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Hofstad M, Woods A, Parra K, Sychev ZE, Mazzagatti A, Yu L, Gilbreath C, Ly P, Drake JM, Kittler R. Dual inhibition of ATR and DNA-PKcs radiosensitizes ATM-mutant prostate cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.10.602941. [PMID: 39026771 PMCID: PMC11257504 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.10.602941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In advanced castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), mutations in the DNA damage response (DDR) gene ataxia telangiectasia mutated ( ATM ) are common. While poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are approved in this context, their clinical efficacy remains limited. Thus, there is a compelling need to identify alternative therapeutic avenues for ATM mutant prostate cancer patients. Here, we generated matched ATM-proficient and ATM-deficient CRPC lines to elucidate the impact of ATM loss on DDR in response to DNA damage via irradiation. Through unbiased phosphoproteomic screening, we unveiled that ATM-deficient CRPC lines maintain dependence on downstream ATM targets through activation of ATR and DNA-PKcs kinases. Dual inhibition of ATR and DNA-PKcs effectively inhibited downstream γH2AX foci formation in response to irradiation and radiosensitized ATM-deficient lines to a greater extent than either ATM-proficient controls or single drug treatment. Further, dual inhibition abrogated residual downstream ATM pathway signaling and impaired replication fork dynamics. To circumvent potential toxicity, we leveraged the RUVBL1/2 ATPase inhibitor Compound B, which leads to the degradation of both ATR and DNA-PKcs kinases. Compound B effectively radiosensitized ATM-deficient CRPC in vitro and in vivo , and impacted replication fork dynamics. Overall, dual targeting of both ATR and DNA-PKcs is necessary to block DDR in ATM-deficient CRPC, and Compound B could be utilized as a novel therapy in combination with irradiation in these patients.
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2
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Schmidt A, Allmann S, Schwarzenbach C, Snyder P, Chen JX, Nagel G, Schöneis A, Rasenberger B, Beli P, Loewer A, Hofmann TG, Tomicic MT, Christmann M. The p21CIP1-CDK4-DREAM axis is a master regulator of genotoxic stress-induced cellular senescence. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:6945-6963. [PMID: 38783095 PMCID: PMC11229375 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a major driver of aging, can be stimulated by DNA damage, and is counteracted by the DNA repair machinery. Here we show that in p16INK4a-deficient cells, senescence induction by the environmental genotoxin B[a]P or ionizing radiation (IR) completely depends on p21CIP1. Immunoprecipitation-based mass spectrometry interactomics data revealed that during senescence induction and maintenance, p21CIP1 specifically inhibits CDK4 and thereby activates the DREAM complex. Genome-wide transcriptomics revealed striking similarities in the response induced by B[a]P and IR. Among the top 100 repressed genes 78 were identical between B[a]P and IR and 76 were DREAM targets. The DREAM complex transcriptionally silences the main proliferation-associated transcription factors E2F1, FOXM1 and B-Myb as well as multiple DNA repair factors. Knockdown of p21CIP1, E2F4 or E2F5 diminished both, repression of these factors and senescence. The transcriptional profiles evoked by B[a]P and IR largely overlapped with the profile induced by pharmacological CDK4 inhibition, further illustrating the role of CDK4 inhibition in genotoxic stress-induced senescence. Moreover, data obtained by live-cell time-lapse microscopy suggest the inhibition of CDK4 by p21CIP1 is especially important for arresting cells which slip through mitosis. Overall, we identified the p21CIP1/CDK4/DREAM axis as a master regulator of genotoxic stress-induced senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Schmidt
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Allmann
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Schwarzenbach
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Snyder
- Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jia-Xuan Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Schöneis
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Birgit Rasenberger
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maja T Tomicic
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Christmann
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Anisenko AN, Nefedova AA, Kireev II, Gottikh MB. Post-Integrational DNA Repair of HIV-1 Is Associated with Activation of the DNA-PK and ATM Cellular Protein Kinases and Phosphorylation of Their Targets. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:1122-1132. [PMID: 38981705 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924060117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Integration of the DNA copy of HIV-1 genome into the cellular genome results in series of damages, repair of which is critical for successful replication of the virus. We have previously demonstrated that the ATM and DNA-PK kinases, normally responsible for repairing double-strand breaks in the cellular DNA, are required to initiate the HIV-1 DNA postintegrational repair, even though integration does not result in DNA double-strand breaks. In this study, we analyzed changes in phosphorylation status of ATM (pSer1981), DNA-PK (pSer2056), and their related kinase ATR (pSer428), as well as their targets: Chk1 (pSer345), Chk2 (pThr68), H2AX (pSer139), and p53 (pSer15) during the HIV-1 DNA postintegrational repair. We have shown that ATM and DNA-PK, but not ATR, undergo autophosphorylation during postintegrational DNA repair and phosphorylate their target proteins Chk2 and H2AX. These data indicate common signaling mechanisms between the double-strand DNA break repair and postintegrational repair of HIV-1 DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N Anisenko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anastasiia A Nefedova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Igor I Kireev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Marina B Gottikh
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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4
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Justice JL, Reed TJ, Phelan B, Greco TM, Hutton JE, Cristea IM. DNA-PK and ATM drive phosphorylation signatures that antagonistically regulate cytokine responses to herpesvirus infection or DNA damage. Cell Syst 2024; 15:339-361.e8. [PMID: 38593799 PMCID: PMC11098675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA-PK, is an essential regulator of DNA damage repair. DNA-PK-driven phosphorylation events and the activated DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are also components of antiviral intrinsic and innate immune responses. Yet, it is not clear whether and how the DNA-PK response differs between these two forms of nucleic acid stress-DNA damage and DNA virus infection. Here, we define DNA-PK substrates and the signature cellular phosphoproteome response to DNA damage or infection with the nuclear-replicating DNA herpesvirus, HSV-1. We establish that DNA-PK negatively regulates the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) DDR kinase during viral infection. In turn, ATM blocks the binding of DNA-PK and the nuclear DNA sensor IFI16 to viral DNA, thereby inhibiting cytokine responses. However, following DNA damage, DNA-PK enhances ATM activity, which is required for IFN-β expression. These findings demonstrate that the DDR autoregulates cytokine expression through the opposing modulation of DDR kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tavis J Reed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brett Phelan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Todd M Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Josiah E Hutton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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5
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Philippe GJB, Huang YH, Mittermeier A, Brown CJ, Kaas Q, Ramlan SR, Wang CK, Lane D, Loewer A, Troeira Henriques S, Craik DJ. Delivery to, and Reactivation of, the p53 Pathway in Cancer Cells Using a Grafted Cyclotide Conjugated with a Cell-Penetrating Peptide. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1197-1208. [PMID: 38174919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Peptides are promising drug modalities that can modulate protein-protein interactions, but their application is hampered by their limited ability to reach intracellular targets. Here, we improved the cytosolic delivery of a peptide blocking p53:MDM2/X interactions using a cyclotide as a stabilizing scaffold. We applied several design strategies to improve intracellular delivery and found that the conjugation of the lead cyclotide to the cyclic cell-penetrating peptide cR10 was the most effective. Conjugation allowed cell internalization at micromolar concentration and led to elevated intracellular p53 levels in A549, MCF7, and MCF10A cells, as well as inducing apoptosis in A549 cells without causing membrane disruption. The lead peptide had >35-fold improvement in inhibitory activity and increased cellular uptake compared to a previously reported cyclotide p53 activator. In summary, we demonstrated the delivery of a large polar cyclic peptide in the cytosol and confirmed its ability to modulate intracellular protein-protein interactions involved in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Jean-Baptiste Philippe
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anna Mittermeier
- Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christopher J Brown
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Quentin Kaas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Siti Radhiah Ramlan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David Lane
