1
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Newell S, van der Watt PJ, Leaner VD. Therapeutic targeting of nuclear export and import receptors in cancer and their potential in combination chemotherapy. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:4-25. [PMID: 37623925 PMCID: PMC10952567 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Systemic modalities are crucial in the management of disseminated malignancies and liquid tumours. However, patient responses and tolerability to treatment are generally poor and those that enter remission often return with refractory disease. Combination therapies provide a methodology to overcome chemoresistance mechanisms and address dose-limiting toxicities. A deeper understanding of tumorigenic processes at the molecular level has brought a targeted therapy approach to the forefront of cancer research, and novel cancer biomarkers are being identified at a rapid rate, with some showing potential therapeutic benefits. The Karyopherin superfamily of proteins is soluble receptors that mediate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of proteins and RNAs, and recently, nuclear transport receptors have been recognized as novel anticancer targets. Inhibitors against nuclear export have been approved for clinical use against certain cancer types, whereas inhibitors against nuclear import are in preclinical stages of investigation. Mechanistically, targeting nucleocytoplasmic shuttling has shown to abrogate oncogenic signalling and restore tumour suppressor functions through nuclear sequestration of relevant proteins and mRNAs. Hence, nuclear transport inhibitors display broad spectrum anticancer activity and harbour potential to engage in synergistic interactions with a wide array of cytotoxic agents and other targeted agents. This review is focussed on the most researched nuclear transport receptors in the context of cancer, XPO1 and KPNB1, and highlights how inhibitors targeting these receptors can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of standard of care therapies and novel targeted agents in a combination therapy approach. Furthermore, an updated review on the therapeutic targeting of lesser characterized karyopherin proteins is provided and resistance to clinically approved nuclear export inhibitors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Newell
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Pauline J. van der Watt
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Virna D. Leaner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- UCT/SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research CentreUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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2
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Caillot M, Miloudi H, Taly A, Profitós-Pelejà N, Santos JC, Ribeiro ML, Maitre E, Saule S, Roué G, Jardin F, Sola B. Exportin 1-mediated nuclear/cytoplasmic trafficking controls drug sensitivity of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:2546-2564. [PMID: 36727672 PMCID: PMC10701774 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exportin 1 (XPO1) is the main nuclear export receptor that controls the subcellular trafficking and the functions of major regulatory proteins. XPO1 is overexpressed in various cancers and small inhibitors of nuclear export (SINEs) have been developed to inhibit XPO1. In primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) and classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL), the XPO1 gene may be mutated on one nucleotide and encodes the mutant XPO1E571K . To understand the impact of mutation on protein function, we studied the response of PMBL and cHL cells to selinexor, a SINE, and ibrutinib, an inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase. XPO1 mutation renders lymphoma cells more sensitive to selinexor due to a faster degradation of mutant XPO1 compared to the wild-type. We further showed that a mistrafficking of p65 (RELA) and p52 (NFκB2) transcription factors between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments accounts for the response toward ibrutinib. XPO1 mutation may be envisaged as a biomarker of the response of PMBL and cHL cells and other B-cell hemopathies to SINEs and drugs that target even indirectly the NFκB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antoine Taly
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Nuria Profitós-Pelejà
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Juliana C Santos
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marcelo L Ribeiro
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Elsa Maitre
- Normandie Univ, INSERM, Unicaen, Caen, France
- Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Simon Saule
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France
| | - Gaël Roué
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Fabrice Jardin
- Normandie Univ, INSERM, Unirouen, Rouen, France
- Service d'hématologie, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
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3
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Mghezzi-Habellah M, Prochasson L, Jalinot P, Mocquet V. Viral Subversion of the Chromosome Region Maintenance 1 Export Pathway and Its Consequences for the Cell Host. Viruses 2023; 15:2218. [PMID: 38005895 PMCID: PMC10674744 DOI: 10.3390/v15112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the spatial distribution between cytoplasm and nucleus is essential for cell homeostasis. This dynamic distribution is selectively regulated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which allows the passive or energy-dependent transport of proteins between these two compartments. Viruses possess many strategies to hijack nucleocytoplasmic shuttling for the benefit of their viral replication. Here, we review how viruses interfere with the karyopherin CRM1 that controls the nuclear export of protein cargoes. We analyze the fact that the viral hijacking of CRM1 provokes are-localization of numerous cellular factors in a suitable place for specific steps of viral replication. While CRM1 emerges as a critical partner for viruses, it also takes part in antiviral and inflammatory response regulation. This review also addresses how CRM1 hijacking affects it and the benefits of CRM1 inhibitors as antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincent Mocquet
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, Ecole Normale Supérieure-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, U1293, UMR5239, 69364 Lyon, France; (M.M.-H.); (L.P.); (P.J.)
