1
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Kreis NN, Moon HH, Wordeman L, Louwen F, Solbach C, Yuan J, Ritter A. KIF2C/MCAK a prognostic biomarker and its oncogenic potential in malignant progression, and prognosis of cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis as biomarker. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-31. [PMID: 38344808 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2309933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
KIF2C/MCAK (KIF2C) is the most well-characterized member of the kinesin-13 family, which is critical in the regulation of microtubule (MT) dynamics during mitosis, as well as interphase. This systematic review briefly describes the important structural elements of KIF2C, its regulation by multiple molecular mechanisms, and its broad cellular functions. Furthermore, it systematically summarizes its oncogenic potential in malignant progression and performs a meta-analysis of its prognostic value in cancer patients. KIF2C was shown to be involved in multiple crucial cellular processes including cell migration and invasion, DNA repair, senescence induction and immune modulation, which are all known to be critical during the development of malignant tumors. Indeed, an increasing number of publications indicate that KIF2C is aberrantly expressed in multiple cancer entities. Consequently, we have highlighted its involvement in at least five hallmarks of cancer, namely: genome instability, resisting cell death, activating invasion and metastasis, avoiding immune destruction and cellular senescence. This was followed by a systematic search of KIF2C/MCAK's expression in various malignant tumor entities and its correlation with clinicopathologic features. Available data were pooled into multiple weighted meta-analyses for the correlation between KIF2Chigh protein or gene expression and the overall survival in breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Furthermore, high expression of KIF2C was correlated to disease-free survival of hepatocellular carcinoma. All meta-analyses showed poor prognosis for cancer patients with KIF2Chigh expression, associated with a decreased overall survival and reduced disease-free survival, indicating KIF2C's oncogenic potential in malignant progression and as a prognostic marker. This work delineated the promising research perspective of KIF2C with modern in vivo and in vitro technologies to further decipher the function of KIF2C in malignant tumor development and progression. This might help to establish KIF2C as a biomarker for the diagnosis or evaluation of at least three cancer entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ha Hyung Moon
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frank Louwen
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Solbach
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Ritter
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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2
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McHugh T, Welburn JPI. Potent microtubule-depolymerizing activity of a mitotic Kif18b-MCAK-EB network. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:275263. [PMID: 35502670 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise regulation of microtubule length during mitosis is essential to assemble and position the mitotic spindle and segregate chromosomes. The kinesin-13 Kif2C or MCAK acts as a potent microtubule depolymerase that diffuses short distances on microtubules, whereas the kinesin-8 Kif18b is a processive motor with weak depolymerase activity. However, the individual activities of these factors cannot explain the dramatic increase in microtubule dynamics in mitosis. Using in vitro reconstitution and single-molecule imaging, we demonstrate that Kif18b, MCAK and the plus-end tracking protein EB3 (also known as MAPRE3) act in an integrated manner to potently promote microtubule depolymerization at very low concentrations. We find that Kif18b can transport EB3 and MCAK and promotes their accumulation to microtubule plus ends through multivalent weak interactions. Together, our work defines the mechanistic basis for a cooperative Kif18b-MCAK-EB network at microtubule plus ends, that acts to efficiently shorten and regulate microtubules in mitosis, essential for correct chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni McHugh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Julie P I Welburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
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3
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Yang L, Baumann C, De La Fuente R, Viveiros MM. Mechanisms underlying disruption of oocyte spindle stability by bisphenol compounds. Reproduction 2021; 159:383-396. [PMID: 31990668 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation relies on correct chromosome-microtubule interactions within a stable bipolar spindle apparatus. Thus, exposure to spindle disrupting compounds can impair meiotic division and genomic stability in oocytes. The endocrine disrupting activity of bisphenols such as bisphenol A (BPA) is well recognized, yet their damaging effects on spindle microtubules (MTs) is poorly understood. Here, we tested the effect(s) of acute exposure to BPA and bisphenol F (BPF) on assembled spindle stability in ovulated oocytes. Brief (4 h) exposure to increasing concentrations (5, 25, and 50 µg/mL) of BPA or BPF disrupted spindle organization in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in significantly shorter spindles with highly unfocused poles and fragmented pericentrin. The chromosomes remained congressed in an abnormally elongated metaphase-like configuration, yet normal end-on chromosome-MT attachments were reduced in BPF-treated oocytes. Live-cell imaging revealed a rapid onset of bisphenol-mediated spindle MT disruption that was reversed upon compound removal. Moreover, MT stability and regrowth were impaired in BPA-exposed oocytes, with few cold-stable MTs and formation of multipolar spindles upon MT regrowth. MT-associated kinesin-14 motor protein (HSET/KIFC1) labeling along the spindle was also lower in BPA-treated oocytes. Conversely, cold stable MTs and HSET labeling persisted after BPF exposure. Notably, inhibition of Aurora Kinase A limited bisphenol-mediated spindle pole widening, revealing a potential interaction. These results demonstrate rapid MT disrupting activity by bisphenols, which is highly detrimental to meiotic spindle stability and organization. Moreover, we identify an important link between these defects and altered distribution of key spindle associated factors as well as Aurora Kinase A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhan Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Claudia Baumann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Rabindranth De La Fuente
