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Lipid Polarization during Cytokinesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243977. [PMID: 36552741 PMCID: PMC9776629 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is composed of a large number of lipid species that are laterally segregated into functional domains as well as asymmetrically distributed between the outer and inner leaflets. Additionally, the spatial distribution and organization of these lipids dramatically change in response to various cellular states, such as cell division, differentiation, and apoptosis. Division of one cell into two daughter cells is one of the most fundamental requirements for the sustenance of growth in all living organisms. The successful completion of cytokinesis, the final stage of cell division, is critically dependent on the spatial distribution and organization of specific lipids. In this review, we discuss the properties of various lipid species associated with cytokinesis and the mechanisms involved in their polarization, including forward trafficking, endocytic recycling, local synthesis, and cortical flow models. The differences in lipid species requirements and distribution in mitotic vs. male meiotic cells will be discussed. We will concentrate on sphingolipids and phosphatidylinositols because their transbilayer organization and movement may be linked via the cytoskeleton and thus critically regulate various steps of cytokinesis.
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2
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Zhang D, See T. Coordinated cortical ER remodeling facilitates actomyosin ring assembly. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2694-2703.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Miller KE, Magliozzi JO, Picard NA, Moseley JB. Sequestration of the exocytic SNARE Psy1 into multiprotein nodes reinforces polarized morphogenesis in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar7. [PMID: 34347508 PMCID: PMC8684755 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-05-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized morphogenesis is achieved by targeting or inhibiting growth in distinct regions. Rod-shaped fission yeast cells grow exclusively at their ends by restricting exocytosis and secretion to these sites. This growth pattern implies the existence of mechanisms that prevent exocytosis and growth along nongrowing cell sides. We previously identified a set of 50-100 megadalton-sized node structures along the sides of fission yeast cells that contained the interacting proteins Skb1 and Slf1. Here, we show that Skb1-Slf1 nodes contain the syntaxin-like soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor Psy1, which mediates exocytosis in fission yeast. Psy1 localizes in a diffuse pattern at cell tips, where it likely promotes exocytosis and growth, but is sequestered in Skb1-Slf1 nodes at cell sides where growth does not occur. Mutations that prevent node assembly or inhibit Psy1 localization to nodes lead to aberrant exocytosis at cell sides and increased cell width. Genetic results indicate that this Psy1 node mechanism acts in parallel to actin cables and Cdc42 regulation. Our work suggests that sequestration of syntaxin-like Psy1 at nongrowing regions of the cell cortex reinforces cell morphology by restricting exocytosis to proper sites of polarized growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi E. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Joseph O. Magliozzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Noelle A. Picard
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - James B. Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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Roncero C, Celador R, Sánchez N, García P, Sánchez Y. The Role of the Cell Integrity Pathway in Septum Assembly in Yeast. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090729. [PMID: 34575767 PMCID: PMC8471060 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis divides a mother cell into two daughter cells at the end of each cell cycle and proceeds via the assembly and constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring (CAR). Ring constriction promotes division furrow ingression, after sister chromatids are segregated to opposing sides of the cleavage plane. Cytokinesis contributes to genome integrity because the cells that fail to complete cytokinesis often reduplicate their chromosomes. While in animal cells, the last steps of cytokinesis involve extracellular matrix remodelling and mid-body abscission, in yeast, CAR constriction is coupled to the synthesis of a polysaccharide septum. To preserve cell integrity during cytokinesis, fungal cells remodel their cell wall through signalling pathways that connect receptors to downstream effectors, initiating a cascade of biological signals. One of the best-studied signalling pathways is the cell wall integrity pathway (CWI) of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its counterpart in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the cell integrity pathway (CIP). Both are signal transduction pathways relying upon a cascade of MAP kinases. However, despite strong similarities in the assembly of the septa in both yeasts, there are significant mechanistic differences, including the relationship of this process with the cell integrity signalling pathways.
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Vicente-Soler J, Soto T, Franco A, Cansado J, Madrid M. The Multiple Functions of Rho GTPases in Fission Yeasts. Cells 2021; 10:1422. [PMID: 34200466 PMCID: PMC8228308 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of GTPases represents highly conserved molecular switches involved in a plethora of physiological processes. Fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has become a fundamental model organism to study the functions of Rho GTPases over the past few decades. In recent years, another fission yeast species, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, has come into focus offering insight into evolutionary changes within the genus. Both fission yeasts contain only six Rho-type GTPases that are spatiotemporally controlled by multiple guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and whose intricate regulation in response to external cues is starting to be uncovered. In the present review, we will outline and discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on how the fission yeasts Rho family GTPases regulate essential physiological processes such as morphogenesis and polarity, cellular integrity, cytokinesis and cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.V.-S.); (T.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.V.-S.); (T.S.); (A.F.)