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4
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Chen X, An Y, Tan M, Xie D, Liu L, Xu B. Biological functions and research progress of eIF4E. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1076855. [PMID: 37601696 PMCID: PMC10435865 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1076855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E can specifically bind to the cap structure of an mRNA 5' end, mainly regulating translation initiation and preferentially enhancing the translation of carcinogenesis related mRNAs. The expression of eIF4E is closely related to a variety of malignant tumors. In tumor cells, eIF4E activity is abnormally increased, which stimulates cell growth, metastasis and translation of related proteins. The main factors affecting eIF4E activity include intranuclear regulation, phosphorylation of 4EBPs, and phosphorylation and sumoylation of eIF4E. In this review, we summarize the biological functions and the research progress of eIF4E, the main influencing factors of eIF4E activity, and the recent progress of drugs targeting eIF4E, in the hope of providing new insights for the treatment of multiple malignancies and development of targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Mengsi Tan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Dongrui Xie
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, China
| | - Benjin Xu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, China
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5
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Shaffer JM, Jiou J, Tripathi K, Olaluwoye OS, Fung HYJ, Chook YM, D'Arcy S. Molecular basis of RanGTP-activated release of Histones H2A-H2B from Importin-9. Structure 2023; 31:903-911.e3. [PMID: 37379840 PMCID: PMC10527638 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Imp9 is the primary importin for shuttling H2A-H2B from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. It employs an unusual mechanism where the binding of RanGTP is insufficient to release H2A-H2B. The resulting stable RanGTP·Imp9·H2A-H2B complex gains nucleosome assembly activity with H2A-H2B able to be deposited into an assembling nucleosome in vitro. Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (HDX), we show that Imp9 stabilizes H2A-H2B beyond the direct-binding site, like other histone chaperones. HDX also shows that binding of RanGTP releases H2A-H2B contacts at Imp9 HEAT repeats 4-5, but not 18-19. DNA- and histone-binding surfaces of H2A-H2B are exposed in the ternary complex, facilitating nucleosome assembly. We also reveal that RanGTP has a weaker affinity for Imp9 when H2A-H2B is bound. Imp9 thus provides a connection between the nuclear import of H2A-H2B and its deposition into chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, USA
| | - Jenny Jiou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, USA
| | - Kiran Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, USA
| | - Oladimeji S Olaluwoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, USA
| | - Ho Yee Joyce Fung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, USA
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, USA
| | - Sheena D'Arcy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, USA.
