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Pan Y, Peng Z, Fang Z, Iddrisu L, Sun L, Deng Q, Gooneratne R. A Tripeptide (Ser-Arg-Pro, SRP) from Sipunculus nudus L. Improves Cadmium-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Targeting the MAPK, Inflammatory, and Apoptosis Pathways in Mice. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:286. [PMID: 38921597 PMCID: PMC11204732 DOI: 10.3390/md22060286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that causes nephrosis, including acute kidney injury. To prevent and treat acute kidney injury (AKI) following Cd exposure, a tripeptide, Ser-Arg-Pro (SRP), from Sipunculus nudus L. was employed, and its potential efficacy in AKI was assessed. Oral administration of SRP significantly alleviated Cd-induced kidney damage, leading to improved renal function and the attenuation of structural abnormalities. A network pharmacology analysis revealed the potential of SRP in renal protection by targeting various pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, inflammatory response, and apoptosis pathways. Mechanistic studies indicated that SRP achieves renal protection by inhibiting the activation of MAPK pathways (phosphorylation of p38, p56, ERK, and JNK) in the oxidative stress cascade, suppressing inflammatory responses (iNOS, Arg1, Cox2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), and restoring altered apoptosis factors (caspase-9, caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2). Hence, SRP has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.P.); (L.I.); (L.S.); (Q.D.)
| | - Zhilan Peng
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China;
| | - Zhijia Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.P.); (L.I.); (L.S.); (Q.D.)
| | - Lukman Iddrisu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.P.); (L.I.); (L.S.); (Q.D.)
| | - Lijun Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.P.); (L.I.); (L.S.); (Q.D.)
| | - Qi Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.P.); (L.I.); (L.S.); (Q.D.)
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand;
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Wang H, Gan X, Tang Y. Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Cadmium (Cd)-Induced Malignancy. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04189-2. [PMID: 38683269 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The environmental pollution of cadmium is worsening, and its significant carcinogenic effects on humans have been confirmed. Cadmium can induce cancer through various signaling pathways, including the ERK/JNK/p38MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, and Wnt. It can also cause cancer by directly damaging DNA and inhibiting DNA repair systems, or through epigenetic mechanisms such as abnormal DNA methylation, LncRNA, and microRNA. However, the detailed mechanisms of Cd-induced cancer are still not fully understood and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Wang
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xuehui Gan
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yan Tang
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Ali Hussein M, Kamalakkannan A, Valinezhad K, Kannan J, Paleati N, Saad R, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Munirathinam G. The dynamic face of cadmium-induced Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms, emerging trends, and future directions. Curr Res Toxicol 2024; 6:100166. [PMID: 38706786 PMCID: PMC11068539 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a malleable element with odorless, tasteless characteristics that occurs naturally in the earth's crust, underground water, and soil. The most common reasons for the anthropological release of Cd to the environment include industrial metal mining, smelting, battery manufacturing, fertilizer production, and cigarette smoking. Cadmium-containing products may enter the environment as soluble salts, vapor, or particle forms that accumulate in food, soil, water, and air. Several epidemiological studies have highlighted the association between Cd exposure and adverse health outcomes, especially renal toxicity, and the impact of Cd exposure on the development and progression of carcinogenesis. Also highlighted is the evidence for early-life and even maternal exposure to Cd leading to devastating health outcomes, especially the risk of cancer development in adulthood. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how Cd mediates carcinogenic transformation, including epigenetic alteration, DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modification, dysregulated non-coding RNA, DNA damage in the form of DNA mutation, strand breaks, and chromosomal abnormalities with double-strand break representing the most common DNA form of damage. Cd induces an indirect genotoxic effect by reducing p53's DNA binding activity, eventually impairing DNA repair, inducing downregulation in the expression of DNA repair genes, which might result in carcinogenic transformation, enhancing lipid peroxidation or evasion of antioxidant interference such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione. Moreover, Cd mediates apoptosis evasion, autophagy activation, and survival mechanisms. In this review, we decipher the role of Cd mediating carcinogenic transformation in different models and highlight the interaction between various mechanisms. We also discuss diagnostic markers, therapeutic interventions, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt, 57357 Cairo, Egypt
