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Kundu M, Das S, Dey A, Mandal M. Dual perspective on autophagy in glioma: Detangling the dichotomous mechanisms of signaling pathways for therapeutic insights. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189168. [PMID: 39121913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a normal physiological process that aids the recycling of cellular nutrients, assisting the cells to cope with stressed conditions. However, autophagy's effect on cancer, including glioma, is uncertain and involves complicated molecular mechanisms. Several contradictory reports indicate that autophagy may promote or suppress glioma growth and progression. Autophagy inhibitors potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiation therapy in glioma. Numerous compounds stimulate autophagy to cause glioma cell death. Autophagy is also involved in the therapeutic resistance of glioma. This review article aims to detangle the complicated molecular mechanism of autophagy to provide a better perception of the two-sided role of autophagy in glioma and its therapeutic implications. The protein and epigenetic modulators of the cytoprotective and cytotoxic role of autophagy are described in this article. Moreover, several signaling pathways are associated with autophagy and its effects on glioma. We have reviewed the molecular pathways and highlighted the signaling axis involved in cytoprotective and cytotoxic autophagy. Additionally, this article discusses the role of autophagy in therapeutic resistance, including glioma stem cell maintenance and tumor microenvironment regulation. It also summarizes several investigations on the anti-glioma effects of autophagy modulators to understand the associated mechanisms and provide insights regarding its therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Kundu
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India; Center for Multidisciplinary Research & Innovations, Brainware University, Barasat, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, Barasat, India.
| | - Subhayan Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India; Department of Allied Health Sciences, Brainware University, Barasat, India
| | - Ankita Dey
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
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2
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Tiwari M, Srivastava P, Abbas S, Jegatheesan J, Ranjan A, Sharma S, Maurya VP, Saxena AK, Sharma LK. Emerging Role of Autophagy in Governing Cellular Dormancy, Metabolic Functions, and Therapeutic Responses of Cancer Stem Cells. Cells 2024; 13:447. [PMID: 38474411 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors are composed of heterogeneous populations of dysregulated cells that grow in specialized niches that support their growth and maintain their properties. Tumor heterogeneity and metastasis are among the major hindrances that exist while treating cancer patients, leading to poor clinical outcomes. Although the factors that determine tumor complexity remain largely unknown, several genotypic and phenotypic changes, including DNA mutations and metabolic reprograming provide cancer cells with a survival advantage over host cells and resistance to therapeutics. Furthermore, the presence of a specific population of cells within the tumor mass, commonly known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), is thought to initiate tumor formation, maintenance, resistance, and recurrence. Therefore, these CSCs have been investigated in detail recently as potential targets to treat cancer and prevent recurrence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in CSC proliferation, self-renewal, and dormancy may provide important clues for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Autophagy, a catabolic process, has long been recognized to regulate various physiological and pathological processes. In addition to regulating cancer cells, recent studies have identified a critical role for autophagy in regulating CSC functions. Autophagy is activated under various adverse conditions and promotes cellular maintenance, survival, and even cell death. Thus, it is intriguing to address whether autophagy promotes or inhibits CSC functions and whether autophagy modulation can be used to regulate CSC functions, either alone or in combination. This review describes the roles of autophagy in the regulation of metabolic functions, proliferation and quiescence of CSCs, and its role during therapeutic stress. The review further highlights the autophagy-associated pathways that could be used to regulate CSCs. Overall, the present review will help to rationalize various translational approaches that involve autophagy-mediated modulation of CSCs in controlling cancer progression, metastasis, and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Pransu Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Sabiya Abbas
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Janani Jegatheesan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Sadhana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Ved Prakash Maurya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Saxena
- Department of Pathology/Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Lokendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow 226014, India
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3
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Kusaczuk M, Ambel ET, Naumowicz M, Velasco G. Cellular stress responses as modulators of drug cytotoxicity in pharmacotherapy of glioblastoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189054. [PMID: 38103622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive efforts to find effective therapeutic strategies, glioblastoma (GBM) remains a therapeutic challenge with dismal prognosis of survival. Over the last decade the role of stress responses in GBM therapy has gained a great deal of attention, since depending on the duration and intensity of these cellular programs they can be cytoprotective or promote cancer cell death. As such, initiation of the UPR, autophagy or oxidative stress may either impede or facilitate drug-mediated cell killing. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms that regulate ER stress, autophagy, and oxidative stress during GBM development and progression to later discuss the involvement of these stress pathways in the response to different treatments. We also discuss how a precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating stress responses evoked by different pharmacological agents could decisively contribute to the design of novel and more effective combinational treatments against brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kusaczuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elena Tovar Ambel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Guillermo Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Karkon-Shayan S, Aliashrafzadeh H, Dianat-Moghadam H, Rastegar-Pouyani N, Majidi M, Zarei M, Moradi-Vastegani S, Bahramvand Y, Babaniamansour S, Jafarzadeh E. Resveratrol as an antitumor agent for glioblastoma multiforme: Targeting resistance and promoting apoptotic cell deaths. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152058. [PMID: 37336070 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive brain and spinal cord tumors. Despite the significant development in application of antitumor drugs, no significant increases have been observed in the survival rates of patients with GBM, as GBM cells acquire resistance to conventional anticancer therapeutic agents. Multiple studies have revealed that PI3K/Akt, MAPK, Nanog, STAT 3, and Wnt signaling pathways are involved in GBM progression and invasion. Besides, biological processes such as anti-apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, and stemness promote GBM malignancy. Resveratrol (RESV) is a non-flavonoid polyphenol with high antitumor activity, the potential of which, regulating signaling pathways involved in cancer malignancy, have been demonstrated by many studies. Herein, we present the potential of RESV in both single and combination therapy- targeting various signaling pathways- which induce apoptotic cell death, re-sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy, and induce chemo-sensitizing effects to eventually inhibit GBM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Karkon-Shayan
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Hasan Aliashrafzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nima Rastegar-Pouyani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Majidi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Zarei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sadegh Moradi-Vastegani
- Department of physiology, faculty of medicine, physiology research center, Ahvaz jundishapur university of medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaser Bahramvand
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Babaniamansour
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Tehran Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emad Jafarzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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The Molecular and Cellular Strategies of Glioblastoma and Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells Conferring Radioresistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113577. [PMID: 36362359 PMCID: PMC9656305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) has been shown to play a crucial role in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM; grade IV) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, recent studies have indicated that radiotherapy can offer only palliation owing to the radioresistance of GBM and NSCLC. Therefore, delineating the major radioresistance mechanisms may provide novel therapeutic approaches to sensitize these diseases to IR and improve patient outcomes. This review provides insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying GBM and NSCLC radioresistance, where it sheds light on the role played by cancer stem cells (CSCs), as well as discusses comprehensively how the cellular dormancy/non-proliferating state and polyploidy impact on their survival and relapse post-IR exposure.
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Bibak B, Shakeri F, Keshavarzi Z, Mollazadeh H, Javid H, Jalili-Nik M, Sathyapalan T, Afshari AR, Sahebkar A. Anticancer mechanisms of Berberine: a good choice for glioblastoma multiforme therapy. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4507-4528. [PMID: 35209812 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220224112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The most typical malignant brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), seems to have a grim outcome, despite the intensive multi-modality interventions. Literature suggests that biologically active phytomolecules may exert anticancer properties by regulating several signaling pathways. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, has various pharmacological applications to combat severe diseases like cancer. Mechanistically, Berberine inhibits cell proliferation and invasion, suppresses tumor angiogenesis, and induces cell apoptosis. The effect of the antitumoral effect of Berberine in GBM is increasingly recognized. This review sheds new light on the regulatory signaling mechanisms of Berberine in various cancer, proposing its potential role as a therapeutic agent for GBM. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Bibak
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shakeri
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Zakieh Keshavarzi
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hossein Javid
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalili-Nik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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He Y, Dong XH, Zhu Q, Xu YL, Chen ML, Liu Z. Ultrasound-triggered microbubble destruction enhances the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma by inhibiting PGRMC1-mediated autophagy in vitro and in vivo. Mil Med Res 2022; 9:9. [PMID: 35152910 PMCID: PMC8842919 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasound-triggered microbubble destruction (UTMD) is a widely used noninvasive technology in both military and civilian medicine, which could enhance radiosensitivity of various tumors. However, little information is available regarding the effects of UTMD on radiotherapy for glioblastoma or the underlying mechanism. This study aimed to delineate the effect of UTMD on the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma and the potential involvement of autophagy. METHODS GL261, U251 cells and orthotopic glioblastoma-bearing mice were treated with ionizing radiation (IR) or IR plus UTMD. Autophagy was observed by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis were used to detect progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), light chain 3 beta 2 (LC3B2) and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) levels. Lentiviral vectors or siRNAs transfection, and fluorescent probes staining were used to explore the underlying mechanism. RESULTS UTMD enhanced the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo (P < 0.01). UTMD inhibited autophagic flux by disrupting autophagosome-lysosome fusion without impairing lysosomal function or autophagosome synthesis in IR-treated glioblastoma cells. Suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine, bafilomycin A1 or ATG5 siRNA had no significant effect on UTMD-induced radiosensitization in glioblastoma cells (P < 0.05). Similar results were found when autophagy was induced by rapamycin or ATG5 overexpression (P > 0.05). Furthermore, UTMD inhibited PGRMC1 expression and binding with LC3B2 in IR-exposed glioblastoma cells (P < 0.01). PGRMC1 inhibitor AG-205 or PGRMC1 siRNA pretreatment enhanced UTMD-induced LC3B2 and p62 accumulation in IR-exposed glioblastoma cells, thereby promoting UTMD-mediated radiosensitization (P < 0.05). Moreover, PGRMC1 overexpression abolished UTMD-caused blockade of autophagic degradation, subsequently inhibiting UTMD-induced radiosensitization of glioblastoma cells. Finally, compared with IR plus UTMD group, PGRMC1 overexpression significantly increased tumor size [(3.8 ± 1.1) mm2 vs. (8.0 ± 1.9) mm2, P < 0.05] and decreased survival time [(67.2 ± 2.6) d vs. (40.0 ± 1.2) d, P = 0.0026] in glioblastoma-bearing mice. CONCLUSION UTMD enhanced the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma partially by disrupting PGRMC1-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xun-Hu Dong
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Institute of Toxicology, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiong Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Ya-Li Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Ming-Liang Chen
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Institute of Toxicology, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China.
