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Jiang J, Lu X, Dong L, Tian J, Zhang J, Guo Z, Luo Y, Cui Z, Wen H, Jiang M. Enhancing growth, liver health, and bile acid metabolism of tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) through combined cholesterol and bile acid supplementation in plant-based diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:335-346. [PMID: 38800736 PMCID: PMC11127100 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the nutritional effects of cholesterol, bile acids, and combination of cholesterol with bile acids in plant-based diets on juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT; Oreochromis niloticus). The isonitrogenous (321 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (76 g/kg crude fat) diets (Con diet) were based on plant protein sources, which included corn gluten meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. The Con diet was supplemented with 12 g/kg cholesterol (CHO diet), 0.2 g/kg bile acids (BAs diet), a combination of 12 g/kg cholesterol and 0.2 g/kg bile acids (CHO-BAs diet), respectively. Each diet was fed to three tanks in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system for 9 weeks. Results showed that compared to the Con group, fish had a higher weight gain rate, hepatosomatic index, and a lower feed conversion ratio in the CHO-BAs group. The highest levels of whole-fish fat and ash were found in the Con group. Serum parameters, including activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), along with levels of glucose (GLU) and triglyceride (TG) except for total cholesterol (TCHO), were lower in the CHO, BAs, and CHO-BAs groups than those in the Con group (P < 0.001). Histological examination revealed that fish in the Con group exhibited severe hepatocyte vacuolization and diminished hepatocyte proliferation. Gene expression analysis indicated that the transcriptional levels of bile acid metabolism-related genes (including fxr, fgf19, bsep) were up-regulated in the CHO-BAs group (P < 0.05), whereas cholesterol metabolism-related genes (acly and hmgcr) were down-regulated in both CHO and CHO-BAs groups (P < 0.001). Moreover, UPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the higher taurine-conjugated bile acids (T-BAs), followed by free bile acids (Free-BAs) and glycine (G-BAs) were determined in tilapia bile. Among these, taurochenodeoxycholic bile acid was the predominant bile acid. Dietary bile acids supplementation also increased the proportion of T-BAs (tauro β-muricholic acid and taurodehydrocholic acid) while decreasing Free-BAs in the fish bile. In conclusion, the incorporation of cholesterol with bile acids into plant-based diets can effectively reduce cholesterol uptake, suppress bile acids synthesis, enhance bile acids efflux, and promote hepatocyte proliferation, which is helpful for maintaining the normal liver morphology in tilapia, and thus improving its growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixue Dong
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Tian
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Yongju Luo
- Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Zongbin Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wen
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Association of Serum Lipid Level with Meibum Biosynthesis and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144010. [PMID: 35887773 PMCID: PMC9323051 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary role of meibomian glands (MGs) is to actively synthesize and secret lipids and proteins spread onto the tear film, and the glandular lipids promote tear stability, prevent evaporation, and reduce friction. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the leading cause of dry eye disease and one of the most common ophthalmic problems worldwide. MGs are densely innervated and regulated by hormones and growth factors. However, since the polar and nonpolar lipids are produced through processes in MGs that are not completely understood, a relevant question has been raised: Would the altered systemic lipids metabolism affect the physiology and structure of MGs? This review introduces the recent update regarding the relationships between serum lipid and MGD in clinical and basic research while providing answers to this question. A causal relationship remains to be established; however, serum lipid level or dyslipidemia may be related to MGD directly or indirectly, or both. Further studies are warranted to establish the role of serum lipid level and meibocyte differentiation/maturation and lipid synthesis.
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Chen C, Lu L, Qin YT, Lv C, Wan XN, Guo XM. Combined Effects of Plant Sterols with Low Ratio of n-6/n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- Mice. Curr Med Sci 2021; 40:1099-1106. [PMID: 33428138 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of low ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been clarified against atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence indicated that plant sterols (PS) have a significant cholesterol-lowering effect. This study explored the effects of PS combined with n-6/n-3 (2:1) PUFA on atherosclerosis and investigated the possible mechanism. In ApoE-/- mice, the milk fat in high fat diets was replaced with n-6/n-3 (2:1) PUFA alone or supplemented with 6% PS for 16 weeks. Results demonstrated that PS combined with PUFA exerted commentary and synergistic effects on ameliorating atherosclerosis, improving lipid metabolism and lipid deposition in liver, and alleviating inflammatory response. These changes were accompanied with decreased serum TC, TG, LDL-C and increased fecal cholesterol efflux, as well as the lower inflammatory cytokine CRP, IL-6, TNF-α. It is suggested that the underlying mechanism of PS combined with n-6/n-3 (2:1) PUFA promoting the fecal cholesterol efflux may be mediated by liver X receptor α/ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ya-Ting Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chao Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Cofán M, Ros E. Use of Plant Sterol and Stanol Fortified Foods in Clinical Practice. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6691-6703. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180709114524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant sterols and stanols (PS) are natural, non-nutritive molecules that play a structural
role in plant membranes similar to that of cholesterol in animal membranes and abound
in seeds and derived oils. PS exert their physical effect of interference with micellar solubilization
of cholesterol within the intestinal lumen and are marginally absorbed by enterocytes,
with negiglible increases in circulating levels. The physiological role of PS in plants and their
natural origin and non-systemic action, together with their cholesterol-lowering effect, make
them an attractive option as non-pharmacological agents for the management of hypercholesterolemia.
