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Tillery MML, Zheng C, Zheng Y, Megraw TL. Ninein domains required for its localization, association with partners dynein and ensconsin, and microtubule organization. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar116. [PMID: 39024292 PMCID: PMC11449388 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ninein (Nin) is a microtubule (MT) anchor at the subdistal appendages of mother centrioles and the pericentriolar material (PCM) of centrosomes that also functions to organize MTs at noncentrosomal MT-organizing centers (ncMTOCs). In humans, the NIN gene is mutated in Seckel syndrome, an inherited developmental disorder. Here, we dissect the protein domains involved in Nin's localization and interactions with dynein and ensconsin (ens/MAP7) and show that the association with ens cooperatively regulates MT assembly in Drosophila fat body cells. We define domains of Nin responsible for its localization to the ncMTOC on the fat body cell nuclear surface, localization within the nucleus, and association with Dynein light intermediate chain (Dlic) and ens, respectively. We show that Nin's association with ens synergistically regulates MT assembly. Together, these findings reveal novel features of Nin function and its regulation of a ncMTOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M L Tillery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4300
| | - Chunfeng Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4300
| | - Yiming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 361102
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China, 518057
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4300
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2
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Gilbert T, Gorlt C, Barbier M, Duployer B, Plozza M, Dufrancais O, Martet LE, Dalbard E, Segot L, Tenailleau C, Haren L, Vérollet C, Bierkamp C, Merdes A. Loss of ninein interferes with osteoclast formation and causes premature ossification. eLife 2024; 13:e93457. [PMID: 38836552 PMCID: PMC11175614 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ninein is a centrosome protein that has been implicated in microtubule anchorage and centrosome cohesion. Mutations in the human NINEIN gene have been linked to Seckel syndrome and to a rare form of skeletal dysplasia. However, the role of ninein in skeletal development remains unknown. Here, we describe a ninein knockout mouse with advanced endochondral ossification during embryonic development. Although the long bones maintain a regular size, the absence of ninein delays the formation of the bone marrow cavity in the prenatal tibia. Likewise, intramembranous ossification in the skull is more developed, leading to a premature closure of the interfrontal suture. We demonstrate that ninein is strongly expressed in osteoclasts of control mice, and that its absence reduces the fusion of precursor cells into syncytial osteoclasts, whereas the number of osteoblasts remains unaffected. As a consequence, ninein-deficient osteoclasts have a reduced capacity to resorb bone. At the cellular level, the absence of ninein interferes with centrosomal microtubule organization, reduces centrosome cohesion, and provokes the loss of centrosome clustering in multinucleated mature osteoclasts. We propose that centrosomal ninein is important for osteoclast fusion, to enable a functional balance between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts during skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gilbert
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, UMR5077, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Camille Gorlt
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, UMR5077, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Merlin Barbier
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, UMR5077, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | | | - Marianna Plozza
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Ophélie Dufrancais
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Laure-Elene Martet
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, UMR5077, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Elisa Dalbard
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, UMR5077, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Loelia Segot
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, UMR5077, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | | | - Laurence Haren
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, UMR5077, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
- International Research Project CNRS “MAC-TB/HIV”ToulouseFrance
| | - Christiane Bierkamp
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, UMR5077, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Andreas Merdes
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, UMR5077, CNRS & Université Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
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3
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Dawood M, Akay G, Mitani T, Marafi D, Fatih JM, Gezdirici A, Najmabadi H, Kahrizi K, Punetha J, Grochowski CM, Du H, Jolly A, Li H, Coban-Akdemir Z, Sedlazeck FJ, Hunter JV, Jhangiani SN, Muzny D, Pehlivan D, Posey JE, Carvalho CM, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR. A biallelic frameshift indel in PPP1R35 as a cause of primary microcephaly. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:794-804. [PMID: 36598158 PMCID: PMC9928800 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 35 (PPP1R35) encodes a centrosomal protein required for recruiting microtubule-binding elongation machinery. Several proteins in this centriole biogenesis pathway correspond to established primary microcephaly (MCPH) genes, and multiple model organism studies hypothesize PPP1R35 as a candidate MCPH gene. Here, using exome sequencing (ES) and family-based rare variant analyses, we report a homozygous, frameshifting indel deleting the canonical stop codon in the last exon of PPP1R35 [Chr7: c.753_*3delGGAAGCGTAGACCinsCG (p.Trp251Cysfs*22)]; the variant allele maps in a 3.7 Mb block of absence of heterozygosity (AOH) in a proband with severe MCPH (-4.3 SD at birth, -6.1 SD by 42 months), pachygyria, and global developmental delay from a consanguineous Turkish kindred. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) confirmed mutant mRNA expression in fibroblasts. In silico prediction of the translation of mutant PPP1R35 is expected to be elongated by 18 amino acids before encountering a downstream stop codon. This complex indel allele is absent in public databases (ClinVar, gnomAD, ARIC, 1000 genomes) and our in-house database of 14,000+ exomes including 1800+ Turkish exomes supporting predicted pathogenicity. Comprehensive literature searches for PPP1R35 variants yielded two probands affected with severe microcephaly (-15 SD and -12 SD) with the same homozygous indel from a single, consanguineous, Iranian family from a cohort of 404 predominantly Iranian families. The lack of heterozygous cases in two large cohorts representative of the genetic background of these two families decreased our suspicion of a founder allele and supports the contention of a recurrent mutation. We propose two potential secondary structure mutagenesis models for the origin of this variant allele mediated by hairpin formation between complementary GC rich segments flanking the stop codon via secondary structure mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moez Dawood
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gulsen Akay
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Tadahiro Mitani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Dana Marafi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Jawid M. Fatih
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Alper Gezdirici
- Department of Medical Genetics, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul 34480, Turkey
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaya Punetha
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | | | - Haowei Du
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Angad Jolly
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - He Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fritz J. Sedlazeck
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Jill V. Hunter
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- E.B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Shalini N. Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Donna Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Claudia M.B. Carvalho
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
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4
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Zhang L, Teng Y, Hu H, Zhu H, Wen J, Liang D, Li Z, Wu L. Two novel variants in CEP152 caused Seckel syndrome 5 in a Chinese family. Front Genet 2023; 13:1052915. [PMID: 36685824 PMCID: PMC9845263 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1052915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Seckel syndrome (SCKL) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder, which is mainly characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth restrictions, microcephaly, intellectual disability, and a typical "bird-head" facial appearance. Here, we aimed to identify the genetic etiology of a family with suspected SCKL. Methods: This study enrolled a Chinese family suspected of SCKL with their detailed family history and clinical data. We performed karyotype analysis, copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq), and trio whole-exome sequencing (WES) to explore the genetic etiology in the proband. Furthermore, the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) were conducted to confirm the pathogenicity of novel variants. Results: The karyotype analysis and CNV-seq were normal in the proband. Two novel variants in CEP152, c.1060C>T (p.Arg354*) and c.1414-14A>G, were identified in the proband through trio-WES. The qPCR results showed that the total CEP152 mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in c.1060C>T (p.Arg354*) and c.1414-14A>G compared with healthy control individuals. Moreover, aberrant skipping of exon 12 due to the non-canonical splice-site variant was revealed by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Conclusion: Our findings expanded pathogenic variant spectra in SCKL and offered new insights into the pathogenicity of a non-classical splice-site variant in CEP152, which provided additional information for helping the family improve pregnancy plans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanling Teng
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haoran Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Wen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Desheng Liang
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Hunan Jiahui Genetics Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Lingqian Wu, ; Zhuo Li,
| | - Lingqian Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Hunan Jiahui Genetics Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Lingqian Wu, ; Zhuo Li,
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5
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Vineethakumari C, Lüders J. Microtubule Anchoring: Attaching Dynamic Polymers to Cellular Structures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867870. [PMID: 35309944 PMCID: PMC8927778 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic, filamentous polymers composed of α- and β-tubulin. Arrays of microtubules that have a specific polarity and distribution mediate essential processes such as intracellular transport and mitotic chromosome segregation. Microtubule arrays are generated with the help of microtubule organizing centers (MTOC). MTOCs typically combine two principal activities, the de novo formation of microtubules, termed nucleation, and the immobilization of one of the two ends of microtubules, termed anchoring. Nucleation is mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC), which, in cooperation with its recruitment and activation factors, provides a template for α- and β-tubulin assembly, facilitating formation of microtubule polymer. In contrast, the molecules and mechanisms that anchor newly formed microtubules at MTOCs are less well characterized. Here we discuss the mechanistic challenges underlying microtubule anchoring, how this is linked with the molecular activities of known and proposed anchoring factors, and what consequences defective microtubule anchoring has at the cellular and organismal level.