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Sharma M, Barravecchia I, Teis R, Cruz J, Mumby R, Ziemke EK, Espinoza CE, Krishnamoorthy V, Magnuson B, Ljungman M, Koschmann C, Chandra J, Whitehead CE, Sebolt-Leopold JS, Galban S. Targeting DNA Repair and Survival Signaling in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas to Prevent Tumor Recurrence. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:24-34. [PMID: 37723046 PMCID: PMC10762335 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance remains a major obstacle to successful clinical management of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), a high-grade pediatric tumor of the brain stem. In nearly all patients, available therapies fail to prevent progression. Innovative combinatorial therapies that penetrate the blood-brain barrier and lead to long-term control of tumor growth are desperately needed. We identified mechanisms of resistance to radiotherapy, the standard of care for DIPG. On the basis of these findings, we rationally designed a brain-penetrant small molecule, MTX-241F, that is a highly selective inhibitor of EGFR and PI3 kinase family members, including the DNA repair protein DNA-PK. Preliminary studies demonstrated that micromolar levels of this inhibitor can be achieved in murine brain tissue and that MTX-241F exhibits promising single-agent efficacy and radiosensitizing activity in patient-derived DIPG neurospheres. Its physiochemical properties include high exposure in the brain, indicating excellent brain penetrance. Because radiotherapy results in double-strand breaks that are repaired by homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ), we have tested the combination of MTX-241F with an inhibitor of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated to achieve blockade of HR and NHEJ, respectively, with or without radiotherapy. When HR blockers were combined with MTX-241F and radiotherapy, synthetic lethality was observed, providing impetus to explore this combination in clinically relevant models of DIPG. Our data provide proof-of-concept evidence to support advanced development of MTX-241F for the treatment of DIPG. Future studies will be designed to inform rapid clinical translation to ultimately impact patients diagnosed with this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ivana Barravecchia
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert Teis
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeanette Cruz
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rachel Mumby
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth K. Ziemke
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlos E. Espinoza
- Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Varunkumar Krishnamoorthy
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brian Magnuson
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Center for RNA Biomedicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carl Koschmann
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joya Chandra
- Department of Pediatrics Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher E. Whitehead
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- MEKanistic Therapeutics, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Judith S. Sebolt-Leopold
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- MEKanistic Therapeutics, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stefanie Galban
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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7
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Leong VWS, Khan S, Sharma P, Wu S, Thomas RR, Li X, Singh SK, Lang FF, Yung AWK, Koul D. MGMT function determines the differential response of ATR inhibitors with DNA-damaging agents in glioma stem cells for GBM therapy. Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdad165. [PMID: 38213834 PMCID: PMC10783493 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The most prevalent cancer treatments cause cell death through DNA damage. However, DNA damage response (DDR) repair pathways, initiated by tumor cells, can withstand the effects of anticancer drugs, providing justification for combining DDR inhibitors with DNA-damaging anticancer treatments. Methods Cell viability assays were performed with CellTiter-Glo assay. DNA damage was evaluated using Western blotting analysis. RNA-seq and single-cell level expression were used to identify the DDR signatures. In vivo, studies were conducted in mice to determine the effect of ATris on TMZ sensitization. Results We found a subpopulation of glioma sphere-forming cells (GSCs) with substantial synergism with temozolomide (TMZ) using a panel of 3 clinical-grade ataxia-telangiectasia- and Rad3-related kinase inhibitors (ATRis), (elimusertib, berzosertib, and ceralasertib). Interestingly, most synergistic cell lines had O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation, indicating that ATRi mainly benefits tumors with no MGMT repair. Further, TMZ activated the ATR-checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) axis in an MGMT-dependent way. TMZ caused ATR-dependent Chk1 phosphorylation and DNA double-strand breaks as shown by increased γH2AX. Increased DNA damage and decreased Chk1 phosphorylation were observed upon the addition of ATRis to TMZ in MGMT-methylated (MGMT-) GSCs. TMZ also improved sensitivity to ATRis in vivo, as shown by increased mouse survival with the TMZ and ATRi combination treatment. Conclusions This research provides a rationale for selectively targeting MGMT-methylated cells using ATRis and TMZ combination. Overall, we believe that MGMT methylation status in GBM could serve as a robust biomarker for patient selection for ATRi combined with TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent W S Leong
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sabbir Khan
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shaofang Wu
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Riya R Thomas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alfred W K Yung
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dimpy Koul
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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8
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Xie D, Jiang B, Wang S, Wang Q, Wu G. The mechanism and clinical application of DNA damage repair inhibitors combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of urologic cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1200466. [PMID: 37305685 PMCID: PMC10248030 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urologic cancers such as kidney, bladder, prostate, and uroepithelial cancers have recently become a considerable global health burden, and the response to immunotherapy is limited due to immune escape and immune resistance. Therefore, it is crucial to find appropriate and effective combination therapies to improve the sensitivity of patients to immunotherapy. DNA damage repair inhibitors can enhance the immunogenicity of tumor cells by increasing tumor mutational burden and neoantigen expression, activating immune-related signaling pathways, regulating PD-L1 expression, and reversing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to activate the immune system and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. Based on promising experimental results from preclinical studies, many clinical trials combining DNA damage repair inhibitors (e.g., PARP inhibitors and ATR inhibitors) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) are underway in patients with urologic cancers. Results from several clinical trials have shown that the combination of DNA damage repair inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors can improve objective rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival (OS) in patients with urologic tumors, especially in patients with defective DNA damage repair genes or a high mutational load. In this review, we present the results of preclinical and clinical trials of different DNA damage repair inhibitors in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in urologic cancers and summarize the potential mechanism of action of the combination therapy. Finally, we also discuss the challenges of dose toxicity, biomarker selection, drug tolerance, drug interactions in the treatment of urologic tumors with this combination therapy and look into the future direction of this combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qifei Wang
- *Correspondence: Guangzhen Wu, ; Qifei Wang,
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9
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Martinez-Corral R, Park M, Biette KM, Friedrich D, Scholes C, Khalil AS, Gunawardena J, DePace AH. Transcriptional kinetic synergy: A complex landscape revealed by integrating modeling and synthetic biology. Cell Syst 2023; 14:324-339.e7. [PMID: 37080164 PMCID: PMC10472254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) control gene expression, often acting synergistically. Classical thermodynamic models offer a biophysical explanation for synergy based on binding cooperativity and regulated recruitment of RNA polymerase. Because transcription requires polymerase to transition through multiple states, recent work suggests that "kinetic synergy" can arise through TFs acting on distinct steps of the transcription cycle. These types of synergy are not mutually exclusive and are difficult to disentangle conceptually and experimentally. Here, we model and build a synthetic circuit in which TFs bind to a single shared site on DNA, such that TFs cannot synergize by simultaneous binding. We model mRNA production as a function of both TF binding and regulation of the transcription cycle, revealing a complex landscape dependent on TF concentration, DNA binding affinity, and regulatory activity. We use synthetic TFs to confirm that the transcription cycle must be integrated with recruitment for a quantitative understanding of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minhee Park
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kelly M Biette
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dhana Friedrich
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clarissa Scholes
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ahmad S Khalil
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeremy Gunawardena
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Angela H DePace
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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10
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Wang P, Wang HY, Gao XJ, Zhu HX, Zhang XP, Liu F, Wang W. Encoding and Decoding of p53 Dynamics in Cellular Response to Stresses. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030490. [PMID: 36766831 PMCID: PMC9914463 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the cellular response to stresses, the tumor suppressor p53 is activated to maintain genomic integrity and fidelity. As a transcription factor, p53 exhibits rich dynamics to allow for discrimination of the type and intensity of stresses and to direct the selective activation of target genes involved in different processes including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this review, we focused on how stresses are encoded into p53 dynamics and how the dynamics are decoded into cellular outcomes. Theoretical modeling may provide a global view of signaling in the p53 network by coupling the encoding and decoding processes. We discussed the significance of modeling in revealing the mechanisms of the transition between p53 dynamic modes. Moreover, we shed light on the crosstalk between the p53 network and other signaling networks. This review may advance the understanding of operating principles of the p53 signaling network comprehensively and provide insights into p53 dynamics-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Hang-Yu Wang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing-Jie Gao
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hua-Xia Zhu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Correspondence: (X.-P.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Feng Liu
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Correspondence: (X.-P.Z.); (W.W.)