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8
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Guo J, Chen W, Bao B, Zhang D, Pan J, Zhang M. Protective effect of berberine against LPS-induced endothelial cell injury via the JNK signaling pathway and autophagic mechanisms. Bioengineered 2021; 12:1324-1337. [PMID: 33896366 PMCID: PMC8806223 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1915671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of autophagic mechanisms in the protective effect of berberine (BBR) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury in the endothelial cells human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) was investigated. Cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were detected by the CCK-8 assay, the EdU kit, and flow cytometry, respectively, and autophagy-related protein expression, the number of autophagic vacuoles, and LC3 double-fluorescence were examined using western blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy, respectively. LPS resulted in a decrease in the cell viability and proliferation of HUVECs and HPMECs and an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, while BBR treatment resulted in an increase in cell viability and proliferation, as well as a decrease in cell apoptosis. Furthermore, BBR could inhibit LPS-induced autophagy, as demonstrated by its inhibitory effects on the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and Beclin-1 levels and its promotive effect on p62 expression. Addition of the autophagy inducer rapamycin (RAPA) aggravated LPS-induced injury, while treatment with the autophagy blocker 3-methyladenine (3-MA) attenuated the injury. Further, the protective effect of BBR was inhibited by rapamycin. JNK inhibition by SP600125 inhibited LPS-induced autophagy, and BBR could not alter the LPS-induced autophagy in HUVECs and HPMECs that were pretreated with SP600125. The present data indicate that BBR attenuated LPS-induced cell apoptosis by blocking JNK-mediated autophagy in HUVECs and HPMECs. Therefore, the JNK-mediated autophagy pathway could be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beibei Bao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dayong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Pan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institue of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Gymnema sylvestre Extract Restores the Autophagic Pathway in Human Glioblastoma Cells U87Mg. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090870. [PMID: 34571747 PMCID: PMC8465901 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The treatment of GBM is extremely difficult and complicated by the heterogeneous nature of neoplastic cells. The problems inherent in treating any central nervous system tumour are due to the anatomical complexity and the limited repair mechanisms of the surrounding unaffected tissues. The choice of the most suitable treatment for GBM depends on several factors: the location of the disease, the extent, and the nature of the tumour. The limit of this choice is mainly due to the degree of complexity of the disease and to the mechanisms of drug resistance that the neoplasm develops during the treatment. Herbal medicines and their derived phytocompounds are increasingly recognised as useful complementary treatments for cancer. Numerous clinical studies have reported the beneficial effects of herbal medicines on survival, immune modulation, and quality of life of cancer patients when used in combination with conventional therapies. In this study, we investigated all the mechanisms that control tumour cell growth after induction with Gymnema sylvestre (GS) extract and the key proteins that regulate these mechanisms in glioblastoma cells. The study is of great translational interest because the natural substances used could be proposed as natural adjuvant drugs for the treatment of glioblastoma, and therefore could act by modulating new molecular targets for the control of brain tumour cell growth. Abstract Glioblastoma is a brain tumour, characterised by recurrent or innate resistance to conventional chemoradiotherapy. Novel natural molecules and phyto-extracts have been proposed as adjuvants to sensitise the response to Temozolomide (TMZ). In this study, we investigated the effect of GS extract on human glioblastoma cells U87Mg. According to the IC50-values, GS extract displayed a significant cytotoxicity. This was confirmed by cell growth inhibition and alteration in metabolic activity evaluated by cell count and MTT assay. GS induced reduction in Pro-caspase 9, 3, but not PARP cleavage nor DNA fragmentation. Thus, in GS-induced cytotoxicity, cell death is not associated with apoptosis. In this context, short-term treatment of U87Mg cells with GS extract (1 mg/mL) reduced the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and of its downstream target P70 S6 kinase, highlighting the role of GS extract into autophagy induction. The activation of autophagic flux by GS extract was confirmed by Western blot analysis, which revealed the reduction in p62 and the concomitant increase in LC3B II/I ratio. Immunofluorescence evidenced the accumulation of LC3B puncta in U87Mg cells pretreated with autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, as main key regulators of type II programmed cell death, p53, p21 and CDK4 were also investigated and were inhibited by GS treatment. In conclusion, GS extract could be considered as an autophagy inducer in glioblastoma cells U87Mg.
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10
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Zhu Y, Zuo W, Shen X, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Xiong Y, Cao H, Wang Y, Liang Z. NF-κB is involved in the regulation of autophagy in mutant p53 cells in response to ionizing radiation. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:159. [PMID: 34226514 PMCID: PMC8257568 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00533-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and ionizing radiation (IR) can induce autophagy in tumor cells. Here, we report that the level of autophagy in tumor cells was related to the background of p53 gene that NF-κB acts as a negative regulator of autophagy in mutant p53 (p53-R273H) cells, and that acetylation was involved in the IR-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB. We found that autophagy-related proteins were highly expressed in wild-type p53 (wt-p53) cells and that IR increased their levels further. p53-R273H cells exhibited low levels of autophagy; there was no change following IR treatment. The nuclear translocation of p65 was upregulated in p53-R273H cells following IR; when p65 was competitively inhibited from entering the nucleus with SN50, the level of autophagy increased. The nuclear translocation of p65 was mediated by p300; this factor also regulates the nuclear behavior of NF-κB. The knockdown of p300 in p53-R273H cells led to an inhibition of p65 expression and an increase in autophagy. In addition, the inhibition of p300 or p65 not only activated autophagy, it also induced radiosensitivity in p53-R273H cells. The relationship between the p53 gene, NF-κB, and autophagy was further analyzed in a mouse model of xenograft tumors and in clinical tumor pathological specimens; the results were consistent with the in vitro experiments. Our findings indicate that autophagy may be regulated by NF-κB in p53-R273H cells. These findings may help to improve the therapeutic strategy adopted for tumors related to the mutant p53-R273H gene; such therapy would aim to target NF-κB to induce autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yajie Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Zhongqin Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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11
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Xie Y, Han Y, Zhang X, Ma H, Li L, Yu R, Liu H. Application of New Radiosensitizer Based on Nano-Biotechnology in the Treatment of Glioma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:633827. [PMID: 33869019 PMCID: PMC8044949 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.633827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common intracranial malignant tumor, and its specific pathogenesis has been unclear, which has always been an unresolved clinical problem due to the limited therapeutic window of glioma. As we all know, surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the main treatment methods for glioma. With the development of clinical trials and traditional treatment techniques, radiotherapy for glioma has increasingly exposed defects in the treatment effect. In order to improve the bottleneck of radiotherapy for glioma, people have done a lot of work; among this, nano-radiosensitizers have offered a novel and potential treatment method. Compared with conventional radiotherapy, nanotechnology can overcome the blood–brain barrier and improve the sensitivity of glioma to radiotherapy. This paper focuses on the research progress of nano-radiosensitizers in radiotherapy for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Xie
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhan Han
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Suqian First People's Hospital, Suqian, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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12