Recent meta-analyses have summarized the results of >100 controlled clinical trials
and have firmly established that the consumption of PS-supplemented foods in different formats
at doses of 2-3 g per day results in LDL-cholesterol reductions of 9-12%. PS are both
effective and safe cholesterol-lowering agents and have many clinical applications: adjuncts
to a healthy diet, treatment of common hypercholesterolemia, combination therapy with statins
and other lipid-lowering drugs, and treatment of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. The
cholesterol-lowering efficacy is similar in all clinical situations. PS are also useful agents for
treatment of hypercholesterolemic children who are not yet candidates to statins or receive
low-doses of these agents. In the setting of statin treatment, the average LDL-cholesterol reduction
obtained with PS is equivalent to up- titrating twice the statin dose. However, information
is still scarce on the efficacy of PS as an add-on therapy to ezetimibe, fibrates, omega-
3 fatty acids, or bile acid binding resins. The consistent scientific evidence on the cholesterollowering
efficacy and safety of functional foods supplemented with PS has led several national
and international scientific societies to endorse their use for the non-pharmacologic
treatment of hypercholesterolemia as adjuncts to a healthy diet. There is, however, a lack of
clinical trials of PS with outcomes on cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Cofán
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Spain
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Shi Q, Jin S, Xiang X, Tian J, Huang R, Li S, Chen C, Xu H, Song C. The metabolic change in serum lysoglycerophospholipids intervened by triterpenoid saponins from Kuding tea on hyperlipidemic mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:7782-7792. [PMID: 31782452 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02142f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins from Kuding tea have demonstrated preventive effects on hyperlipidaemia induced by a high-fat diet. Lysoglycerophospholipids (Lyso-GPLs) are known to be associated with proatherogenic conditions such as hyperlipidaemia. In this study, a target profiling strategy based on a multiple reaction monitoring mode was applied for the analysis of Lyso-GPLs. The metabolic changes were evaluated by the qualitative and relative quantitative distribution of six classes of Lyso-GPLs in mouse serum. A total of 153 Lyso-GPL regioisomers, consisting of 85 lysophosphatidylcholines, 15 lysophosphatidic acids, 23 lysophosphatidylethanolamines, 5 lysophosphatidylserines, 19 lysophosphatidylinositols and 6 lysophosphatidylglycerols, were detected and quantified. The results showed decreased trends in the content of total Lyso-GPLs in the serum of hyperlipidemic mice compared with that in normal controls. The content of total Lyso-GPLs significantly increased after treatment with triterpenoid saponins from Kuding tea. Among them, the proportions of most Lyso-GPLs with a higher degree of unsaturation or a longer carbon chain in fatty acyl chains dramatically decreased in hyperlipidemic mice. However, this tendency reversed after the treatment of triterpenoid saponins from Kuding tea. This is the first study regarding a target profiling strategy for the quantitative analysis of six different types of Lyso-GPLs on high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice intervened by Kuding tea. Those Lyso-GPLs changed significantly may be potential biomarkers for hyperlipidaemia, and involved in the mechanism of the preventive intervention of Kuding tea on Lipid metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Combining Plant Sterols With Walking Lowers Postprandial Triacylglycerol More Than Walking Only in Chinese Men With Elevated Body Mass Index. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:576-582. [PMID: 31034251 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined if plant sterols and walking reduce postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations in Chinese men with elevated body mass index (≥ 23.5 kg/m2). Fifteen Chinese men (mean [SD]: age = 25 [3] years and body mass index = 26.2 [1.5] kg/m2] completed four 10-day trials in random order with a 7- to 10-day washout between trials: (a) daily consumption of a control margarine while sedentary (C-S), (b) daily consumption of margarine containing 2 g/day of plant sterols while sedentary (PS-S), (c) daily consumption of a control margarine with 30-min daily walking (C-W), and (d) daily consumption of margarine containing 2 g/day of plant sterols with 30-min daily walking (PS-W). On Day 11 of each trial, postprandial TAG was measured after a high-fat milkshake. The 5-hr total area under the TAG curve was 22%, 25%, and 12% lower on PS-W (mean [SD]: 8.9 [4.3] mmol·5 hr/L) than C-S (11.4 [4.5] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .005; d = 0.56), PS-S (11.9 [4.9] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .004; d = 0.67), and C-W (10.1 [4.4] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .044; d = 0.27) trials, respectively. Similarly, 5-hr incremental area for PS-W (4.5 [2.7] mmol·5 hr/L) was 31%, 32%, and 18% lower than C-S (6.6 [3.3] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .005; d = 0.62), PS-S (6.6 [3.4] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .004; d = 0.64), and C-W (5.5 [2.8] mmol·5 hr/L; p = .032; d = 0.29). Ten days of daily plant sterol intake combined with walking presents an intervention strategy to lower postprandial TAG in Chinese men with elevated body mass index.
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Jones PJH, Shamloo M, MacKay DS, Rideout TC, Myrie SB, Plat J, Roullet JB, Baer DJ, Calkins KL, Davis HR, Barton Duell P, Ginsberg H, Gylling H, Jenkins D, Lütjohann D, Moghadasian M, Moreau RA, Mymin D, Ostlund RE, Ras RT, Ochoa Reparaz J, Trautwein EA, Turley S, Vanmierlo T, Weingärtner O. Progress and perspectives in plant sterol and plant stanol research. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:725-746. [PMID: 30101294 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that foods with added plant sterols or stanols can lower serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This review summarizes the recent findings and deliberations of 31 experts in the field who participated in a scientific meeting in Winnipeg, Canada, on the health effects of plant sterols and stanols. Participants discussed issues including, but not limited to, the health benefits of plant sterols and stanols beyond cholesterol lowering, the role of plant sterols and stanols as adjuncts to diet and drugs, and the challenges involved in measuring plant sterols and stanols in biological samples. Variations in interindividual responses to plant sterols and stanols, as well as the personalization of lipid-lowering therapies, were addressed. Finally, the clinical aspects and treatment of sitosterolemia were reviewed. Although plant sterols and stanols continue to offer an efficacious and convenient dietary approach to cholesterol management, long-term clinical trials investigating the endpoints of cardiovascular disease are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maryam Shamloo
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dylan S MacKay
- George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Semone B Myrie
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Division of Metabolism, Child Development and Rehabilitation Center-Portland, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David J Baer
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara L Calkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; and the UCLA Mattel's Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Henry Ginsberg
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Helena Gylling
- University of Helsinki and the Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohammad Moghadasian
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert A Moreau
- Eastern Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Mymin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard E Ostlund
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University, St Louis, USA
| | - Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; Abteilung für Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Oldenburg, Germany
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Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Wang P, Zhang B, Chen C, Zhang C, Su Y. EPA+DHA, but not ALA, Improved Lipids and Inflammation Status in Hypercholesterolemic Adults: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801157. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneSchool of Public HealthGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510182 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health Guangzhou 511430 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Food Safety and Health Research CenterGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Chaogang Chen
- Department of Clinical NutritionSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510120 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
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Ghaedi E, Varkaneh HK, Rahmani J, Mousavi SM, Mohammadi H, Fatahi S, Pantovic A, Darooghegi Mofrad M, Zhang Y. Possible anti‐obesity effects of phytosterols and phytostanols supplementation in humans: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1246-1257. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ghaedi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and DieteticsTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC)Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Tehran Iran
| | - Hamed Kord Varkaneh
- Student Research Committee, Department Clinical Nutrition and DieteticsFaculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Jamal Rahmani
- Student Research Committee, Department Clinical Nutrition and DieteticsFaculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and DieteticsTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food ScienceIsfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
- Students' Research CommitteeIsfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Somaye Fatahi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ana Pantovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Belgrade Serbia
| | - Manije Darooghegi Mofrad
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and DieteticsTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Health ManagementChongqing Medical University Chongqing China
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Potential Therapeutic Role in Cardiovascular System Disorders-A Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101561. [PMID: 30347877 PMCID: PMC6213446 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are described as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern societies. Therefore, the importance of cardiovascular diseases prevention is widely reflected in the increasing number of reports on the topic among the key scientific research efforts of the recent period. The importance of essential fatty acids (EFAs) has been recognized in the fields of cardiac science and cardiac medicine, with the significant effects of various fatty acids having been confirmed by experimental studies. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered to be important versatile mediators for improving and maintaining human health over the entire lifespan, however, only the cardiac effect has been extensively documented. Recently, it has been shown that omega-3 fatty acids may play a beneficial role in several human pathologies, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2, and are also associated with a reduced incidence of stroke and atherosclerosis, and decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. A reasonable diet and wise supplementation of omega-3 EFAs are essential in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases prevention and treatment.