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology (IGHHE), School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Abishek Kamalakkannan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Kamyab Valinezhad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Jhishnuraj Kannan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Nikhila Paleati
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Undergraduate Studies, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Rama Saad
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - André Kajdacsy-Balla
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gnanasekar Munirathinam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
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4
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Fan YG, Wu TY, Zhao LX, Jia RJ, Ren H, Hou WJ, Wang ZY. From zinc homeostasis to disease progression: Unveiling the neurodegenerative puzzle. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107039. [PMID: 38123108 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is a crucial trace element in the human body, playing a role in various physiological processes such as oxidative stress, neurotransmission, protein synthesis, and DNA repair. The zinc transporters (ZnTs) family members are responsible for exporting intracellular zinc, while Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) are involved in importing extracellular zinc. These processes are essential for maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis. Imbalances in zinc metabolism have been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Disruptions in zinc levels can impact the survival and activity of neurons, thereby contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases through mechanisms like cell apoptosis regulation, protein phase separation, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, conducting a systematic review of the regulatory network of zinc and investigating the relationship between zinc dysmetabolism and neurodegenerative diseases can enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Additionally, it may offer new insights and approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Ting-Yao Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Rong-Jun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Wen-Jia Hou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Akaras N, Ileriturk M, Gur C, Kucukler S, Oz M, Kandemir FM. The protective effects of chrysin on cadmium-induced pulmonary toxicity; a multi-biomarker approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:89479-89494. [PMID: 37453011 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the potential protective effects of chrysin (CHR) on experimental cadmium (Cd)-induced lung toxicity in rats. To this end, rats were divided into five groups; Control, CHR, Cd, Cd + CHR25, Cd + CHR50. In the study, rats were treated with CHR (oral gavage, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) 30 min after giving Cd (oral gavage, 25 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. The effects of Cd and CHR treatments on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, ER stress, apoptosis and tissue damage in rat lung tissues were determined by biochemical and histological methods. Our results revealed that CHR therapy for Cd-administered rats could significantly reduce MDA levels in lung tissue while significantly increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and GSH levels. CHR agent exerted antiinflammatory effect by lowering elevated levels of NF-κB, IL-1β IL-6, TNF-α, RAGE and NRLP3 in Cd-induced lung tissue. Moreover CHR down-regulated Cd-induced ER stress markers (PERK, IRE1, ATF6, CHOP, and GRP78) and apoptosis markers (Caspase-3, Bax) lung tissue. CHR up-regulated the Bcl-2 gene, an anti-apoptotic marker. Besides, CHR attenuated the side effects caused by Cd by modulating histopathological changes such as hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, thickening of the alveolar wall and collagen increase. Immunohistochemically, NF-κB and Caspase-3 expressions were intense in the Cd group, while these expressions were decreased in the Cd + CHR groups. These results suggest that CHR exhibits protective effects against Cd-induced lung toxicity in rats by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and histological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhan Akaras
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Ileriturk
- Department of Animal Science, Horasan Vocational College, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cihan Gur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sefa Kucukler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Oz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Kandemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
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6