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11
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Substrate spectrum of PPM1D in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks. iScience 2022; 25:104892. [PMID: 36060052 PMCID: PMC9436757 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PPM1D is a p53-regulated protein phosphatase that modulates the DNA damage response (DDR) and is frequently altered in cancer. Here, we employed chemical inhibition of PPM1D and quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics to identify the substrates of PPM1D upon induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by etoposide. We identified 73 putative PPM1D substrates that are involved in DNA repair, regulation of transcription, and RNA processing. One-third of DSB-induced S/TQ phosphorylation sites are dephosphorylated by PPM1D, demonstrating that PPM1D only partially counteracts ATM/ATR/DNA-PK signaling. PPM1D-targeted phosphorylation sites are found in a specific amino acid sequence motif that is characterized by glutamic acid residues, high intrinsic disorder, and poor evolutionary conservation. We identified a functionally uncharacterized protein Kanadaptin as ATM and PPM1D substrate upon DSB induction. We propose that PPM1D plays a role during the response to DSBs by regulating the phosphorylation of DNA- and RNA-binding proteins in intrinsically disordered regions. MS-based phosphoproteomic profiling of PPM1D substrates in U2OS and HCT116 cells PPM1D counteracts ATM in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks PPM1D target sites localize to glutamic acid-rich regions with high intrinsic disorder Kanadaptin is a putative DNA damage response factor regulated by ATM and PPM1D
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12
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Pálinkás HL, Pongor L, Balajti M, Nagy Á, Nagy K, Békési A, Bianchini G, Vértessy BG, Győrffy B. Primary Founder Mutations in the PRKDC Gene Increase Tumor Mutation Load in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020633. [PMID: 35054819 PMCID: PMC8775830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clonal composition of a malignant tumor strongly depends on cellular dynamics influenced by the asynchronized loss of DNA repair mechanisms. Here, our aim was to identify founder mutations leading to subsequent boosts in mutation load. The overall mutation burden in 591 colorectal cancer tumors was analyzed, including the mutation status of DNA-repair genes. The number of mutations was first determined across all patients and the proportion of genes having mutation in each percentile was ranked. Early mutations in DNA repair genes preceding a mutational expansion were designated as founder mutations. Survival analysis for gene expression was performed using microarray data with available relapse-free survival. Of the 180 genes involved in DNA repair, the top five founder mutations were in PRKDC (n = 31), ATM (n = 26), POLE (n = 18), SRCAP (n = 18), and BRCA2 (n = 15). PRKDC expression was 6.4-fold higher in tumors compared to normal samples, and higher expression led to longer relapse-free survival in 1211 patients (HR = 0.72, p = 4.4 × 10-3). In an experimental setting, the mutational load resulting from UV radiation combined with inhibition of PRKDC was analyzed. Upon treatments, the mutational load exposed a significant two-fold increase. Our results suggest PRKDC as a new key gene driving tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Laura Pálinkás
- Genome Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (H.L.P.); (K.N.); (A.B.)
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lőrinc Pongor
- TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.P.); (M.B.); (Á.N.)
- Department of Bioinformatics and 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 7-9, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Balajti
- TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.P.); (M.B.); (Á.N.)
| | - Ádám Nagy
- TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.P.); (M.B.); (Á.N.)
- Department of Bioinformatics and 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 7-9, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Nagy
- Genome Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (H.L.P.); (K.N.); (A.B.)
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Angéla Békési
- Genome Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (H.L.P.); (K.N.); (A.B.)
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Giampaolo Bianchini
- Department of Medical Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Beáta G. Vértessy
- Genome Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (H.L.P.); (K.N.); (A.B.)
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (B.G.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.P.); (M.B.); (Á.N.)
- Department of Bioinformatics and 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 7-9, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (B.G.V.); (B.G.)
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13
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Shift in G1-Checkpoint from ATM-Alone to a Cooperative ATM Plus ATR Regulation with Increasing Dose of Radiation. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010063. [PMID: 35011623 PMCID: PMC8750242 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current view of the involvement of PI3-kinases in checkpoint responses after DNA damage is that ATM is the key regulator of G1-, S- or G2-phase checkpoints, that ATR is only partly involved in the regulation of S- and G2-phase checkpoints and that DNA-PKcs is not involved in checkpoint regulation. However, further analysis of the contributions of these kinases to checkpoint responses in cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) recently uncovered striking integrations and interplays among ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs that adapt not only to the phase of the cell cycle in which cells are irradiated, but also to the load of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), presumably to optimize their processing. Specifically, we found that low IR doses in G2-phase cells activate a G2-checkpoint that is regulated by epistatically coupled ATM and ATR. Thus, inhibition of either kinase suppresses almost fully its activation. At high IR doses, the epistatic ATM/ATR coupling relaxes, yielding to a cooperative regulation. Thus, single-kinase inhibition suppresses partly, and only combined inhibition suppresses fully G2-checkpoint activation. Interestingly, DNA-PKcs integrates with ATM/ATR in G2-checkpoint control, but functions in its recovery in a dose-independent manner. Strikingly, irradiation during S-phase activates, independently of dose, an exclusively ATR-dependent G2 checkpoint. Here, ATM couples with DNA-PKcs to regulate checkpoint recovery. In the present work, we extend these studies and investigate organization and functions of these PI3-kinases in the activation of the G1 checkpoint in cells irradiated either in the G0 or G1 phase. We report that ATM is the sole regulator of the G1 checkpoint after exposure to low IR doses. At high IR doses, ATM remains dominant, but contributions from ATR also become detectable and are associated with limited ATM/ATR-dependent end resection at DSBs. Under these conditions, only combined ATM + ATR inhibition fully abrogates checkpoint and resection. Contributions of DNA-PKcs and CHK2 to the regulation of the G1 checkpoint are not obvious in these experiments and may be masked by the endpoint employed for checkpoint analysis and perturbations in normal progression through the cell cycle of cells exposed to DNA-PKcs inhibitors. The results broaden our understanding of organization throughout the cell cycle and adaptation with increasing IR dose of the ATM/ATR/DNA-PKcs module to regulate checkpoint responses. They emphasize notable similarities and distinct differences between G1-, G2- and S-phase checkpoint regulation that may guide DSB processing decisions.