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LDL-Cholesterol Lowering of Plant Sterols and Stanols-Which Factors Influence Their Efficacy? Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091262. [PMID: 30205492 PMCID: PMC6163911 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effect of plant sterols/stanols (PSS) is summarized in several meta-analyses showing a dose-response relationship with intakes of 1.5 to 3 g/day lowering LDL-C by 7.5% to 12%. This review summarizes evidence for the impact of various factors potentially influencing the LDL-C-lowering efficacy of PSS. PSS are efficacious in all food formats and in food supplements. Some factors related to food format, e.g., solid vs. liquid foods, seem to impact efficacy, while there is no difference between free PSS and esters. Compared to multiple daily intakes, once-a-day intake of PSS, especially in the morning with light breakfast, leads to a sub-optimal LDL-C lowering. However, intake frequency seems influenced by intake occasion, i.e., with or without a meal, and time of day. Meal intake is a critical factor for an optimal LDL-C lowering efficacy of PSS. While age has no impact, gender is suggested to influence the LDL-C lowering effect of PSS with greater reductions reported for men than women; but overall evidence is inconclusive and larger studies show no gender by treatment interaction. In conclusion, PSS are efficacious in all foods and food supplements; for optimal efficacy they should be consumed with a (main) meal and twice daily.
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Blom WAM, Koppenol WP, Hiemstra H, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Trautwein EA. A low-fat spread with added plant sterols and fish omega-3 fatty acids lowers serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in individuals with modest hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1615-1624. [PMID: 29725824 PMCID: PMC6561982 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The primary and secondary objectives were to investigate the triglyceride (TG) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effects of a spread with added plant sterols (PS) and fish oil as compared to a placebo spread. Methods This study had a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design with two intervention arms. Following a 2-week placebo run-in period, 260 healthy individuals with modestly elevated blood TG (≥ 1.4 mmol/L) and LDL-C (≥ 3.4 mmol/L) concentrations consumed either the placebo or intervention spread for 4 weeks. The intervention spread contained 2.0 g/day PS and 1.0 g/day eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexanoic acid (DHA) from fish oil. Fasting serum lipids and apolipoproteins (Apo) (exploratory) were measured at the end of the run-in and intervention phases. Results Four-week consumption of the intervention spread resulted in significantly lower TG (− 10.6%, 95% CI − 16.0 to − 4.9%; P < 0.001) and LDL-C concentrations (− 5.2%; 95% CI − 7.8 to − 2.4%) as compared to placebo. Total cholesterol (− 3.9%; 95% CI − 6.1 to − 1.5%), non-HDL-C (− 5.4%; 95% CI − 8.1 to − 2.7%), remnant-cholesterol (− 8.1%; 95% CI − 3.4 to − 12.5%), ApoAII (− 2.9%; 95% CI − 5.5 to − 0.2%), ApoCIII (− 7.7%; 95% CI − 12.1 to − 3.1%) and ApoB (− 3.2%; 95% CI − 5.9 to − 0.4%) concentrations were also significantly lower, as compared to placebo. No significant treatment effects were found for HDL-cholesterol, ApoAI, ApoCII, Apo E or ApoB/ApoAI. Conclusions Four-week consumption of the intervention spread led to significant and clinically relevant decreases in serum TG, LDL-C and other blood lipid concentrations. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 02728583). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-018-1706-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A M Blom
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
- , PO Box 114, 3130 AC, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wieneke P Koppenol
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Hiemstra
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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Ferguson JJA, Stojanovski E, MacDonald-Wicks L, Garg ML. Curcumin potentiates cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. A randomised controlled trial. Metabolism 2018; 82:22-35. [PMID: 29291429 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary phytosterols (PS) are well-known hypocholesterolaemic agents. Curcumin elicits hypolipidaemic and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical studies, however, consistent findings in humans are lacking. OBJECTIVE Concurrent PS and curcumin supplementation may exhibit enhanced hypocholesterolaemic and anti-inflammatory effects to optimise cardio-protection. The objective of this trial was to investigate the effects of dietary intervention with PS with or without curcumin on blood lipids (primary outcome) in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. METHODS A double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial was conducted in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. Participants received either placebo (PL, no phytosterols or curcumin), phytosterols (PS, 2 g/d), curcumin (CC, 200 mg/d) or a combination of PS and curcumin (PS-CC, 2 g/d-200 mg/d respectively) for four weeks. Primary outcomes included fasting total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), TC-to-HDL-C ratio (TC:HDL-C). Secondary outcomes included anthropometrics and fasting blood glucose concentrations. RESULTS Seventy participants with a mean (±SEM) fasting TC concentration of 6.57 ± 0.13 mmol/L completed the study (PL, n = 18; PS, n = 17; CC, n = 18; PS-CC, n = 17). PS and PS-CC supplementation significantly lowered TC, LDL-cholesterol and TC:HDL-C post-intervention (p < 0.05). Reductions from baseline in the PS group were 4.8% and 8.1% for TC and LDL-cholesterol respectively (p < 0.05). CC exhibited non-significant reduction (2.3% and 2.6%) in TC and LDL-C respectively, however, the PS-CC resulted in a greater reduction in TC (11.0%) and LDL-cholesterol (14.4%) than either of the treatments alone (p < 0.0001). The reduction in the PS-CC treatment was significantly greater compared to those for CC (p < 0.05) or PL (p < 0.01) alone. Plasma HDL-cholesterol and TG concentrations remained unchanged across all groups. No adverse side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS The addition of curcumin to phytosterol therapy provides a complementary cholesterol-lowering effect that is larger than phytosterol therapy alone. Implications of these findings include the development of a single functional food containing both the active ingredients for enhanced lipid-lowering and compliance in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. ANZCTR identifier: 1261500095650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J A Ferguson
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, 305C Medical Science Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Stojanovski
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Lesley MacDonald-Wicks
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Manohar L Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, 305C Medical Science Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Shen T, Xing G, Zhu J, Zhang S, Cai Y, Li D, Xu G, Xing E, Rao J, Shi R. Effects of 12-week supplementation of marine Omega-3 PUFA-based formulation Omega3Q10 in older adults with prehypertension and/or elevated blood cholesterol. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:253. [PMID: 29282085 PMCID: PMC5745982 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds To study the effects of supplementation of a marine omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) formulation (Omega3Q10) in older adults with hypertension and/or hypercholesterolemia. Methods A total of 97 people were enrolled to receive 12-week supplementation of either Omega3Q10 (n = 48) or soybean oil (n = 49). Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and hypertension-related symptoms were determined before and after the supplementation. Results There were no baseline differences between the two groups. Omega3Q10 supplementation significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (from 81.6 ± 5.3 mmHg to 79.3 ± 5.2 mmHg, P < 0.05). Blood concentrations of TC and LDL-C decreased significantly and blood HDL-C level increased significantly after 12 weeks of Omega3Q10 (5.5 ± 0.7 vs. 5.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.05; 3.7 ± 0.8 vs. 3.3 ± 0.6, P < 0.05; 1.2 ± 0.6 vs. 1.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.05, respectively) and soybean oil supplementation (5.7 ± 0.8 vs. 5.6 ± 0.7, P < 0.05; 3.6 ± 0.7 vs. 3.4 ± 0.8, P < 0.05; 1.0 ± 0.8 vs. 1.2 ± 0.7, P < 0.05, respectively) but no group differences were found. A significantly greater proportion of the people in the Omega3Q10 group became free from headache and palpitations & chest tightness symptoms after the 12-week supplementation compared to that of the soybean oil group (95.5% vs. 71.4%, P < 0.01; 95.8 vs. 75.5%, P < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion 12-week supplementation of Fish oil-based PUFA appear to be more effective in improving DBP and hypertension-related symptoms than soybean oil in old adults with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia although both supplementation improved TC, LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Shen
- Department of Community Health and Behavior Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Xing
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China. .,Lotus Biotech.com LLC, John Hopkins University-MCC, 9601 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Jingfen Zhu
- Department of Community Health and Behavior Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxian Zhang
- Department of Community Health and Behavior Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Community Health and Behavior Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Public Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Donghua Li