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Verma AK, Bharti PS, Rafat S, Bhatt D, Goyal Y, Pandey KK, Ranjan S, Almatroodi SA, Alsahli MA, Rahmani AH, Almatroudi A, Dev K. Autophagy Paradox of Cancer: Role, Regulation, and Duality. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8832541. [PMID: 33628386 PMCID: PMC7892237 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8832541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a catabolic process, degrades damaged and defective cellular materials through lysosomes, thus working as a recycling mechanism of the cell. It is an evolutionarily conserved and highly regulated process that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is constitutively active at the basal level; however, it gets enhanced to meet cellular needs in various stress conditions. The process involves various autophagy-related genes that ultimately lead to the degradation of targeted cytosolic substrates. Many factors modulate both upstream and downstream autophagy pathways like nutritional status, energy level, growth factors, hypoxic conditions, and localization of p53. Any problem in executing autophagy can lead to various pathological conditions including neurodegeneration, aging, and cancer. In cancer, autophagy plays a contradictory role; it inhibits the formation of tumors, whereas, during advanced stages, autophagy promotes tumor progression. Besides, autophagy protects the tumor from various therapies by providing recycled nutrition and energy to the tumor cells. Autophagy is stimulated by tumor suppressor proteins, whereas it gets inhibited by oncogenes. Due to its dynamic and dual role in the pathogenesis of cancer, autophagy provides promising opportunities in developing novel and effective cancer therapies along with managing chemoresistant cancers. In this article, we summarize different strategies that can modulate autophagy in cancer to overcome the major obstacle, i.e., resistance developed in cancer to anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Prahalad Singh Bharti
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institutes of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sahar Rafat
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Yamini Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institutes of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Ranjan
- Institute of Biomedicine, Cell and Tissue Imaging Unit, Finland
| | - Saleh A. Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kapil Dev
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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13
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Xiao N, Li C, Liao W, Yin J, Zhang S, Zhang P, Yuan L, Hong M. FOXG1 mediates the radiosensitivity of glioma cells through regulation of autophagy. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:139-148. [PMID: 33201747 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1846816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Upregulation of Forkhead box G1 (FOXG1) has recently been observed in many cancers, while its effect on radiosensitivity in glioma is still unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that FOXG1 be a major player in radioresistance of glioma as well as the underlying mechanism. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to assess FOXG1 expression in glioma tissues and glioma-adjacent tissues. Western Blot was implemented to detect the expression of autophagy-related proteins. CCK-8, colony formation and flow cytometry assays were implemented to assess cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to observe autophagic vesicles. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay was applied to detect the expression of FOXG1. RESULTS The present study demonstrated that FOXG1 was highly expressed in glioma tissues. FOXG1 expression level was up-regulated in glioma cells following exposure to X-ray irradiation. FOXG1 can attenuate radiosensitivity of glioma cells. Moreover, it revealed that FOXG1 attenuate radiosensitivity of glioma cells by promoting autophagy. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that FOXG1 is a pivotal molecule for circumventing radiation-induced cell death in malignant glioma cells through the regulation of autophagy, and it may be a target for the treatment of human brain glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xiao
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Churong Li
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shichuan Zhang
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Yuan
- School of Medical and Life Sciences/Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Hong
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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14
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Peng X, Wei Z, Gerweck LE. Making radiation therapy more effective in the era of precision medicine. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2020; 3:272-283. [PMID: 35692625 PMCID: PMC8982539 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become a leading cause of death and constitutes an enormous burden worldwide. Radiation is a principle treatment modality used alone or in combination with other forms of therapy, with 50%–70% of cancer patients receiving radiotherapy at some point during their illness. It has been suggested that traditional radiotherapy (daily fractions of approximately 1.8–2 Gy over several weeks) might select for radioresistant tumor cell sub-populations, which, if not sterilized, give rise to local treatment failure and distant metastases. Thus, the challenge is to develop treatment strategies and schedules to eradicate the resistant subpopulation of tumorigenic cells rather than the predominant sensitive tumor cell population. With continued technological advances including enhanced conformal treatment technology, radiation oncologists can increasingly maximize the dose to tumors while sparing adjacent normal tissues, to limit toxicity and damage to the latter. Increased dose conformality also facilitates changes in treatment schedules, such as changes in dose per treatment fraction and number of treatment fractions, to enhance the therapeutic ratio. For example, the recently developed large dose per fraction treatment schedules (hypofractionation) have shown clinical advantage over conventional treatment schedules in some tumor types. Experimental studies suggest that following large acute doses of radiation, recurrent tumors, presumably sustained by the most resistant tumor cell populations, may in fact be equally or more radiation sensitive than the primary tumor. In this review, we summarize the related advances in radiotherapy, including the increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of radioresistance, and the targeting of these mechanisms with potent small molecule inhibitors, which may selectively sensitize tumor cells to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhigong Wei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Leo E Gerweck
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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15
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Ryskalin L, Biagioni F, Busceti CL, Lazzeri G, Frati A, Fornai F. The Multi-Faceted Effect of Curcumin in Glioblastoma from Rescuing Cell Clearance to Autophagy-Independent Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:E4839. [PMID: 33092261 PMCID: PMC7587955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review focuses on the multi-faceted effects of curcumin on the neurobiology glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), with a special emphasis on autophagy (ATG)-dependent molecular pathways activated by such a natural polyphenol. This is consistent with the effects of curcumin in a variety of experimental models of neurodegeneration, where the molecular events partially overlap with GBM. In fact, curcumin broadly affects various signaling pathways, which are similarly affected in cell degeneration and cell differentiation. The antitumoral effects of curcumin include growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, anti-migration and anti-invasion, as well as chemo- and radio-sensitizing activity. Remarkably, most of these effects rely on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent ATG induction. In addition, curcumin targets undifferentiated and highly tumorigenic GBM cancer stem cells (GSCs). When rescuing ATG with curcumin, the tumorigenic feature of GSCs is suppressed, thus counteracting GBM establishment and growth. It is noteworthy that targeting GSCs may also help overcome therapeutic resistance and reduce tumor relapse, which may lead to a significant improvement of GBM prognosis. The present review focuses on the multi-faceted effects of curcumin on GBM neurobiology, which represents an extension to its neuroprotective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.R.); (G.L.)
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Carla L. Busceti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Gloria Lazzeri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.R.); (G.L.)
| | - Alessandro Frati
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.R.); (G.L.)