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Gorsi B, Hernandez E, Moore MB, Moriwaki M, Chow CY, Coelho E, Taylor E, Lu C, Walker A, Touraine P, Nelson LM, Cooper AR, Mardis ER, Rajkovic A, Yandell M, Welt CK. Causal and Candidate Gene Variants in a Large Cohort of Women With Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:685-714. [PMID: 34718612 PMCID: PMC9006976 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A genetic etiology likely accounts for the majority of unexplained primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that heterozygous rare variants and variants in enhanced categories are associated with POI. DESIGN The study was an observational study. SETTING Subjects were recruited at academic institutions. PATIENTS Subjects from Boston (n = 98), the National Institutes of Health and Washington University (n = 98), Pittsburgh (n = 20), Italy (n = 43), and France (n = 32) were diagnosed with POI (amenorrhea with an elevated follicle-stimulating hormone level). Controls were recruited for health in old age or were from the 1000 Genomes Project (total n = 233). INTERVENTION We performed whole exome sequencing (WES), and data were analyzed using a rare variant scoring method and a Bayes factor-based framework for identifying genes harboring pathogenic variants. We performed functional studies on identified genes that were not previously implicated in POI in a D. melanogaster model. MAIN OUTCOME Genes with rare pathogenic variants and gene sets with increased burden of deleterious variants were identified. RESULTS Candidate heterozygous variants were identified in known genes and genes with functional evidence. Gene sets with increased burden of deleterious alleles included the categories transcription and translation, DNA damage and repair, meiosis and cell division. Variants were found in novel genes from the enhanced categories. Functional evidence supported 7 new risk genes for POI (USP36, VCP, WDR33, PIWIL3, NPM2, LLGL1, and BOD1L1). CONCLUSIONS Candidate causative variants were identified through WES in women with POI. Aggregating clinical data and genetic risk with a categorical approach may expand the genetic architecture of heterozygous rare gene variants causing risk for POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Gorsi
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Edgar Hernandez
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marvin Barry Moore
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mika Moriwaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Clement Y Chow
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Emily Coelho
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elaine Taylor
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Claire Lu
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amanda Walker
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Philippe Touraine
- Sorbonne Universite, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service d’Endocrinologie et Médecine de la Reproduction, Centre de Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Centre de Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Elaine R Mardis
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Aleksander Rajkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Yandell
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Corrine K Welt
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Understanding microcephaly through the study of centrosome regulation in Drosophila neural stem cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2101-2115. [PMID: 32897294 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly is a rare, yet devastating, neurodevelopmental condition caused by genetic or environmental insults, such as the Zika virus infection. Microcephaly manifests with a severely reduced head circumference. Among the known heritable microcephaly genes, a significant proportion are annotated with centrosome-related ontologies. Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers, and they play fundamental roles in the proliferation of the neuronal progenitors, the neural stem cells (NSCs), which undergo repeated rounds of asymmetric cell division to drive neurogenesis and brain development. Many of the genes, pathways, and developmental paradigms that dictate NSC development in humans are conserved in Drosophila melanogaster. As such, studies of Drosophila NSCs lend invaluable insights into centrosome function within NSCs and help inform the pathophysiology of human microcephaly. This mini-review will briefly survey causative links between deregulated centrosome functions and microcephaly with particular emphasis on insights learned from Drosophila NSCs.