- Tang Qiao Community Health Service Center, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Community Health and Behavior Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Evan Xing
- Biochemistry Program, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rong Shi
- School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
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Ganesan K, Sukalingam K, Xu B. Impact of consumption of repeatedly heated cooking oils on the incidence of various cancers- A critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:488-505. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1379470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kumeshini Sukalingam
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
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RIFQI MAHMUDADITYA, KOESHARTO CLARAM, SURONO INGRIDS, MARLIYATI SRIANNA. Effect of catfish’ (Clarias gariepinus) flour and oil with probiotic Enterococcus faecium IS-27526 based functional feed provision on bodyweight and C-reactive protein (CRP) of aged atherogenic female Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). MICROBIOLOGY INDONESIA 2016. [DOI: 10.5454/mi.10.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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17
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Effects of a Plant Sterol or Stanol Enriched Mixed Meal on Postprandial Lipid Metabolism in Healthy Subjects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160396. [PMID: 27611192 PMCID: PMC5017646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence is increasing that plant sterols and stanols not only lower fasting serum low-density lipoprotein concentrations, but also those of triglycerides (TG). Insight into effects of these components on postprandial TG metabolism, an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is missing. Objective Our objective was to examine the 8-hour postprandial response after consuming plant sterol or stanol enriched margarine as part of a mixed meal. Methods This postprandial study was part of a randomized crossover study in which 42 subjects consumed plant sterol enriched (3 g/d plant sterols), plant stanol enriched (3 g/d plant stanols), and control margarines for 4 weeks. After each period, subjects consumed a shake enriched with 3g plant sterols (sterol period), 3g plant stanols (stanol period) or no addition (control period). Subjects received a second shake with no addition after 4 hours. Results TG and apoB48 incremental areas under the curves (iAUC) of the total (0-8h) and 1st meal response (0-4h) were comparable between the meals and in all age categories (I:18-35y, II:36-52y, III:53-69y). In subjects aged 53-69y, TG iAUC after the 2nd meal (4-8h) was higher in the stanol period as compared with the sterol (63.1±53.0 mmol/L/min; P < 0.01) and the control period (43.2±52.4 mmol/L/min; P < 0.05). ApoB48 iAUC after the 2nd meal was higher after the stanol than after the sterol period (67.1±77.0 mg/L/min; P < 0.05) and tended to be higher than after the control period (43.1±64.5 mg/L/min; P = 0.08) in subjects aged 53-69y. These increased postprandial responses may be due to reduced lipoprotein lipase activity, since postprandial apoCIII/II ratios were increased after stanol consumption compared with the control meal. Conclusion Postprandial TG and apoB48 responses are age-dependently increased after plant stanol consumption, which might be related to a changed clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01559428
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Andrade I, Santos L, Ramos F. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis markers in Portuguese hypercholesterolemic adults: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Intern Med 2016; 28:85-90. [PMID: 26577223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The dynamics of cholesterol homeostasis and the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are complex and multifactorial, to which adds individual variability in the proportion of cholesterol from exogenous versus endogenous sources. The aim of this study was to undertake the first characterization of cholesterol absorption and synthesis profiles in Portuguese hypercholesterolemic adults through the quantification of surrogate markers, and the analysis of the predictive value of age and sex on the cholesterol homeostasis biomarkers. METHODS Serum samples for the measurement of lipid profiles and cholesterol homeostasis markers were obtained for 100 men and 112 women, aged 30-65, with TC ≥ 5.2 mmol/L (~200mg/dL) and/or LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L (~100mg/dL), none of whom were on any lipid-lowering therapy. RESULTS Overall, sex-specific significant differences were observed in the cholesterol homeostasis markers and lipid profiles; women had lower cholesterol synthesis marker concentrations (P<0.01 for lathosterol) and lipid parameters (except for HDL-C concentrations). Age-related significant differences were also found, including higher concentrations of cholesterol absorption markers in association with increasing age. CONCLUSION In our study, the predictors of higher levels of cholesterol absorption markers were higher age and female gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Andrade
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Complementares, Rua 5 Outubro, S. Martinho do Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal; CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lèlita Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Coimbra University Hospitals, Medicine Faculty, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Li S, Jin S, Song C, Chen C, Zhang Y, Xiang Y, Xu Y, Feng Y, Wan Q, Jiang H. The metabolic change of serum lysophosphatidylcholines involved in the lipid lowering effect of triterpenes from Alismatis rhizoma on high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 177:10-18. [PMID: 26584875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alismatis rhizoma (AR), a Traditional Chinese Medicine with lipid-regulating properties, is usually used to treat hyperlipidemia. Lysophosphatidylcholines (Lyso PCs) play a crucial role in lipid metabolism disorders. In this study, the triterpene fraction purified from boiling water extract of AR was evaluated for its lipid lowering activity using mice with high-fat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemia. The metabolic changes of individual Lyso PCs treated with the triterpene fraction were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS HFD induced hyperlipidemia mice were administrated with triterpene and non-triterpene fractions at doses of 180, 360 and 720 mg/kg body weight/day for 4 weeks, respectively. Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and atherogenic Index (AI) in mice serum were measured. The chemical components in the lipid-lowering fraction were characterized by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). The changes of Lyso PC in the serum of mice treated with the lipid-lowering fraction were quantified by UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS. RESULTS A total of 18 alisol derivatives were identified in the triterpene fraction. The hyperlipidemia mice treated with the triterpene fraction showed a significant decrease in serum TC, LDL-C and AI after continuous consumption of HFD for 4 weeks. The results also showed that 27 serum Lyso PCs in mice fed with HFD were down-regulated, and 19 were up-regulated. The abnormal serum level of Lyso PCs associated with hyperlipidemia was intervened by the alisol derivatives, with increase of unsaturated Lyso PCs and decrease of saturated ones. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated for the first time that triterpenes from the AR extract can lower serum lipid level in HFD induced hyperlipidemia mice. These metabolism changes of Lyso PCs could further improve our understanding of the potential mechanism of lipid lowering effect of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Shuna Jin
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chengwu Song
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yi Xiang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Medical Research Center, Humanwell Healthcare (Group) Co., Ltd, 666 Gao Xin Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Yulin Feng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qian Wan
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Hongliang Jiang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Sengupta A, Ghosh M. Reduction of cardiac and aortic cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rats fed esters of phytosterol and omega-3 fatty acids. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:2741-50. [PMID: 25892771 PMCID: PMC4397298 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sterol esters are currently gaining importance because of their recent recognition and application in the food and nutraceutical industries. Phytosterol esters have an advantage over phytosterols, naturally occurring antioxidants, with better fat solubility and compatibility. Antioxidants and hypocholesterolemic agents are known to reduce hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of different sterol esters on cardiac and aortic lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters and on the development of atherosclerosis in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Thirty six rats were divided into six groups: control group, hypercholesterolemic group and four experimental groups fed with EPA-DHA rich sitosterol ester in two different doses, 0.25 g/kg body wt/day and 0.5 g/kg body wt/day, and ALA rich sitosterol ester in two different doses, 0.25 g/kg body wt/day and 0.5 g/kg body wt/day. The sterol esters were gavaged to the rats once daily for 32 days. The cardiac and aortic total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride level which were elevated in hypercholesterolemia were significantly lowered by both the doses of sterol esters. Antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly decreased and peroxidation product, malondialdehyde was increased in hypercholesterolemia. But administration of both the sterol esters was able to increase enzyme activities and decrease MDA level in the tissues. Histological study of cardiac tissues showed fatty changes in hypercholesterolemic group which was reduced by treatment with sterol esters. The higher doses of sterol-ester caused better effects against hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Sengupta