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6
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Shaffer JM, Jiou J, Tripathi K, Olaluwoye OS, Fung HYJ, Chook YM, D’Arcy S. Molecular basis of RanGTP-activated nucleosome assembly with Histones H2A-H2B bound to Importin-9. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.27.525896. [PMID: 36747879 PMCID: PMC9901172 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Padavannil et al. 2019 show that Importin-9 (Imp9) transports Histones H2A-H2B from the cytoplasm to the nucleus using a non-canonical mechanism whereby binding of a GTP-bound Ran GTPase (RanGTP) fails to evict the H2A-H2B cargo. Instead, a stable complex forms, comprised of equimolar RanGTP, Imp9, and H2A-H2B. Unlike the binary Imp9•H2A-H2B complex, this RanGTP•Imp9•H2A-H2B ternary complex can release H2A-H2B to an assembling nucleosome. Here, we define the molecular basis for this RanGTP-activated nucleosome assembly by Imp9. We use hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry and compare the dynamics and interfaces of the RanGTP•Imp9•H2A-H2B ternary complex to those in the Imp9•H2A-H2B or Imp9•RanGTP binary complexes. Our data are consistent with the Imp9•H2A-H2B structure by Padavannil et al. 2019 showing that Imp9 HEAT repeats 4-5 and 18-19 contact H2A-H2B, as well as many homologous importin•RanGTP structures showing that importin HEAT repeats 1 and 3, and the h8 loop, contact RanGTP. We show that Imp9 stabilizes H2A-H2B beyond the direct binding site, similar to other histone chaperones. Importantly, we reveal that binding of RanGTP releases H2A-H2B interaction at Imp9 HEAT repeats 4-5, but not 18-19. This exposes DNA- and histone-binding surfaces of H2A-H2B, thereby facilitating nucleosome assembly. We also reveal that RanGTP has a weaker affinity for Imp9 when H2A-H2B is bound. This may ensure that H2A-H2B is only released in high RanGTP concentrations near chromatin. We delineate the molecular link between the nuclear import of H2A-H2B and its deposition into chromatin by Imp9. Significance Imp9 is the primary importin for shuttling H2A-H2B from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. It employs an unusual mechanism where the binding of RanGTP alone is insufficient to release H2A-H2B. The resulting stable RanGTP•Imp9•H2A-H2B complex gains nucleosome assembly activity as H2A-H2B can be deposited onto an assembling nucleosome. We show that H2A-H2B is allosterically stabilized via interactions with both N- and C-terminal portions of Imp9, reinforcing its chaperone-like behavior. RanGTP binding causes H2A-H2B release from the N-terminal portion of Imp9 only. The newly-exposed H2A-H2B surfaces can interact with DNA or H3-H4 in nucleosome assembly. Imp9 thus plays a multi-faceted role in histone import, storage, and deposition regulated by RanGTP, controlling histone supply in the nucleus and to chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, United States, 75080
| | - Jenny Jiou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States, 75390
| | - Kiran Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, United States, 75080
| | - Oladimeji S. Olaluwoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, United States, 75080
| | - Ho Yee Joyce Fung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States, 75390
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States, 75390
| | - Sheena D’Arcy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, United States, 75080
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7
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Restrepo P, Bhalla S, Ghodke-Puranik Y, Aleman A, Leshchenko V, Melnekoff DT, Agte S, Jiang J, Madduri D, Richter J, Richard S, Chari A, Cho HJ, Jagannath S, Walker CJ, Landesman Y, Laganà A, Parekh S. A Three-Gene Signature Predicts Response to Selinexor in Multiple Myeloma. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2200147. [PMID: 35704796 PMCID: PMC10530420 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Selinexor is the first selective inhibitor of nuclear export to be approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Currently, there are no known genomic biomarkers or assays to help select MM patients at higher likelihood of response to selinexor. Here, we aimed to characterize the transcriptomic correlates of response to selinexor-based therapy. METHODS We performed RNA sequencing on CD138+ cells from the bone marrow of 100 patients with MM who participated in the BOSTON study, followed by differential gene expression and pathway analysis. Using the differentially expressed genes, we used cox proportional hazard models to identify a gene signature predictive of response to selinexor, followed by validation in external cohorts. RESULTS The three-gene signature predicts response to selinexor-based therapy in patients with MM in the BOSTON cohort. Then, we validated this gene signature in 64 patients from the STORM cohort of triple-class refractory MM and additionally in an external cohort of 35 patients treated in a real-world setting outside of clinical trials. We found that the signature tracks with both depth and duration of response, and it also validates in a different tumor type using a cohort of pretreatment tumors from patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Furthermore, the genes involved in the signature, WNT10A, DUSP1, and ETV7, reveal a potential mechanism through upregulated interferon-mediated apoptotic signaling that may prime tumors to respond to selinexor-based therapy. CONCLUSION In this study, we present a present a novel, three-gene expression signature that predicts selinexor response in MM. This signature has important clinical relevance as it could identify patients with cancer who are most likely to benefit from treatment with selinexor-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Restrepo
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sherry Bhalla
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Adolfo Aleman
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Violetta Leshchenko
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - David T. Melnekoff
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sarita Agte
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Joy Jiang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Deepu Madduri
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Raritan, NJ
| | - Joshua Richter
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Shambavi Richard
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ajai Chari
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hearn Jay Cho
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, Norwalk, CT
| | - Sundar Jagannath
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Alessandro Laganà
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Samir Parekh
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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8
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Distinct genomic landscape of Chinese pediatric acute myeloid leukemia impacts clinical risk classification. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1640. [PMID: 35347147 PMCID: PMC8960760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have revealed key genomic aberrations in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) based on Western populations. It is unknown to what extent the current genomic findings represent populations with different ethnic backgrounds. Here we present the genomic landscape of driver alterations of Chinese pediatric AML and discover previously undescribed genomic aberrations, including the XPO1-TNRC18 fusion. Comprehensively comparing between the Chinese and Western AML cohorts reveal a substantially distinct genomic alteration profile. For example, Chinese AML patients more commonly exhibit mutations in KIT and CSF3R, and less frequently mutated of genes in the RAS signaling pathway. These differences in mutation frequencies lead to the detection of previously uncharacterized co-occurring mutation pairs. Importantly, the distinct driver profile is clinical relevant. We propose a refined prognosis risk classification model which better reflected the adverse event risk for Chinese AML patients. These results emphasize the importance of genetic background in precision medicine. The genomic landscape of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has mostly been characterised for Western populations. Here, the authors identify potential driver alterations in Chinese pediatric AML, which differ from Western populations, and propose a prognostic risk classification model.
