1
|
Lan P, Li M, Wang Y, Wang J, Li L, Zhang S, Zhang X, Ran C, Zheng J, Gong H. Y-box protein-1 modulates circSPECC1 to promote glioma tumorigenesis via miR-615-5p/HIP1/AKT axis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1902-1912. [PMID: 37994157 PMCID: PMC10753359 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is upregulated in glioma and plays an important role in its occurrence and drug resistance. However, the involved regulatory processes and downstream pathways are still unclear. Since various circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) also play roles in the pathogenesis of glioma, we hypothesize that YB-1 may exert its function through a circRNA-miRNA-protein interaction network. In this study, we use the RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation assay and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to determine the circRNAs involved in the regulation of YB-1 and further elucidate their biological functions. The level of circSPECC1 (hsa_circ_0000745) modulated by YB-1 is significantly upregulated in the U251 and U87 glioma cell lines. Downregulation of circSPECC1 markedly inhibits the proliferation and invasiveness of U251 and U87 cells by inducing apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that miR-615-5p could interact with circSPECC1 and huntingtin-interacting protein-1 (HIP-1). Then we determine the interactions between miR-615-5p, circSPECC1, and HIP1 using dual luciferase reporter system and pull-down assays. Mechanistic analysis indicates that the downregulation of circSPECC1 results in a decreased HIP1 expression. This study demonstrates that circSPECC1 modulated by YB-1 is increased in glioma cell lines. In addition, circSPECC1 promotes glioma growth through the upregulation of HIP1 by sponging miR-615-5p and targeting the HIP1/AKT pathway. This indicates that YB-1 and circSPECC1 may both be promising targets for glioma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lan
- Department of NephrologyHospital of Nephrologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an710061China
| | - Meihe Li
- Department of Renal TransplantationHospital of Nephrologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an710061China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Renal TransplantationHospital of Nephrologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an710061China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Renal TransplantationHospital of Nephrologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an710061China
| | - Luyao Li
- Department of Pathologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an710061China
| | - Sha Zhang
- Department of Pathologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an710061China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pathologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an710061China
| | - Caihong Ran
- Department of PathologyNgari Prefecture People’s HospitalNgari Prefecture 859099China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Department of Renal TransplantationHospital of Nephrologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an710061China
| | - Huilin Gong
- Department of Pathologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an710061China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Chen G, Liu B, Tao Z, Wu Y, Zhang K, Feng Z, Huang Y, Wang H. PLK1 inhibition promotes apoptosis and DNA damage in glioma stem cells by regulating the nuclear translocation of YBX1. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:68. [PMID: 36805592 PMCID: PMC9938146 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are the important cause of tumorigenesis, recurrence, and chemo(radio)resistance in glioma. Targeting GSCs helps improve the outcomes of glioma treatment. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family, which is highly conserved. In recent years, it has been suggested that increased levels of PLK1 and its activity are associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. We aimed to identify whether PLK1 plays a critical role in stemness maintenance and apoptosis regulation in GSCs. Here we identify that PLK1 inhibition can induce apoptosis and DNA damage of GSCs, we have also delineat the possible underlying molecular mechanisms: PLK1 interacts with YBX1 and directly phosphorylates serine 174 and serine 176 of YBX1. Inhibition of PLK1 reduces the phosphorylation level of YBX1, and decreased phosphorylation of YBX1 prevents its nuclear translocation, thereby inducing apoptosis and DNA damage of GSCs. We confirmed that YBX1 knockdown resulted in the apoptosis and DNA damage of GSCs. These findings uncover that PLK1 inhibition induces cell apoptosis and DNA damage in GSCs through YBX1 phosphorylation, providing new insights into the mechanism by which PLK1 inhibition contributes to the apoptosis of and DNA damage in gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Li
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Department of Neurosurgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Guangliang Chen
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Bin Liu
- grid.469564.cDepartment of Neurosurgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007 China
| | - Zhennan Tao
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Kai Zhang
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Zibin Feng