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Dai H, Zhang H, Wang H, Niu J, Luo B, Yan J, Li X. The Effect of Smoking Habits on Blood Cadmium and Lead Levels in Residents Living Near a Mining and Smelting Area in Northwest China: a Cross-Sectional Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1101-1111. [PMID: 35499801 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have focused on environmental cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) exposure while exploring the effect of smoking on blood Cd (BCd) and blood Pb (BPb) levels. Moreover, essential trace elements affect the absorption, accumulation, and toxicity of Cd and Pb. To investigate the effect of smoking on BCd and BPb levels under high Cd and Pb exposure and the influence of essential trace elements on the effect, 301 residents living near a mining and smelting area in Northwest China were included in our study. After collecting health information and measuring BCd, BPb, serum iron, magnesium, and total calcium levels, we analyzed the association between smoking and BCd and BPb levels and the influence of the essential trace elements on the association. The results showed that BCd and BPb levels in smokers were significantly higher than those in non-smokers. There was a dose-response association between pack-years and the odds ratios (ORs) of high BCd and BPb levels in all participants compared with non-smokers. Serum iron, magnesium, and calcium had a negative effect on the elevations of the ORs of high BCd and BPb levels. In addition, smoking-related elevations of BCd and BPb levels vary by sex, age, BMI, and age of smoking initiation. Our findings present evidence for the effect of smoking on BCd and BPb levels under high Cd and Pb exposure and may provide guidance for the prevention and control of BCd and BPb elevations in residents living in Cd- and Pb-polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglong Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingping Niu
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Luo
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xun Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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7
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Tan HW, Xu YM, Liang ZL, Cai NL, Wu YY, Lau ATY. Single-gene knockout-coupled omics analysis identifies C9orf85 and CXorf38 as two uncharacterized human proteins associated with ZIP8 malfunction. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:991308. [PMID: 36330220 PMCID: PMC9623088 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.991308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human transmembrane protein metal cation symporter ZIP8 (SLC39A8) is a member of the solute carrier gene family responsible for intracellular transportation of essential micronutrients, including manganese, selenium, and zinc. Previously, we established a ZIP8-knockout (KO) human cell model using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and explored how the expression of ZIP8 could possibly contribute to a wide range of human diseases. To further assess the biophysiological role of ZIP8, in the current study, we employed isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and detected the changes of the proteome in ZIP8-KO cells (proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD036680). A total of 286 differentially expressed proteins (206 downregulated and 80 upregulated proteins) were detected in the ZIP8-KO cell model, and subsequent bioinformatics analyses (GO, KEGG, KOG, and PPI) were performed on these proteins. Interestingly, four "uncharacterized" proteins (proteins with unknown biological function) were identified in the differentially expressed proteins: C1orf198, C9orf85, C17orf75, and CXorf38-all of which were under-expressed in the ZIP8-KO cells. Notably, C9orf85 and CXorf38 were amongst the top-10 most downregulated proteins, and their expressions could be selectively induced by essential micronutrients. Furthermore, clinical-based bioinformatic analysis indicated that positive correlations between the gene expressions of ZIP8 and C9orf85 or CXorf38 were observed in multiple cancer types. Overall, this study reveals the proteomic landscape of cells with impaired ZIP8 and uncovers the potential relationships between essential micronutrients and uncharacterized proteins C9orf85 and CXorf38. The differentially expressed proteins identified in ZIP8-KO cells could be the potential targets for diagnosing and/or treating human ZIP8-associated diseases, including but not limited to malnutrition, viral infection, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wee Tan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Andy T. Y. Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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8
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Protective role of zinc in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 77:427-435. [PMID: 35982216 PMCID: PMC9387421 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. An imbalance of zinc, an essential trace element, is associated with a variety of lung diseases. We reviewed and summarized recent research (human subjects, animal studies, in vitro studies) on zinc in respiratory diseases to explore the protective mechanism of zinc from the perspective of regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and apoptosis. In the lungs, zinc has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral effects; can inhibit cancer cell migration; can regulate lipid metabolism and immune cells; and exerts other protective effects. Our comprehensive evaluation highlights the clinical and experimental effects of zinc in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Our analysis also provides insight into the clinical application of zinc-targeted therapy for respiratory diseases.