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9
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Wing CE, Fung HYJ, Chook YM. Karyopherin-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:307-328. [PMID: 35058649 PMCID: PMC10101760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and regulated nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of macromolecules to the correct subcellular compartment is critical for proper functions of the eukaryotic cell. The majority of the macromolecular traffic across the nuclear pores is mediated by the Karyopherin-β (or Kap) family of nuclear transport receptors. Work over more than two decades has shed considerable light on how the different Kap family members bring their respective cargoes into the nucleus or the cytoplasm in efficient and highly regulated manners. In this Review, we overview the main features and established functions of Kap family members, describe how Kaps recognize their cargoes and discuss the different ways in which these Kap-cargo interactions can be regulated, highlighting new findings and open questions. We also describe current knowledge of the import and export of the components of three large gene expression machines - the core replisome, RNA polymerase II and the ribosome - pointing out the questions that persist about how such large macromolecular complexes are trafficked to serve their function in a designated subcellular location.
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Fung HYJ, Chook YM. Crystallization of Nuclear Export Signals or Small-Molecule Inhibitors Bound to Nuclear Exporter CRM1. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2502:285-297. [PMID: 35412246 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2337-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Karyopherin protein CRM1 or XPO1 is the major nuclear export receptor that regulates nuclear exit of thousands of macromolecules in the cell. CRM1 recognizes protein cargoes by binding to their 8-15 residue-long nuclear export signals (NESs). A ternary CRM1-Ran-RanBP1 complex engineered to be suitable for crystallization has enabled structure determination by X-ray crystallography of CRM1 bound to many NES peptides and small-molecule inhibitors. Here, we present a protocol for the purification of the individual proteins, formation of the ternary CRM1-Ran-RanBP1 complex and crystallization of this complex for X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yee Joyce Fung
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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11
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Fung HYJ, Chook YM. Binding Affinity Measurement of Nuclear Export Signal Peptides to Their Exporter CRM1. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2502:245-256. [PMID: 35412243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2337-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CRM1 recognizes hundreds to thousands of protein cargoes by binding to the eight to fifteen residue-long nuclear export signals (NESs) within their polypeptide chains. Various assays to measure the binding affinity of NESs for CRM1 have been developed. CRM1 binds to NESs with a wide range of binding affinities, with dissociation constants that span from low nanomolar to tens of micromolar. An optimized binding affinity assay with improved throughput was recently developed to measure binding affinities of NES peptides for CRM1 in the presence of excess RanGTP. The assay can measure affinities, with multiple replicates, for up to seven different NES peptides per screening plate. Here, we present a protocol for the purification of the necessary proteins and for measuring CRM1-NES binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yee Joyce Fung
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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12
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Kim E, Mordovkina DA, Sorokin A. Targeting XPO1-Dependent Nuclear Export in Cancer. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:S178-S70. [PMID: 35501995 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922140140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is tightly regulated in eukaryotic cells. XPO1 is a transport factor responsible for the nuclear export of several hundred protein and RNA substrates. Elevated levels of XPO1 and recurrent mutations have been reported in multiple cancers and linked to advanced disease stage and poor survival. In recent years, several novel small-molecule inhibitors of XPO1 were developed and extensively tested in preclinical cancer models and eventually in clinical trials. In this brief review, we summarize the functions of XPO1, its role in cancer, and the latest results of clinical trials of XPO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kim
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Daria A Mordovkina
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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13