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
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16
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Chen X, Zhang X, Sun S, Zhu M. MicroRNA‑432 inhibits the aggressiveness of glioblastoma multiforme by directly targeting IGF‑1R. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:597-606. [PMID: 31894251 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA‑432 (miR‑432) has been studied in multiple tumors, but the expression status, biological functions and the mechanism of action of miR‑432 in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are yet to be elucidated. In the present study, miR‑432 expression in GBM was determined and its clinical significance was evaluated among patients with GBM. The effects on the malignancy of GBM in vitro and in vivo were examined in detail and the interactions between miR‑432 and insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‑1R) mRNA were then explored. miR‑432 expression in GBM tissue samples and cell lines was measured by reverse transcription‑quantitative (RT‑q)PCR. GBM cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo were evaluated by a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay, flow‑cytometric analysis, Transwell migration and invasion assays, and a tumor xenograft experiment, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis followed by a luciferase reporter assay, RT‑qPCR and western blotting was applied to demonstrate that IGF‑1R is a direct target gene of miR‑432 in GBM cells. It was found that miR‑432 is downregulated in GBM tumors and cell lines. miR‑432 under expression obviously correlated with the Karnofsky Performance Status score and shorter overall survival among patients with GBM. Exogenous miR‑432 expression significantly reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis of GBM cells. In addition, miR‑432 overexpression impaired the migratory and invasive abilities of GBM cells in vitro and decreased their tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, IGF‑1R was validated as a direct target gene of miR‑432 in GBM cells. IGF‑1R knockdown imitated the tumor‑suppressive actions of miR‑432 overexpression in GBM cells. Rescue experiments proved IGF‑1R downregulation to be essential for the effects of miR‑432 on GBM cells. The results of the present study revealed a tumor‑suppressive role of the miR‑432‑IGF‑1R axis in GBM cells and this axis may have implications for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - Xufei Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Shunjin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - Meixiao Zhu
- Department of TCM Pharmacy, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
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Howarth A, Madureira PA, Lockwood G, Storer LCD, Grundy R, Rahman R, Pilkington GJ, Hill R. Modulating autophagy as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of paediatric high-grade glioma. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:707-725. [PMID: 31012506 PMCID: PMC8028648 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) represent a therapeutically challenging group of tumors. Despite decades of research, there has been minimal improvement in treatment and the clinical prognosis remains poor. Autophagy, a highly conserved process for recycling metabolic substrates is upregulated in pHGG, promoting tumor progression and evading cell death. There is significant crosstalk between autophagy and a plethora of critical cellular pathways, many of which are dysregulated in pHGG. The following article will discuss our current understanding of autophagy signaling in pHGG and the potential modulation of this network as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Howarth
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, IBBSUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Patricia A. Madureira
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, IBBSUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - George Lockwood
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Lisa C. D. Storer
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Richard Grundy
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Geoffrey J. Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, IBBSUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Richard Hill
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, IBBSUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
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18
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Ryskalin L, Gaglione A, Limanaqi F, Biagioni F, Familiari P, Frati A, Esposito V, Fornai F. The Autophagy Status of Cancer Stem Cells in Gliobastoma Multiforme: From Cancer Promotion to Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153824. [PMID: 31387280 PMCID: PMC6695733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor featuring rapid cell proliferation, treatment resistance, and tumor relapse. This is largely due to the coexistence of heterogeneous tumor cell populations with different grades of differentiation, and in particular, to a small subset of tumor cells displaying stem cell-like properties. This is the case of glioma stem cells (GSCs), which possess a powerful self-renewal capacity, low differentiation, along with radio- and chemo-resistance. Molecular pathways that contribute to GBM stemness of GSCs include mTOR, Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt/β-catenin. Remarkably, among the common biochemical effects that arise from alterations in these pathways, autophagy suppression may be key in promoting GSCs self-renewal, proliferation, and pluripotency maintenance. In fact, besides being a well-known downstream event of mTOR hyper-activation, autophagy downregulation is also bound to the effects of aberrantly activated Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in GBM. As a major orchestrator of protein degradation and turnover, autophagy modulates proliferation and differentiation of normal neuronal stem cells (NSCs) as well as NSCs niche maintenance, while its failure may contribute to GSCs expansion and maintenance. Thus, in the present review we discuss the role of autophagy in GSCs metabolism and phenotype in relationship with dysregulations of a variety of NSCs controlling pathways, which may provide novel insights into GBM neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Frati
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Esposito
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
- Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
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19
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Wang H, Guan Q, Nan Y, Ma Q, Zhong Y. Overexpression of human MX2 gene suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via ERK/P38/NF-κB pathway in glioblastoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18762-18770. [PMID: 31265172 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In human, there are two myxovirus resistance genes-MX1 and MX2, which respectively encode MXA and MXB protein. For MXB, it was traditionally deemed to work in the progression of cell cycle and adjustment of nuclear import. Thus, we speculated that it might play important roles in tumor progression. The purpose of this study was to preliminarily explore the underlying functions and mechanism of the MX2 gene on glioblastoma multiforme. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT), and transwell experiments were to detect the relative MX2 mRNA level and its biological functions on glioma cells, respectively. The data displayed that MX2 was obviously downregulated both in glioblastoma (GBM) and GBM cell lines, meanwhile, its overexpression could markedly reduce cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells, implying that it was related with glioblastoma progression. In addition, the overall survival of patient with glioblastoma had a negative correlation with the MX2 expression. Then, Western blot indicated the potential mechanism of MX2 in glioblastoma. We found that MX2 overexpression could decrease the relative levels of phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), p-p38, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), while have no effects on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and lamin B1. Moreover, the influences of MX2 overexpression on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion could be weakened by the three inhibitors (PD98059, SB203580, and (pyridin-2-ylmethyl) dithiocarbamate [PDTC]). These results implied that MX2 might suppress the proliferation and metastasis of glioma cells by manipulating the ERK/P38/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, MX2 is potential to be a new marker used for glioblastoma prognosis or a new target for glioblastoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Nan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Quanfeng Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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20
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Abstract
Resistance to therapy is one of the prime causes for treatment failure in cancer and recurrent disease. In recent years, autophagy has emerged as an important cell survival mechanism in response to different stress conditions that are associated with cancer treatment and aging. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process through which damaged cellular contents are degraded after uptake into autophagosomes that subsequently fuse with lysosomes for cargo degradation, thereby alleviating stress. In addition, autophagy serves to maintain cellular homeostasis by enriching nutrient pools. Although autophagy can act as a double-edged sword at the interface of cell survival and cell death, increasing evidence suggest that in the context of cancer therapy-induced stress responses, it predominantly functions as a cell survival mechanism. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview on our current knowledge of the role of pro-survival autophagy in cancer therapy at the preclinical and clinical stages and delineate the molecular mechanisms of autophagy regulation in response to therapy-related stress conditions. A better understanding of the interplay of cancer therapy and autophagy may allow to unveil new targets and avenues for an improved treatment of therapy-resistant tumors in the foreseeable future.
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21
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Ramírez-Expósito MJ, Martínez-Martos JM. The Delicate Equilibrium between Oxidants and Antioxidants in Brain Glioma. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:342-351. [PMID: 29512467 PMCID: PMC6482474 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180302120925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent brain tumors in the adult population and unfortunately the adjuvant therapies are not effective. Brain tumorigenesis has been related both to the increased levels of free radicals as inductors of severe damages in healthy cells, but also with the reduced response of endogenous enzyme and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses. In turn, both processes induce the change to malignant cells. In this review, we analyzed the role of the imbalance between free radicals production and antioxidant mechanism in the development and progression of gliomas but also the influence of redox status on the two major distinctive forms of programmed cell death related to cancer: apoptosis and autophagy. These data may be the reference to the development of new pharmacological options based on redox microenvironment for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Ramírez-Expósito
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group CTS-1039; Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Jaén, Campus Universitario Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain
| | - José Manuel Martínez-Martos
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group CTS-1039; Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Jaén, Campus Universitario Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain
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22