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Yulun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Drug Resistance in Medulloblastoma Is Driven by YB-1, ABCB1 and a Seven-Gene Drug Signature. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041086. [PMID: 36831428 PMCID: PMC9954169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy resistance represents an unmet challenge in the treatment of medulloblastoma. Accordingly, the identification of targets that mark drug-resistant cell populations, or drive the proliferation of resistant cells, may improve treatment strategies. To address this, we undertook a targeted approach focused on the multi-functional transcription factor YB-1. Genetic knockdown of YB-1 in Group 3 medulloblastoma cell lines diminished cell invasion in 3D in vitro assays and increased sensitivity to standard-of-care chemotherapeutic vincristine and anti-cancer agents panobinostat and JQ1. For vincristine, this occurred in part by YB-1-mediated transcriptional regulation of multi-drug resistance gene ABCB1, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Whole transcriptome sequencing of YB-1 knockdown cells identified a role for YB-1 in the regulation of tumourigenic processes, including lipid metabolism, cell death and survival and MYC and mTOR pathways. Stable cisplatin- and vincristine-tolerant Group 3 and SHH cell lines were generated to identify additional mechanisms driving resistance to standard-of-care medulloblastoma therapy. Next-generation sequencing revealed a vastly different transcriptomic landscape following chronic drug exposure, including a drug-tolerant seven-gene expression signature, common to all sequenced drug-tolerant cell lines, representing therapeutically targetable genes implicated in the acquisition of drug tolerance. Our findings provide significant insight into mechanisms and genes underlying therapy resistance in medulloblastoma.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chatterjee D, Chakrabarti O. Role of stress granules in modulating senescence and promoting cancer progression: Special emphasis on glioma. Int J Cancer 2021; 150:551-561. [PMID: 34460104 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) contain mRNAs and proteins stalled in translation during stress; these are increasingly being implicated in diseases, including neurological disorders and cancer. The dysregulated assembly, persistence, disassembly and clearance of SGs contribute to the process of senescence. Senescence has long been a mysterious player in cellular physiology and associated diseases. The systemic process of aging has been pivotal in the development of various neurological disorders like age-related neuropathy, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Glioma is a cancer of neurological origin with a very poor prognosis and high rate of recurrence, SGs have only recently been implicated in its pathogenesis. Senescence has long been established to play an antitumorigenic role, however, relatively less studied is its protumorigenic importance. Here, we have evaluated the existing literature to assess the crosstalk of the two biological phenomena of senescence and SG formation in the context of tumorigenesis. In this review, we have attempted to analyze the contribution of senescence in regulating diverse cellular processes, like, senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), microtubular reorganization, telomeric alteration, autophagic clearance and how intricately these phenomena are tied with the formation of SGs. Finally, we propose that interplay between senescence, its contributing factors and the genesis of SGs can drive tumorigenicity of gliomas, which can potentially be utilized for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debmita Chatterjee
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - Oishee Chakrabarti
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alkrekshi A, Wang W, Rana PS, Markovic V, Sossey-Alaoui K. A comprehensive review of the functions of YB-1 in cancer stemness, metastasis and drug resistance. Cell Signal 2021; 85:110073. [PMID: 34224843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Y Box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is a member of the highly conserved Cold Shock Domain protein family with multifunctional properties both in the cytoplasm and inside the nucleus. YB-1 is also involved in various cellular functions, including regulation of transcription, mRNA stability, and splicing. Recent studies have associated YB-1 with the regulation of the malignant phenotypes in several tumor types. In this review article, we provide an in-depth and expansive review of the literature pertaining to the multiple physiological functions of YB-1. We will also review the role of YB-1 in cancer development, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance in various malignancies, with more weight on literature published in the last decade. The methodology included querying databases PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar for Y box binding protein 1, YB-1, YBX1, and Y-box-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akram Alkrekshi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.; MetroHealth Medical Center, Rammelkamp Center for Research, R457, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.; MetroHealth Medical Center, Rammelkamp Center for Research, R457, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Priyanka Shailendra Rana
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.; MetroHealth Medical Center, Rammelkamp Center for Research, R457, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Vesna Markovic
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Rammelkamp Center for Research, R457, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Khalid Sossey-Alaoui