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8
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Qi F, Zhou J. Multifaceted roles of centrosomes in development, health, and disease. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:611-621. [PMID: 34264337 PMCID: PMC8648388 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is a membrane-less organelle consisting of a pair of barrel-shaped centrioles and pericentriolar material and functions as the major microtubule-organizing center and signaling hub in animal cells. The past decades have witnessed the functional complexity and importance of centrosomes in various cellular processes such as cell shaping, division, and migration. In addition, centrosome abnormalities are linked to a wide range of human diseases and pathological states, such as cancer, reproductive disorder, brain disease, and ciliopathies. Herein, we discuss various functions of centrosomes in development and health, with an emphasis on their roles in germ cells, stem cells, and immune responses. We also discuss how centrosome dysfunctions are involved in diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating centrosome functions may lead the way to potential therapeutic targeting of this organelle in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Qi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence to: Feifei Qi, E-mail: ; Jun Zhou, E-mail:
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence to: Feifei Qi, E-mail: ; Jun Zhou, E-mail:
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9
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Baker MR, Fan G, Seryshev AB, Agosto MA, Baker ML, Serysheva II. Cryo-EM structure of type 1 IP 3R channel in a lipid bilayer. Commun Biol 2021; 4:625. [PMID: 34035440 PMCID: PMC8149723 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) is the predominant Ca2+-release channel in neurons. IP3R1 mediates Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol and thereby is involved in many physiological processes. Here, we present the cryo-EM structures of full-length rat IP3R1 reconstituted in lipid nanodisc and detergent solubilized in the presence of phosphatidylcholine determined in ligand-free, closed states by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy. Notably, both structures exhibit the well-established IP3R1 protein fold and reveal a nearly complete representation of lipids with similar locations of ordered lipids bound to the transmembrane domains. The lipid-bound structures show improved features that enabled us to unambiguously build atomic models of IP3R1 including two membrane associated helices that were not previously resolved in the TM region. Our findings suggest conserved locations of protein-bound lipids among homotetrameric ion channels that are critical for their structural and functional integrity despite the diversity of structural mechanisms for their gating. 3D structure of full-length rat type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor reconstituted in lipid nanodisc is determined using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. The study suggests conserved locations of protein-bound lipids among structurally diverse, homo-tetrameric ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah R Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology Imaging Center, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guizhen Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology Imaging Center, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander B Seryshev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology Imaging Center, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melina A Agosto
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew L Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology Imaging Center, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irina I Serysheva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology Imaging Center, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The centrosome is a unique organelle: the semi-conservative nature of its duplication generates an inherent asymmetry between ‘mother’ and ‘daughter’ centrosomes, which differ in their age. This asymmetry has captivated many cell biologists, but its meaning has remained enigmatic. In the last two decades, many stem cell types have been shown to display stereotypical inheritance of either the mother or daughter centrosome. These observations have led to speculation that the mother and daughter centrosomes bear distinct information, contributing to differential cell fates during asymmetric cell divisions. This review summarizes recent progress and discusses how centrosome asymmetry may promote asymmetric fates during stem cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuie Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yukiko M Yamashita
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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11
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Ryder PV, Lerit DA. Quantitative analysis of subcellular distributions with an open-source, object-based tool. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio055228. [PMID: 32973081 PMCID: PMC7595693 DOI: 10.1242/bio.055228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The subcellular localization of objects, such as organelles, proteins, or other molecules, instructs cellular form and function. Understanding the underlying spatial relationships between objects through colocalization analysis of microscopy images is a fundamental approach used to inform biological mechanisms. We generated an automated and customizable computational tool, the SubcellularDistribution pipeline, to facilitate object-based image analysis from three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence microcopy images. To test the utility of the SubcellularDistribution pipeline, we examined the subcellular distribution of mRNA relative to centrosomes within syncytial Drosophila embryos. Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers, and RNA enrichments at centrosomes are of emerging importance. Our open-source and freely available software detected RNA distributions comparably to commercially available image analysis software. The SubcellularDistribution pipeline is designed to guide the user through the complete process of preparing image analysis data for publication, from image segmentation and data processing to visualization.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl V Ryder