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Li H, Jin X, Chen B, Li P, Li Q. Autophagy-regulating microRNAs: potential targets for improving radiotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1623-1634. [PMID: 29971533 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the most important therapeutic strategies against cancer. However, resistance of cancer cells to radiation remains a major challenge for RT. Thus, novel strategies to overcome cancer cell radioresistance are urgent. Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a biological process by which damaged cell components can be removed and accordingly represent a cytoprotective mechanism. Because radiation-induced autophagy is associated with either cell death or radioresistance of cancer cells, a deeper understanding of the autophagy mechanism triggered by radiation will expedite a development of strategies improving the efficacy of RT. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in many biological processes. Mounting evidence indicates that many miRNAs are involved in regulation of the autophagic process induced by radiation insult, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Therefore, a deep understanding of the mechanisms of miRNAs in regulating autophagy and radioresistance will provide a new perspective for RT against cancer. METHODS We summarized the recent pertinent literature from various electronic databases, including PubMed. We reviewed the radiation-induced autophagy response and its association of the role, function and regulation of miRNAs, and discussed the feasibility of targeting autophagy-related miRNAs to improve the efficacy of RT. CONCLUSION The beneficial or harmful effect of autophagy may depend on the types of cancer and stress. The cytoprotective role of autophagy plays a dominant role in cancer RT. For most tumor cells, reducing radiation-induced autophagy can improve the efficacy of RT. MiRNAs have been confirmed to take part in the autophagy regulatory network of cancer RT, the autophagy-regulating miRNAs therefore could be developed as potential targets for improving RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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Wang XQ, Bai HM, Li ST, Sun H, Min LZ, Tao BB, Zhong J, Li B. Knockdown of HDAC1 expression suppresses invasion and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 28624794 PMCID: PMC5564623 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system, with a low survival rate of five years worldwide. Although high expression and prognostic value of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) have been recently reported in various types of human tumors, the molecular mechanism underlying the biological function of HDAC1 in glioma is still unclear. We found that HDAC1 was elevated in glioma tissues and cell lines. HDAC1 expression was closely related with pathological grade and overall survival of patients with gliomas. Downregulation of HDAC1 inhibited cell proliferation, prevented invasion of glioma cell lines, and induced cell apoptosis. The expression of apoptosis and metastasis related molecules were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively, in U251 and T98G cells with HDAC1 knockdown. We found that HDAC1 knockdown upregulated expression of BIM, BAX, cleaved CASPASE3 and E-CADHERIN, and decreased expression of TWIST1, SNAIL and MMP9 in U251 and T98G cells with HDAC1 knockdown. In vivo data showed that knockdown of HDAC1 inhibited tumor growth in nude mice. In summary, HDAC1 may therefore be considered an unfavorable progression indicator for glioma patients, and may also serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong-Min Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Shi-Ting Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling-Zhao Min
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bang-Bao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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25
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Zhang L, Zhao Y, Guo L. 17β-estradiol protects INS-1 insulinoma cells from mitophagy via G protein-coupled estrogen receptors and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2839-2846. [PMID: 29436590 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-estradiol (17β-E2) is a steroid hormone that is known to exert effects on blood glucose homeostasis. The G protein‑coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) has been identified as a non-genomic estrogenic receptor, and is involved in numerous physiological processes, including cell survival, energy provision and metabolism. 17β-E2 may decrease apoptosis by binding to the GPER. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway is involved in physiological and pathological functions such as autophagy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the mediation of the effects of GPERs, and the effects of 17β-E2 on mitophagy in INS-1 cells, a rat insulin‑secreting β-cell line. In vitro, INS-1 cells were treated with different concentrations of 17β-E2 with and without pretreatment with a GPER antagonist (G15) or PI3K antagonist (LY294002) and compared with a negative control. An immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that GPERs are expressed in INS-1 cells. Western blot assays demonstrated that 17β-E2 increased GPER levels and the phosphorylation of Akt. Transmission electronic microscopy revealed that 17β-E2 reduced the formation of mitophagosomes and autophagosomes in INS-1 cells. An immunofluorescence staining assay indicated that the co-localization of translocase of mitochondrial outer membrane complex 20 (TOM20) with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) was decreased in INS-1 cells treated with 17β-E2 alone. Western blotting demonstrated that 17β-E2 reduced the protein levels of activated microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3, and increased those of TOM20 and mitochondrial heat-shock protein 60. Notably, the protective effects of 17β-E2 were significantly diminished by G15 or LY294002. In conclusion, the present study suggests that 17β-E2 activates the PI3K/Akt pathway via the GPER in INS-1 cells. Furthermore, 17β-E2 may be involved in mitophagy by the regulating the GPER/PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yuyan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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26
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Chang L, Graham P, Hao J, Ni J, Deng J, Bucci J, Malouf D, Gillatt D, Li Y. Cancer stem cells and signaling pathways in radioresistance. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11002-17. [PMID: 26716904 PMCID: PMC4905454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the most important strategies in cancer treatment. Radioresistance (the failure to RT) results in locoregional recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, it is critically important to investigate the mechanisms leading to cancer radioresistance to overcome this problem and increase patients' survival. Currently, the majority of the radioresistance-associated researches have focused on preclinical studies. Although the exact mechanisms of cancer radioresistance have not been fully uncovered, accumulating evidence supports that cancer stem cells (CSCs) and different signaling pathways play important roles in regulating radiation response and radioresistance. Therefore, targeting CSCs or signaling pathway proteins may hold promise for developing novel combination modalities and overcoming radioresistance. The present review focuses on the key evidence of CSC markers and several important signaling pathways in cancer radioresistance and explores innovative approaches for future radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chang
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jingli Hao
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Junli Deng
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Bucci
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - David Malouf
- Department of Urology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gillatt
- Department of Urology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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27
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Djavid GE, Bigdeli B, Goliaei B, Nikoofar A, Hamblin MR. Photobiomodulation leads to enhanced radiosensitivity through induction of apoptosis and autophagy in human cervical cancer cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1732-1742. [PMID: 28464474 PMCID: PMC5668202 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The radiomodulatory effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) has recently been studied in cancer cells. The aim of this study was to investigate cellular mechanisms involved in the X-ray radiosensitivity of HeLa cells pre-exposed to PBM. HeLa cells were irradiated with 685 nm laser at different energy densities prior to X-ray ionizing radiation. After irradiation, clonogenic cell survival, cell death due to apoptosis and autophagy were determined. Levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage and, cell cycle distribution after PBM were measured. PBM at different energy densities (5-20 J/cm2 ) was not cytotoxic. However, HeLa cells pre-exposed to 20 J/cm2 showed enhanced inhibition of colony formation following ionizing radiation. Enhanced radiosensitivity was due to increased oxidative stress, DNA damage, and radiation-induced apoptosis and autophagy. These results suggest that 685 nm PBM at a higher energy density could possibly be a promising radiosensitizing agent in cervical cancer, to decrease the radiation dose delivered, and therefore prevent the side-effects that are associated with cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Esmaeeli Djavid
- Medical Laser Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Bigdeli
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Goliaei
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Nikoofar
- Radiotherapy Department, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical sciences. Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USAHarvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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mTOR-Dependent Cell Proliferation in the Brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7082696. [PMID: 29259984 PMCID: PMC5702949 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7082696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is a molecular complex equipped with kinase activity which controls cell viability being key in the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway. mTOR acts by integrating a number of environmental stimuli to regulate cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, and protein synthesis. These effects are based on the modulation of different metabolic pathways. Upregulation of mTOR associates with various pathological conditions, such as obesity, neurodegeneration, and brain tumors. This is the case of high-grade gliomas with a high propensity to proliferation and tissue invasion. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a WHO grade IV malignant, aggressive, and lethal glioma. To date, a few treatments are available although the outcome of GBM patients remains poor. Experimental and pathological findings suggest that mTOR upregulation plays a major role in determining an aggressive phenotype, thus determining relapse and chemoresistance. Among several activities, mTOR-induced autophagy suppression is key in GBM malignancy. In this article, we discuss recent evidence about mTOR signaling and its role in normal brain development and pathological conditions, with a special emphasis on its role in GBM.
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29
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High LC3/Beclin Expression Correlates with Poor Survival in Glioma: a Definitive Role for Autophagy as Evidenced by In Vitro Autophagic Flux. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 25:137-148. [PMID: 29022195 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest the role of autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process, in determining the response of gliomas to treatment either positively or negatively. The study attempts to characterize autophagy in low and high-grade glioma by investigating the autophagic flux and clinical significance of autophagy proteins (LC3 and beclin 1) in a group of glioma patients. We evaluated the expression of autophagic markers in resected specimens of low-grade glioma (LGG) and high-grade glioma (HGG) tissues, by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Our results show that expression of autophagy proteins were more prominent in HGG than in LGG. Increased level of autophagic proteins in HGG can be due to an increased rate of autophagy or can be because of blockage in the final degradation step of autophagy (defective autophagy). To distinguish these possibilities, the autophagic flux assay which helps to determine the rate of degradation/synthesis of autophagic proteins (LC3-II and p62) over a period of time by blocking the final degradation step of autophagy using bafilomycin A1 was used . The assessment of autophagic flux in ex vivo culture of primary glioma cells revealed for the first time increased turnover of autophagy in high grade compared to low grade-glioma. Though autophagic markers were reduced in LGG, functionally autophagy was non defective in both grades of glioma. We then investigated whether autophagy in gliomas is regulated by nutrient sensing pathways including mTOR and promote cell survival by providing an alternate energy source in response to metabolic stress. The results depicted that the role of autophagy during stress varies with tissue and has a negative correlation with mTOR substrate phosphorylation. We also evaluated the expression of LC3 and beclin 1 with progression free survival (PFS) using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and have found that patients with low LC3/beclin 1 expression had better PFS than those with high expression of LC3/beclin 1 in their tumors. Together, we provide evidence that autophagy is non-defective in glioma and also show that high LC3/beclin 1 expression correlates with poor PFS in both LGG and HGG.
