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Ibi A, Chang C, Kuo YC, Zhang Y, Du M, Roh YS, Gahler R, Hardy M, Solnier J. Evaluation of the Metabolite Profile of Fish Oil Omega-3 Fatty Acids (n-3 FAs) in Micellar and Enteric-Coated Forms-A Randomized, Cross-Over Human Study. Metabolites 2024; 14:265. [PMID: 38786742 PMCID: PMC11123365 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14050265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the differences in the metabolite profile of three n-3 FA fish oil formulations in 12 healthy participants: (1) standard softgels (STD) providing 600 mg n-3 FA; (2) enteric-coated softgels (ENT) providing 600 mg n-3 FA; (3) a new micellar formulation (LMF) providing 374 mg n-3 FA. The pharmacokinetics (PKs), such as the area under the plot of plasma concentration (AUC), and the peak blood concentration (Cmax) of the different FA metabolites including HDHAs, HETEs, HEPEs, RvD1, RvD5, RvE1, and RvE2, were determined over a total period of 24 h. Blood concentrations of EPA (26,920.0 ± 10,021.0 ng/mL·h) were significantly higher with respect to AUC0-24 following LMF treatment vs STD and ENT; when measured incrementally, blood concentrations of total n-3 FAs (EPA/DHA/DPA3) up to 11 times higher were observed for LMF vs STD (iAUC 0-24: 16,150.0 ± 5454.0 vs 1498.9 ± 443.0; p ≤ 0.0001). Significant differences in n-3 metabolites including oxylipins were found between STD and LMF with respect to 12-HEPE, 9-HEPE, 12-HETE, and RvD1; 9-HEPE levels were significantly higher following the STD vs. ENT treatment. Furthermore, within the scope of this study, changes in blood lipid levels (i.e., cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL) were monitored in participants for up to 120 h post-treatment; a significant decrease in serum triglycerides was detected in participants (~20%) following the LMF treatment; no significant deviations from the baseline were detected for all the other lipid biomarkers in any of the treatment groups. Despite a lower administered dose, LMF provided higher blood concentrations of n-3 FAs and certain anti-inflammatory n-3 metabolites in human participants-potentially leading to better health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afoke Ibi
- ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N 4S9, Canada; (A.I.)
| | - Chuck Chang
- ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N 4S9, Canada; (A.I.)
| | - Yun Chai Kuo
- ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N 4S9, Canada; (A.I.)
| | - Yiming Zhang
- ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N 4S9, Canada; (A.I.)
| | - Min Du
- ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N 4S9, Canada; (A.I.)
| | - Yoon Seok Roh
- ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N 4S9, Canada; (A.I.)
| | | | - Mary Hardy
- Academy of Integrative and Holistic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Julia Solnier
- ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N 4S9, Canada; (A.I.)
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Shaikh SR, Beck MA, Alwarawrah Y, MacIver NJ. Emerging mechanisms of obesity-associated immune dysfunction. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:136-148. [PMID: 38129700 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a wide range of complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Obesity also increases the incidence and progression of cancers, autoimmunity and infections, as well as lowering vaccine responsiveness. A unifying concept across these differing diseases is dysregulated immunity, particularly inflammation, in response to metabolic overload. Herein, we review emerging mechanisms by which obesity drives inflammation and autoimmunity, as well as impairing tumour immunosurveillance and the response to infections. Among these mechanisms are obesity-associated changes in the hormones that regulate immune cell metabolism and function and drive inflammation. The cargo of extracellular vesicles derived from adipose tissue, which controls cytokine secretion from immune cells, is also dysregulated in obesity, in addition to impairments in fatty acid metabolism related to inflammation. Furthermore, an imbalance exists in obesity in the biosynthesis and levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived oxylipins, which control a range of outcomes related to inflammation, such as immune cell chemotaxis and cytokine production. Finally, there is a need to investigate how obesity influences immunity using innovative model systems that account for the heterogeneous nature of obesity in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Melinda A Beck
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Yazan Alwarawrah
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Lovins HB, Bathon BE, Shaikh SR, Gowdy KM. Inhaled toxicants and pulmonary lipid metabolism: biological consequences and therapeutic interventions. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:141-151. [PMID: 37740395 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled toxicants drive the onset of and exacerbate preexisting chronic pulmonary diseases, however, the biological mechanisms by which this occurs are largely unknown. Exposure to inhaled toxicants, both environmental and occupational, drives pulmonary inflammation and injury. Upon activation of the inflammatory response, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are metabolized into predominately proinflammatory lipid mediators termed eicosanoids which recruit immune cells to the site of injury, perpetuating inflammation to clear the exposed toxicants. Following inflammation, lipid mediator class-switching occurs, a process that leads to increased metabolism of hydroxylated derivates of PUFAs. These mediators, which include mono-hydroxylated PUFA derivatives and specialized proresolving lipid mediators, initiate an active process of inflammation resolution by inhibiting the inflammatory response and activating resolution pathways to return the tissue to homeostasis. Exposure to inhaled toxicants leads to alterations in the synthesis of these proinflammatory and proresolving lipid mediator pathways, resulting in greater pulmonary inflammation and injury, and increasing the risk for the onset of chronic lung diseases. Recent studies have begun utilizing supplementation of PUFAs and their metabolites as potential therapeutics for toxicant-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury. Here we will review the current understanding of the lipid mediators in pulmonary inflammation and resolution as well as the impact of dietary fatty acid supplementation on lipid mediator-driven inflammation following air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Lovins
