicate that beating motion of flagella is maintained by the electrostatic cross-bridge formed between the negatively charged polyglutamylated tubulins and the positively charged N-DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Oda
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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32
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Mitchison HM, Valente EM. Motile and non-motile cilia in human pathology: from function to phenotypes. J Pathol 2017; 241:294-309. [PMID: 27859258 DOI: 10.1002/path.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are inherited human disorders caused by both motile and non-motile cilia dysfunction that form an important and rapidly expanding disease category. Ciliopathies are complex conditions to diagnose, being multisystem disorders characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity and clinical variability with high levels of lethality. There is marked phenotypic overlap among distinct ciliopathy syndromes that presents a major challenge for their recognition, diagnosis, and clinical management, in addition to posing an on-going task to develop the most appropriate family counselling. The impact of next-generation sequencing and high-throughput technologies in the last decade has significantly improved our understanding of the biological basis of ciliopathy disorders, enhancing our ability to determine the possible reasons for the extensive overlap in their symptoms and genetic aetiologies. Here, we review the diverse functions of cilia in human health and disease and discuss a growing shift away from the classical clinical definitions of ciliopathy syndromes to a more functional categorization. This approach arises from our improved understanding of this unique organelle, revealed through new genetic and cell biological insights into the discrete functioning of subcompartments of the cilium (basal body, transition zone, intraflagellar transport, motility). Mutations affecting these distinct ciliary protein modules can confer different genetic diseases and new clinical classifications are possible to define, according to the nature and extent of organ involvement. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, University College London, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 00143, Rome, Italy
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33
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Abstract
Anton van Leeuwenhoek's startling microscopic observations in the 1600s first stimulated fascination with the way that cells use cilia to generate currents and to swim in a fluid environment. Research in recent decades has yielded deep knowledge about the mechanical and biochemical nature of these organelles but only opened a greater fascination about how such beautifully intricate and multifunctional structures arose during evolution. Answers to this evolutionary puzzle are not only sought to satisfy basic curiosity, but also, as stated so eloquently by Dobzhansky (Am Zool 4: 443 [1964]), because "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." Here I attempt to summarize current knowledge of what ciliary organelles of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) were like, explore the ways in which cilia have evolved since that time, and speculate on the selective processes that might have generated these organelles during early eukaryotic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
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34
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Mutations in Dnaaf1 and Lrrc48 Cause Hydrocephalus, Laterality Defects, and Sinusitis in Mice. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:2479-87. [PMID: 27261005 PMCID: PMC4978901 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.030791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described a forward genetic screen in mice for abnormalities of brain development. Characterization of two hydrocephalus mutants by whole-exome sequencing after whole-genome SNP mapping revealed novel recessive mutations in Dnaaf1 and Lrrc48. Mouse mutants of these two genes have not been previously reported. The Dnaaf1 mutant carries a mutation at the splice donor site of exon 4, which results in abnormal transcripts. The Lrrc48 mutation is a missense mutation at a highly conserved leucine residue, which is also associated with a decrease in Lrrc48 transcription. Both Dnaaf1 and Lrrc48 belong to a leucine-rich repeat-containing protein family and are components of the ciliary axoneme. Their Chlamydomonas orthologs are known to be required for normal ciliary beat frequency or flagellar waveform, respectively. Some Dnaaf1 or Lrrc48 homozygote mutants displayed laterality defects, suggesting a motile cilia defect in the embryonic node. Mucus accumulation and neutrophil infiltration in the maxillary sinuses suggested sinusitis. Dnaaf1 mutants showed postnatal lethality, and none survived to weaning age. Lrrc48 mutants survive to adulthood, but had male infertility. ARL13B immunostaining showed the presence of motile cilia in the mutants, and the distal distribution of DNAH9 in the axoneme of upper airway motile cilia appeared normal. The phenotypic abnormalities suggest that mutations in Dnaaf1 and Lrrc48 cause defects in motile cilia function.