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6
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Gerien KS, Zhang S, Russell AC, Zhu YH, Purde V, Wu JQ. Roles of Mso1 and the SM protein Sec1 in efficient vesicle fusion during fission yeast cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1570-1583. [PMID: 32432970 PMCID: PMC7521796 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking during cytokinesis is essential for the delivery of membrane lipids and cargoes to the division site. However, the molecular mechanisms are still incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrate the importance of uncharacterized fission yeast proteins Mso1 and Sec1 in membrane trafficking during cytokinesis. Fission yeast Mso1 shares homology with budding yeast Mso1 and human Mint1, proteins that interact with Sec1/Munc18 family proteins during vesicle fusion. Sec1/Munc18 proteins and their interactors are important regulators of SNARE complex formation during vesicle fusion. The roles of these proteins in vesicle trafficking during cytokinesis have been barely studied. Here, we show that fission yeast Mso1 is also a Sec1-binding protein and Mso1 and Sec1 localize to the division site interdependently during cytokinesis. The loss of Sec1 localization in mso1Δ cells results in a decrease in vesicle fusion and cytokinesis defects such as slow ring constriction, defective ring disassembly, and delayed plasma membrane closure. We also find that Mso1 and Sec1 may have functions independent of the exocyst tethering complex on the plasma membrane at the division site. Together, Mso1 and Sec1 play essential roles in regulating vesicle fusion and cargo delivery at the division site during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Gerien
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sha Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Alexandra C Russell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Yi-Hua Zhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Vedud Purde
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Ramos M, Cortés JCG, Sato M, Rincón SA, Moreno MB, Clemente-Ramos JÁ, Osumi M, Pérez P, Ribas JC. Two S. pombe septation phases differ in ingression rate, septum structure, and response to F-actin loss. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4171-4194. [PMID: 31597680 PMCID: PMC6891078 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ramos et al. establish that fission yeast septation proceeds in two phases. Initially, the septum is immature and, upon F-actin depolymerization, loses the Bgs1 glucan synthase and fails to ingress. During a second phase, the mature septum can maintain Bgs1 and ingression without F-actin, and ingression becomes Cdc42 and exocyst dependent. In fission yeast, cytokinesis requires a contractile actomyosin ring (CR) coupled to membrane and septum ingression. Septation proceeds in two phases. In anaphase B, the septum ingresses slowly. During telophase, the ingression rate increases, and the CR becomes dispensable. Here, we explore the relationship between the CR and septation by analyzing septum ultrastructure, ingression, and septation proteins in cells lacking F-actin. We show that the two phases of septation correlate with septum maturation and the response of cells to F-actin removal. During the first phase, the septum is immature and, following F-actin removal, rapidly loses the Bgs1 glucan synthase from the membrane edge and fails to ingress. During the second phase, the rapidly ingressing mature septum can maintain a Bgs1 ring and septum ingression without F-actin, but ingression becomes Cdc42 and exocyst dependent. Our results provide new insights into fungal cytokinesis and reveal the dual function of CR as an essential landmark for the concentration of Bgs1 and a contractile structure that maintains septum shape and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Ramos
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos G Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mamiko Sato
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy/Bio-imaging Center, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sergio A Rincón
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Belén Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Ángel Clemente-Ramos
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Masako Osumi
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy/Bio-imaging Center, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Integrated Imaging Research Support, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pilar Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Escorcia W, Shen KF, Yuan JP, Forsburg SL. Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2019:10.3791/59822. [PMID: 31282894 PMCID: PMC6701690 DOI: 10.3791/59822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Live-cell imaging is a microscopy technique used to examine cell and protein dynamics in living cells. This imaging method is not toxic, generally does not interfere with cell physiology, and requires minimal experimental handling. The low levels of technical interference enable researchers to study cells across multiple cycles of mitosis and to observe meiosis from beginning to end. Using fluorescent tags such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP), researchers can analyze different factors whose functions are important for processes like transcription, DNA replication, cohesion, and segregation. Coupled with data analysis using Fiji (a free, optimized ImageJ version), live-cell imaging offers various ways of assessing protein movement, localization, stability, and timing, as well as nuclear dynamics and chromosome segregation. However, as is the case with other microscopy methods, live-cell imaging is limited by the intrinsic properties of light, which put a limit to the resolution power at high magnifications, and is also sensitive to photobleaching or phototoxicity at high wavelength frequencies. However, with some care, investigators can bypass these physical limitations by carefully choosing the right conditions, strains, and fluorescent markers to allow for the appropriate visualization of mitotic and meiotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilber Escorcia
- Program in Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California
| | - Kuo-Fang Shen
- Program in Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California
| | - Ji-Ping Yuan
- Program in Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California
| | - Susan L Forsburg
- Program in Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California;
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Unc13: a multifunctional synaptic marvel. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 57:17-25. [PMID: 30690332 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nervous systems are built on synaptic connections, and our understanding of these complex compartments has deepened over the past quarter century as the diverse fields of genetics, molecular biology, physiology, and biochemistry each made significant in-roads into synaptic function. On the presynaptic side, an evolutionarily conserved core fusion apparatus constructed from a handful of proteins has emerged, with Unc13 serving as a hub that coordinates nearly every aspect of synaptic transmission. This review briefly highlights recent studies on diverse aspects of Unc13 function including roles in SNARE assembly and quality control, release site building, calcium channel proximity, and short-term synaptic plasticity.
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Molecular mechanisms of contractile-ring constriction and membrane trafficking in cytokinesis. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1649-1666. [PMID: 30448943 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of cytokinesis from plants to humans, with a focus on contribution of membrane trafficking to cytokinesis. Selection of the division site in fungi, metazoans, and plants is reviewed, as well as the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring in fungi and metazoans. We also provide an introduction to exocytosis and endocytosis, and discuss how they contribute to successful cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells. The conservation in the coordination of membrane deposition and cytoskeleton during cytokinesis in fungi, metazoans, and plants is highlighted.
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