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14
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Philippe GJB, Mittermeier A, Lawrence N, Huang YH, Condon ND, Loewer A, Craik DJ, Henriques ST. Angler Peptides: Macrocyclic Conjugates Inhibit p53:MDM2/X Interactions and Activate Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:414-428. [PMID: 33533253 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are being developed as targeted anticancer drugs to modulate cytosolic protein-protein interactions involved in cancer progression. However, their use as therapeutics is often limited by their low cell membrane permeation and/or inability to reach cytosolic targets. Conjugation to cell penetrating peptides has been successfully used to improve the cytosolic delivery of high affinity binder peptides, but cellular uptake does not always result in modulation of the targeted pathway. To overcome this limitation, we developed "angler peptides" by conjugating KD3, a noncell permeable but potent and specific peptide inhibitor of p53:MDM2 and p53:MDMX interactions, with a set of cyclic cell-penetrating peptides. We examined their binding affinity for MDM2 and MDMX, the cell entry mechanism, and role in reactivation of the p53 pathway. We identified two angler peptides, cTAT-KD3 and cR10-KD3, able to activate the p53 pathway in cancer cells. cTAT-KD3 entered cells via endocytic pathways, escaped endosomes, and activated the p53 pathway in breast (MCF7), lung (A549), and colon (HCT116) cancer cell lines at concentrations in the range of 1-12 μM. cR10-KD3 reached the cytosol via direct membrane translocation and activated the p53 pathway at 1 μM in all the tested cell lines. Our work demonstrates that nonpermeable anticancer peptides can be delivered into the cytosol and inhibit intracellular cancer pathways when they are conjugated with stable cell penetrating peptides. The mechanistic studies suggest that direct translocation leads to less toxicity, higher cytosol delivery at lower concentrations, and lower dependencies on the membrane of the tested cell line than occurs for an endocytic pathway with endosomal escape. The angler strategy can rescue high affinity peptide binders identified from high throughput screening and convert them into targeted anticancer therapeutics, but investigation of their cellular uptake and cell death mechanisms is essential to confirming modulation of the targeted cancer pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire J.-B. Philippe
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Lawrence
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas D. Condon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sónia T. Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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15
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Schlam-Babayov S, Ziv Y, Shiloh Y. It takes three to the DNA damage response tango. Mol Cell Oncol 2021; 8:1881395. [PMID: 33860085 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2021.1881395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response is robustly activated by DNA double-strand breaks and controlled by three apical protein kinases of the PI3-kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) family: ataxia-telangiectasia, mutated (ATM), ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals the relative share of these PIKKs in coordinating this network, and compensation by ATR and DNA-PK for ATM absence in the genetic disorder, ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapir Schlam-Babayov
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Ziv
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
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16
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Miao T, Peng C, Tang Z, Zeng M, Wang S, Wang X, Guo L, Wang X, Zhao J, Zhao M, Chen J, Liu C. Implication of Ataxia-Telangiectasia-mutated kinase in epithelium-mesenchyme transition. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:640-649. [PMID: 33417668 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of genome instability drives the development of cancer by disrupting anti-cancer barriers. Upon genotoxic insults, DNA damage responsive factors, notably ATM kinase, is crucial to protect genomic integrity while promoting cell death. Meanwhile, cytotoxic therapy-inducing DNA lesions is double-edged sword by causing cancer metastasis based on animal models and clinical observations. The underlying mechanisms for the procancer effect of cytotoxic therapies are poorly understood. Here, we report that cancer cells subjected to cytotoxic treatments elicit dramatic alteration of gene expression controlling the potential of epithelium-mesenchyme transition (EMT). Resultantly, EMT-dependent cell mobility is potently induced upon DNA damage. This stimulation of EMT is mainly Ataxia-Telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)-dependent, as the chemical inhibitor specifically inhibiting ATM kinase activity can suppress the EMT gene expression and thus cell mobility. At last, we show that cancer cells with ATM activation display increased metastatic potential in ovarian cancer tissues. Taken together, we reveal a novel role of ATM in promoting metastatic potential of cancer cells by favoring EMT gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Miao
- Vascular Surgery of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Changsheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zizhi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Liandi Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jichun Zhao
- Vascular Surgery of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Mingcai Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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17
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Majd NK, Yap TA, Koul D, Balasubramaniyan V, Li X, Khan S, Gandy KS, Yung WKA, de Groot JF. The promise of DNA damage response inhibitors for the treatment of glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab015. [PMID: 33738447 PMCID: PMC7954093 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumor, has a dismal prognosis. Despite our growing knowledge of genomic and epigenomic alterations in GBM, standard therapies and outcomes have not changed significantly in the past two decades. There is therefore an urgent unmet need to develop novel therapies for GBM. The inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity of GBM, inadequate drug concentrations in the tumor owing to the blood-brain barrier, redundant signaling pathways contributing to resistance to conventional therapies, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, have all hindered the development of novel therapies for GBM. Given the high frequency of DNA damage pathway alterations in GBM, researchers have focused their efforts on pharmacologically targeting key enzymes, including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), DNA-dependent protein kinase, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated, and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related. The mainstays of GBM treatment, ionizing radiation and alkylating chemotherapy, generate DNA damage that is repaired through the upregulation and activation of DNA damage response (DDR) enzymes. Therefore, the use of PARP and other DDR inhibitors to render GBM cells more vulnerable to conventional treatments is an area of intense investigation. In this review, we highlight the growing body of data behind DDR inhibitors in GBM, with a focus on putative predictive biomarkers of response. We also discuss the challenges involved in the successful development of DDR inhibitors for GBM, including the intracranial location and predicted overlapping toxicities of DDR agents with current standards of care, and propose promising strategies to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin K Majd
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dimpy Koul
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sabbir Khan
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Katilin S Gandy
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - W K Alfred Yung
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John F de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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18
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Schlam-Babayov S, Bensimon A, Harel M, Geiger T, Aebersold R, Ziv Y, Shiloh Y. Phosphoproteomics reveals novel modes of function and inter-relationships among PIKKs in response to genotoxic stress. EMBO J 2020; 40:e104400. [PMID: 33215756 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex signaling network that relies on cascades of protein phosphorylation, which are initiated by three protein kinases of the family of PI3-kinase-related protein kinases (PIKKs): ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK. ATM is missing or inactivated in the genome instability syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). The relative shares of these PIKKs in the response to genotoxic stress and the functional relationships among them are central questions in the genome stability field. We conducted a comprehensive phosphoproteomic analysis in human wild-type and A-T cells treated with the double-strand break-inducing chemical, neocarzinostatin, and validated the results with the targeted proteomic technique, selected reaction monitoring. We also matched our results with 34 published screens for DDR factors, creating a valuable resource for identifying strong candidates for novel DDR players. We uncovered fine-tuned dynamics between the PIKKs following genotoxic stress, such as DNA-PK-dependent attenuation of ATM. In A-T cells, partial compensation for ATM absence was provided by ATR and DNA-PK, with distinct roles and kinetics. The results highlight intricate relationships between these PIKKs in the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapir Schlam-Babayov
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Bensimon
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Harel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yael Ziv
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
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19
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Majd N, Yap TA, Yung WKA, de Groot J. The Promise of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitors in Gliomas. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTHERAPY AND PRECISION ONCOLOGY 2020; 3:157-164. [PMID: 35665372 PMCID: PMC9165443 DOI: 10.36401/jipo-20-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse infiltrating gliomas are a clinically and molecularly heterogeneous group of tumors that are uniformly incurable. Despite our growing knowledge of genomic and epigenomic alterations in gliomas, standard treatments have not changed in the past 2 decades and remain limited to surgical resection, ionizing radiation, and alkylating chemotherapeutic agents. Development of novel therapeutics for diffuse gliomas has been challenging due to inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity, diffuse infiltrative nature of gliomas, inadequate tumor/drug concentration due to blood-brain barrier, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Given the high frequency of DNA damage pathway alterations in gliomas, researchers have focused their efforts in targeting the DNA damage pathways for the treatment of gliomas. A growing body of data has shed light on the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in combination with radiation and temozolomide in high-grade gliomas. Furthermore, a novel therapeutic strategy in low-grade glioma is the recent elucidation for a potential role of PARP inhibitors in gliomas with IDH1/2 mutations. This review highlights the concepts behind targeting PARP in gliomas with a focus on putative predictive biomarkers of response. We further discuss the challenges involved in the successful development of PARP inhibitors in gliomas, including the intracranial location of the tumor and overlapping toxicities with current standards of care, and promising strategies to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Majd
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy A. Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W. K. Alfred Yung