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dorothy A Lerit
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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12
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Chen C, Yamashita YM. Alstrom syndrome gene is a stem-cell-specific regulator of centriole duplication in the Drosophila testis. eLife 2020; 9:59368. [PMID: 32965218 PMCID: PMC7535930 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrically dividing stem cells often show asymmetric behavior of the mother versus daughter centrosomes, whereby the self-renewing stem cell selectively inherits the mother or daughter centrosome. Although the asymmetric centrosome behavior is widely conserved, its biological significance remains largely unclear. Here, we show that Alms1a, a Drosophila homolog of the human ciliopathy gene Alstrom syndrome, is enriched on the mother centrosome in Drosophila male germline stem cells (GSCs). Depletion of alms1a in GSCs, but not in differentiating germ cells, results in rapid loss of centrosomes due to a failure in daughter centriole duplication, suggesting that Alms1a has a stem-cell-specific function in centrosome duplication. Alms1a interacts with Sak/Plk4, a critical regulator of centriole duplication, more strongly at the GSC mother centrosome, further supporting Alms1a’s unique role in GSCs. Our results begin to reveal the unique regulation of stem cell centrosomes that may contribute to asymmetric stem cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuie Chen
- Life Science Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Yukiko M Yamashita
- Life Science Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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13
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Yasuda Y, Sakai A, Ito S, Sasai K, Ishizaki A, Okano Y, Kawahara S, Jitsumori Y, Yamamoto H, Matsubara N, Shimizu K, Katayama H. Human NINEIN polymorphism at codon 1111 is associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. Biomed Rep 2020; 13:45. [PMID: 32934817 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
NINEIN serves an essential role in centrosome function as a microtubule organizing center, and in the reformation of the interphase centrosome architecture following mitosis. In the present study, the association between NINEIN Pro1111Ala (rs2236316), a missense single nucleotide polymorphism, and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), related to smoking and alcohol consumption habits in 200 patients with CRC and 1,141 cancer-free control participants were assessed in a case-control study performed in Japan. The results showed that the NINEIN Ala/Ala genotype compared with the Pro/Pro genotype was significantly more associated with an increased risk of CRC, and the males with the Ala/Ala genotype exhibited a significantly increased risk of CRC compared with those with Pro/Pro and Pro/Ala genotypes. Stratified analyses of the Ala/Ala genotype with CRC risk further showed an increased association in never/light drinkers (<23 g of ethanol/day), in male never/light drinkers and in male patients with rectal cancer. These findings suggest that the genetic variant of the NINEIN Pro1111Ala polymorphism has a significant effect on CRC susceptibility in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yasuda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akiko Sakai
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sachio Ito
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kaori Sasai
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akisada Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Okano
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Seito Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Jitsumori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yamamoto
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nagahide Matsubara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katayama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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14
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Zheng Y, Buchwalter RA, Zheng C, Wight EM, Chen JV, Megraw TL. A perinuclear microtubule-organizing centre controls nuclear positioning and basement membrane secretion. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:297-309. [PMID: 32066907 PMCID: PMC7161059 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centres (ncMTOCs) have a variety of roles presumed to serve the diverse functions of the range of cell types in which they are found. ncMTOCs are diverse in their composition, subcellular localization, and function. Here we report a perinuclear MTOC in Drosophila fat body cells that is anchored by Msp300/Nesprin at the cytoplasmic surface of the nucleus. Msp300 recruits the MT minus-end protein Patronin/CAMSAP, which functions redundantly with Ninein to further recruit the MT polymerase Msps/XMAP215 to assemble non-centrosomal MTs and does so independently of the widespread MT nucleation factor γ-tubulin. Functionally, the fat body ncMTOC and the radial MT arrays it organizes is essential for nuclear positioning and for secretion of basement membrane components via retrograde dynein-dependent endosomal trafficking that restricts plasma membrane growth. Together, this study identifies a perinuclear ncMTOC with unique architecture and MT regulation properties that serves vital functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Buchwalter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Chunfeng Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Elise M Wight
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jieyan V Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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15