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Regenerative Biosciences Center (RBC), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria M Viveiros
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Regenerative Biosciences Center (RBC), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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4
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Zong H, Hazelbaker M, Moe C, Ems-McClung SC, Hu K, Walczak CE. Spatial regulation of MCAK promotes cell polarization and focal adhesion turnover to drive robust cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:590-604. [PMID: 33566676 PMCID: PMC8101467 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-05-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric distribution of microtubule (MT) dynamics in migrating cells is important for cell polarization, yet the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain underexplored. Here, we addressed this question by studying the role of the MT depolymerase, MCAK (mitotic centromere-associated kinesin), in the highly persistent migration of RPE-1 cells. MCAK knockdown leads to slowed migration and poor directional movement. Fixed and live cell imaging revealed that MCAK knockdown results in excessive membrane ruffling as well as defects in cell polarization and the maintenance of a major protrusive front. Additionally, loss of MCAK increases the lifetime of focal adhesions by decreasing their disassembly rate. These functions correlate with a spatial distribution of MCAK activity, wherein activity is higher in the trailing edge of cells compared with the leading edge. Overexpression of Rac1 has a dominant effect over MCAK activity, placing it downstream of or in a parallel pathway to MCAK function in migration. Together, our data support a model in which the polarized distribution of MCAK activity and subsequent differential regulation of MT dynamics contribute to cell polarity, centrosome positioning, and focal adhesion dynamics, which all help facilitate robust directional migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zong
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Mark Hazelbaker
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Christina Moe
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | | | - Ke Hu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Claire E Walczak
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
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5
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McHugh T, Zou J, Volkov VA, Bertin A, Talapatra SK, Rappsilber J, Dogterom M, Welburn JPI. The depolymerase activity of MCAK shows a graded response to Aurora B kinase phosphorylation through allosteric regulation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228353. [PMID: 30578316 PMCID: PMC6398471 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-13 motors regulate precise microtubule dynamics and limit microtubule length throughout metazoans by depolymerizing microtubule ends. Recently, the kinesin-13 motor family member MCAK (also known Kif2C) has been proposed to undergo large conformational changes during its catalytic cycle, as it switches from being in solution to being bound to microtubules. Here, we reveal that MCAK has a compact conformation in solution through crosslinking and electron microscopy experiments. When MCAK is bound to the microtubule ends, it adopts an extended conformation with the N-terminus and neck region of MCAK interacting with the microtubule. Interestingly, the region of MCAK that interacts with the microtubule is the region phosphorylated by Aurora B and contains an end binding (EB) protein-binding motif. The level of phosphorylation of the N-terminus results in a graded microtubule depolymerase activity. Here, we show that the N-terminus of MCAK forms a platform to integrate Aurora B kinase downstream signals and in response fine-tunes its depolymerase activity during mitosis. We propose that this allosteric control mechanism allows decoupling of the N-terminus from the motor domain of MCAK to allow MCAK depolymerase activity at kinetochores. Summary: The kinesin-13 MCAK has a compact conformation in solution but is extended when bound to microtubules. Aurora B phosphorylation of MCAK inhibits depolymerase activity by disrupting its extended conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni McHugh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Juan Zou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Bertin
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandeep K Talapatra
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.,Chair of Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Julie P I Welburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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6
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Context-dependent spindle pole focusing. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:803-813. [PMID: 30429281 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a robust, bi-polar spindle apparatus, capable of accurate chromosome segregation, is a complex process requiring the co-ordinated nucleation, sorting, stabilization and organization of microtubules (MTs). Work over the last 25 years has identified protein complexes that act as functional modules to nucleate spindle MTs at distinct cellular sites such as centrosomes, kinetochores, chromatin and pre-existing MTs themselves. There is clear evidence that the extent to which these different MT nucleating pathways contribute to spindle mass both during mitosis and meiosis differs not only between organisms, but also in different cell types within an organism. This plasticity contributes the robustness of spindle formation; however, whether such plasticity is present in other aspects of spindle formation is less well understood. Here, we review the known roles of the protein complexes responsible for spindle pole focusing, investigating the evidence that these, too, act co-ordinately and differentially, depending on cellular context. We describe relationships between MT minus-end directed motors dynein and HSET/Ncd, depolymerases including katanin and MCAK, and direct minus-end binding proteins such as nuclear-mitotic apparatus protein, ASPM and Patronin/CAMSAP. We further explore the idea that the focused spindle pole acts as a non-membrane bound condensate and suggest that the metaphase spindle pole be treated as a transient organelle with context-dependent requirements for function.