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Hanson RL, Batchelor E. Rucaparib Treatment Alters p53 Oscillations in Single Cells to Enhance DNA-Double-Strand-Break-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108240. [PMID: 33053351 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks induce oscillatory expression of the transcription factor p53 that is dependent on ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activity and the rate of double strand break resolution. Although p53 dynamics are known to play a role in the regulation of cell fate determination, the consequences of the variability in dynamics associated with differences in repair rates and utilized repair pathways are unknown. Using single-cell time-lapse microscopy, we found that disruption of specific repair pathways has distinct impacts on p53 dynamics. The small-molecule rucaparib, an inhibitor of the alternative end-joining-associated protein poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), increased p53 pulse duration, altering the temporal expression of multiple p53 target genes. As a result, combination treatments of the radiomimetic drug neocarzinostatin with rucaparib drove prolonged growth arrest beyond that of DNA damage alone. This study highlights how pharmacological manipulation of DNA repair pathways may be used to alter p53 dynamics to enhance therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Hanson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building 3-136, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eric Batchelor
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building 3-136, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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21
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Konrath F, Mittermeier A, Cristiano E, Wolf J, Loewer A. A systematic approach to decipher crosstalk in the p53 signaling pathway using single cell dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007901. [PMID: 32589666 PMCID: PMC7319280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors NF-κB and p53 are key regulators in the genotoxic stress response and are critical for tumor development. Although there is ample evidence for interactions between both networks, a comprehensive understanding of the crosstalk is lacking. Here, we developed a systematic approach to identify potential interactions between the pathways. We perturbed NF-κB signaling by inhibiting IKK2, a critical regulator of NF-κB activity, and monitored the altered response of p53 to genotoxic stress using single cell time lapse microscopy. Fitting subpopulation-specific computational p53 models to this time-resolved single cell data allowed to reproduce in a quantitative manner signaling dynamics and cellular heterogeneity for the unperturbed and perturbed conditions. The approach enabled us to untangle the integrated effects of IKK/ NF-κB perturbation on p53 dynamics and thereby derive potential interactions between both networks. Intriguingly, we find that a simultaneous perturbation of multiple processes is necessary to explain the observed changes in the p53 response. Specifically, we show interference with the activation and degradation of p53 as well as the degradation of Mdm2. Our results highlight the importance of the crosstalk and its potential implications in p53-dependent cellular functions. Cells can respond to external and internal inputs by transducing information to the nucleus where transcription factors initiate corresponding cellular responses. Cellular signaling is mediated by several pathways; molecular networks that can interact with each other, which alters signal processing and modulates cellular responses. As deregulated signaling can lead to the development of tumors it is important to understand not only how signaling pathways function but also the contribution of their interaction on the signaling dynamics. Here, we analyzed the interplay of the IKK/ NF-κB and p53 pathway, which are both critical for the cellular response to DNA damage and have been implicated in tumor development. To systematically identify interaction points between both pathways, we perturbed IKK/ NF-κB signaling and tracked the changes in the response of p53 to DNA damage. Using computational methods, we show that several reactions in the p53 pathway are simultaneously affected by NF-κB signaling and that this combined action is necessary to explain altered behaviour of the p53 pathway. Hence, our results provide new insights into the interplay between the NF-κB and p53 pathway and help to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Konrath
- Mathematical Modelling of Cellular Processes, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Mittermeier
- Systems Biology of the Stress Response, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elena Cristiano
- Signaling Dynamics in Single Cells, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Wolf
- Mathematical Modelling of Cellular Processes, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (JW); (AL)
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Systems Biology of the Stress Response, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Signaling Dynamics in Single Cells, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (JW); (AL)
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22
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Bader AS, Bushell M. DNA:RNA hybrids form at DNA double-strand breaks in transcriptionally active loci. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:280. [PMID: 32332801 PMCID: PMC7181826 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of DNA:RNA hybrids, or R-loops, actively forming at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) has unlocked fresh insight into how RNA participates in DNA repair. However, the manner of DSB-induced R-loop formation is vital in determining its mechanism of action and is currently under debate. Here, we analyse published DNA:RNA-hybrid sequencing to elucidate the features that determine DSB-induced R-loop formation. We found that pre-existing transcriptional activity was critical for R-loop generation at break sites, suggesting that these RNAs are transcribed prior to break induction. In addition, this appeared to be a specific DSB response at the break, distinct from traditional, co-transcriptionally formed R-loops. We hypothesise that R-loop formation is orchestrated by the damage response at transcriptionally active DSB loci to specifically maintain these genomic regions. Further investigation is required to fully understand how canonical repair processes regulate R-loops at breaks and how they participate in the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo S Bader
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Martin Bushell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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23
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Bader AS, Hawley BR, Wilczynska A, Bushell M. The roles of RNA in DNA double-strand break repair. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:613-623. [PMID: 31894141 PMCID: PMC7054366 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective DNA repair is essential for cell survival: a failure to correctly repair damage leads to the accumulation of mutations and is the driving force for carcinogenesis. Multiple pathways have evolved to protect against both intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic events, and recent developments have highlighted an unforeseen critical role for RNA in ensuring genome stability. It is currently unclear exactly how RNA molecules participate in the repair pathways, although many models have been proposed and it is possible that RNA acts in diverse ways to facilitate DNA repair. A number of well-documented DNA repair factors have been described to have RNA-binding capacities and, moreover, screens investigating DNA-damage repair mechanisms have identified RNA-binding proteins as a major group of novel factors involved in DNA repair. In this review, we integrate some of these datasets to identify commonalities that might highlight novel and interesting factors for future investigations. This emerging role for RNA opens up a new dimension in the field of DNA repair; we discuss its impact on our current understanding of DNA repair processes and consider how it might influence cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo S Bader
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ben R Hawley
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Martin Bushell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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24
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Jentsch M, Snyder P, Sheng C, Cristiano E, Loewer A. p53 dynamics in single cells are temperature-sensitive. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1481. [PMID: 32001771 PMCID: PMC6992775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells need to preserve genome integrity despite varying cellular and physical states. p53, the guardian of the genome, plays a crucial role in the cellular response to DNA damage by triggering cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or senescence. Mutations in p53 or alterations in its regulatory network are major driving forces in tumorigenesis. As multiple studies indicate beneficial effects for hyperthermic treatments during radiation- or chemotherapy of human cancers, we aimed to understand how p53 dynamics after genotoxic stress are modulated by changes in temperature across a physiological relevant range. To this end, we employed a combination of time-resolved live-cell microscopy and computational analysis techniques to characterise the p53 response in thousands of individual cells. Our results demonstrate that p53 dynamics upon ionizing radiation are temperature dependent. In the range of 33 °C to 39 °C, pulsatile p53 dynamics are modulated in their frequency. Above 40 °C, which corresponds to mild hyperthermia in a clinical setting, we observed a reversible phase transition towards sustained hyperaccumulation of p53 disrupting its canonical response to DNA double strand breaks. Moreover, we provide evidence that mild hyperthermia alone is sufficient to induce a p53 response in the absence of genotoxic stress. These insights highlight how the p53-mediated DNA damage response is affected by alterations in the physical state of a cell and how this can be exploited by appropriate timing of combination therapies to increase the efficiency of cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Jentsch
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Petra Snyder
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Caibin Sheng
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Cristiano
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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25
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Impact of ATM and DNA-PK Inhibition on Gene Expression and Individual Response of Human Lymphocytes to Mixed Beams of Alpha Particles and X-Rays. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122013. [PMID: 31847107 PMCID: PMC6966634 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a synergistic effect in cells simultaneously exposed to different types of clustered and dispersed DNA damage. We aimed to analyse the effect of mixed beams of alpha particles and X-rays (1:1 dose of each) on DNA damage response genes in human peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from four donors. Two donors were compared upon inhibition of ATM or DNA-PK and at different sampling times. qPCR was used to measure mRNA levels of FDXR, GADD45A, BBC3, MDM2, CDKN1A, and XPC 24 h following exposure. Generally, alpha particles and mixed beams were stronger inducers of gene expression compared to X-rays, displaying saturated versus linear dose–response curves, respectively. Three out of four donors responded synergistically to mixed beams. When two donors were sampled again one year later, the former additive effect in one donor was now synergistic and no significant difference in intrinsic radiosensitivity was displayed, as determined by gamma-radiation-induced micronuclei. ATM, but not DNA-PK inhibition, reduced the radiation-induced gene expression, but differently for alpha radiation between the two donors. In conclusion, synergy was present for all donors, but the results suggest individual variability in the response to mixed beams, most likely due to lifestyle changes.