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30
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Xin Y, Jiang F, Yang C, Yan Q, Guo W, Huang Q, Zhang L, Jiang G. Role of autophagy in regulating the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2147-2157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Chen X, Ma N, Zhou Z, Wang Z, Hu Q, Luo J, Mei X, Yang Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Feng Y, Yu X, Ma J, Guo X. Estrogen Receptor Mediates the Radiosensitivity of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2674-2683. [PMID: 28570501 PMCID: PMC5466376 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate differences in the radiosensitivities of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and luminal-type breast cancer cells and to investigate the effects of estrogen receptor (ER) expression on the biological behaviors of the cells. Material/Methods Colony-forming assays were performed to detect differences in radiosensitivities in breast cancer cell lines. Gene transfection technology was used to introduce the expression of ERα in TNBC cells to compare the difference in radiosensitivity between the TNBC cells and ERα transfected cells. CCK-8 assays were used to observe changes in the proliferation of TNBC cells after ERα transfection. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the number of γH2AX foci in nuclei. Flow cytometry was used to detect changes in cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. Western blotting was used to detect changes in autophagy-associated proteins. Results The radioresistance of the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231 (231 cells) was greater than that of ERα-positive luminal-type breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Moreover, 231 cell proliferation and radioresistance decreased after ERα transfection. Interestingly, ERα-transfected 231 cells showed increased double-stranded breaks and delayed repair compared with 231 cells, and ERα-transfected 231 cells showed increased G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis after irradiation compared with those in 231 cells. ERα transfection in 231 cells reduced autophagy-related protein expression, suggesting that autophagy activity decreased in 231 ER-positive cells after irradiation. Conclusions TNBC cells were more resistant to radiation than luminal-type breast cancer cells. ERα expression may have major roles in modulating breast cancer cell radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Ningyi Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zhirui Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Ziliang Wang
- Cancer Institutions, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Qunchao Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jurui Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Mei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zhaozhi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jinli Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaomao Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University,, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Yu Q, Liu L, Wang P, Yao Y, Xue Y, Liu Y. EMAP-II sensitize U87MG and glioma stem-like cells to temozolomide via induction of autophagy-mediated cell death and G2/M arrest. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1085-1092. [PMID: 28436750 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1315492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that temozolomide (TMZ) has been widely accepted as the key chemotherapeutic agent to prolong the survival of patients with glioblastoma, failure and recurrence cases can still be observed in clinics. Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) are thought to be responsible for the drug resistance. In this study, we investigate whether endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, can enhance TMZ cytotoxicity on U87MG and GSCs or not. As described in prior research, GSCs have been isolated from U87MG and maintained in the serum-free DMEM/F12 medium containing EGF, b-FGF, and B27. TMZ and/or EMAP-II administration were performed for 72 h, respectively. The results showed that TMZ combined with EMAP-II inhibit the proliferation of U87MG and GSCs by a larger measure than TMZ single treatment by decreasing the IC50. EMAP-II also enhanced TMZ-induced autophagy-mediated cell death and G2/M arrest. Moreover, we found that EMAP-II functioned a targeted suppression on mTOR, which may involve in the anti-neoplasm mechanism. The results suggest that EMAP-II could be considered as a combined chemotherapeutic agent against glioblastoma by sensitizing U87MG and GSCs to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China.,b Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease , Shenyang China
| | - Libo Liu
- c Department of Neurobiology , College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University , Shenyang China.,d Key Laboratory of Cell Biology , Ministry of Public Health of China, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University , Shenyang China
| | - Ping Wang
- c Department of Neurobiology , College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University , Shenyang China.,d Key Laboratory of Cell Biology , Ministry of Public Health of China, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University , Shenyang China
| | - Yilong Yao
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China.,b Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease , Shenyang China
| | - Yixue Xue
- c Department of Neurobiology , College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University , Shenyang China.,d Key Laboratory of Cell Biology , Ministry of Public Health of China, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University , Shenyang China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China.,b Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease , Shenyang China
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33
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Li H, You L, Xie J, Pan H, Han W. The roles of subcellularly located EGFR in autophagy. Cell Signal 2017; 35:223-230. [PMID: 28428083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a well-studied receptor-tyrosine kinase that serves vital roles in regulation of organ development and cancer progression. EGFR not only exists on the plasma membrane, but also widely expressed in the nucleus, endosomes, and mitochondria. Most recently, several lines of evidences indicated that autophagy is regulated by EGFR in kinase-active and -independent manners. In this review, we summarized recent advances in our understanding of the functions of different subcellularly located EGFR on autophagy. Specifically, plasma membrane- and cytoplasm-located EGFR (pcEGFR) acts as a tyrosine kinase to regulate autophagy via the PI3K/AKT1/mTOR, RAS/MAPK1/3, and STAT3 signaling pathways. The kinase-independent function of pcEGFR inhibits autophagy by maintaining SLC5A1-regulated intracellular glucose level. Endosome-located EGFR phosphorylates and inhibits Beclin1 to suppress autophagy, while kinase-independent endosome-located EGFR releases Beclin1 from the Rubicon-Beclin1 complex to increase autophagy. Additionally, the nuclear EGFR activates PRKDC/PNPase/MYC signaling to inhibit autophagy. Although the role of mitochondria-located EGFR in autophagy is largely unexplored, the production of ATP and reactive oxygen species mediated by mitochondrial dynamics is most likely to influence autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangkun You
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiansheng Xie
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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34
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Shen X, Kan S, Liu Z, Lu G, Zhang X, Chen Y, Bai Y. EVA1A inhibits GBM cell proliferation by inducing autophagy and apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:130-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Zhang D, Qian Y, Liu X, Yu H, Zhao N, Wu Z. Up-regulation of plakophilin-2 is correlated with the progression of glioma. Neuropathology 2017; 37:207-216. [PMID: 28124385 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common type of primary brain tumor in the CNS. Due to its poor prognosis and high mortality rates, it is urgent to find out more effective therapies. Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) is a widespread desmosomal plaque protein. Recently, the important roles of PKP2 in the proliferation and migration of cancer cells and tumor progression has been shown. However, the expression and potential function of PKP2 in glioma was still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that PKP2 protein expression level was increased in glioma tissues compared with normal brain tissues, and its level was significantly associated with the Ki-67 expression and WHO grade by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Clinically, high PKP2 expression was tightly related to poor prognosis of glioma patients. Interestingly, we found that down-regulated PKP2 expression was shown to inhibit the migration of cells in glioma. Moreover, cell counting kit (CCK)-8 and colony formation analyses proved that reduced expression of PKP2 could weaken glioma cell proliferation. Taken together, these data uncover a potential role for PKP2 in the pathogenic process of glioma, suggesting that PKP2 may be a promising therapeutic target of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degeng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Yuxia Qian
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Niangao Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhengdong Wu
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
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36
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Lu Y, Wang Z, Han W, Li H. Zoledronate induces autophagic cell death in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via Beclin-1 dependent pathway activation. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4747-4754. [PMID: 27748838 PMCID: PMC5102043 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoledronate has been reported to exhibit pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects in endothelial cells, which partially contributes to bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (BP-ONJ). Zoledronate can also induce autophagic cell death. The present study hypothesized that Zoledronate may activate autophagy to exert pro-apoptotic effects in endothelial cells and aimed to investigate the effect of Zoledronate on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and explore the underlying mechanisms. The current study demonstrated that Zoledronate induced autophagy in HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by increased levels of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B-II (LC3B-II) and Beclin-1, and decreased levels of sequestome 1 (SQSTM1). In addition, treatment with chloroquine further increased LC3B-II and increased SQSTM1 levels, indicating that Zoledronate induces autophagy by increasing autophagic activity. Flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining revealed that inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine markedly attenuated Zoledronate-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, genetic knockdown of Beclin-1 significantly inhibited autophagy and apoptosis induced by Zoledronate. The present study therefore demonstrated that Zoledronate may promote Beclin-1-mediated autophagy to induce endothelial cell apoptosis, and suggests that blocking autophagy may represent a novel approach for the prevention of BP-ONJ in patients receiving Zoledronate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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37