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Nagasaka M, Asad MFB, Al Hallak MN, Uddin MH, Sukari A, Baca Y, Xiu J, Magee D, Mamdani H, Uprety D, Kim C, Xia B, Liu SV, Nieva JJ, Lopes G, Bepler G, Borghaei H, Demeure MJ, Raez LE, Ma PC, Puri S, Korn WM, Azmi AS. Impact of XPO1 mutations on survival outcomes in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung Cancer 2021; 160:92-98. [PMID: 34482103 PMCID: PMC8853639 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear protein transport is essential in guiding the traffic of important proteins and RNAs between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Export of proteins from the nucleus is mostly regulated by Exportin 1 (XPO1). In cancer, XPO1 is almost universally hyperactive and can promote the export of important tumor suppressors to the cytoplasm. Currently, there are no studies evaluating XPO1 amplifications and mutations in NSCLC and the impact on outcomes. METHODS Tumor samples were analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) (NextSeq, 592 Genes), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS, NovaSeq) (Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ). Survival was extracted from insurance claims data and calculated from time of tissue collection to last contact using Kaplan-Meier estimate. RESULTS Among 18,218 NSCLC tumors sequenced, 26 harbored XPO1 mutations and 24 had amplifications. XPO1 mutant tumors were more likely to have high TMB (79% vs. 52%, p = 0.007) and less likely to have high PD-L1 (32% vs. 68%, p = 0.03). KRAS co-mutations were seen in 19% (n = 5) and EGFR co-mutations were rare (n = 2). Among the 17,449 NSCLC tumors with clinical data, there were 24 XPO1 mutant. Comparison of survival between XPO1 mutant and WT showed a negative association with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.932 (95% CI: 1.144-3.264 p = 0.012). XPO1 amplification was not associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS XPO1 pathogenic mutations were associated with a poor survival in NSCLC. Although XPO1 mutations are rare in NSCLC, further studies to assess its associations with treatment responses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Nagasaka
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Mohammad Fahad B Asad
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mohammed Najeeb Al Hallak
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Md Hafiz Uddin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ammar Sukari
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Magee
- Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hirva Mamdani
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dipesh Uprety
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chul Kim
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bing Xia
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jorge J Nieva
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gilberto Lopes
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gerold Bepler
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Michael J Demeure
- Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA, USA; Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Luis E Raez
- Memorial Cancer Institute/Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patrick C Ma
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sonam Puri
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
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14
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Zhou L, Zhao H, Shao Y, Chen X, Hong R, Wang L, Ni F, Nagler A, Hu Y, Huang H. Serial surveillance by circulating tumor DNA profiling after chimeric antigen receptor T therapy for the guidance of r/r diffuse large B cell lymphoma precise treatment. J Cancer 2021; 12:5423-5431. [PMID: 34405005 PMCID: PMC8364638 DOI: 10.7150/jca.60390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) released from tumor cells carries the tumor-associated genetic and epigenetic characteristics of cancer patients. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) facilitates the application of ctDNA profiling for identification and monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) in cancer, and can serve as the guidance for precise treatment. Methods: In this study, we profiled genomic alterations in the baseline, relapsed, and progressive tumor samples of eight diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients (NCT03118180) after chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy. Results: The median follow-up was 41 months. 4 (50%) patients achieved complete remission (CR), 1 (12.5%) patient achieved partial remission (PR), and the other 3 (37.5%) patients showed no response. 3 of 5 patients who achieved remission relapsed within 4 months after CAR-T therapy, while the rest 2 patients remained CR for more than 3 years. Based on the positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scan, the current gold standard for evaluating response to therapy in lymphoma, the sensitivity and specificity of our ctDNA profiling in detecting tumor-related ctDNA mutations were 94.7% and 83.3%, respectively. The median numbers of baseline plasma ctDNA mutations in patients who remained long-term CR and patients who relapsed or became refractory to CAR-T therapy were 3 and 14.3, respectively. GNA13, SOCS1, TNFAIP3 and XPO1 mutations appeared to be associated with poor prognosis after CAR-T cell therapy. Our results also suggested that lenalidomide might relieve relapsed lymphoma with mutations in NFKBIA 202C>T (p.Q68*) and NFKBIE 433A>T (p.K145*) by targeting NF-Kappa B signaling. In addition, the inhibitor selinexor may be another choice for refractory or relapse (r/r) DLBCL patients after CAR-T cell treatment. Conclusion: Serial ctDNA monitoring is an emerging technology for the surveillance of disease status and prognosis prediction. In this work, we demonstrated the use of serial ctDNA monitoring in r/r DLBCL patients after CD19-targeted CAR-T cell therapy. Our longitudinal NGS profiling revealed the changes of ctDNA mutation in accordance with prognosis, and shed some light on exploring more targeted treatment options together with CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Zhou