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26
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Friedrich D, Friedel L, Finzel A, Herrmann A, Preibisch S, Loewer A. Stochastic transcription in the p53-mediated response to DNA damage is modulated by burst frequency. Mol Syst Biol 2019; 15:e9068. [PMID: 31885199 PMCID: PMC6886302 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20199068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Discontinuous transcription has been described for different mammalian cell lines and numerous promoters. However, our knowledge of how the activity of individual promoters is adjusted by dynamic signaling inputs from transcription factors is limited. To address this question, we characterized the activity of selected target genes that are regulated by pulsatile accumulation of the tumor suppressor p53 in response to ionizing radiation. We performed time-resolved measurements of gene expression at the single-cell level by smFISH and used the resulting data to inform a mathematical model of promoter activity. We found that p53 target promoters are regulated by frequency modulation of stochastic bursting and can be grouped along three archetypes of gene expression. The occurrence of these archetypes cannot solely be explained by nuclear p53 abundance or promoter binding of total p53. Instead, we provide evidence that the time-varying acetylation state of p53's C-terminal lysine residues is critical for gene-specific regulation of stochastic bursting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhana Friedrich
- Department for BiologyTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems BiologyMax Delbrück Center in the Helmholtz AssociationBerlinGermany
- Department for BiologyHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Laura Friedel
- Department for BiologyTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany
| | - Ana Finzel
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems BiologyMax Delbrück Center in the Helmholtz AssociationBerlinGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department for BiologyHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Stephan Preibisch
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems BiologyMax Delbrück Center in the Helmholtz AssociationBerlinGermany
- Janelia Research CampusHoward Hughes Medical InstituteVAAshburnUSA
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Department for BiologyTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems BiologyMax Delbrück Center in the Helmholtz AssociationBerlinGermany
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27
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Mi L, Zhou Y, Wu D, Tao Q, Wang X, Zhu H, Gao X, Wang J, Ling R, Deng J, Mao C, Chen D. ACSS2/AMPK/PCNA pathway‑driven proliferation and chemoresistance of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells under nutrient stress. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:5286-5296. [PMID: 31638228 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although platinum‑based chemotherapy is the first‑line choice for locally advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients, accelerated recurrence and chemoresistance remain inevitable. New evidence suggests that metabolism reprogramming under stress involves independent processes that are executed with a variety of proteins. This study investigated the functions of nutrient stress (NS)‑mediated acetyl‑CoA synthetase short‑chain family member 2 (ACSS2) in cell proliferation and cisplatin‑resistance and examined its combined effects with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a key regulator of DNA replication and repair. Here, it was demonstrated that under NS, when the AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway was activated, ESCC cells maintained proliferation and chemoresistance was distinctly upregulated as determined by CCK‑8 assay. As determined using immunoblotting and RT‑qPCR, compared with normal esophageal epithelial cells (Het‑1A), ESCC cells were less sensitive to NS and showed increased intracellular levels of ACSS2. Moreover, it was shown that ACSS2 inhibition by siRNA not only greatly interfered with proliferation under NS but also participated in DNA repair after cisplatin treatment via PCNA suppression, and the acceleration of cell death was dependent on the activation of the AMPK pathway as revealed by the Annexin V/PI and TUNEL assay results. Our study identified crosstalk between nutrient supply and chemoresistance that could be exploited therapeutically to target AMPK signaling, and the results suggest ACSS2 as a potential biomarker for identifying higher‑risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mi
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Qing Tao
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ling
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Deng
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Chen
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
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28
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Philippe GJB, Gaspar D, Sheng C, Huang YH, Benfield AH, Condon ND, Weidmann J, Lawrence N, Löwer A, Castanho MARB, Craik DJ, Troeira Henriques S. Cell Membrane Composition Drives Selectivity and Toxicity of Designed Cyclic Helix-Loop-Helix Peptides with Cell Penetrating and Tumor Suppressor Properties. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2071-2087. [PMID: 31390185 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is inactive in a large number of cancers, including some forms of sarcoma, breast cancer, and leukemia, due to overexpression of its intrinsic inhibitors MDM2 and MDMX. Reactivation of p53 tumor suppressor activity, via disruption of interactions between MDM2/X and p53 in the cytosol, is a promising strategy to treat cancer. Peptides able to bind MDM2 and/or MDMX were shown to prevent MDM2/X:p53 interactions, but most possess low cell penetrability, low stability, and/or high toxicity to healthy cells. Recently, the designed peptide cHLH-p53-R was reported to possess high affinity for MDM2, resistance toward proteases, cell-penetrating properties, and toxicity toward cancer cells. This peptide uses a stable cyclic helix-loop-helix (cHLH) scaffold, which includes two helices connected with a Gly loop and cyclized to improve stability. In the current study, we were interested in examining the cell selectivity of cHLH-p53-R, its cellular internalization, and ability to reactivate the p53 pathway. We designed analogues of cHLH-p53-R and employed biochemical and biophysical methodologies using in vitro model membranes and cell-based assays to compare their structure, activity, and mode-of-action. Our studies show that cHLH is an excellent scaffold to stabilize and constrain p53-mimetic peptides with helical conformation, and reveal that anticancer properties of cHLH-p53-R are mediated by its ability to selectively target, cross, and disrupt cancer cell membranes, and not by activation of the p53 pathway. These findings highlight the importance of examining the mode-of-action of designed peptides to fully exploit their potential to develop targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire J.-B. Philippe
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Diana Gaspar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Caibin Sheng
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Aurélie H. Benfield
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Nicholas D. Condon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Joachim Weidmann
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nicole Lawrence
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Miguel A. R. B. Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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Liu Y, Efimova EV, Ramamurthy A, Kron SJ. Repair-independent functions of DNA-PKcs protect irradiated cells from mitotic slippage and accelerated senescence. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs229385. [PMID: 31189537 PMCID: PMC6633392 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.229385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs, also known as PRKDC) to Ku proteins at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) has long been considered essential for non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair, providing a rationale for use of DNA-PKcs inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Given lagging clinical translation, we reexamined mechanisms and observed instead that DSB repair can proceed independently of DNA-PKcs. While repair of radiation-induced DSBs was blocked in cells expressing shRNAs targeting Ku proteins or other NHEJ core factors, DSBs were repaired on schedule despite targeting DNA-PKcs. Although we failed to observe a DSB repair defect, the γH2AX foci that formed at sites of DNA damage persisted indefinitely after irradiation, leading to cytokinesis failure and accumulation of binucleated cells. Following this mitotic slippage, cells with decreased DNA-PKcs underwent accelerated cellular senescence. We identified downregulation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) as the critical role of DNA-PKcs in recovery from DNA damage, insofar as targeting ATM restored γH2AX foci resolution and cytokinesis. Considering the lack of direct impact on DSB repair and emerging links between senescence and resistance to cancer therapy, these results suggest reassessing DNA-PKcs as a target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elena V Efimova
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aishwarya Ramamurthy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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30
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Mladenov E, Fan X, Dueva R, Soni A, Iliakis G. Radiation-dose-dependent functional synergisms between ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs in checkpoint control and resection in G 2-phase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8255. [PMID: 31164689 PMCID: PMC6547644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Using data generated with cells exposed to ionizing-radiation (IR) in G2-phase of the cell cycle, we describe dose-dependent interactions between ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs revealing unknown mechanistic underpinnings for two key facets of the DNA damage response: DSB end-resection and G2-checkpoint activation. At low IR-doses that induce low DSB-numbers in the genome, ATM and ATR regulate epistatically the G2-checkpoint, with ATR at the output-node, interfacing with the cell-cycle predominantly through Chk1. Strikingly, at low IR-doses, ATM and ATR epistatically regulate also resection, and inhibition of either activity fully suppresses resection. At high IR-doses that induce high DSB-numbers in the genome, the tight ATM/ATR coupling relaxes and independent outputs to G2-checkpoint and resection occur. Consequently, both kinases must be inhibited to fully suppress checkpoint activation and resection. DNA-PKcs integrates to the ATM/ATR module by regulating resection at all IR-doses, with defects in DNA-PKcs causing hyper-resection and G2-checkpoint hyper-activation. Notably, hyper-resection is absent from other c-NHEJ mutants. Thus, DNA-PKcs specifically regulates resection and adjusts the activation of the ATM/ATR module. We propose that selected DSBs are shepherd by DNA-PKcs from c-NHEJ to resection-dependent pathways for processing under the regulatory supervision of the ATM/ATR module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiang Fan
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Rositsa Dueva
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Aashish Soni
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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31
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Sheng C, Mendler IH, Rieke S, Snyder P, Jentsch M, Friedrich D, Drossel B, Loewer A. PCNA-Mediated Degradation of p21 Coordinates the DNA Damage Response and Cell Cycle Regulation in Individual Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 27:48-58.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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32