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7
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Parts list for a microtubule depolymerising kinesin. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1665-1672. [PMID: 30467119 PMCID: PMC6299235 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Kinesin superfamily is a large group of molecular motors that use the turnover of ATP to regulate their interaction with the microtubule cytoskeleton. The coupled relationship between nucleotide turnover and microtubule binding is harnessed in various ways by these motors allowing them to carry out a variety of cellular functions. The Kinesin-13 family is a group of specialist microtubule depolymerising motors. Members of this family use their microtubule destabilising activity to regulate processes such as chromosome segregation, maintenance of cilia and neuronal development. Here, we describe the current understanding of the structure of this family of kinesins and the role different parts of these proteins play in their microtubule depolymerisation activity and in the wider function of this family of kinesins.
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8
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Goldstein A, Siegler N, Goldman D, Judah H, Valk E, Kõivomägi M, Loog M, Gheber L. Three Cdk1 sites in the kinesin-5 Cin8 catalytic domain coordinate motor localization and activity during anaphase. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3395-3412. [PMID: 28455557 PMCID: PMC11107736 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The bipolar kinesin-5 motors perform essential functions in mitotic spindle dynamics. We previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of at least one of the Cdk1 sites in the catalytic domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5 Cin8 (S277, T285, S493) regulates its localization to the anaphase spindle. The contribution of these three sites to phospho-regulation of Cin8, as well as the timing of such contributions, remains unknown. Here, we examined the function and spindle localization of phospho-deficient (serine/threonine to alanine) and phospho-mimic (serine/threonine to aspartic acid) Cin8 mutants. In vitro, the three Cdk1 sites undergo phosphorylation by Clb2-Cdk1. In cells, phosphorylation of Cin8 affects two aspects of its localization to the anaphase spindle, translocation from the spindle-pole bodies (SPBs) region to spindle microtubules (MTs) and the midzone, and detachment from the mitotic spindle. We found that phosphorylation of S277 is essential for the translocation of Cin8 from SPBs to spindle MTs and the subsequent detachment from the spindle. Phosphorylation of T285 mainly affects the detachment of Cin8 from spindle MTs during anaphase, while phosphorylation at S493 affects both the translocation of Cin8 from SPBs to the spindle and detachment from the spindle. Only S493 phosphorylation affected the anaphase spindle elongation rate. We conclude that each phosphorylation site plays a unique role in regulating Cin8 functions and postulate a model in which the timing and extent of phosphorylation of the three sites orchestrates the anaphase function of Cin8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nurit Siegler
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Darya Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Haim Judah
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mardo Kõivomägi
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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9
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Mooney P, Sulerud T, Pelletier J, Dilsaver M, Tomschik M, Geisler C, Gatlin JC. Tau-based fluorescent protein fusions to visualize microtubules. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:221-232. [PMID: 28407416 PMCID: PMC5592782 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to visualize cytoskeletal proteins and their dynamics in living cells has been critically important in advancing our understanding of numerous cellular processes, including actin- and microtubule (MT)-dependent phenomena such as cell motility, cell division, and mitosis. Here, we describe a novel set of fluorescent protein (FP) fusions designed specifically to visualize MTs in living systems using fluorescence microscopy. Each fusion contains a FP module linked in frame to a modified phospho-deficient version of the MT-binding domain of Tau (mTMBD). We found that expressed and purified constructs containing a single mTMBD decorated Xenopus egg extract spindles more homogenously than similar constructs containing the MT-binding domain of Ensconsin, suggesting that the binding affinity of mTMBD is minimally affected by localized signaling gradients generated during mitosis. Furthermore, MT dynamics were not grossly perturbed by the presence of Tau-based FP fusions. Interestingly, the addition of a second mTMBD to the opposite terminus of our construct caused dramatic changes to the spatial localization of probes within spindles. These results support the use of Tau-based FP fusions as minimally perturbing tools to accurately visualize MTs in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mooney
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY,
82071, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Life Sciences Program, University of
Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Cell Organization and Division Group, Marine Biological
Laboratories, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Taylor Sulerud
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY,