- Department of Chemical Technology, University College of Science & Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009 India
| | - Mahua Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Technology, University College of Science & Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009 India
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Flaxseed oil containing flaxseed oil ester of plant sterol attenuates high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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22
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Liu Y, Guan L, Zhao Y, Lei L, Wang X, Ma KY, Li YM, Wang L, Man SW, Wang J, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Fatty acid moieties have little effect on cholesterol-lowering potency of plant sterol esters. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Liu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lei Guan
- R&D; Nestle; Beijing P. R. China
| | | | - Lin Lei
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yuk Man Li
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Sun Wa Man
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | | | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Assmann G, Buono P, Daniele A, Della Valle E, Farinaro E, Ferns G, Krogh V, Kromhout D, Masana L, Merino J, Misciagna G, Panico S, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Rozza F, Salvatore F, Salvatore V, Stranges S, Trevisan M, Trimarco B, Vetrani C. Functional foods and cardiometabolic diseases* International Task Force for Prevention of Cardiometabolic Diseases. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:1272-1300. [PMID: 25467217 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the hypothesis that functional foods containing physiologically-active components may be healthful. Longitudinal cohort studies have shown that some food classes and dietary patterns are beneficial in primary prevention, and this has led to the identification of putative functional foods. This field, however, is at its very beginning, and additional research is necessary to substantiate the potential health benefit of foods for which the diet-health relationships are not yet scientifically validated. It appears essential, however, that before health claims are made for particular foods, in vivo randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials of clinical end-points are necessary to establish clinical efficacy. Since there is need for research work aimed at devising personalized diet based on genetic make-up, it seems more than reasonable the latter be modeled, at present, on the Mediterranean diet, given the large body of evidence of its healthful effects. The Mediterranean diet is a nutritional model whose origins go back to the traditional dietadopted in European countries bordering the Mediterranean sea, namely central and southern Italy, Greece and Spain; these populations have a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases than the North American ones, whose diet is characterized by high intake of animal fat. The meeting in Naples and this document both aim to focus on the changes in time in these two different models of dietary habits and their fall out on public health.
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Ramprasath VR, Jenkins DJA, Lamarche B, Kendall CWC, Faulkner D, Cermakova L, Couture P, Ireland C, Abdulnour S, Patel D, Bashyam B, Srichaikul K, de Souza RJ, Vidgen E, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW, Frohlich J, Jones PJH. Consumption of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol lowering foods improves blood lipids without affecting concentrations of fat soluble compounds. Nutr J 2014; 13:101. [PMID: 25326876 PMCID: PMC4223745 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of a cholesterol lowering dietary portfolio including plant sterols (PS), viscous fibre, soy proteins and nuts for 6 months improves blood lipid profile. Plant sterols reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption and concerns have been raised whether PS consumption reduces fat soluble vitamin absorption. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine effects of consumption of a cholesterol lowering dietary portfolio on circulating concentrations of PS and fat soluble vitamins. METHODS Using a parallel design study, 351 hyperlipidemic participants from 4 centres across Canada were randomized to 1 of 3 groups. Participants followed dietary advice with control or portfolio diet. Participants on routine and intensive portfolio involved 2 and 7 clinic visits, respectively, over 6 months. RESULTS No changes in plasma concentrations of α and γ tocopherol, lutein, lycopene and retinol, but decreased β-carotene concentrations were observed with intensive (week 12: p = 0.045; week 24: p = 0.039) and routine (week 12: p = 0.031; week 24: p = 0.078) portfolio groups compared to control. However, cholesterol adjusted β-carotene and fat soluble compound concentrations were not different compared to control. Plasma PS concentrations were increased with intensive (campesterol:p = 0.012; β-sitosterol:p = 0.035) and routine (campesterol: p = 0.034; β-sitosterol: p = 0.080) portfolio groups compared to control. Plasma cholesterol-adjusted campesterol and β-sitosterol concentrations were negatively correlated (p < 0.001) with total and LDL-C levels. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate that consuming a portfolio diet reduces serum total and LDL-C levels while increasing PS values, without altering fat soluble compounds concentrations. The extent of increments of PS with the current study are not deleterious and also maintaining optimum levels of fat soluble vitamins are of paramount necessity to maintain overall metabolism and health. Results indicate portfolio diet as one of the best options for CVD risk reduction. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00438425.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter J H Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2 N2, Canada.
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Ras RT, Demonty I, Zebregs YEMP, Quadt JFA, Olsson J, Trautwein EA. Low doses of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil dose-dependently decrease serum triglyceride concentrations in the presence of plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic men and women. J Nutr 2014; 144:1564-70. [PMID: 25122648 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.192229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols (PSs) lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, whereas the n-3 (ω-3) fish fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lower triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Incorporating both PSs and EPA+DHA from fish oil (FO) in a single food format was expected to beneficially affect 2 blood lipid risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-response relation between low doses (<2 g/d) of EPA+DHA from FO, incorporated in a low-fat PS-enriched spread, and TG concentrations. In addition, effects on LDL-C were investigated. The study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study. After a 4-wk run-in period, subjects were randomly assigned to consume either a control (C) spread (no PSs, no FO) or 1 of 4 intervention spreads containing a fixed amount of PSs (2.5 g/d) and varying amounts of FO (0.0, 0.9, 1.3, and 1.8 g/d of EPA+DHA) for 4 wk. Before and after the intervention, fasting blood samples were drawn for measuring serum lipids and EPA and DHA in erythrocyte membranes. In total, 85 hypercholesterolemic men and 247 women with a mean age of 57.9 y (range: 25-74 y) were included. Eighteen subjects dropped out during the study. At baseline, mean TG and LDL-C concentrations were 1.09 and 4.00 mmol/L, respectively. After the intervention, a significant dose-response relation for the TG-lowering effect of EPA+DHA [βln (TG) = -0.07 mmol/L per gram of EPA+DHA; P < 0.01] was found. Compared with the C group, TG concentrations were 9.3-16.2% lower in the different FO groups (P < 0.05 for all groups). LDL-C concentrations were 11.5-14.7% lower in the different PS groups than in the C group (P < 0.01 for all groups). EPA and DHA in erythrocyte membranes were dose-dependently higher after FO intake than after the C spread, indicating good compliance. Consumption of a low-fat spread enriched with PSs and different low doses of n-3 fatty acids from FO decreased TG concentrations in a dose-dependent manner and decreased LDL-C concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01313988.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Demonty
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Johan Olsson