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brooke E Bathon
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Oh YT, Yang J, Morisseau C, He Q, Hammock B, Youn JH. Effects of Individual Circulating FFAs on Plasma and Hepatic FFA Epoxides, Diols, and Epoxide-Diol Ratios as Indices of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10760. [PMID: 37445935 PMCID: PMC10341844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins, oxidation products of unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs), are involved in various cellular signaling systems. Among these oxylipins, FFA epoxides are associated with beneficial effects in metabolic and cardiovascular health. FFA epoxides are metabolized to diols, which are usually biologically less active, by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Plasma epoxide-diol ratios have been used as indirect measures of sEH activity. This study was designed to examine the effects of acute elevation of individual plasma FFAs on a variety of oxylipins, particularly epoxides, diols, and their ratios. We tested if FFA epoxide-diol ratios are altered by circulating FFA levels (i.e., substrate availability) independent of sEH activity. Wistar rats received a constant intravenous infusion of olive (70% oleic acid (OA)), safflower seed (72% linoleic acid (LA)), and fish oils (rich in ω-3 FFAs) as emulsions to selectively raise OA, LA, and ω-3 FFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), respectively. As expected, olive, safflower seed, and fish oil infusions selectively raised plasma OA (57%), LA (87%), EPA (70%), and DHA (54%), respectively (p < 0.05 for all). Raising plasma FFAs exerted substrate effects to increase hepatic and plasma epoxide and diol levels. These increases in epoxides and diols occurred to similar extents, resulting in no significant changes in epoxide-diol ratios. These data suggest that epoxide-diol ratios, often used as indices of sEH activity, are not affected by substrate availability or altered plasma FFA levels and that epoxide-diol ratios may be used to compare sEH activity between conditions of different circulating FFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Taek Oh
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 214, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Y.); (C.M.); (Q.H.); (B.H.)
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Y.); (C.M.); (Q.H.); (B.H.)
| | - Qiyi He
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Y.); (C.M.); (Q.H.); (B.H.)
| | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Y.); (C.M.); (Q.H.); (B.H.)
| | - Jang H. Youn
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 214, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
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Jurado-Fasoli L, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Yang W, Kohler I, Di X, Rensen PCN, Castillo MJ, Martinez-Tellez B, Amaro-Gahete FJ. High omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid and oxylipin ratio in plasma is linked to an adverse cardiometabolic profile in middle-aged adults. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 117:109331. [PMID: 36967095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins may be surrogate markers of systemic inflammation, which is one of the triggers for the development of cardiometabolic disorders. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins with body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged adults. Seventy-two 72 middle-aged adults (39 women; 53.6±5.1 years old; 26.7±3.8 kg/m2) were included in this cross-sectional study. Plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids and oxylipins were determined using targeted lipidomic. Body composition, dietary intake, and cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed with standard methods. The plasma levels of the omega-6 fatty acids and derived oxylipins, the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs; arachidonic acid (AA)-derived oxylipins) and dihydroxy-eicosatrienoic acids (DiHETrEs; AA-derived oxylipins), were positively associated with glucose metabolism parameters (i.e., insulin levels and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA); all r≥0.21, P<.05). In contrast, plasma levels of omega-3 fatty acids and derived oxylipins, specifically hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids (HEPEs; eicosapentaenoic acid-derived oxylipins), as well as series-3 prostaglandins, were negatively associated with plasma glucose metabolism parameters (i.e., insulin levels, HOMA; all r≤0.20, P<.05). The plasma levels of omega-6 fatty acids and derived oxylipins, HETEs and DiHETrEs were also positively correlated with liver function parameters (i.e., glutamic pyruvic transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and fatty liver index; all r≥0.22 and P<.05). In addition, individuals with higher omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid and oxylipin ratio showed higher levels of HOMA, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, and GGT (on average +36%), as well as lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-13%) (all P<.05). In conclusion, the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid and oxylipin ratio, as well as specific omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins plasma levels, reflect an adverse cardiometabolic profile in terms of higher insulin resistance and impaired liver function in middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Wei Yang
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xinyu Di
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel J Castillo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences and SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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