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Wu DD, Xu YM, Chen DJ, Liang ZL, Chen XL, Hylkema MN, Rots MG, Li SQ, Lau ATY. Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1/UCHL1 suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and is under-expressed in cadmium-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 37:497-513. [PMID: 33040242 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a highly toxic heavy metal, is widespreadly distributed in the environment. Chronic exposure to Cd is associated with the development of several diseases including cancers. Over the decade, many researches have been carried on various models to examine the acute effects of Cd; yet, limited knowledge is known about the long-term Cd exposure, especially in the human lung cells. Previously, we showed that chronic Cd-exposed human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells exhibited transformed cell properties, such as anchorage-independent growth, augmented cell migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). To study these Cd-transformed cells more comprehensively, here, we further characterized their subproteomes. Overall, a total of 63 differentially expressed proteins between Cd-transformed and passage-matched control cells among the five subcellular fractions (cytoplasmic, membrane, nuclear-soluble, chromatin-bound, and cytoskeletal) were identified by mass spectrometric analysis and database searching. Interestingly, we found that the thiol protease ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 (UCHL1) is one of the severely downregulated proteins in the Cd-transformed cells. Notably, the EMT phenotype of Cd-transformed cells can be suppressed by forced ectopic expression of UCHL1, suggesting UCHL1 as a crucial modulator in the maintenance of the proper differentiation status in lung epithelial cells. Since EMT is considered as a critical step during malignant cell transformation, finding novel cellular targets that can antagonize this transition may lead to more efficient strategies to inhibit cancer development. Our data report for the first time that UCHL1 may play a function in the suppression of EMT in Cd-transformed human lung epithelial cells, indicating that UCHL1 might be a new therapeutic target for chronic Cd-induced carcinogenesis. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Ju Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Ling Liang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Li Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Machteld N Hylkema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne G Rots
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sheng-Qing Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Andy T Y Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Yu HT, Zhen J, Leng JY, Cai L, Ji HL, Keller BB. Zinc as a countermeasure for cadmium toxicity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:340-346. [PMID: 32284539 PMCID: PMC8027184 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an important environmental pollutant and long-term Cd exposure is closely related to autoimmune diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and hepatic dysfunction. Zinc (Zn) is an essential metal that plays key roles in protein structure, catalysis, and regulation of their function. Numerous studies have shown that Zn can reduce Cd toxicity; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been extensively explored. Preclinical studies have revealed direct competition for sarcolemmal uptake between these two metals. Multiple sarcolemmal transporters participate in Cd uptake, including Zn transporters, calcium channels, and DMT1 (divalent metal transporter 1). Zn also induces several protective mechanisms, including MT (metallothionein) induction and favorable redox homeostasis. This review summarizes current knowledge related to the role of Zn and metal transporters in reducing Cd toxicity and discusses potential future directions of related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Yu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Juan Zhen
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Ji-Yan Leng
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hong-Lei Ji
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Bradley B Keller
- Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Cincinnati Children's Heart Institute, Greater Louisville and Western Kentucky Practice, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Zhou H, Zhu Y, Qi H, Liang L, Wu H, Yuan J, Hu Q. Evaluation of the prognostic values of solute carrier (SLC) family 39 genes for patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:5312-5331. [PMID: 33535184 PMCID: PMC7950255 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the first fatality rate of cancer-related death worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the solute carrier family 39 (SLC39A) genes as biological markers associated with the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). METHODS AND MATERIALS MRNA expression of SLC39A genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was analyzed using UCSC database. We investigated the overall survival (OS) of SLC39A genes in patients with NSCLC as the only prognostic indicator using the Kaplan-Meier plotter. CERES score obtained from the Project Achilles was used to perform the survival analysis. Crystal violet-glutaraldehyde solution staining and CCK-8 assay were used to determine colony formation and cell viability, respectively. RESULTS For patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma, only high expression of SLC39A3, SLC39A4 and SLC39A7 have significant affections to the prognosis. But for patients with LUAD, 11 out of 14 SLC39A genes were significantly associated with prognostic values. Additional analysis indicated that SLC39A7 played an essential role for cell survival of LUAD. Furthermore, SLC39A7 high expression in LUAD was associated with current smoking. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that SLC39A groups were significantly associated with prognosis of LUAD. The SLC39A7 gene was significantly linked with survival and growth of LUAD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yaoqi Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, TaikangTongji Hospital, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Huizhong Qi
- Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Phychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Qingyong Hu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, P. R. China
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12
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Widhalm R, Ellinger I, Granitzer S, Forsthuber M, Bajtela R, Gelles K, Hartig PY, Hengstschläger M, Zeisler H, Salzer H, Gundacker C. Human placental cell line HTR-8/SVneo accumulates cadmium by divalent metal transporters DMT1 and ZIP14. Metallomics 2020; 12:1822-1833. [PMID: 33146651 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00199f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a global pollutant that accumulates in the placenta and can cause placental dysfunction. Although iron transporters have been suggested to participate in placental Cd uptake, it is still unknown which transporters are actually involved in this process. We specifically aimed to study the role of three iron transporters in the uptake of Cd into the placental cell line HTR-8/SVneo. For this purpose, Divalent Metal Transporter (DMT)1 and ZRT/IRT like protein (ZIP)8 and ZIP14 were downregulated and changes in cellular Cd levels analysed in relation to controls. As clearly shown by the reduction of the Cd content by ∼60% in DMT1- and ZIP14-downregulated cells, the two proteins are essential for Cd accumulation in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Using a validated antibody, we show DMT1 to be localised in situ in trophoblast and stromal cells. We further wanted to investigate how placental cells cope with Cd loading and which metallothionein (MT) isoforms they express. Cd-exposed cells accumulate Cd in a dose-dependent manner and upregulate MT2A accordingly (up to 15-fold induction upon 5 μM CdCl2 treatment for 72 h). 5 μM Cd exposure for 72 h decreased cell number to 60%, an effect that was aggravated by MT2A depletion (cell number reduced to 30%) indicating additive effects. In conclusion, our data suggest that DMT1 and ZIP14 are required for Cd uptake into human placental cells that upregulate MT2A to store and detoxify the metal. Cd storage in the placenta reduces Cd transport to the fetus, which, however, could impair placental functions and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Widhalm
- Karl-Landsteiner Private University for Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
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13
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Lee W, Huang DS, Han K. Constructing cancer patient-specific and group-specific gene networks with multi-omics data. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:81. [PMID: 32854705 PMCID: PMC7450550 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease with many possible genetic and environmental causes. The same treatment for patients of the same cancer type often results in different outcomes in terms of efficacy and side effects of the treatment. Thus, the molecular characterization of individual cancer patients is increasingly important to find an effective treatment. Recently a few methods have been developed to construct cancer sample-specific gene networks based on the difference in the mRNA expression levels between the cancer sample and reference samples. Methods We constructed a patient-specific network with multi-omics data based on the difference between a reference network and a perturbed reference network by the patient. A network specific to a group of patients was obtained using the average change in correlation coefficients and node degree of patient-specific networks of the group. Results In this paper, we present a new method for constructing cancer patient-specific and group-specific gene networks with multi-omics data. The main differences of our method from previous ones are as follows: (1) networks are constructed with multi-omics (mRNA expression, copy number variation, DNA methylation and microRNA expression) data rather than with mRNA expression data alone, (2) background networks are constructed with both normal samples and cancer samples of the specified type to extract cancer-specific gene correlations, and (3) both patient individual-specific networks and patient group-specific networks can be constructed. The results of evaluating our method with several types of cancer show that it constructs more informative and accurate gene networks than previous methods. Conclusions The results of evaluating our method with extensive data of seven cancer types show that the difference of gene correlations between the reference samples and a patient sample is a more predictive feature than mRNA expression levels and that gene networks constructed with multi-omics data show a better performance than those with single omics data in predicting cancer for most cancer types. Our approach will be useful for finding genes and gene pairs to tailor treatments to individual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Lee
- Department of Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - De-Shuang Huang
- Institute of Machine Learning and Systems Biology, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Kyungsook Han
- Department of Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
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14
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Liang ZL, Wu DD, Yao Y, Yu FY, Yang L, Tan HW, Hylkema MN, Rots MG, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Epiproteome profiling of cadmium-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells by quantitative histone post-translational modification-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:888-895. [PMID: 29423916 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a carcinogenic toxic metal, is pervasively distributed in the soil, water and air. Chronic exposure to Cd has been correlated to lung disease development including cancers. Although many studies have been conducted to investigate the proteome response of cells challenged with Cd, the epiproteomic responses (i.e., global histone post-translational modifications [PTMs]), particularly in human lung cells, are largely unexplored. Here, we provide an epiproteome profiling of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) chronically treated with cadmium