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Lecland N, Hsu CY, Chemin C, Merdes A, Bierkamp C. Epidermal development requires ninein for spindle orientation and cortical microtubule organization. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201900373. [PMID: 30923192 PMCID: PMC6441496 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the epidermis, ninein affects spindle orientation of progenitor cells, as well as cortical microtubule organization, desmosome assembly, and lamellar body secretion in differentiating cells. In mammalian skin, ninein localizes to the centrosomes of progenitor cells and relocates to the cell cortex upon differentiation of keratinocytes, where cortical arrays of microtubules are formed. To examine the function of ninein in skin development, we use epidermis-specific and constitutive ninein-knockout mice to demonstrate that ninein is necessary for maintaining regular protein levels of the differentiation markers filaggrin and involucrin, for the formation of desmosomes, for the secretion of lamellar bodies, and for the formation of the epidermal barrier. Ninein-deficient mice are viable but develop a thinner skin with partly impaired epidermal barrier. We propose two underlying mechanisms: first, ninein contributes to spindle orientation during the division of progenitor cells, whereas its absence leads to misoriented cell divisions, altering the pool of progenitor cells. Second, ninein is required for the cortical organization of microtubules in differentiating keratinocytes, and for the cortical re-localization of microtubule-organizing proteins, and may thus affect any mechanisms that depend on localized microtubule-dependent transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lecland
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Toulouse, France
| | - Chiung-Yueh Hsu
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Chemin
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Toulouse, France
| | - Andreas Merdes
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Toulouse, France
| | - Christiane Bierkamp
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Toulouse, France
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16
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Rosen JN, Azevedo M, Soffar DB, Boyko VP, Brendel MB, Schulman VK, Baylies MK. The Drosophila Ninein homologue Bsg25D cooperates with Ensconsin in myonuclear positioning. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:524-540. [PMID: 30626718 PMCID: PMC6363458 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosen et al. identify a role for the centrosomal protein Bsg25D/Ninein in nuclear positioning and microtubule organization in Drosophila muscle fibers. Genetic, cell biological, and atomic force microscopy analyses demonstrate that complex interactions between Bsg25D and the microtubule-associated protein Ensconsin govern myonuclear positioning in Drosophila. Skeletal muscle consists of multinucleated cells in which the myonuclei are evenly spaced throughout the cell. In Drosophila, this pattern is established in embryonic myotubes, where myonuclei move via microtubules (MTs) and the MT-associated protein Ensconsin (Ens)/MAP7, to achieve their distribution. Ens regulates multiple aspects of MT biology, but little is known about how Ens itself is regulated. We find that Ens physically interacts and colocalizes with Bsg25D, the Drosophila homologue of the centrosomal protein Ninein. Bsg25D loss enhances myonuclear positioning defects in embryos sensitized by partial Ens loss. Bsg25D overexpression causes severe positioning defects in immature myotubes and fully differentiated myofibers, where it forms ectopic MT organizing centers, disrupts perinuclear MT arrays, reduces muscle stiffness, and decreases larval crawling velocity. These studies define a novel relationship between Ens and Bsg25D. At endogenous levels, Bsg25D positively regulates Ens activity during myonuclear positioning, but excess Bsg25D disrupts Ens localization and MT organization, with disastrous consequences for myonuclear positioning and muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Rosen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Mafalda Azevedo
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David B Soffar
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Vitaly P Boyko
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Molecular Cytology Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Matthew B Brendel
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Molecular Cytology Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Victoria K Schulman
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Mary K Baylies
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY .,Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY
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17
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Sydor AM, Coyaud E, Rovelli C, Laurent E, Liu H, Raught B, Mennella V. PPP1R35 is a novel centrosomal protein that regulates centriole length in concert with the microcephaly protein RTTN. eLife 2018; 7:37846. [PMID: 30168418 PMCID: PMC6141234 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosome structure, function, and number are finely regulated at the cellular level to ensure normal mammalian development. Here, we characterize PPP1R35 as a novel bona fide centrosomal protein and demonstrate that it is critical for centriole elongation. Using quantitative super-resolution microscopy mapping and live-cell imaging we show that PPP1R35 is a resident centrosomal protein located in the proximal lumen above the cartwheel, a region of the centriole that has eluded detailed characterization. Loss of PPP1R35 function results in decreased centrosome number and shortened centrioles that lack centriolar distal and microtubule wall associated proteins required for centriole elongation. We further demonstrate that PPP1R35 acts downstream of, and forms a complex with, RTTN, a microcephaly protein required for distal centriole elongation. Altogether, our study identifies a novel step in the centriole elongation pathway centered on PPP1R35 and elucidates downstream partners of the microcephaly protein RTTN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cristina Rovelli