82071, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Life Sciences Program, University of
Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Cell Organization and Division Group, Marine Biological
Laboratories, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - James Pelletier
- Cell Organization and Division Group, Marine Biological
Laboratories, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
02115, USA
| | - Matthew Dilsaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY,
82071, USA
| | - Miroslav Tomschik
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY,
82071, USA
| | | | - Jesse C. Gatlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY,
82071, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Life Sciences Program, University of
Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Cell Organization and Division Group, Marine Biological
Laboratories, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
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10
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Bendre S, Rondelet A, Hall C, Schmidt N, Lin YC, Brouhard GJ, Bird AW. GTSE1 tunes microtubule stability for chromosome alignment and segregation by inhibiting the microtubule depolymerase MCAK. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:631-647. [PMID: 27881713 PMCID: PMC5147003 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201606081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule depolymerase MCAK influences chromosomal instability (CIN), but what controls its activity remains unclear. Bendre et al. show that GTSE1, a protein found overexpressed in tumors, regulates microtubule stability and chromosome alignment during mitosis by inhibiting MCAK. High levels of GTSE1 are linked to chromosome missegregation and CIN. The dynamic regulation of microtubules (MTs) during mitosis is critical for accurate chromosome segregation and genome stability. Cancer cell lines with hyperstabilized kinetochore MTs have increased segregation errors and elevated chromosomal instability (CIN), but the genetic defects responsible remain largely unknown. The MT depolymerase MCAK (mitotic centromere-associated kinesin) can influence CIN through its impact on MT stability, but how its potent activity is controlled in cells remains unclear. In this study, we show that GTSE1, a protein found overexpressed in aneuploid cancer cell lines and tumors, regulates MT stability during mitosis by inhibiting MCAK MT depolymerase activity. Cells lacking GTSE1 have defects in chromosome alignment and spindle positioning as a result of MT instability caused by excess MCAK activity. Reducing GTSE1 levels in CIN cancer cell lines reduces chromosome missegregation defects, whereas artificially inducing GTSE1 levels in chromosomally stable cells elevates chromosome missegregation and CIN. Thus, GTSE1 inhibition of MCAK activity regulates the balance of MT stability that determines the fidelity of chromosome alignment, segregation, and chromosomal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Bendre
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arnaud Rondelet
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Conrad Hall
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1B1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yu-Chih Lin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gary J Brouhard
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1B1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander W Bird
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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11
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Walczak CE, Zong H, Jain S, Stout JR. Spatial regulation of astral microtubule dynamics by Kif18B in PtK cells. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3021-3030. [PMID: 27559136 PMCID: PMC5063611 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-04-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial and temporal control of microtubule dynamics is fundamentally important for proper spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. This is achieved, in part, by the multitude of proteins that bind to and regulate spindle microtubules, including kinesin superfamily members, which act as microtubule-destabilizing enzymes. These fall into two general classes: the kinesin-13 proteins, which directly depolymerize microtubules, and the kinesin-8 proteins, which are plus end-directed motors that either destabilize microtubules or cap the microtubule plus ends. Here we analyze the contribution of a PtK kinesin-8 protein, Kif18B, in the control of mitotic microtubule dynamics. Knockdown of Kif18B causes defects in spindle microtubule organization and a dramatic increase in astral microtubules. Kif18B-knockdown cells had defects in chromosome alignment, but there were no defects in chromosome segregation. The long astral microtubules that occur in the absence of Kif18B are limited in length by the cell cortex. Using EB1 tracking, we show that Kif18B activity is spatially controlled, as loss of Kif18B has the most dramatic effect on the lifetimes of astral microtubules that extend toward the cell cortex. Together our studies provide new insight into how diverse kinesins contribute to spatial microtubule organization in the spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hailing Zong
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Sachin Jain
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Jane R Stout
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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