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Houli Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruimin Hong
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Linqin Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Fang Ni
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
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15
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Hamed M, Caspar B, Port SA, Kehlenbach RH. A nuclear export sequence promotes CRM1-dependent targeting of the nucleoporin Nup214 to the nuclear pore complex. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.258095. [PMID: 33589493 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nup214 is a major nucleoporin on the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear pore complex with roles in late steps of nuclear protein and mRNA export. It interacts with the nuclear export receptor CRM1 (also known as XPO1) via characteristic phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeats in its C-terminal region. Here, we identify a classic nuclear export sequence (NES) in Nup214 that mediates Ran-dependent binding to CRM1. Nup214 versions with mutations in the NES, as well as wild-type Nup214 in the presence of the selective CRM1 inhibitor leptomycin B, accumulate in the nucleus of Nup214-overexpressing cells. Furthermore, physiological binding partners of Nup214, such as Nup62 and Nup88, are recruited to the nucleus together with Nup214. Nuclear export of mutant Nup214 can be rescued by artificial nuclear export sequences at the C-terminal end of Nup214, leading also to a correct localization of Nup88. Our results suggest a function of the Nup214 NES in the biogenesis of the nuclear pore complex and/or in terminal steps of CRM1-dependent protein export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hamed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Caspar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah A Port
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph H Kehlenbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Fung HYJ, Niesman A, Chook YM. An update to the CRM1 cargo/NES database NESdb. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:467-469. [PMID: 33720780 PMCID: PMC8101443 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-11-0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yee Joyce Fung
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390
| | - Ashley Niesman
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390
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17
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Azmi AS, Uddin MH, Mohammad RM. The nuclear export protein XPO1 - from biology to targeted therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:152-169. [PMID: 33173198 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-00442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exportin 1 (XPO1), also known as chromosome region maintenance protein 1, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis via the regulated export of a range of cargoes, including proteins and several classes of RNAs, from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Dysregulation of this protein plays a pivotal role in the development of various solid and haematological malignancies. Furthermore, XPO1 is associated with resistance to several standard-of-care therapies, including chemotherapies and targeted therapies, making it an attractive target of novel cancer therapies. Over the years, a number of selective inhibitors of nuclear export have been developed. However, only selinexor has been clinically validated. The novel mechanism of action of XPO1 inhibitors implies a different toxicity profile to that of other agents and has proved challenging in certain settings. Nonetheless, data from clinical trials have led to the approval of the XPO1 inhibitor selinexor (plus dexamethasone) as a fifth-line therapy for patients with multiple myeloma and as a monotherapy for patients with relapsed and/or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma. In this Review, we summarize the progress and challenges in the development of nuclear export inhibitors and discuss the potential of emerging combination therapies and biomarkers of response.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dexamethasone/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Hematologic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Hematologic Neoplasms/genetics
- Hematologic Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Hydrazines/therapeutic use
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Triazoles/therapeutic use
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfar S Azmi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mohammed H Uddin
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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18