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Estelle Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen Liu
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vito Mennella
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Tillery MML, Blake-Hedges C, Zheng Y, Buchwalter RA, Megraw TL. Centrosomal and Non-Centrosomal Microtubule-Organizing Centers (MTOCs) in Drosophila melanogaster. Cells 2018; 7:E121. [PMID: 30154378 PMCID: PMC6162459 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the best-understood microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and is essential in particular cell types and at specific stages during Drosophila development. The centrosome is not required zygotically for mitosis or to achieve full animal development. Nevertheless, centrosomes are essential maternally during cleavage cycles in the early embryo, for male meiotic divisions, for efficient division of epithelial cells in the imaginal wing disc, and for cilium/flagellum assembly in sensory neurons and spermatozoa. Importantly, asymmetric and polarized division of stem cells is regulated by centrosomes and by the asymmetric regulation of their microtubule (MT) assembly activity. More recently, the components and functions of a variety of non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (ncMTOCs) have begun to be elucidated. Throughout Drosophila development, a wide variety of unique ncMTOCs form in epithelial and non-epithelial cell types at an assortment of subcellular locations. Some of these cell types also utilize the centrosomal MTOC, while others rely exclusively on ncMTOCs. The impressive variety of ncMTOCs being discovered provides novel insight into the diverse functions of MTOCs in cells and tissues. This review highlights our current knowledge of the composition, assembly, and functional roles of centrosomal and non-centrosomal MTOCs in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M L Tillery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Caitlyn Blake-Hedges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Yiming Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Buchwalter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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19
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Tovey CA, Tubman CE, Hamrud E, Zhu Z, Dyas AE, Butterfield AN, Fyfe A, Johnson E, Conduit PT. γ-TuRC Heterogeneity Revealed by Analysis of Mozart1. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2314-2323.e6. [PMID: 29983314 PMCID: PMC6065531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential for various cell processes [1] and are nucleated by multi-protein γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs) at various microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), including centrosomes [2-6]. Recruitment of γ-TuRCs to different MTOCs at different times influences microtubule array formation, but how this is regulated remains an open question. It also remains unclear whether all γ-TuRCs within the same organism have the same composition and how any potential heterogeneity might influence γ-TuRC recruitment. MOZART1 (Mzt1) was recently identified as a γ-TuRC component [7, 8] and is conserved in nearly all eukaryotes [6, 9]. Mzt1 has so far been studied in cultured human cells, yeast, and plants; its absence leads to failures in γ-TuRC recruitment and cell division, resulting in cell death [7, 9-15]. Mzt1 is small (∼8.5 kDa), binds directly to core γ-TuRC components [9, 10, 14, 15], and appears to mediate the interaction between γ-TuRCs and proteins that tether γ-TuRCs to MTOCs [9, 15]. Here, we use Drosophila to investigate the function of Mzt1 in a multicellular animal for the first time. Surprisingly, we find that Drosophila Mzt1 is expressed only in the testes and is present in γ-TuRCs recruited to basal bodies, but not to mitochondria, in developing sperm cells. mzt1 mutants are viable but have defects in basal body positioning and γ-TuRC recruitment to centriole adjuncts; sperm formation is affected and mutants display a rapid age-dependent decline in sperm motility and male fertility. Our results reveal that tissue-specific and MTOC-specific γ-TuRC heterogeneity exist in Drosophila and highlight the complexity of γ-TuRC recruitment in a multicellular animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne A Tovey
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Chloe E Tubman
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Eva Hamrud
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Zihan Zhu
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Anna E Dyas
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Andrew N Butterfield
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Alex Fyfe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Errin Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Paul T Conduit
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
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20
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Microtubule-Organizing Centers: Towards a Minimal Parts List. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 28:176-187. [PMID: 29173799 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of molecular analysis of the centrosome, an important microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) of animal cells, the molecular basis of microtubule organization remains obscure. A major challenge is the sheer complexity of the interplay of the hundreds of proteins that constitute the centrosome. However, this complexity owes not only to the centrosome's role as a MTOC but also to the requirements of its duplication cycle and to various other functions such as the formation of cilia, the integration of various signaling pathways, and the organization of actin filaments. Thus, rather than using the parts lists to reconstruct the centrosome, we propose to identify the subset of proteins minimally needed to assemble a MTOC and to study this process at non-centrosomal sites.