- Food Files (formerly known as Good Food Practice), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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Merino J, Masana L, Guijarro C, Ascaso J, Lagares M, Civeira F. Recomendaciones para la utilización clínica de los alimentos enriquecidos con fitoesteroles/fitoestanoles en el manejo de la hipercolesterolemia. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2014; 26:147-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pang J, Chan DC, Watts GF. Critical review of non-statin treatments for dyslipoproteinemia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 12:359-71. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2014.888312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gylling H, Plat J, Turley S, Ginsberg HN, Ellegård L, Jessup W, Jones PJ, Lütjohann D, Maerz W, Masana L, Silbernagel G, Staels B, Borén J, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Deanfield J, Descamps OS, Kovanen PT, Riccardi G, Tokgözoglu L, Chapman MJ. Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2014; 232:346-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Scicchitano P, Cameli M, Maiello M, Modesti PA, Muiesan ML, Novo S, Palmiero P, Saba PS, Pedrinelli R, Ciccone MM. Nutraceuticals and dyslipidaemia: Beyond the common therapeutics. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Ras RT, Hiemstra H, Lin Y, Vermeer MA, Duchateau GSMJE, Trautwein EA. Consumption of plant sterol-enriched foods and effects on plasma plant sterol concentrations--a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Atherosclerosis 2013; 230:336-46. [PMID: 24075766 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intake of plant sterol (PS)-enriched foods effectively lowers plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations while increasing plasma PS concentrations. The magnitude of this increase has not been systematically assessed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PS-enriched foods on plasma PS concentrations by performing a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. METHODS Published PS intervention studies reporting plasma PS concentrations were searched through June 2012. Studies were selected that fulfilled pre-defined in- and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted, particularly on campesterol, sitosterol, total- and LDL-cholesterol. Random-effects models were used to calculate net effects while weighing each study by the inverse of its variance. Potential sources of heterogeneity were investigated. RESULTS The meta-analysis included data from 41 studies (55 strata) with in total 2084 subjects. The average dose of PS from enriched foods was 1.6 g/d (range: 0.3-3.2 g/d). Plasma sitosterol and campesterol concentrations were increased by on average 2.24 μmol/L (31%) and 5.00 μmol/L (37%), respectively, compared to control. Total- and LDL-cholesterol were reduced by on average 0.36 mmol/L (5.9%) and 0.33 mmol/L (8.5%), respectively. The increase in sitosterol and campesterol was impacted by the dose of PS, the baseline PS concentration and the PS composition of the test products. In the highest PS dose category (2.0-3.2 g/d), increases in sitosterol and campesterol were on average 3.56 and 7.64 μmol/L, respectively. CONCLUSION Intake of PS-enriched foods increases plasma sitosterol and campesterol concentrations. However, total PS remain below 1% of total sterols circulating in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
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Gazing into the crystal ball: future considerations for ensuring sustained growth of the functional food and nutraceutical marketplace. Nutr Res Rev 2013; 26:12-21. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422412000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade the concept of functional foods and nutraceuticals (FFN) has gained support from various stakeholders including the food industry, scientific and academic community, government institutions or regulators, producers and consumers. However, as one begins to evaluate the global FFN industry, several issues emerge including (i) a lack of consensus across jurisdictions for acknowledging safe and efficacious FFN, (ii) challenges regarding the classification of novel food-derived bioactives as FFN or drugs, and (iii) a disconnect between nutrient requirements and dosages of FFN required to facilitate health benefits. The objectives of the present review are to discuss the role of existing stakeholders within the FFN marketplace and identify performance indicators for growth within the FFN sector. In addition, the following report provides feasible resolutions to present and future challenges facing the global FFN industry to ensure sustained long-term growth.
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Khandelwal S, Shidhaye R, Demonty I, Lakshmy R, Gupta R, Prabhakaran D, Reddy S. Impact of omega-3 fatty acids and/or plant sterol supplementation on non-HDL cholesterol levels of dyslipidemic Indian adults. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Moran-Valero MI, Martin D, Torrelo G, Reglero G, Torres CF. Phytosterols esterified with conjugated linoleic acid. In vitro intestinal digestion and interaction on cholesterol bioaccessibility. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11323-11330. [PMID: 23130954 DOI: 10.1021/jf303148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal in vitro digestion of phytosterols esterified with conjugated linoleic acid (PS-CLA) was performed to study (1) the potential bioaccessibility of the released bioactive-lipid products and (2) the interference with cholesterol bioaccessibility. Commercial food-grade PS ester (PS-C) was assayed as reference. Hydrolysis of PS-CLA by digestive enzymes was similar to that of PS-C (51 and 47%, respectively), most lipids products being mainly included in the bioaccessible fraction, namely, the micellar phase (MP). Control assays in the absence of PS esters showed most cholesterol solubilized within the MP, whereas a displacement of total cholesterol was caused from MP after digestion of PS esters (14 and 36% displacement for PS-CLA and PS-C, respectively), cholesterol being partially precipitated. Precipitated cholesterol was linearly related to a parallel precipitation of saturated-chain PS, mainly determined by sitosterol (R² = 0.936). The higher composition in sitosteryl esters of PS-C with respect to PS-CLA might explain their different effects on cholesterol. Therefore, besides being a lipid delivery form of PS similar to other commercial esterified PS, the PS-CLA might have the additional advantage of being a lipid delivery form of CLA. Moreover, PS-CLA might hinder the bioaccessibility of cholesterol. Furthermore, the qualitative/quantitative profile in esterified PS forms might determine the magnitude of cholesterol interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Moran-Valero
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación-CIAL-CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Jones PJH. Dietary agents that target gastrointestinal and hepatic handling of bile acids and cholesterol. J Clin Lipidol 2012; 2:S4-S10. [PMID: 21291720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several food components have been demonstrated to exhibit cholesterol-lowering properties by interfering with cholesterol absorption and bile-acid trafficking. Such components include stearic acid, plant sterols, soluble fiber, and soy protein. Among saturated fatty acids, stearic acid is unique in its ability to reduce circulatory low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. This action is accompanied by an observed suppression in cholesterol absorption, an effect seen repeatedly in animal and human studies. Proposed mechanisms include micellar exclusion of cholesterol by this high melting point fatty acid, as well as the ability of stearate to alter the biliary ratios of primary to secondary bile acids, leading to a reduction in hydrophobicity index and lower overall solubility of sterols in micelles. Another dietary ingredient that interferes with absorption of sterols is soy protein, in which studies in animals and humans have identified that compared to casein, consumption of soy protein reduces intestinal absorption of cholesterol while enhancing fecal cholesterol excretion. Considerable investigation using free amino acid mixtures mirroring the composition of soy versus animal proteins has determined that co-existing agents other than soy's amino acid pattern are likely responsible for the inhibitory action of soy protein on sterol uptake. Recently, it has been shown that hydrolysates of soy protein appear to be effective in reducing sterol absorption; these are now being targeted as the possible factor responsible for the overall effect of this dietary ingredient. Plant sterols appear to impact absorption of sterols through several mechanisms, including competition with cholesterol for incorporation into micelles, co-crystallization with cholesterol to form insoluble crystals, interaction with digestive enzymes, and inhibition of cholesterol transporter proteins. Clinical trials attest to plant sterols lowering cholesterol absorption by 20% to 40%, an extent beyond which cholesterogenesis can compensate to restore normal circulatory cholesterol levels. As such, 2 g/day of plant sterols effectively lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 8% to 12%. Dietary soluble fiber represents another means of reducing intestinal cholesterol uptake, in part through enhanced bile-acid clearance through the gut. Pectin, β-glucans, fructans, and gums have been identified as agents that can work through the production of a viscous matrix that hinders movement of cholesterol and bile acids into micelles as well as the subsequent uptake of micelles into the enterocyte. Additional work on design of novel fibers that impede sterol absorption is warranted. In summary, a number of novel dietary factors exist that contribute to heart disease risk reduction via mechanisms that involve cholesterol absorption inhibition and/or biliary pathway perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Manitoba, Canada