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Wang XD, Zhu MW, Shan D, Wang SY, Yin X, Yang YQ, Wang TH, Zhang CT, Wang Y, Liang WW, Zhang J, Jiang HZ, Dong GT, Jiang HQ, Qi Y, Feng HL. Spy1, a unique cell cycle regulator, alters viability in ALS motor neurons and cell lines in response to mutant SOD1-induced DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 74:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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George VC, Ansari SA, Chelakkot VS, Chelakkot AL, Chelakkot C, Menon V, Ramadan W, Ethiraj KR, El-Awady R, Mantso T, Mitsiogianni M, Panagiotidis MI, Dellaire G, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP. DNA-dependent protein kinase: Epigenetic alterations and the role in genomic stability of cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 780:92-105. [PMID: 31395353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a member of phosphatidylinositol-kinase family, is a key protein in mammalian DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair that helps to maintain genomic integrity. DNA-PK also plays a central role in immune cell development and protects telomerase during cellular aging. Epigenetic deregulation due to endogenous and exogenous factors may affect the normal function of DNA-PK, which in turn could impair DNA repair and contribute to genomic instability. Recent studies implicate a role for epigenetics in the regulation of DNA-PK expression in normal and cancer cells, which may impact cancer progression and metastasis as well as provide opportunities for treatment and use of DNA-PK as a novel cancer biomarker. In addition, several small molecules and biological agents have been recently identified that can inhibit DNA-PK function or expression, and thus hold promise for cancer treatments. This review discusses the impact of epigenetic alterations and the expression of DNA-PK in relation to the DNA repair mechanisms with a focus on its differential levels in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vazhappilly Cijo George
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shabbir Ahmed Ansari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Vipin Shankar Chelakkot
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | | | - Chaithanya Chelakkot
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Varsha Menon
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wafaa Ramadan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Raafat El-Awady
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute and College of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Theodora Mantso
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Melina Mitsiogianni
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mihalis I Panagiotidis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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da Silva Neto Trajano LA, Trajano ETL, da Silva Sergio LP, Teixeira AF, Mencalha AL, Stumbo AC, de Souza da Fonseca A. Photobiomodulation effects on mRNA levels from genomic and chromosome stabilization genes in injured muscle. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:1513-1519. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rudqvist N, Laiakis EC, Ghandhi SA, Kumar S, Knotts JD, Chowdhury M, Fornace AJ, Amundson SA. Global Gene Expression Response in Mouse Models of DNA Repair Deficiency after Gamma Irradiation. Radiat Res 2018; 189:337-344. [PMID: 29351057 DOI: 10.1667/rr14862.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the event of an improvised nuclear device or "dirty bomb" in a highly populated area, potentially hundreds of thousands of people will require screening to ensure that exposed individuals receive appropriate treatment. For this reason, there is a need to develop tools for high-throughput radiation biodosimetry. Gene expression represents an emerging approach to biodosimetry and could potentially provide an estimate of both absorbed dose and individual radiation-induced injury. Since approximately 2-4% of humans are thought to be radiosensitive, and would suffer greater radiological injury at a given dose than members of the general population, it is of interest to explore the potential impact of such sensitivity on the biodosimetric gene expression signatures being developed. In this study, we used wild-type mice and genetically engineered mouse models deficient in two DNA repair pathways that can contribute to radiation sensitivity to estimate the maximum effect of differences in radiosensitivity. We compared gene expression in response to a roughly equitoxic (LD50/30) dose of gamma rays in wild-type C57BL/6 (8 Gy) and DNA double-strand break repair-deficient Atm-/- (4 Gy) and Prkdcscid (3 Gy) mutants of C57BL/6. Overall, 780 genes were significantly differentially expressed in wild-type mice one day postirradiation, 232 in Atm-/- and 269 in Prkdcscid. Upstream regulators including TP53 and NFκB were predicted to be activated by radiation exposure in the wild-type mice, but not in either of the DNA repair-deficient mutant strains. There was also a significant muting of the apparent inflammatory response triggered by radiation in both mutant strains. These differences impacted the ability of gene expression signatures developed in wild-type mice to detect potentially fatal radiation exposure in the DNA repair-deficient mice, with the greatest impact on Atm-/- mice. However, the inclusion of mutant mice in gene selection vastly improved performance of the classifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Rudqvist
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Evagelia C Laiakis
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Shanaz A Ghandhi
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Suresh Kumar
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey D Knotts
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mashkura Chowdhury
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Albert J Fornace
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Sally A Amundson
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Strzeszewska A, Alster O, Mosieniak G, Ciolko A, Sikora E. Insight into the role of PIKK family members and NF-кB in DNAdamage-induced senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype of colon cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:44. [PMID: 29352261 PMCID: PMC5833415 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Senescence of cancer cells is an important outcome of treatment of many cancer types. Cell senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest induced by stress conditions, including DNA damage. DNA damage activates DNA damage response (DDR), which involves members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) superfamily: protein kinases ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs. The so-far collected data indicate that ATM, with its downstream targets CHK2, p53, and p21, is the key protein involved in DDR-dependent senescence. It was also documented that the so-called senescence-associated secretory phenotype-SASP relies on ATM/CHK2, and not on p53 signaling. Moreover, genotoxic agents used in cancer treatment can activate NF-κB, which also induces transcription of SASP genes. In this paper, we have studied the involvement of three PIKK family members in colon cancer cell senescence and connection between DNA-damage-induced senescence and NF-κB-regulated SASP in p53-proficient and p53-deficient colon cancer cells treated with doxorubicin. We showed that doxorubicin induced cell senescence in both p53+/+ and p53−/− HCT116 cells, proving that this process is p53-independent. Senescence was successfully abrogated by a PIKK inhibitor, caffeine, or by simultaneous silencing of three PIKKs by specific siRNAs. By silencing individual members of PIKK family and analyzing common markers of senescence, the level of p21 and SA-β-Gal activity, we came to the conclusion that ATR kinase is crucial for the onset of senescence as, in contrast to ATM and DNA-PKsc, it could not be fully substituted by other PIKKs. Moreover, we showed that in case of silencing the three PIKKs, there was no SASP reduction accompanying the decrease in the level of p21 and SA-β-Gal (Senescence-Associated-β-Galactosidase) activity; whereas knocking down the NF-κB component, p65, abrogated SASP, but did not affect other markers of senescence, proving that DNA damage regulated senescence independently and NF-κB evoked SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Strzeszewska
- Laboratory of the Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Alster
- Laboratory of the Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Mosieniak
- Laboratory of the Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Ciolko
- Laboratory of the Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of the Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Coulter JB, Lopez-Bertoni H, Kuhns KJ, Lee RS, Laterra J, Bressler JP. TET1 deficiency attenuates the DNA damage response and promotes resistance to DNA damaging agents. Epigenetics 2017; 12:854-864. [PMID: 28758831 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1359452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that loss of TET1 may play a significant role in the formation of tumors. Because genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer, we examined the potential involvement of 10-11 translocation 1 (TET1) in the DNA damage response (DDR). Here we demonstrate that, in response to clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation (IR), human glial cells made TET1-deficient with lentiviral vectors displayed greater numbers of colony forming units and lower levels of apoptotic markers compared with glial cells transduced with control vectors; yet, they harbored greater DNA strand breaks. The G2/M check point and expression of cyclin B1 were greatly diminished in TET1-deficient cells, and TET1-deficient cells displayed lower levels of γH2A.x following exposure to IR. Levels of DNA-PKcs, which are DNA-PK complex members, were lower in TET1-deficient cells compared with control cell lines. However, levels of ATM were similar in both cell lines. Cyclin B1, DNA-PKcs, and γH2A.x levels were each rescued by reintroduction of the TET1 catalytic domain. Finally, cytosine methylation within intron 1 of PRKDC, the gene encoding DNA-PKcs, was significantly higher upon depletion of TET1. Taken together, this study illustrates the involvement of TET1 in the different arms of the DDR and suggests its loss results in the continued survival of cells with genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Coulter
- a Department of Neurology , Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger , 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Environmental Health Sciences , The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Hernando Lopez-Bertoni
- a Department of Neurology , Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger , 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Katherine J Kuhns
- a Department of Neurology , Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger , 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Environmental Health Sciences , The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Richard S Lee
- d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - John Laterra
- a Department of Neurology , Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger , 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,e Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,f Department of Oncology , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Joseph P Bressler
