Cumulative soft drink consumption is associated with insulin resistance in Mexican adults

The Interval Between Concussions Does Not Influence Time to Asymptomatic or Return to Play: A CARE Consortium Study

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to determine if the time interval between two concussive events influences the number of days to asymptomatic status, days to return to play, or performance on common post-concussion assessments following the second concussion.

METHODS

Data from 448 collegiate athletes and service academy cadets with two concussions (time between concussions: median 295.0 days [interquartile range: 125.0-438.2]), 40.0% female) were analyzed from Concussion Assessment Research and Education (CARE) Consortium institutions between 2014 and 2020. Days between concussions was the primary predictor variable. Primary outcome measures included time to asymptomatic and time to return to play following the second concussion. Secondary outcome measures included total number of symptoms, total symptom severity, Balance Error Scoring System total score, and Standardized Assessment of Concussion total score within 48 h of their second concussion.

RESULTS

Time between concussions did not significantly contribute to the multivariate time to asymptomatic (p = 0.390), time to return to play (p = 0.859), or the secondary outcomes (p-range = 0.165-0.477) models. Time to asymptomatic (p = 0.619) or return to play (p = 0.524) did not differ between same-season and different-season concussions. Sex significantly contributed to the return to play (p = 0.005) multivariate model. Delayed symptom onset and immediate removal from play/competition significantly contributed to the total number of symptoms (p = 0.001, p = 0.014) and symptom severity (p = 0.011, p = 0.022) multivariate models.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that in a population with a large period between injuries, the time between concussions may not be relevant to clinical recovery.

Evaluating attitudes toward soft drink consumption among adults in Saudi Arabia: Five years after selective taxation implementation

Objective

Saudi Arabia (SA) ranked first in soft drink consumption in the Middle East. A decrease in consumption was recorded after a selective 50% increased taxation policy in 2018. This study aimed to assess soft drinks consumption patterns among Saudi Arabian adults and examine the association between different attitudes and patterns post-taxation.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023, involving 1,935 Saudi adults aged 20-60 residing in Saudi Arabia. Participants completed online surveys using a validated questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, soft drink consumption patterns, and attitudes toward soft drinks. Chi-square and odds ratio (OR) tests were used to assess associations between sociodemographic characteristics, soft drink consumption frequency/quantity, and change in consumption patterns owing to selective taxation. Additionally, t-tests, Spearman's coefficient, and hierarchical multiple linear regression were used to measure differences in attitudes and linear relationships.

Results

Overall, 7.5% of the participants reported daily soft drink consumption, with 51.8% of these consuming less than one can per day and 41.2% consuming one can per day. Most (66.2%) reported no change in consumption post-taxation. Attitudes toward soft drink consumption varied significantly, with most agreeing on its health risks but also enjoying the drinks. Multiple regression analysis identified age, education, income, consumption frequency/quantity, and impact of taxation as significant predictors of overall attitudes toward soft drinks.

Conclusions

After taxation, 20% of participants reduced soft drink consumption, underscoring the importance of addressing taxation and intrinsic motivations to foster lasting changes in attitudes and behaviors towards soft drinks.

Impact of carbonated beverages on early onset of osteoporosis: A narrative review

Background: Processed and semi-processed foods are getting popular in the diets of the Western population. The Western diet is almost coupled with consuming carbonated beverages, either alcoholic or nonalcoholic. The presence of sugar, caffeine, and alcohol in different carbonated beverages and detrimental dietary patterns are leading causes of obesity, diabetes, and periodontal diseases in the young population. Aims: This article aims to review the impact of carbonated beverages on early onset of osteoporosis. Methods: A nonsystematic literature review searches in PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases with predefined terms relating to carbonated beverages, caffeine intake, childhood obesity, osteoporosis, and bone softness. Results: Bone diseases significantly increase due to early exposure to caffeine and phosphoric acid in the pubertal period. Musculoskeletal growth is a dynamic and complex process, and bone mass achievement is of great importance in this process. According to the global burden of diseases, bone disorders consist of "6.8% of total disability-adjusted life-years." The consumption of soft drinks and their impact on bone accretion and bone mineral density in the young population is under research in the current literature on osteoporotic disorders. Since bone is a metabolically active tissue, it's in constant reconstruction mode. This process is regulated by genetic, hormonal, nutritional, and physical factors. Any imbalance in one of these processes might lead to mineral deposition and osteoporosis. Conclusion: Habitual intake of carbonated drinks with added sugars and caffeine is associated with increased body weight and bone fragility; stringent regulations are needed for proper education.