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Torrelo G, Torres CF, Reglero G. Enzymatic strategies for solvent-free production of short and medium chain phytosteryl esters. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ash MM, Hang J, Dussault PH, Carr TP. Phytosterol stearate esters elicit similar responses on plasma lipids and cholesterol absorption but different responses on fecal neutral sterol excretion and hepatic free cholesterol in male Syrian hamsters. Nutr Res 2012; 31:537-43. [PMID: 21840470 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dietary impact of specific phytosterols incorporated into phytosterol fatty acid esters has not been elucidated. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that phytosterol esters containing different sterol moieties (sitosterol, sitostanol, or stigmasterol) but the same fatty acid moiety (stearic acid) produce different effects on cholesterol metabolism. Male Syrian hamsters were fed sitosterol, sitostanol, and stigmasterol stearate esters (25 g/kg diet) in an atherogenic diet containing cholesterol (1.2 g/kg) and coconut oil (80 g/kg). The phytosterol stearates produced no decrease in cholesterol absorption or plasma non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol despite a reduction in liver free cholesterol in hamsters fed both sitosterol and sitostanol stearate diets. In addition, sitosterol stearate significantly increased fecal esterified and total neutral sterol excretion. Stigmasterol stearate did not differ from control in neutral sterol excretion, plasma lipids, or hepatic lipid concentration. Sitosterol stearate demonstrated the highest level of net intestinal hydrolysis, whereas sitostanol and stigmasterol stearate equivalently demonstrated the lowest. The cholesterol-lowering effect in liver-but not plasma-and the limited presence of fecal free sterols indicate that intact (unhydrolyzed) phytosterol stearates may impact cholesterol metabolism by mechanisms unrelated to the role of free phytosterols. The consumption of phytosterol esters at 2.5% of the diet elicited only modest impacts on cholesterol metabolism, although sitosterol stearate had a slightly greater therapeutic impact by lowering liver free cholesterol and increasing esterified and total neutral sterol fecal excretion, possibly due to a greater level of intestinal hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Ash
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0806, USA
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Bitzur R, Cohen H, Cohen T, Dror TW, Herzog Y, Lifshitz Y, Lubish T, Harats D, Rubinstein A. The metabolic effects of omega-3 plant sterol esters in mixed hyperlipidemic subjects. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 24:429-37. [PMID: 20617456 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-010-6249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the current study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of omega-3 plant sterol esters (n-3-PSE) on lipid profile and other coronary heart disease risk factors in subjects with mixed hyperlipidemia. METHODS Ninety-one patients with mixed hyperlipidemia were randomized in a double blind fashion to receive either placebo (corn oil) or n-3-PSE. Twenty four patients dropped out or were excluded from the efficacy analysis due to protocol violation. The primary efficacy endpoint was mean change in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels after 12 weeks of treatment. Other efficacy measures included plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels. Participants who completed the double-blind study were given the option to continue into an open-label, 12-weeks follow up phase. RESULTS n-3-PSE treatment did not result in a significant change in LDL-C levels. Triglyceride levels were reduced significantly by 19% (51 mg/dL, p < 0.0001) in the n-3-PSE group in comparison with the placebo group (p = 0.025). Diastolic blood pressure and hsCRP were reduced by 7% (5.9 mmHg) and 7.8% (0.6 mg/L), respectively, and were significantly different from the placebo group (p = 0.036 and p = 0.018, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In patients with mixed hyperlipidemia, n-3-PSE treatment may offer a safe and effective therapy for triglyceride level reduction while avoiding the typical increase in LDL-C levels associated with n-3 fatty acid treatment. The observed reduction in blood pressure and inflammation markers warrants further evaluation. The positive effect of n-3-PSE treatment was preserved at the end of the follow up phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bitzur
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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Watts GF. Nutrition and metabolism: nutritional therapy for disordered triglyceride metabolism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010; 21:545-7. [PMID: 21206342 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3283404fb5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Edible oils form an essential part of the modern diet. These oils play a role as an energy source, and provide the diet with many beneficial micronutrients. Although a popular conception may be that fat should be avoided, certain edible oils as a dietary supplement may play an important role in the improvement of cardiovascular health. CVD has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Dietary supplementation with different oils may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. While olive oil and sunflower-seed oil are known to reduce serum cholesterol, fish oil has become well known for reducing potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Recently, red palm oil research has shown beneficial effects on cardiac recovery from ischaemia-reperfusion injury. It is clear that dietary supplementation with edible oils may play a vital role in reducing the mortality rate due to heart disease. The specific benefits and disadvantages of these oils should, however, be explored in greater depth. The present review will attempt to identify the benefits and shortcomings of four popular edible oils, namely olive oil, sunflower-seed oil, fish oil and palm oil. Additionally the present review will aim to reveal potential areas of research which could further enhance our understanding of the effects of edible oils on cardiovascular health.
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Derdemezis CS, Filippatos TD, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS. Review article: effects of plant sterols and stanols beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2010; 15:120-34. [PMID: 20200328 DOI: 10.1177/1074248409357921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of foods and supplements enriched with plant sterols/stanols (PS) may help reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. In this review, we consider the effects of PS beyond LDL-C lowering. Plant sterols/stanols exert beneficial effects on other lipid variables, such as apolipoprotein (apo) B/apoAI ratio and, in some studies, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). Plant sterols/stanols may also affect inflammatory markers, coagulation parameters, as well as platelet and endothelial function. Evidence also exists about a beneficial effect on oxidative stress, but this does not seem to be of greater degree than that expected from the LDL-C lowering. Many of these effects have been demonstrated in vitro and animal models. Some in vitro effects cannot be seen in vivo or in humans at usual doses. The epidemiological studies that evaluated the association of plasma PS concentration with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk do not provide a definitive answer. Long-term randomized placebo-controlled studies are required to clarify the effects of supplementation with PS on CVD risk and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos S Derdemezis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Micallef MA, Garg ML. Beyond blood lipids: phytosterols, statins and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy for hyperlipidemia. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:927-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Smilowitz J, German J, Zivkovic A. Food Intake and Obesity. Front Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420067767-c22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Independent and interactive effects of plant sterols and fish oiln-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the plasma lipid profile of mildly hyperlipidaemic Indian adults. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:722-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509297170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of a once-a-day yoghurt drink providing 2 g plant sterols/d and capsules providing 2 g fish oiln-3 long-chain (LC) PUFA/d on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins and LDL particle size. Following a 2-week run-in period, 200 mildly hypercholesterolaemic Indian adults aged 35–55 years were randomised into one of four groups of a 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind controlled trial. The 4-week treatments consisted of (1) control yoghurt drink and control capsules, (2) control yoghurt drink and fish oil capsules, (3) plant sterol-enriched yoghurt drink and control capsules, or (4) plant sterol-enriched yoghurt drink and fish oil capsules. Blood was drawn before and after the 4-week intervention. Changes in health status, lifestyle and dietary habits, and daily compliance were recorded. The main effects of plant sterols were a 4·5 % reduction in LDL-cholesterol and a 15 % reduction in TAG without a significant change in HDL-cholesterol. Overall, fish oiln-3 LC-PUFA did not significantly affect cholesterol concentrations but reduced TAG by 15 % and increased HDL-cholesterol by 5·4 %. The combination significantly lowered TAG by 15 %v.control. No significant interaction between plant sterols andn-3 LC-PUFA was observed on plasma cholesterol concentrations. In conclusion, once-a-day intake of 2 g plant sterols/d in a yoghurt drink, 2 g fish oiln-3 LC-PUFA/d in capsules, and their combination had beneficial effects on the lipid profile of mildly hypercholesterolaemic Indian adults. The potent hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect of plant sterols observed in the present study and this population warrants additional investigation.