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21
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Lattao R, Kovács L, Glover DM. The Centrioles, Centrosomes, Basal Bodies, and Cilia of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017; 206:33-53. [PMID: 28476861 PMCID: PMC5419478 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.198168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles play a key role in the development of the fly. They are needed for the correct formation of centrosomes, the organelles at the poles of the spindle that can persist as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) into interphase. The ability to nucleate cytoplasmic microtubules (MTs) is a property of the surrounding pericentriolar material (PCM). The centriole has a dual life, existing not only as the core of the centrosome but also as the basal body, the structure that templates the formation of cilia and flagellae. Thus the structure and functions of the centriole, the centrosome, and the basal body have an impact upon many aspects of development and physiology that can readily be modeled in Drosophila Centrosomes are essential to give organization to the rapidly increasing numbers of nuclei in the syncytial embryo and for the spatially precise execution of cell division in numerous tissues, particularly during male meiosis. Although mitotic cell cycles can take place in the absence of centrosomes, this is an error-prone process that opens up the fly to developmental defects and the potential of tumor formation. Here, we review the structure and functions of the centriole, the centrosome, and the basal body in different tissues and cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster, highlighting their contributions to different aspects of development and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Lattao
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Levente Kovács
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
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22
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Kowanda M, Bergalet J, Wieczorek M, Brouhard G, Lécuyer É, Lasko P. Loss of function of the Drosophila Ninein-related centrosomal protein Bsg25D causes mitotic defects and impairs embryonic development. Biol Open 2016; 5:1040-51. [PMID: 27422905 PMCID: PMC5004617 DOI: 10.1242/bio.019638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome-associated proteins Ninein (Nin) and Ninein-like protein (Nlp) play significant roles in microtubule stability, nucleation and anchoring at the centrosome in mammalian cells. Here, we investigate Blastoderm specific gene 25D (Bsg25D), which encodes the only Drosophila protein that is closely related to Nin and Nlp. In early embryos, we find that Bsg25D mRNA and Bsg25D protein are closely associated with centrosomes and astral microtubules. We show that sequences within the coding region and 3′UTR of Bsg25D mRNAs are important for proper localization of this transcript in oogenesis and embryogenesis. Ectopic expression of eGFP-Bsg25D from an unlocalized mRNA disrupts microtubule polarity in mid-oogenesis and compromises the distribution of the axis polarity determinant Gurken. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we show that an N-terminal fragment of Bsg25D can bind microtubules in vitro and can move along them, predominantly toward minus-ends. While flies homozygous for a Bsg25D null mutation are viable and fertile, 70% of embryos lacking maternal and zygotic Bsg25D do not hatch and exhibit chromosome segregation defects, as well as detachment of centrosomes from mitotic spindles. We conclude that Bsg25D is a centrosomal protein that, while dispensable for viability, nevertheless helps ensure the integrity of mitotic divisions in Drosophila. Summary: In humans, mutations in Ninein or Ninein-like protein result in microcephaly and other severe diseases. We show that while flies lacking the Ninein orthologue can survive, many die as embryos with defects in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kowanda
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Julie Bergalet
- RNA Biology Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Michal Wieczorek
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Gary Brouhard
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Éric Lécuyer
- RNA Biology Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Paul Lasko
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
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