Sweetened Beverages, Genetic Susceptibility, and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

An association between sweetened beverages and several cardiometabolic diseases has been reported, but their association with atrial fibrillation (AF) is unclear. We aimed to investigate the associations between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), artificially sweetened beverages (ASB), and pure fruit juice (PJ) and risk of consumption with AF risk and further evaluate whether genetic susceptibility modifies these associations.

METHODS

A total of 201 856 participants who were free of baseline AF, had genetic data available, and completed a 24-hour diet questionnaire were included. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 9.9 years, 9362 incident AF cases were documented. Compared with nonconsumers, individuals who consumed >2 L/wk of SSB or ASB had an increased risk of AF (HR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.01-1.20] and HR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.10-1.31]) in the multivariable-adjusted model. A negative association was observed between the consumption of ≤1 L/wk of PJ and the risk of AF (HR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.87-0.97]). The highest HRs (95% CIs) of AF were observed for participants at high genetic risk who consumed >2 L/wk of ASB (HR, 3.51 [95% CI, 2.94-4.19]), and the lowest HR were observed for those at low genetic risk who consumed ≤1 L/wk of PJ (HR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.65-0.92]). No significant interactions were observed between the consumption of SSB, ASB, or PJ and genetic predisposition to AF.

CONCLUSIONS

Consumption of SSB and ASB at >2 L/wk was associated with an increased risk for AF. PJ consumption ≤1 L/wk was associated with a modestly lower risk for AF. The association between sweetened beverages and AF risk persisted after adjustment for genetic susceptibility to AF. This study does not demonstrate that consumption of SSB and ASB alters AF risk but rather that the consumption of SSB and ASB may predict AF risk beyond traditional risk factors.

The challenge of dietary management in soft drink consumption and its oral and systemic repercussions

Background:Soft drinks are drinks high in sugar and acidity, but low in nutritional benefits. Despite its great popularity, its consumption is alerted due to the numerous systemic harm caused. Aim:This work aims to provide information and critically review the literature on the risk of soft drink consumption in an integrative view with nutritional, dental, and medical aspects. Methods:A search was carried out based on the identification of the theme, determination of inclusion and exclusion criteria, selection of databases for research and, finally, the reading, interpretation, and discussion of the selected sources. A search was conducted using the keywords: "soft drinks" AND "obesity" OR "dental erosion" OR "diabetes" OR "hypertension" OR "mental health" OR "multimorbidities" in databases PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS between 2017 and 2022. Results:Seventy-six studies were included in the article after the qualitative synthesis. Conclusion:We conclude that the high consumption of soft drinks is associated with oral and general diseases. Therefore, a multi-professional approach to guide patients to moderate the consumption of these beverages is extremely important.

Anti-Obesity Effect and Mechanism of Chitooligosaccharides Were Revealed Based on Lipidomics in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Chitooligosaccharide (COS) is a natural product from the ocean, and while many studies have reported its important role in metabolic diseases, no study has systematically elaborated the anti-obesity effect and mechanism of COS. Herein, COSM (MW ≤ 3000 Da) was administered to diet-induced obese mice by oral gavage once daily for eight weeks. The results show that COSM administration reduced body weight; slowed weight gain; reduced serum Glu, insulin, NEFA, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels; increased serum HSL and HDL-C levels; improved inflammation; and reduced lipid droplet size in adipose tissue. Further lipidomic analysis of adipose tissue revealed that 31 lipid species are considered to be underlying lipid biomarkers in COS therapy. These lipids are mainly enriched in pathways involving insulin resistance, thermogenesis, cholesterol metabolism, glyceride metabolism and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which sheds light on the weight loss mechanism of COS. The Western blot assay demonstrated that COSM intervention can improve insulin resistance, inhibit de novo synthesis, and promote thermogenesis and β-oxidation in mitochondria by the AMPK pathway, thereby alleviating high-fat diet-induced obesity. In short, our study can provide a more comprehensive direction for the application of COS in obesity based on molecular markers.

Meal-specific dietary patterns and biomarkers of insulin resistance in a sample of Iranian adults: a cross-sectional study