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Walker JS, Hing ZA, Harrington B, Baumhardt J, Ozer HG, Lehman A, Giacopelli B, Beaver L, Williams K, Skinner JN, Cempre CB, Sun Q, Shacham S, Stromberg BR, Summers MK, Abruzzo LV, Rassenti L, Kipps TJ, Parikh S, Kay NE, Rogers KA, Woyach JA, Coppola V, Chook YM, Oakes C, Byrd JC, Lapalombella R. Recurrent XPO1 mutations alter pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:17. [PMID: 33451349 PMCID: PMC7809770 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exportin 1 (XPO1/CRM1) is a key mediator of nuclear export with relevance to multiple cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Whole exome sequencing has identified hot-spot somatic XPO1 point mutations which we found to disrupt highly conserved biophysical interactions in the NES-binding groove, conferring novel cargo-binding abilities and forcing cellular mis-localization of critical regulators. However, the pathogenic role played by change-in-function XPO1 mutations in CLL is not fully understood. METHODS We performed a large, multi-center retrospective analysis of CLL cases (N = 1286) to correlate nonsynonymous mutations in XPO1 (predominantly E571K or E571G; n = 72) with genetic and epigenetic features contributing to the overall outcomes in these patients. We then established a mouse model with over-expression of wildtype (wt) or mutant (E571K or E571G) XPO1 restricted to the B cell compartment (Eµ-XPO1). Eµ-XPO1 mice were then crossed with the Eµ-TCL1 CLL mouse model. Lastly, we determined crystal structures of XPO1 (wt or E571K) bound to several selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) molecules (KPT-185, KPT-330/Selinexor, and KPT-8602/Eltanexor). RESULTS We report that nonsynonymous mutations in XPO1 associate with high risk genetic and epigenetic features and accelerated CLL progression. Using the newly-generated Eµ-XPO1 mouse model, we found that constitutive B-cell over-expression of wt or mutant XPO1 could affect development of a CLL-like disease in aged mice. Furthermore, concurrent B-cell expression of XPO1 with E571K or E571G mutations and TCL1 accelerated the rate of leukemogenesis relative to that of Eµ-TCL1 mice. Lastly, crystal structures of E571 or E571K-XPO1 bound to SINEs, including Selinexor, are highly similar, suggesting that the activity of this class of compounds will not be affected by XPO1 mutations at E571 in patients with CLL. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that mutations in XPO1 at E571 can drive leukemogenesis by priming the pre-neoplastic lymphocytes for acquisition of additional genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that collectively result in neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janek S Walker
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zachary A Hing
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Bonnie Harrington
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordan Baumhardt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hatice Gulcin Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy Lehman
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian Giacopelli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Larry Beaver
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Katie Williams
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jordan N Skinner
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Casey B Cempre
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | | | - Benjamin R Stromberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew K Summers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lynne V Abruzzo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laura Rassenti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Kipps
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sameer Parikh
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Neil E Kay
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kerry A Rogers
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jennifer A Woyach
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Oakes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rosa Lapalombella
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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19
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XPO1E571K Mutation Modifies Exportin 1 Localisation and Interactome in B-cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102829. [PMID: 33007990 PMCID: PMC7600770 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Almost 25% of patients with either primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) or classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) possess a recurrent mutation of the XPO1 gene encoding the major nuclear export protein. The aim of our study was to assess the molecular function of the mutant XPO1 protein. Using several cell models (including CRISPR–Cas9 edited cells) and high throughput techniques, we determined that the export capacity of the mutant XPO1 was not altered. However, mutant XPO1 accumulated in the cytoplasm due to its binding to importin β1 (or IPO1). The targeting of XPO1 is largely efficient for fighting haemopathies. The inhibition of IPO1 could open new therapeutic perspectives for B-cell lymphomas. Abstract The XPO1 gene encodes exportin 1 (XPO1) that controls the nuclear export of cargo proteins and RNAs. Almost 25% of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) cases harboured a recurrent XPO1 point mutation (NM_003400, chr2:g61718472C>T) resulting in the E571K substitution within the hydrophobic groove of the protein, the site of cargo binding. We investigated the impact of the XPO1E571K mutation using PMBL/cHL cells having various XPO1 statuses and CRISPR–Cas9-edited cells in which the E571K mutation was either introduced or knocked-out. We first confirmed that the mutation was present in both XPO1 mRNA and protein. We observed that the mutation did not modify the export capacity but rather the subcellular localisation of XPO1 itself. In particular, mutant XPO1 bound to importin β1 modified the nuclear export/import dynamics of relevant cargoes.
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