- a Department of Neurology , Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger , 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Environmental Health Sciences , The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Majidinia M, Sadeghpour A, Mehrzadi S, Reiter RJ, Khatami N, Yousefi B. Melatonin: A pleiotropic molecule that modulates DNA damage response and repair pathways. J Pineal Res 2017; 63. [PMID: 28439991 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA repair is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the genome. Perturbations in the DNA repair pathways have been identified in several human cancers. Thus, compounds targeting DNA damage response (DDR) hold great promise in cancer therapy. A great deal of effort, in pursuit of new anticancer drugs, has been devoted to understanding the basic mechanisms and functions of the cellular DNA repair machinery. Melatonin, a widely produced indoleamine in all organisms, is associated with a reduced risk of cancer and has multiple regulatory roles on the different aspects of the DDR and DNA repair. Herein, we have mainly discussed how defective components in different DNA repair machineries, including homologous recombination (HR), nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and finally DNA mismatch repair (MMR), can contribute to the risk of cancer. Melatonin biosynthesis, mode of action, and antioxidant effects are reviewed along with the means by which the indoleamine regulates DDR at the transduction, mediation, and functional levels. Finally, we summarize recent studies that illustrate how melatonin can be combined with DNA-damaging agents to improve their efficacy in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghpour
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine and Shohada Educational Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nasrin Khatami
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Targeting Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Gritsenko DA, Orlova OA, Linkova NS, Khavinson VK. Transcription factor p53 and skin aging. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057017020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Stewart-Ornstein J, Lahav G. p53 dynamics in response to DNA damage vary across cell lines and are shaped by efficiency of DNA repair and activity of the kinase ATM. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaah6671. [PMID: 28442631 PMCID: PMC5504473 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah6671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular systems show a wide range of signaling dynamics. Many of these dynamics are highly stereotyped, such as oscillations at a fixed frequency. However, most studies looking at the role of signaling dynamics focus on one or a few cell lines, leaving the diversity of dynamics across tissues or cell lines a largely unexplored question. We focused on the dynamics of the tumor suppressor protein p53, which regulates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. We established live-cell reporters for 12 cancer cell lines expressing wild-type p53 and quantified p53 dynamics in response to double-strand break-inducing DNA damage. In many of the tested cell lines, we found that p53 abundance oscillated in response to ionizing radiation or the DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic neocarzinostatin and that the periodicity of the oscillations was fixed. In other cell lines, p53 abundance dynamically changed in different ways, such as a single broad pulse or a continuous induction. By combining single-cell assays of p53 signaling dynamics, small-molecule screening in live cells, and mathematical modeling, we identified molecules that perturbed p53 dynamics and determined that cell-specific variation in the efficiency of DNA repair and the activity of the kinase ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) controlled the signaling landscape of p53 dynamics. Because the dynamics of wild-type p53 varied substantially between cell lines, our study highlights the limitation of using one line as a model system and emphasizes the importance of studying the dynamics of other signaling pathways across different cell lines and genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Galit Lahav
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Mönke G, Cristiano E, Finzel A, Friedrich D, Herzel H, Falcke M, Loewer A. Excitability in the p53 network mediates robust signaling with tunable activation thresholds in single cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46571. [PMID: 28417973 PMCID: PMC5394551 DOI: 10.1038/srep46571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular signaling systems precisely transmit information in the presence of molecular noise while retaining flexibility to accommodate the needs of individual cells. To understand design principles underlying such versatile signaling, we analyzed the response of the tumor suppressor p53 to varying levels of DNA damage in hundreds of individual cells and observed a switch between distinct signaling modes characterized by isolated pulses and sustained oscillations of p53 accumulation. Guided by dynamic systems theory we show that this requires an excitable network structure comprising positive feedback and provide experimental evidence for its molecular identity. The resulting data-driven model reproduced all features of measured signaling responses and is sufficient to explain their heterogeneity in individual cells. We present evidence that heterogeneity in the levels of the feedback regulator Wip1 sets cell-specific thresholds for p53 activation, providing means to modulate its response through interacting signaling pathways. Our results demonstrate how excitable signaling networks can provide high specificity, sensitivity and robustness while retaining unique possibilities to adjust their function to the physiology of individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Mönke
- Mathematical Cell Physiology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Cristiano
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Finzel
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dhana Friedrich
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Herzel
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Falcke
- Mathematical Cell Physiology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, Germany
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Batchelor E, Loewer A. Recent progress and open challenges in modeling p53 dynamics in single cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:54-59. [PMID: 29062976 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the tumor suppressor p53 is activated upon a variety of cellular stresses and ensures an appropriate response ranging from arrest and repair to the induction of senescence and apoptosis. Quantitative measurements in individual living cells showed stimulus-dependent dynamics of p53 accumulation upon stress induction. Due to the complexity of the underlying biochemical interactions, mathematical models were indispensable for understanding the topology of the network regulating p53 dynamics. Recent work provides furhter insights into the causes of heterogeneous responses in individual cells, the rewiring of the network in response to different inputs and the role of the downstream processes in determining the cellular fate upon stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Batchelor
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Sun T, Li X, Shen P. Modeling amplified p53 responses under DNA-PK inhibition in DNA damage response. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17105-17114. [PMID: 28177883 PMCID: PMC5370026 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) repair, coordinated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-like kinases can activate p53 signaling pathway. Recent findings have identified novel interplays among these kinases demonstrating amplified first p53 pulses under DNA-PK inhibition. However, no theoretical model has been developed to characterize such dynamics. In current work, we modeled the prolonged p53 pulses with DNA-PK inhibitor. We could identify a dose-dependent increase in the first pulse amplitude and width. Meanwhile, weakened DNA-PK mediated ATM inhibition was insufficient to reproduce such dynamic behavior. Moreover, the information flow was shifted predominantly to the first pulse under DNA-PK inhibition. Furthermore, the amplified p53 responses were relatively robust. Taken together, our model can faithfully replicate amplified p53 responses under DNA-PK inhibition and provide insights into cell fate decision by manipulating p53 dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, AnQing Normal University, AnQing, Anhui, 246011, China
| | - Xinda Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Pingping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Sastre-Moreno G, Pryor JM, Moreno-Oñate M, Herrero-Ruiz AM, Cortés-Ledesma F, Blanco L, Ramsden DA, Ruiz JF. Regulation of human polλ by ATM-mediated phosphorylation during non-homologous end joining. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 51:31-45. [PMID: 28109743 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) trigger a variety of cellular signaling processes, collectively termed the DNA-damage response (DDR), that are primarily regulated by protein kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). Among DDR activated processes, the repair of DSBs by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is essential. The proper coordination of NHEJ factors is mainly achieved through phosphorylation by an ATM-related kinase, the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), although the molecular basis for this regulation has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study we identify the major NHEJ DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase lambda (Polλ), as a target for both ATM and DNA-PKcs in human cells. We show that Polλ is efficiently phosphorylated by DNA-PKcs in vitro and predominantly by ATM after DSB induction with ionizing radiation (IR) in vivo. We identify threonine 204 (T204) as a main target for ATM/DNA-PKcs phosphorylation on human Polλ, and establish that its phosphorylation may facilitate the repair of a subset of IR-induced DSBs and the efficient Polλ-mediated gap-filling during NHEJ. Molecular evidence suggests that Polλ phosphorylation might favor Polλ interaction with the DNA-PK complex at DSBs. Altogether, our work provides the first demonstration of how Polλ is regulated by phosphorylation to connect with the NHEJ core machinery during DSB repair in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Sastre-Moreno
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - John M Pryor
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marta Moreno-Oñate
- Departamento Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla/CSIC, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Andrés M Herrero-Ruiz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla/CSIC, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Felipe Cortés-Ledesma
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla/CSIC, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Luis Blanco
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Dale A Ramsden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jose F Ruiz
- Departamento Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla/CSIC, Sevilla 41092, Spain.
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Zhou Y, Lee JH, Jiang W, Crowe JL, Zha S, Paull TT. Regulation of the DNA Damage Response by DNA-PKcs Inhibitory Phosphorylation of ATM. Mol Cell 2017; 65:91-104. [PMID: 27939942 PMCID: PMC5724035 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) regulates the DNA damage response as well as DNA double-strand break repair through homologous recombination. Here we show that ATM is hyperactive when the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is chemically inhibited or when the DNA-PKcs gene is deleted in human cells. Pre-incubation of ATM protein with active DNA-PKcs also significantly reduces ATM activity in vitro. We characterize several phosphorylation sites in ATM that are targets of DNA-PKcs and show that phospho-mimetic mutations at these residues significantly inhibit ATM activity and impair ATM signaling upon DNA damage. In contrast, phospho-blocking mutations at one cluster of sites increase the frequency of apoptosis during normal cell growth. DNA-PKcs, which is integral to the non-homologous end joining pathway, thus negatively regulates ATM activity through phosphorylation of ATM. These observations illuminate an important regulatory mechanism for ATM that also controls DNA repair pathway choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Wenxia Jiang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jennie L Crowe
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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