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.; MetroHealth Medical Center, Rammelkamp Center for Research, R457, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lettau K, Khozooei S, Kosnopfel C, Zips D, Schittek B, Toulany M. Targeting the Y-box Binding Protein-1 Axis to Overcome Radiochemotherapy Resistance in Solid Tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:1072-1087. [PMID: 34166770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is highly expressed in different human solid tumors and is involved in various cellular processes. DNA damage is the major mechanism by which radiochemotherapy (RCT) induces cell death. On induction of DNA damage, a multicomponent signal transduction network, known as the DNA damage response, is activated to induce cell cycle arrest and initiate DNA repair, which protects cells against damage. YB-1 regulates nearly all cancer hallmarks described to date by participating in DNA damage response, gene transcription, mRNA splicing, translation, and tumor stemness. YB-1 lacks kinase activity, and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase and AKT are the key kinases within the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways that directly activate YB-1. Thus, the molecular targeting of ribosomal S6 kinase and AKT is thought to be the most effective strategy for blocking the cellular function of YB-1 in human solid tumors. In this review, after describing the prosurvival effect of YB-1 with a focus on DNA damage repair and cancer cell stemness, clinical evidence will be provided indicating an inverse correlation between YB-1 expression and the treatment outcome of solid tumors after RCT. In the interest of being concise, YB-1 signaling cascades will be briefly discussed and the current literature on YB-1 posttranslational modifications will be summarized. Finally, the current status of targeting the YB-1 axis, especially in combination with RCT, will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Lettau
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tübingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shayan Khozooei
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tübingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Kosnopfel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tübingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Toulany
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tübingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Y-Box Binding Protein-1: A Neglected Target in Pediatric Brain Tumors? Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:375-387. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Lou L, Wang J, Lv F, Wang G, Li Y, Xing L, Shen H, Zhang X. Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) promotes gefitinib resistance in lung adenocarcinoma cells by activating AKT signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through targeting major vault protein (MVP). Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 44:109-133. [PMID: 32894437 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gefitinib is a first-line treatment option for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated lung adenocarcinoma. However, most patients inevitably develop gefitinib resistance. The mechanism underlying this resistance is not fully understood. Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) has been reported to play a role in modulating drug sensitivity, but its role in gefitinib resistance is currently unknown. Here, we investigated the role of YB-1 in gefitinib resistance of lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS We determined the expression of YB-1, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and AKT signaling markers, as well as the viability of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines bearing mutant (HCC827, PC-9) or wild-type (H1299) EGFR. We also evaluated PC-9 cell migration and invasion using transwell assays. The clinical importance of YB-1 and major vault protein (MVP) was evaluated using primary lung adenocarcinoma patient samples. RESULTS We found that YB-1 was significantly upregulated in gefitinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells compared to gefitinib-sensitive cells. YB-1 augmented gefitinib resistance by activating the AKT pathway and promoting EMT. Decreased migration and invasion was observed upon MVP silencing in YB-1-overexpressing PC-9 cells, as well as restored gefitinib sensitivity. A retrospective analysis of 85 patients with lung adenocarcinoma revealed that YB-1 levels were significantly increased in tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-resistant patients compared to those in TKI-sensitive patients, indicating that YB-1 may serve as a biomarker to clinically predict acquired gefitinib resistance. CONCLUSION YB-1 activates AKT signaling and promotes EMT at least in part by directly activating MVP. Hence, targeting the YB-1/MVP axis may help to overcome gefitinib resistance in lung adenocarcinoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, 050000, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengzhu Lv
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxiao Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, 050000, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gong H, Gao S, Yu C, Li M, Liu P, Zhang G, Song J, Zheng J. Effect and mechanism of YB-1 knockdown on glioma cell growth, migration, and apoptosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:168-179. [PMID: 32047913 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is manifested as its involvement in cell proliferation and differentiation and malignant cell transformation. Overexpression of YB-1 is associated with glioma progression and patient survival. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of YB-1 knockdown on glioma cell progression and reveal the mechanisms of YB-1 knockdown on glioma cell growth, migration, and apoptosis. It was found that the knockdown of YB-1 decreased the mRNA and protein levels of YB-1 in U251 glioma cells. The knockdown of YB-1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Proteome and phosphoproteome data revealed that YB-1 is involved in glioma progression through regulating the expression and phosphorylation of major proteins involved in cell cycle, adhesion, and apoptosis. The main regulated proteins included CCNB1, CCNDBP1, CDK2, CDK3, ADGRG1, CDH-2, MMP14, AIFM1, HO-1, and BAX. Furthermore, it was also found that YB-1 knockdown is associated with the hypo-phosphorylation of ErbB, mTOR, HIF-1, cGMP-PKG, and insulin signaling pathways, and proteoglycans in cancer. Our findings indicated that YB-1 plays a key role in glioma progression in multiple ways, including regulating the expression and phosphorylation of major proteins associated with cell cycle, adhesion, and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Gong