chloride (CdCl2 ), with the aim of identifying global epiproteomic signatures in response to Cd epigenotoxicity. Total histone proteins from Cd-treated and untreated BEAS-2B cells were isolated and subject to quantitative histone PTM-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using 18 histone PTM antibodies. Our results unveiled that chronic Cd treatment led to the marked downregulation of H3K4me2 and H3K36me3 and upregulation of H3K9acS10ph, H4K5ac, H4K8ac and H4K12ac PTM marks. Cd-treated cells exhibit transformed cell properties as evidenced by enhanced cell migration and the ability of anchorage-independent growth on soft agar. Notably, treatment of Cd-transformed cells with C646, a potent histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, suppressed the expression of mesenchymal marker genes and cell migration ability of these cells. Taken together, our studies provide for the first time the global epiproteomic interrogation of chronic Cd-exposed human lung cells. The identified aberrant histone PTM alterations associated with Cd-induced epigenotoxicity likely account for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and neoplastic survival of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Ling Liang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Yao
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Yuan Yu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Wee Tan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Machteld N Hylkema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne G Rots
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Andy T Y Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
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15
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Aydemir TB, Cousins RJ. The Multiple Faces of the Metal Transporter ZIP14 (SLC39A14). J Nutr 2018; 148:174-184. [PMID: 29490098 PMCID: PMC6251594 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLC39A family of metal transporters was identified through homologies with the Zrt- and Irt-like (ZIP) proteins from yeast and plants. Of all the ZIP transporters, ZIP14 is arguably the most robustly characterized in terms of function at the integrative level. Mice with a global knockout of Zip14 are viable, thus providing the opportunity to conduct physiologic experiments. In mice, Zip14 expression is highly tissue specific, with the greatest abundance in the jejunum > liver > heart > kidney > white adipose tissue > skeletal muscle > spleen > pancreas. A unique feature of Zip14 is its upregulation by proinflammatory conditions, particularly increased interleukin 6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide. The transcription factors AP-1, ATF4, and ATF6α are involved in Zip14 regulation. ZIP14 does not appear to be zinc-regulated. The Zip14 knockout phenotype shows multiple sites of ZIP14 function, including the liver, adipose tissue, brain, pancreas, and bone. A prominent feature of the Zip14 ablation is a reduction in intestinal barrier function and onset of metabolic endotoxemia. Many aspects of the phenotype are accentuated with age and accompany increased circulating IL-6. Studies with 65Zn, 59Fe [nontransferrin-bound iron (NTBI)] and 54Mn show that ZIP14 transports these metals. At a steady state, the plasma concentrations of zinc, NTBI, and manganese are such that zinc ions are the major substrate available for ZIP14 at the cell surface. Upregulation of ZIP14 accounts for the hypozincemia and hepatic zinc accumulation associated with acute inflammation and sepsis and is required for liver regeneration and resistance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Zip14 ablation in mice produces a defect in manganese excretion that leads to excess manganese accumulation in the brain that produces characteristics of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolunay B Aydemir
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department and Center for Nutritional
Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL,Address correspondence to TBA (e-mail: )
| | - Robert J Cousins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department and Center for Nutritional
Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL
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16
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Zheng W, Xu YM, Wu DD, Yao Y, Liang ZL, Tan HW, Lau ATY. Acute and chronic cadmium telluride quantum dots-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells: The effects of particle sizes on their cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:899-903. [PMID: 29137979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting nanocrystals with unique optical properties. When coated with shell/capping, QDs are not deleterious to cells and organisms. However, when QDs are retained in the cellular environment for a certain period of time, their coatings may be degraded, yielding "naked" QDs. Although some studies have documented the acute effects of cadmium telluride (CdTe) QDs in various cell lines, however, to our knowledge, there are no published studies on the chronic effects of CdTe QDs in normal lung cells. In this study, we therefore sought to study the effects of CdTe QDs of various particle sizes on their cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). A total of three particle sizes of CdTe QD with emission maximum at 520, 580, and 730 nm were employed (abbreviated as 520Q, 580Q, and 730Q, respectively). Our results indicated that acute exposure to 520Q (∼2.04 nm in diameter) and 580Q (∼3.24 nm in diameter) elicited dose-dependent cytotoxicity; while acute exposure to 730Q (∼5.40 nm in diameter) elicited negligible cytotoxicity in BEAS-2B cells. Notably, chronic exposure to CdTe QD of all three tested particle sizes induced BEAS-2B cell transformation as evidenced by enhanced cell migration and anchorage-independent growth on soft agar. Taken together, our findings suggest that CdTe QDs are potent human lung carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Yao
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Ling Liang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Wee Tan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Andy T Y Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China.
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