Current research emphasizes the habitual dietary pattern without differentiating eating occasions. We aimed to assess meal-specific dietary patterns and insulin resistance indicators. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 825 Iranian adults. Dietary data were recorded by three 24-h dietary recalls. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis (PCA) on main meals and an afternoon snack. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and laboratory investigation, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride, insulin, c-reactive protein (CRP) were done. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance and sensitivity (HOMA-IR and HOMA-IS), Triglycerides and glucose (TyG-index), and Lipid accommodation product index were calculated. We used multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) analysis. Two major dietary patterns at the main meals and the afternoon were identified. Higher adherence to "Bread, vegetable, and cheese" dietary pattern at breakfast was related to lower FPG, and "Oil, egg, and cereals" showed a direct association with body mass index, FPG, and TyG-index at breakfast. The "Western" pattern in lunch and dinner directly related to waist circumference (WC) and body mass index, however, it was inversely related to HOMA-IS. This pattern at dinner was related to higher CRP. Higher adherence to "bread, cereals, and oil" pattern at afternoon snack was associated with a lower WC. These results indicated that unhealthy meal-specific dietary patterns are associated with a greater chance of obesity and insulin resistance risk. However, "Bread, vegetable, and cheese" dietary pattern at breakfast was related to lower FPG, and "bread, cereals, and oil" pattern in the afternoon was associated with lower WC.

Consumption of sweetened beverages is associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Brazilian adults (CUME project)

BACKGROUND AND AIM

To evaluate the association between the energy consumption of sweetened beverages (SBs) adjusted for daily energy intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This was a prospective study with 2480 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-free Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME) participants at baseline and 2-4 years of follow-up. A longitudinal analysis was performed with generalized equation estimation to verify the effect of SB consumption, adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, on the incidence of T2DM. The incidence of T2DM was 2.78%. The median calorie intake of daily SB consumption adjusted for energy was 47.7 kcal/day. Participants with the highest consumption of SBs (≥47.7 kcal/day) were 63% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.63; p value-0.049) more likely to acquire T2DM over time compared to the lowest consumption (<47.7 kcal/day).

CONCLUSIONS

Higher energy consumption from SBs favored a higher incidence of T2DM among CUME participants. The results reinforce the need for marketing restrictions on these foods and taxation to reduce the consumption of these beverages to prevent T2DM and other chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Association between Regional Body Muscle Mass and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Observational Study Using Data from the REACTION Study

Background and aims: Regional muscle distribution is associated with abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, the relationship between muscle distribution and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. This study was to determine the relationship between regional muscle distribution and the risk and severity of NAFLD. Methods: This cross-sectional study ultimately included 3161 participants. NAFLD diagnosed by ultrasonography was classified into three groups (non, mild, and moderate/severe). We estimated the regional body muscle mass (lower limbs, upper limbs, extremities, and trunk) through multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The relative muscle mass was defined as the muscle mass adjusted for the body mass index (BMI). Results: NAFLD participants accounted for 29.9% (945) of the study's population. Individuals with a higher lower limb, extremity, and trunk muscle mass had a lower risk of NAFLD (p < 0.001). Patients with moderate/severe NAFLD had a lower muscle mass of the lower limbs and trunk than patients with mild NAFLD (p < 0.001), while the muscle mass of the upper limbs and extremities did not differ significantly between the two groups. Moreover, similar results were found for both sexes and among different age groups. Conclusions: A higher muscle mass of the lower limbs, extremities, and trunk was negatively associated with the risk of NAFLD. A lower muscle mass of the limbs and trunk was inversely associated with the severity of NAFLD. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the development of individualized exercise prescriptions for the prevention of NAFLD in non-NAFLD patients.

Regular consumption of soft drinks is associated with type 2 diabetes incidence in Mexican adults: findings from a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Although high consumption of soft drinks has been associated with excess of type 2 diabetes risk, the strength of this association in the Mexican population, where a type 2 diabetes genetic susceptibility has been well established, has been scarcely studied. This study aimed to estimate the risk of type 2 diabetes due to soft drinks consumption in a cohort of Mexicans.

METHODS

We used data on 1445 participants from the Health Workers Cohort Study, a prospective cohort conducted in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Soft drinks consumption was assessed with a semi-quantitative 116-item food frequency questionnaire. Incident type 2 diabetes was defined as self-report of physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes, fasting glucose > 126 mg/dl, or hypoglycemic medication at any examination. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models.

RESULTS

With a total of 9526.2 person-years of follow-up, 109 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were observed. Type 2 diabetes incidence rate was 7.6, 11.0, and 17.1 per 1000 person-years across levels of soft drinks consumption of < 1, 1-4, and ≥ 5 servings/week, respectively (p < 0.001 for trend). The intake of ≥5 soft drinks/week was significantly associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (HR 1.9 95% CI:1.0-3.5) compared with consumption of < 1/week (p-trend = 0.040). The HR was attenuated by further adjustment for body mass index (HR 1.5 95%CI:0.8-2.8) and abdominal obesity (HR 1.6 95%CI:0.8-3.0).

CONCLUSIONS

The consumption of soft drinks was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes in a cohort of Mexican adults. Our results further support recommendations to limit soft drinks intake to address the growing diabetes epidemic in Mexico.