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Lu T, Bao Z, Wang Y, Yang L, Lu B, Yan K, Wang S, Wei H, Zhang Z, Cui G. Karyopherinβ1 regulates proliferation of human glioma cells via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1189-97. [PMID: 27568288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Karyopherinβ1 (KPNB1), one of the cytosolic factors involved in the selective protein transport across nucleus, docked at nuclear pore complex and transported through nuclear envelope in an ATP-dependent style, assisting proteins to be recognized as import substrates. It has been reported to be bound up with the origination and progress of lung cancer, cervical cancer, head and neck cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. In current study, we demonstrated for the first time that the role of KPNB1 in human glioma. KPNB1 was over-expressed as the well-known trend of Ki-67(p < 0.01) and tightly closed to poor prognosis, as an independent prognostic factor. In vitro, up-regulation of KPNB1 was accompanied by certain rising levels of proliferation markers, employing U251 and U87MG cells as serum-starve models. Silencing KPNB1 in U251 and U87MG led to G1 phase arrested directly via flow cytometry analysis. In the nucleus of KPNB1-depletion cell models, the decreasing expression of KPNB1 and β-catenin was detected respectively, which indicated that KPNB1 functioned via β-catenin signal. Besides, the interaction between KPNB1 and β-catenin was proved clearly by immunoprecipitation. Taken together, it showed that KPNB1 might enhance human glioma proliferation via Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Dushuhu Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozhen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - He Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Hsieh MJ, Lin CW, Chiou HL, Yang SF, Chen MK. Dehydroandrographolide, an iNOS inhibitor, extracted from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, induces autophagy in human oral cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30831-49. [PMID: 26356821 PMCID: PMC4741571 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, which is constitutively executed at the basal level in all cells, promotes cellular homeostasis by regulating the turnover of organelles and proteins. Andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide (DA) are the two principle components of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees. and are the main contributors to its therapeutic properties. However, the pharmacological activities of dehydroandrographolide (DA) remain unclear. In this study, DA induces oral cancer cell death by activating autophagy. Treatment with autophagy inhibitors inhibited DA-induced human oral cancer cell death. In addition, DA increased LC3-II expression and reduced p53 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, DA induced autophagy and decreased cell viability through modulation of p53 expression. DA-induced autophagy was triggered by an activation of JNK1/2 and an inhibition of Akt and p38. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that DA induced autophagy in human oral cancer cells by modulating p53 expression, activating JNK1/2, and inhibiting Akt and p38. Finally, an administration of DA effectively suppressed the tumor formation in the oral carcinoma xenograft model in vivo. This is the first study to reveal the novel function of DA in activating autophagy, suggesting that DA could serve as a new and potential chemopreventive agent for treating human oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.,School of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chiou
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
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39
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Lin CJ, Chen TL, Tseng YY, Wu GJ, Hsieh MH, Lin YW, Chen RM. Honokiol induces autophagic cell death in malignant glioma through reactive oxygen species-mediated regulation of the p53/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 304:59-69. [PMID: 27236003 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Honokiol, an active constituent extracted from the bark of Magnolia officinalis, possesses anticancer effects. Apoptosis is classified as type I programmed cell death, while autophagy is type II programmed cell death. We previously proved that honokiol induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of U87 MG glioma cells. Subsequently in this study, we evaluated the effect of honokiol on autophagy of glioma cells and examined the molecular mechanisms. Administration of honokiol to mice with an intracranial glioma increased expressions of cleaved caspase 3 and light chain 3 (LC3)-II. Exposure of U87 MG cells to honokiol also induced autophagy in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Results from the addition of 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor, and rapamycin, an autophagy inducer confirmed that honokiol-induced autophagy contributed to cell death. Honokiol decreased protein levels of PI3K, phosphorylated (p)-Akt, and p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment with a p53 inhibitor or transfection with p53 small interfering (si)RNA suppressed honokiol-induced autophagy by reversing downregulation of p-Akt and p-mTOR expressions. In addition, honokiol caused generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was suppressed by the antioxidant, vitamin C. Vitamin C also inhibited honokiol-induced autophagic and apoptotic cell death. Concurrently, honokiol-induced alterations in levels of p-p53, p53, p-Akt, and p-mTOR were attenuated following vitamin C administration. Taken together, our data indicated that honokiol induced ROS-mediated autophagic cell death through regulating the p53/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ju Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Liang Chen
- Anesthetics and Toxicology Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yun Tseng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gong-Jhe Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hui Hsieh
- Anesthetics and Toxicology Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Wei Lin
- Brain Disease Research Center, Taipei Medical University Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Anesthetics and Toxicology Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Disease Research Center, Taipei Medical University Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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40
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Kelley K, Knisely J, Symons M, Ruggieri R. Radioresistance of Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8040042. [PMID: 27043632 PMCID: PMC4846851 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used as part of the standard of care treatment of the majority of brain tumors. The efficacy of RT is limited by radioresistance and by normal tissue radiation tolerance. This is highlighted in pediatric brain tumors where the use of radiation is limited by the excessive toxicity to the developing brain. For these reasons, radiosensitization of tumor cells would be beneficial. In this review, we focus on radioresistance mechanisms intrinsic to tumor cells. We also evaluate existing approaches to induce radiosensitization and explore future avenues of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kelley
- Radiation Medicine Department, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Jonathan Knisely
- Radiation Medicine Department, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Marc Symons
- The Feinstein Institute for Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Rosamaria Ruggieri
- Radiation Medicine Department, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
- The Feinstein Institute for Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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41
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Bao Z, Duan C, Gong C, Wang L, Shen C, Wang C, Cui G. Protein phosphatase 1γ regulates the proliferation of human glioma via the NF-κB pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2916-26. [PMID: 26936744 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 1γ (PP1γ), a member of mammalian protein phosphatases, serine/threonine phosphatases, catalyzes the majority of protein dephosphorylation events and regulates diverse cellular processes, such as neuronal signaling, muscle contraction, glycogen synthesis, and cell proliferation. However, its expression and potential functions in human glioma is unclear. In this study, we detected the high expression of PP1γ and phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) in human glioma tissues. Besides, we demonstrated that upregulation of PP1γ was tightly related to poor 5-year survival via systemic statistical analysis. Employing serum-starved and re-feeding models of U251 and U87MG, we observed the increasing expression of PP1γ and p-p65 were accompanied by the cell proliferation markers cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Employing depletion-PP1γ models, we found downregulated PP1γ and p-p65 compared with upregulated IκBα, which indicates the inhibition of NF-κB pathway, and flow cytometry analysis confirmed the weakened cell proliferation. Moreover, we found that the translocation of p65 into the nucleus was impaired. Collectively, we identified the positive correlation between upregulation of PP1γ and human glioma cell proliferation and that knock-down of PP1γ alleviated the glioma proliferation by reducing p65 transportation into the nucleus. The results showed that PP1γ could accelerate human glioma proliferation via the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chengwei Duan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyan Shen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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42
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Tan S, Shi H, Ba M, Lin S, Tang H, Zeng X, Zhang X. miR-409-3p sensitizes colon cancer cells to oxaliplatin by inhibiting Beclin-1-mediated autophagy. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1030-8. [PMID: 26935807 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemoresistance of colon cancer cells limits the efficacy of chemotherapy. miR-409-3p has been shown to be downregulated in various types of cancer. In the present study, we examined the role of miR-409-3p in colon cancer as well as the effects of miR‑409-3p on the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to oxaliplatin. The expression of miR-409 was significantly downregulated in the human colon cancer cell lines compared with the normal colon epithelial cells. Importantly, the miR-409-3p expression levels were lower in human colon cancer patient samples than in normal colon tissues. Moreover, we observed a negative correlation between the miR‑409-3p levels and resistance to oxaliplatin: the oxaliplatin-resistant colon cancer cells exhibited significantly downregulated miR‑409-3p levels, but higher autophagic activity than the oxaliplatin-sensitive cells. Using bioinformatics analysis, we predicted that miR‑409-3p miRNA binds to the key autophagy gene encoding Beclin-1. Our findings indicated that the overexpression of miR‑409-3p inhibited Beclin-1 expression and autophagic activity by binding to the 3'-untranslated region of Beclin-1 mRNA. In addition, the overexpression of miR‑409-3p enhanced the chemosensitivity of the oxaliplatin-sensitive and oxaliplatin-resistant colon cancer cells. The restoration of Beclin-1 abrogated these effects of miR‑409-3p. In a xenograft model using nude mice, we examined the effects of miR‑409-3p on tumor growth during chemotherapy. miR‑409-3p overexpression sensitized the tumor to chemotherapy, while inhibiting chemotherapy-induced autophagy in a manner dependent on Beclin-1. The findings of our study suggest that miR-409-3p is capable of enhancing the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells by inhibiting Beclin-1-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifan Tan
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Mingchen Ba
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Shengqv Lin
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Tang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Zeng
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Xiangliang Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
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43
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Shen X, Kan S, Hu J, Li M, Lu G, Zhang M, Zhang S, Hou Y, Chen Y, Bai Y. EMC6/TMEM93 suppresses glioblastoma proliferation by modulating autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2043. [PMID: 26775697 PMCID: PMC4816184 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
EMC6 (endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex subunit 6), also known as transmembrane protein 93, is a novel positive autophagy regulator. In this report, we evaluated the anti-tumor activity of EMC6 in glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Our data show that overexpression of EMC6 in three glioblastoma cell lines (SHG44, U87 and U251) suppresses tumor cell growth by activating autophagy, but fails to induce cell apoptosis. EMC6-mediated autophagy was associated with inactivation of the PIK3CA/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Accordingly, EMC6 knockdown in glioblastoma cells had the opposite effect; it promoted cell growth. Overexpression of EMC6 also sensitized glioblastoma cells to the chemotherapy drug, temozolomide, to further suppress tumor growth. Our data indicate that EMC6-induced autophagy may play a positive role in suppressing the development of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - S Kan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - J Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - G Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Y Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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44