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Bowden RG, Jitomir J, Wilson RL, Gentile M. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Lipid Levels in Endstage Renal Disease Patients. J Ren Nutr 2009; 19:259-66. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2009.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Jones PJH, AbuMweis SS. Phytosterols as functional food ingredients: linkages to cardiovascular disease and cancer. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; 12:147-51. [PMID: 19209468 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328326770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine experimental evidence that has examined association of phytosterols and the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Phytosterols exist as naturally occurring plant sterols that are present in the nonsaponifiable fraction of plant oils. Phytosterols are plant components that have a chemical structure similar to cholesterol except for the addition of an extra methyl or ethyl group; however, phytosterol absorption in humans is considerably less than that of cholesterol. In fact, phytosterols reduce cholesterol absorption, although the exact mechanism is not known, and thus reduce circulating levels of cholesterol. The efficacy of phytosterols as cholesterol-lowering agents have been shown when incorporated into fat spreads as well as other food matrices. In addition, phytosterols have been combined with other beneficial dietary components including fish and olive oils, psyllium and beta-glucan to enhance their effect on risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Phytosterols appear not only to play an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular disease but also to exhibit anticancer properties. A side effect associated with the consumption of phytosterols is that they reduce the blood levels of carotenoid. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that compensation for this impact on serum carotenoid levels can occur either by increasing the intake of carotenoid-rich foods or by taking supplements containing these carotenoids. SUMMARY Dietary phytosterols appear to play an important role in the regulation of serum cholesterol and to exhibit anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Smartpark, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Abstract
Plant sterols are plant components that have a chemical structure similar to cholesterol except for the addition of an extra methyl or ethyl group; however, plant sterol absorption in humans is considerably less than that of cholesterol. In fact, plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption and thus reduce circulating levels of cholesterol. Earlier studies that have tested the efficacy of plant sterols as cholesterol-lowering agents incorporated plant sterols into fat spreads. Later on, plant sterols were added to other food matrices, including juices, nonfat beverages, milk and yogurt, cheese, meat, croissants and muffins, and cereal and chocolate bars. The beneficial physiologic effects of plant sterols could be further enhanced by combining them with other beneficial substances, such as olive and fish oils, fibers, and soy proteins, or with exercise. The addition of plant sterols to the diet is suggested by health experts as a safe and effective way to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
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Jones PJH, Demonty I, Chan YM, Herzog Y, Pelled D. Fish-oil esters of plant sterols differ from vegetable-oil sterol esters in triglycerides lowering, carotenoid bioavailability and impact on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Lipids Health Dis 2007; 6:28. [PMID: 17961204 PMCID: PMC2194675 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-6-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of plant sterol (PS) esters lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels by suppressing intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Commercially available PS are mainly esterified to omega-6 fatty acid (FA), such as sunflower oil (SO) FA. Emerging trends include using other sources such as olive oil (OO) or omega-3 FA from fish oil (FO), known to exert potent hypotriglyceridemic effects. Our objective was to compare the actions of different FA esterified to PS on blood lipids, carotenoid bioavailability as well as inflammatory and coagulation markers. METHODS Twenty-one moderately overweight, hypercholesterolemic subjects consumed experimental isoenergetic diets enriched with OO (70% of fat), each lasting 28-day and separated by 4-week washout periods, using a randomized crossover design. Diets were supplemented with three PS esters preparations, PS-FO, PS-SO, or PS-OO. All PS treatments contained an equivalent of 1.7 PS g/d, and the PS-FO provided a total of 5.4 g/d FO FA (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids). RESULTS There were no differences between PS-containing diet effects on total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, or high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. However, PS-FO consumption resulted in markedly lower (P < 0.0001) fasting and postprandial triglyceride concentrations compared with PS-SO and PS-OO. These treatments affected plasma beta-carotene (P = 0.0169) and retinol (P = 0.0244), but not tocopherol (P = 0.2108) concentrations. Consumption of PS-FO resulted in higher beta-carotene (P = 0.0139) and retinol (P = 0.0425) levels than PS-SO and PS-OO, respectively. Plasma TNF-alpha, IL-6, C-reactive protein, prostate specific antigen, and fibrinogen concentrations were unaffected by the PS-interventions. In contrast, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) concentrations were lower (P = 0.0282) in the PS-FO-fed than the PS-SO, but not the PS-OO (P = 0.7487) groups. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that, in hypercholesterolemic subjects consuming an OO-based diet, PS-FO results in lowered blood triglyceride and PAI-1 concentrations, and higher fat-soluble vitamin levels in comparison to the vegetable oil FA esters of PS (PS-SO and PS-OO). Thus, PS-FO may offer hyperlipidemic subjects a more comprehensive lipid lowering approach while reducing the potential risk of decreased plasma carotenoid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Jones
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada.
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Naruszewicz M, Kozlowska-Wojciechowska M. Plant sterols beyond low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:454-5. [PMID: 17705890 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507781473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Naruszewicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy Medical, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Chan YM, Demonty I, Pelled D, Jones PJH. Olive oil containing olive oil fatty acid esters of plant sterols and dietary diacylglycerol reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreases the tendency for peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:563-70. [PMID: 17559697 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507730775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Plant sterols (PS) and MUFA are well-documented cholesterol lowering agents. We aimed to determine the effect of PS esterified to olive oil fatty acids (PS-OO) on blood lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Twenty-one moderately overweight, hypercholesterolaemic subjects consumed three consecutive treatment diets, each lasting 28 d and separated by 4-week washout periods, using a randomized crossover design. Diets contained 30 % energy as fat, 70 % of which was provided by olive oil (OO), and differed only in the treatment oils: OO, PS esterified to sunflower oil fatty acids (PS-SO), and PS-OO. Both PS-SO and PS-OO treatments provided 1·7 g PS /d. PS-OO and PS-SO consumption resulted in a decrease (P = 0·0483) in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations compared with the OO diet. Although total cholesterol and apo B-100 levels were not significantly affected, PS-SO and, to some extent, PS-OO reduced the total:HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (P = 0·0142) and the apo B-100:apo A-I ratio (P = 0·0168) compared with the OO diet. There were no differences across diets in lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and lipid peroxidation levels. However, following consumption of OO and PS-SO, Lp(a) concentrations increased (P = 0·0050 and 0·0421, respectively), while PS-OO treatment did not affect Lp(a) levels. Furthermore, there was a decrease (P = 0·0097) in lipid peroxidation levels with PS-OO treatment during the supplementation phase. Our results suggest that supplementing an OO-rich diet with PS-OO favourably alters the plasma lipid profile and may decrease the susceptibility of LDL-C to lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ming Chan
- The School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
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