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Kidney Transplant, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Chenghuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Meihe Li
- Department of Kidney Transplant, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jinning Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Department of Kidney Transplant, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Czolk R, Schwarz N, Koch H, Schötterl S, Wuttke TV, Holm PS, Huber SM, Naumann U. Irradiation enhances the therapeutic effect of the oncolytic adenovirus XVir-N-31 in brain tumor initiating cells. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1484-1494. [PMID: 31432139 PMCID: PMC6713431 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virotherapy using oncolytic viruses is an upcoming therapy strategy for cancer treatment. A variety of preclinical and clinical trials have indicated that adenoviruses may be used as potent agents in the treatment of a variety of cancers, and also for the treatment of brain tumors. In these studies, it has also been shown that oncovirotherapy is safe in terms of toxicity and side effects. In addition, previous studies have presented evidence for a significant role of oncovirotherapy in the activation of anti‑tumor immune responses. With regard to oncolytic adenoviruses, we have demonstrated previously that the multifunctional protein Y‑box binding protein‑1 (YB‑1) is a potent factor that was used to develop an YB‑1‑dependent oncolytic adenovirus (XVir‑N‑31). XVir‑N‑31 provides the opportunity for tumor‑selective replication and exhibited marked oncolytic properties in a mouse glioma tumor model using therapy‑resistant brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs). In a number of, but not all, patients with glioma, YB‑1 is primarily located in the nucleus; this promotes XVir‑N‑31‑replication and subsequently tumor cell lysis. However, in certain BTICs, only a small amount of YB‑1 has been identified to be nuclear, and therefore virus replication is suboptimal. YB‑1 in BTICs was demonstrated to be translocated into the nucleus following irradiation, which was accompanied by an enhancement in XVir‑N‑31 production. R28 glioma spheres implanted in living organotypic human brain slices exhibited a significantly delayed growth rate when pre‑irradiated prior to XVir‑N‑31‑infection as compared with single treatment methods. Consistent with the in vitro data, R28 glioma‑bearing mice exhibited a prolonged mean and median survival following single tumor irradiation prior to intratumoral XVir‑N‑31 injection, compared with the single treatment methods. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that in an experimental glioma model, tumor irradiation strengthened the effect of an XVir‑N‑31‑based oncovirotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Czolk
- Department of Vascular Neurology, Laboratory for Molecular Neuro‑Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen NeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Schwarz
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen NeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Henner Koch
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen NeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Schötterl
- Department of Vascular Neurology, Laboratory for Molecular Neuro‑Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen NeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas V Wuttke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Per S Holm
- Department of Urology, Hospital 'Rechts der Isar', Technical University of Munich, D‑81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Department of Vascular Neurology, Laboratory for Molecular Neuro‑Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen NeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Altered transcriptional regulatory proteins in glioblastoma and YBX1 as a potential regulator of tumor invasion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10986. [PMID: 31358880 PMCID: PMC6662741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied differentially regulated nuclear proteome of the clinical tissue specimens of glioblastoma (GBM, WHO Grade IV) and lower grades of gliomas (Grade II and III) using high resolution mass spectrometry- based quantitative proteomics approach. The results showed altered expression of many regulatory proteins from the nucleus such as DNA binding proteins, transcription and post transcriptional processing factors and also included enrichment of nuclear proteins that are targets of granzyme signaling – an immune surveillance pathway. Protein - protein interaction network analysis using integrated proteomics and transcriptomics data of transcription factors and proteins for cell invasion process (drawn from another GBM dataset) revealed YBX1, a ubiquitous RNA and DNA-binding protein and a transcription factor, as a key interactor of major cell invasion-associated proteins from GBM. To verify the regulatory link between them, the co-expression of YBX1 and six of the interacting proteins (EGFR, MAPK1, CD44, SOX2, TNC and MMP13) involved in cell invasion network was examined by immunohistochemistry on tissue micro arrays. Our analysis suggests YBX1 as a potential regulator of these key molecules involved in tumor invasion and thus as a promising target for development of new therapeutic strategies for GBM.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang W, Du M, Wang T, Chen W, Wu J, Li Q, Tian X, Qian L, Wang Y, Peng F, Fei Q, Chen J, He X, Yin L. Long non-coding RNA LINC01133 mediates nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumorigenesis by binding to YBX1. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:779-790. [PMID: 31106003 PMCID: PMC6511644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported as the vital regulators of various cancers including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). An increasing number of studies have suggested that lncRNA LINC01133 is dysregulated and involved in human carcinogenesis. However, the roles of LINC01133 in NPC remain largely unknown. In this work, we demonstrated that LINC01133 was significantly downregulated in NPC tissues and cell lines. Loss and gain of function experiments provided evidence that LINC01133 inhibited NPC cell proliferation, invasion and migration both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay was performed to determine the localization of LINC01133 and LINC01133 was observed mainly distributed in the nucleus. Importantly, RNA pull-down and RIP assays showed that LINC01133 directly combined with YBX1, and YBX1 can partly reverse the repression of NPC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion caused by LINC01133. Collectively, our exploration indicate that LINC01133 inhibits the malignant-biological behavior of NPC cells by binding to YBX1, thereby suggesting a novel biomarker for the NPC prognosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyu Du
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Li
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaokang Tian
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Xuzhou Medical University209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luxi Qian
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fanyu Peng
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Fei
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Xuzhou Medical University209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia He
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Yin
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research42 Bai Zi Ting Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kosnopfel C, Sinnberg T, Sauer B, Busch C, Niessner H, Schmitt A, Forchhammer S, Grimmel C, Mertens PR, Hailfinger S, Dunn SE, Garbe C, Schittek B. YB-1 Expression and Phosphorylation Regulate Tumorigenicity and Invasiveness in Melanoma by Influencing EMT. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1149-1160. [PMID: 29743296 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma represents one of the most aggressive human tumor entities possessing a high tendency to metastasize. Cancer cells frequently exploit a highly conserved developmental program, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), to gain migratory and invasive properties promoting their metastatic spread. Cytoplasmic localization of the oncogenic transcription and translation factor Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is a powerful inducer of EMT in breast carcinoma cells. Interestingly, EMT-like processes have also been observed in cutaneous melanoma despite its neural crest origin. Here, increased expression of YB-1 negatively affects patient survival in malignant melanoma and promotes melanoma cell tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo Intriguingly, this effect seems to be mainly mediated by cytoplasmic YB-1 that does not exhibit phosphorylation at serine-102 (S102). Moreover, S102 unphosphorylated YB-1 enhances the migratory and invasive potential of human melanoma cells in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture systems and facilitates acquisition of a mesenchymal-like invasive phenotype in the chick embryo model. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the cytoplasmic activity of YB-1 stimulates tumorigenicity and metastatic potential of melanoma cells by promoting EMT-like properties.Implications: This study reveals for the first time that YB-1 efficiently drives tumorigenicity and invasiveness of melanoma cells in its S102 unphosphorylated cytoplasmic state and that YB-1 expression represents a negative prognostic factor in primary melanoma patients. Mol Cancer Res; 16(7); 1149-60. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Kosnopfel
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Sinnberg
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Sauer
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Busch
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Dermateam, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Heike Niessner
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Schmitt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Forchhammer
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Grimmel
- FACS Core Facility, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hailfinger
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra E Dunn
- Phoenix Molecular Designs, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Claus Garbe
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vaklavas C, Blume SW, Grizzle WE. Translational Dysregulation in Cancer: Molecular Insights and Potential Clinical Applications in Biomarker Development. Front Oncol 2017; 7:158. [PMID: 28798901 PMCID: PMC5526920 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although transcript levels have been traditionally used as a surrogate measure of gene expression, it is increasingly recognized that the latter is extensively and dynamically modulated at the level of translation (messenger RNA to protein). Over the recent years, significant progress has been made in dissecting the complex posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate gene expression. This advancement in knowledge came hand in hand with the progress made in the methodologies to study translation both at gene-specific as well as global genomic level. The majority of translational control is exerted at the level of initiation; nonetheless, protein synthesis can be modulated at the level of translation elongation, termination, and recycling. Sequence and structural elements and epitranscriptomic modifications of individual transcripts allow for dynamic gene-specific modulation of translation. Cancer cells usurp the regulatory mechanisms that govern translation to carry out translational programs that lead to the phenotypic hallmarks of cancer. Translation is a critical nexus in neoplastic transformation. Multiple oncogenes and signaling pathways that are activated, upregulated, or mutated in cancer converge on translation and their transformative impact "bottlenecks" at the level of translation. Moreover, this translational dysregulation allows cancer cells to adapt to a diverse array of stresses associated with a hostile microenviroment and antitumor therapies. All elements involved in the process of translation, from the transcriptional template, the components of the translational machinery, to the proteins that interact with the transcriptome, have been found to be qualitatively and/or quantitatively perturbed in cancer. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms that govern translation in normal cells and how translation becomes dysregulated in cancer leading to the phenotypic hallmarks of malignancy. We also discuss how dysregulated mediators or components of translation can be utilized as biomarkers with potential diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive significance. Such biomarkers have the potential advantage of uniform applicability in the face of inherent tumor heterogeneity and deoxyribonucleic acid instability. As translation becomes increasingly recognized as a process gone awry in cancer and agents are developed to target it, the utility and significance of these potential biomarkers is expected to increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Vaklavas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Scott W Blume
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - William E Grizzle
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao X, Liu Y, Yu S. Long noncoding RNA AWPPH promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through YBX1 and serves as a prognostic biomarker. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1805-1816. [PMID: 28428004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in various cancers. However, the clinical significances and biological roles of lncRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain largely unknown. In this study, using online-available data sets and quantitative real-time PCR, we identified a novel lncRNA termed lncRNA-AWPPH, which is highly expressed in HCC tissues. Its upregulation is correlated with encapsulation incomplete, microvascular invasion, advanced TNM stage and BCLC stage. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that high lncRNA-AWPPH expression is an independent prognostic factor for poor recurrence-free and overall survival. Functional experiments showed that overexpression of lncRNA-AWPPH promotes HCC cell proliferation and migration in vitro, and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Conversely, depletion of lncRNA-AWPPH has opposite effects on HCC. Mechanistically, lncRNA-AWPPH interacts with YBX1, promotes YBX1-mediated activation of SNAIL1 translation, and upregulates SNAIL1 expression. Furthermore, lncRNA-AWPPH promotes YBX1-mediated activation of PIK3CA transcription, upregulates PIK3CA expression, and activates PI3K/AKT pathway. Depletion of YBX1 abolishes the effects of lncRNA-AWPPH on SNAIL1 and PIK3CA, and also the biological roles of lncRNA-AWPPH on HCC cells. In conclusion, this study identifies a novel lncRNA termed lncRNA-AWPPH which is highly expressed in HCC, indicates poor prognosis of HCC patients, and promotes HCC cell proliferation, migration, and in vivo tumor growth and metastasis via a novel regulatory mechanism of interacting with YBX1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Peace West Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Yanbo Liu
- The First Department of Surgery, Feixiang Central Hospital, Handan 057550, China
| | - Shuo Yu
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Peace West Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang L, Yuan GL, Liang QL, Zhang HJ, Huang J, Cheng SA, Peng XX. Positive expression of Y-box binding protein 1 and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55613-55621. [PMID: 28903448 PMCID: PMC5589687 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) belongs to the cold shock domain protein family involved in transcription and translation. We conducted a meta-analysis of the association between YB-1 expression and the survival and clinicopathological features in NSCLC. Methods PubMed and Embase were searched to identify studies that evaluated the YB-1 expression (by immunohistochemistry) and overall survival (OS) in NSCLC. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of OS were pooled. Odds ratios (ORs) of clinicopathological features were computed. Meta-analysis was performed using STATA 12.0 software. Results Data on 692 NSCLC patients were collected from six eligible studies. Meta-analysis revealed that YB-1 was associated with worse OS (HR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.27, 2.00], P < 0.001, fixed effect), tumor stage (OR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.22-0.82], P = 0.01, random effect), and depth of invasion (OR = 0.37, 95%CI [0.22-0.63], P < 0.001, fixed effect). A subgroup was analyzed by IHC staining to determine the location of YB-1 positive expression. Poor OS was observed in nucleus staining (pooled HR = 1.86, 95% CI [1.41, 2.45], P < 0.001). However, no statistical significance was observed in combined cytoplasmic and nuclear staining (pooled HR = 1.14, 95% CI [0.76, 1.72], P = 0.536). Conclusions Meta-analysis indicated that YB-1 overexpression is correlated with worse OS and clinicopathological features in NSCLC. Subgroup analysis revealed that the nucleus expression of YB-1 may be more closely associated with NSCLC prognosis than cytoplasmic expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jiang
- Oncology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Gao-Le Yuan
- Oncology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qi-Lian Liang
- Oncology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hui-Jie Zhang
- Oncology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Oncology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shao-Ang Cheng
- Oncology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Peng
- Oncology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|