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Bao Z, Qiu X, Wang D, Ban N, Fan S, Chen W, Sun J, Xing W, Wang Y, Cui G. High expression of adenylate cyclase-associated protein 1 accelerates the proliferation, migration and invasion of neural glioma cells. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:264-73. [PMID: 26810579 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1), a conserved member of cyclase-associated proteins was reported to be associated with the proliferation, migration or invasion of the tumors of pancreas, breast and liver, and was involved in astrocyte proliferation after acute Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). In this study, we sought to investigate the character of CAP1 in the pathological process of human glioma by detecting human glioma specimens and cell lines. 43 of 100 specimens showed high expression of CAP1 via immunohistochemistry. With statistics analysis, we found out the expression level of CAP1 was correlated with the WHO grades of human glioma and was great positively related to Ki-67 (p<0.01). In vitro, silencing CAP1 in U251 and U87MG, the glioma cell lines with the relatively higher expression of CAP1, induced the proliferation of the cells significantly retarded, migration and invasion as well. Obviously, our results indicated that CAP1 participated in the molecular pathological process of glioma indeed, and in a certain sense, CAP1 might be a potential and promising molecular target for glioma diagnosis and therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Donglin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Ban
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaochen Fan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikang Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Resveratrol, a potential radiation sensitizer for glioma stem cells both in vitro and in vivo. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 129:216-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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46
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Bao Z, Wang Y, Yang L, Wang L, Zhu L, Ban N, Fan S, Chen W, Sun J, Shen C, Cui G. Nucleostemin promotes the proliferation of human glioma via Wnt/β-Catenin pathway. Neuropathology 2015; 36:237-49. [PMID: 26607678 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleostemin, nucleolar guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein 3, is a member of the MMR1/HSR1 GTP-binding protein family. The important roles of nucleostemin in self-renewal, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and cell proliferation of various cancer types as been shown. Nevertheless, its expression and potential functions in human glioma is still unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that up-regulation of nucleostemin was tightly related to poor 5-year-survival ratios. In serum-starved and re-feeding models of U251 and U373MG, we observed the rising expression of nucleostemin and p-β-Catenin (p-Tyr645) were accompanied with cell proliferation markers (cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)). Employing nucleostemin-depletion models, we found down-regulated nucleostemin and p-β-Catenin. The flow cytometry analysis proved the weakened cell proliferation. Moreover, we detected the translocation of β-Catenin into the nucleus was impaired, meaning the inhibition of the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway. Taken together, we identified a positive correlation between up-regulation of nucleostemin and human glioma cell proliferation and that knocking-down nucleostemin alleviated glioma proliferation by reducing β-Catenin transportation into the nucleus. All results suggested that nucleostemin might accelerate human glioma proliferation via the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Bao
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Yang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianxin Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Ban
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaochen Fan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyan Shen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cui
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Therapeutic Implications for Overcoming Radiation Resistance in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26880-913. [PMID: 26569225 PMCID: PMC4661850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR), such as X-rays and gamma (γ)-rays, mediates various forms of cancer cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, mitotic catastrophe, and senescence. Among them, apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe are the main mechanisms of IR action. DNA damage and genomic instability contribute to IR-induced cancer cell death. Although IR therapy may be curative in a number of cancer types, the resistance of cancer cells to radiation remains a major therapeutic problem. In this review, we describe the morphological and molecular aspects of various IR-induced types of cell death. We also discuss cytogenetic variations representative of IR-induced DNA damage and genomic instability. Most importantly, we focus on several pathways and their associated marker proteins responsible for cancer resistance and its therapeutic implications in terms of cancer cell death of various types and characteristics. Finally, we propose radiation-sensitization strategies, such as the modification of fractionation, inflammation, and hypoxia and the combined treatment, that can counteract the resistance of tumors to IR.
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Kuger S, Flentje M, Djuzenova CS. Simultaneous perturbation of the MAPK and the PI3K/mTOR pathways does not lead to increased radiosensitization. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10:214. [PMID: 26498922 PMCID: PMC4619315 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-015-0514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways are intertwined on various levels and simultaneous inhibition reduces tumorsize and prolonges survival synergistically. Furthermore, inhibiting these pathways radiosensitized cancer cells in various studies. To assess, if phenotypic changes after perturbations of this signaling network depend on the genetic background, we integrated a time series of the signaling data with phenotypic data after simultaneous MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) and PI3K/mTOR inhibition and ionizing radiation (IR). Methods The MEK inhibitor AZD6244 and the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 were tested in glioblastoma and lung carcinoma cells, which differ in their mutational status in the MAPK and the PI3K/mTOR pathways. Effects of AZD6244 and NVP-BEZ235 on the proliferation were assessed using an ATP assay. Drug treatment and IR effects on the signaling network were analyzed in a time-dependent manner along with measurements of phenotypic changes in the colony forming ability, apoptosis, autophagy or cell cycle. Results Both inhibitors reduced the tumor cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, with NVP-BEZ235 revealing the higher anti-proliferative potential. Our Western blot data indicated that AZD6244 and NVP-BEZ235 perturbed the MAPK and PI3K/mTOR signaling cascades, respectively. Additionally, we confirmed crosstalks and feedback loops in the pathways. As shown by colony forming assay, the AZD6244 moderately radiosensitized cancer cells, whereas NVP-BEZ235 caused a stronger radiosensitization. Combining both drugs did not enhance the NVP-BEZ235-mediated radiosensitization. Both inhibitors caused a cell cycle arrest in the G1-phase, whereas concomitant IR and treatment with the inhibitors resulted in cell line- and drug-specific cell cycle alterations. Furthermore, combining both inhibitors synergistically enhanced a G1-phase arrest in sham-irradiated glioblastoma cells and induced apoptosis and autophagy in both cell lines. Conclusion Perturbations of the MEK and the PI3K pathway radiosensitized tumor cells of different origins and the combination of AZD6244 and NVP-BEZ235 yielded cytostatic effects in several tumor entities. However, this is the first study assessing, if the combination of both drugs also results in synergistic effects in terms of radiosensitivity. Our study demonstrates that simultaneous treatment with both pathway inhibitors does not lead to synergistic radiosensitization but causes cell line-specific effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13014-015-0514-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kuger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cholpon S Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Khandelwal VKM, Mitrofan LM, Hyttinen JMT, Chaudhari KR, Buccione R, Kaarniranta K, Ravingerová T, Mönkkönen J. Oxidative stress plays an important role in zoledronic acid-induced autophagy. Physiol Res 2015; 63:S601-12. [PMID: 25669691 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated zoledronic acid (Zol), which regulates the mevalonate pathway, has efficient anti-cancer effects. Zol can also induce autophagy. The aim of this study is to add new understanding to the mechanism of autophagy induction by Zol. LC3B-II, the marker for autophagy was increased by Zol treatment in breast cancer cells. Autophagosomes induced by Zol were visualized and quantified in both transient (pDendra2-hLC3) and stable MCF-7-GFP-LC3 cell lines. Acidic vesicular organelles were quantified using acridine orange. Zol induced a dose and time dependent autophagy. Treatment of Zol increased oxidative stress in MCF-7 cells, which was reversed by GGOH or anti-oxidants. On the other hand, treatment with GGOH or anti-oxidants resulted in decreased levels of LC3B-II. Further, the induced autophagy was irreversible, as the washout of Zol after 2 h or 24 h resulted in similar levels of autophagy, as induced by continuous treatment after 72 h. Thus, it can be summarized that Zol can induce a dose dependent but irreversible autophagy, by its effect on the mevalonate pathway and oxidative stress. This study adds to the understanding of the mechanism of action of Zol, and that it can induce autophagy at clinically relevant shorter exposure times in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K M Khandelwal
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences and Centre of Excellence of SAS, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Liu K, Zhang Q, Lan H, Wang L, Mou P, Shao W, Liu D, Yang W, Lin Z, Lin Q, Ji T. GCN5 Potentiates Glioma Proliferation and Invasion via STAT3 and AKT Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21897-910. [PMID: 26378521 PMCID: PMC4613287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The general control of nucleotide synthesis 5 (GCN5), which is one kind of lysine acetyltransferases, regulates a number of cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle and DNA damage repair. However, its biological role in human glioma development remains elusive. In the present study, we firstly reported that GCN5 was frequently overexpressed in human glioma tissues and GCN5 was positively correlated with proliferation of cell nuclear antigen PCNA and matrix metallopeptidase MMP9. Meanwhile, down-regulation of GCN5 by siRNA interfering inhibited glioma cell proliferation and invasion. In addition, GCN5 knockdown reduced expression of p-STAT3, p-AKT, PCNA and MMP9 and increased the expression of p21 in glioma cells. In conclusion, GCN5 exhibited critical roles in glioma development by regulating cell proliferation and invasion, which suggested that GCN5 might be a potential molecular target for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China.
- Chinese People's Liberation Army No. 174 Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China.
- Chinese People's Liberation Army No. 174 Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Haitao Lan
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army No. 174 Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Pengfei Mou
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China.
- Chinese People's Liberation Army No. 174 Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China.
- Chinese People's Liberation Army No. 174 Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China.
- Chinese People's Liberation Army No. 174 Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Wensheng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China.
- Chinese People's Liberation Army No. 174 Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China.
- Chinese People's Liberation Army No. 174 Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Qingyuan Lin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China.
- Chinese People's Liberation Army No. 174 Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Tianhai Ji
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China.
- Chinese People's Liberation Army No. 174 Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Xiamen 361000, China.
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