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35
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Alford LM, Stoddard D, Li JH, Hunter EL, Tritschler D, Bower R, Nicastro D, Porter ME, Sale WS. The nexin link and B-tubule glutamylation maintain the alignment of outer doublets in the ciliary axoneme. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:331-40. [PMID: 27105591 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed quantitative assays to test the hypothesis that the N-DRC is required for integrity of the ciliary axoneme. We examined reactivated motility of demembranated drc cells, commonly termed "reactivated cell models." ATP-induced reactivation of wild-type cells resulted in the forward swimming of ∼90% of cell models. ATP-induced reactivation failed in a subset of drc cell models, despite forward motility in live drc cells. Dark-field light microscopic observations of drc cell models revealed various degrees of axonemal splaying. In contrast, >98% of axonemes from wild-type reactivated cell models remained intact. The sup-pf4 and drc3 mutants, unlike other drc mutants, retain most of the N-DRC linker that interconnects outer doublet microtubules. Reactivated sup-pf4 and drc3 cell models displayed nearly wild-type levels of forward motility. Thus, the N-DRC linker is required for axonemal integrity. We also examined reactivated motility and axoneme integrity in mutants defective in tubulin polyglutamylation. ATP-induced reactivation resulted in forward swimming of >75% of tpg cell models. Analysis of double mutants defective in tubulin polyglutamylation and different regions of the N-DRC indicate B-tubule polyglutamylation and the distal lobe of the linker region are both important for axonemal integrity and normal N-DRC function. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M Alford
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 465 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel Stoddard
- Biology Department, Brandeis University, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts.,Departments Of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas, Texas
| | - Jennifer H Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 465 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily L Hunter
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 465 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Douglas Tritschler
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Raqual Bower
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Departments Of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas, Texas
| | - Mary E Porter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Winfield S Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 465 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia
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36
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Jeanson L, Thomas L, Copin B, Coste A, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Dastot-Le Moal F, Duquesnoy P, Montantin G, Collot N, Tissier S, Papon JF, Clement A, Louis B, Escudier E, Amselem S, Legendre M. Mutations in GAS8, a Gene Encoding a Nexin-Dynein Regulatory Complex Subunit, Cause Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia with Axonemal Disorganization. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:776-85. [PMID: 27120127 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by chronic respiratory infections of the upper and lower airways, hypofertility, and, in approximately half of the cases, situs inversus. This complex phenotype results from defects in motile cilia and sperm flagella. Among the numerous genes involved in PCD, very few-including CCDC39 and CCDC40-carry mutations that lead to a disorganization of ciliary axonemes with microtubule misalignment. Focusing on this particular phenotype, we identified bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in GAS8, a gene that encodes a subunit of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) orthologous to DRC4 of the flagellated alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Unlike the majority of PCD patients, individuals with GAS8 mutations have motile cilia, which, as documented by high-speed videomicroscopy, display a subtle beating pattern defect characterized by slightly reduced bending amplitude. Immunofluorescence studies performed on patients' respiratory cilia revealed that GAS8 is not required for the proper expression of CCDC39 and CCDC40. Rather, mutations in GAS8 affect the subcellular localization of another N-DRC subunit called DRC3. Overall, this study, which identifies GAS8 as a PCD gene, unveils the key importance of the corresponding protein in N-DRC integrity and in the proper alignment of axonemal microtubules in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Jeanson
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S933, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Lucie Thomas
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S933, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Bruno Copin
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - André Coste
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Intercommunal et Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker, Service de Pneumo-Allergologie Pédiatrique, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Florence Dastot-Le Moal
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Philippe Duquesnoy
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S933, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Guy Montantin
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Nathalie Collot
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Sylvie Tissier
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Jean-François Papon
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Maxillo-Faciale, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Annick Clement
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S933, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75012, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Respiratoires Rares, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S955, Equipe 13, Univ Paris Est, Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Estelle Escudier
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S933, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75012, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Serge Amselem
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S933, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75012, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Marie Legendre
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S933, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75012, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Paris, F-75012, France
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