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Kim CN, Messito MJ, Duh-Leong C, Katzow M, Teli R, Gross RS. The effects of parent-child dysfunctional interactions on early childhood weight: A serial mediation model through emotional feeding and child appetite traits. Appetite 2024; 200:107564. [PMID: 38897417 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Parent-child dysfunctional interactions (PCDI) are known to contribute to children's weight status. However, the underlying mechanisms in how dysfunctional interactions between parent and child influence child weight are not clear. This study investigates the impact of PCDI on toddlers' weight, focusing on the potential serial mediation by maternal emotional feeding and child appetite traits. We conducted a secondary analysis of longitudinal data from a larger intervention trial to prevent childhood obesity in low-income Hispanic families. A total of 241 mother-child dyads were included in these analyses. Measurements were taken at various stages: PCDI at child age 19 months, maternal emotional feeding at 28 months, and both child appetite traits and weight-for-age z-score (WFAz) at 36 months. Serial mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect effect of early PCDI on later child WFAz through maternal emotional feeding and two child food approach traits (food responsiveness, emotional overeating) out of the eight child appetite traits assessed. PCDI at 19 months was associated with increased use of emotional feeding in mothers at 28 months, which was associated with heightened food responsiveness and emotional overeating in children at 36 months, which in turn was linked to greater child WFAz at 36 months. The findings of this study expand the understanding of the mechanisms underlying PCDI and child weight, emphasizing the interplay between maternal feeding practices and child appetite in the context of adverse parent-child interactions during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Radhika Teli
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, USA
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da Costa MP, Severo M, Araújo J, Vilela S. Longitudinal tracking of diet quality from childhood to adolescence: The Interplay of individual and sociodemographic factors. Appetite 2024; 196:107279. [PMID: 38401601 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine diet tracking from childhood to adolescence, using 4 time-points, and the influence of socioeconomic and individual characteristics in this transition. The sample included 6893 children from the Portuguese birth cohort Generation XXI with complete information on Food Frequency Questionnaire in at least one of the considered follow-ups. A Healthy Eating Index (HEI), previously developed to assess adherence to WHO's dietary recommendations, was applied at all ages (4, 7, 10 and 13y). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyse the tracking of diet quality. Linear mixed-effect models were performed to estimate the association of the child's socioeconomic and individual characteristics with the HEI score and respective trajectories over time. The overall diet quality decreased from childhood (22.2 ± 3.6 at 4y) to adolescence (18.2 ± 3.9 at 13y), with moderate tracking (ICC = 0.53), showing that children who start a healthy diet earlier might have a better diet quality as time goes by. Children of older mothers (β = 0.079, 95%CI = 0.061-0.097) and with higher education (β = 0.203, 95%CI = 0.178-0.229) and a higher household monthly income (β = 0.024,95%CI = 0.007-0.041) had a higher diet quality over time. Besides family characteristics, the child's sedentary activities (β = -0.009, 95%CI = -0.014--0.003) negatively influence diet quality throughout life. In contrast, being a girl (β = -0.094, 95%CI = -0.132--0.056) and having higher sleep duration (β = 0.039, 95%CI = 0.015-0.064) are associated with a higher diet quality over time. The presence of dietary tracking from childhood to adolescence implies that promoting healthy eating habits during the first years of life is crucial for a healthier diet quality during late childhood and early adolescence, focusing on maternal and individual child characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pinto da Costa
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses, e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Milton Severo
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº288, 4050-321, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Araújo
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses, e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Vilela
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
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Costa A, Pereira R, Severo M, Hetherington MM, Oliveira A. Appetitive traits from childhood to adolescence: Analysis of their stability, derivation of trajectory profiles, and associated characteristics. Appetite 2024; 193:107149. [PMID: 38049034 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the potential stability of appetitive traits from childhood to early adolescence, identify groups of individuals with distinct trajectories for these traits, and explore their association with other child and family characteristics. Participants were 5040 children from the Generation XXI cohort. Appetitive traits were assessed with the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) at ages seven, 10, and 13 (eight subscales). Mixed-effect models estimated individual trajectories of appetitive traits and Gaussian mixture models identified groups following different trajectories (appetitive trait trajectory profiles). Appetitive traits showed moderate-to-high stability across the three ages (intra-class correlation coefficients:0.66-0.83); most of the variance observed across time were due to persistent individual differences rather than age-related changes. Six appetitive trait trajectory profiles were identified: 'Moderate appetite' (scores close to the average) (29% of children), 'Small to moderate appetite' (lowest food approach and emotional eating) (26%), 'Increasing appetite' (increasing food approach) (15%), 'Avid appetite' (highest food approach and lowest food avoidance) (12%), 'Smallest appetite' (highest food avoidance and low food approach) (10%), and 'Small appetite but increasing' (decreasing high food avoidance and Desire to Drink) (8%). In multinomial logistic regression, these profiles were associated with different child and family characteristics. Compared to children with a 'Moderate appetite' profile, those with higher BMI, who desired a thinner body, whose mothers were younger, had lower education, higher pre-pregnancy BMI (OR = 1.07; 95%CI:1.04,1.09), smoked during pregnancy (OR = 1.51; 95%CI:1.21,1.90), and used more restrictive feeding practices (OR = 1.79; 95%CI:1.57,2.03) had increased odds of belonging to the 'Avid Appetite'. In conclusion, distinct appetitive trait trajectory profiles emerged, differentiating individuals with avid and small appetites. These findings have implications for identifying children at higher risk for obesogenic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Costa
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Das Taipas, N° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional Em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Das Taipas, N° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Pereira
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Das Taipas, N° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional Em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Das Taipas, N° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Milton Severo
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Das Taipas, N° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional Em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Das Taipas, N° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ensino Pré-Graduado, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, Nº24, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Andreia Oliveira
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Das Taipas, N° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional Em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Das Taipas, N° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Saúde Pública e Ciências Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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Dahmani J, Nicklaus S, Marty L. Willingness for more vegetarian meals in school canteens: Associations with family characteristics and parents' food choice motives in a French community. Appetite 2024; 193:107134. [PMID: 38008191 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The school meal system could contribute to the transition towards more sustainable food system by promoting plant-based meals. Knowing whether parents want more vegetarian school meals for their children is a prerequisite for a successful implementation. The present study aimed to estimate the proportion of parents who would opt for more vegetarian school meals for their children and to study associations of willingness with family characteristics and food choice motives. An online survey was sent to parents whose children are registered for school canteen in Dijon (France). We collected child-level information, data on family sociodemographic characteristics, and data on dietary habits and food choice motives of the family. We examined family characteristics associated with the willingness to increase the frequency of vegetarian school meals from one meal per week to two or daily. Generalized linear models were performed. In total, 49% of parents were willing to opt for a second weekly vegetarian meal and 26% for a daily vegetarian meal for their children (n = 1261). Parents willing to opt for more vegetarian meal were more likely to have higher education, be flexitarian or vegetarian and to currently opt for pork-free meals for their children, and their children attended the school canteen less frequently. Environmental motives were positively associated with the willing to opt for a second weekly vegetarian meal; familiarity and sensory appeal motives were negatively associated. Health and animal welfare motives were positively associated with the willing to opt for a daily vegetarian meal and sensory appeal was negatively associated. Increasing the frequency of vegetarian school meals would satisfy a demand expressed by parents but must be accompanied by interventions enhancing pleasure of eating vegetarian meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Dahmani
- Centre des Sciences Du Goût et de L'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Nicklaus
- Centre des Sciences Du Goût et de L'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Lucile Marty
- Centre des Sciences Du Goût et de L'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
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Ayre SK, Harris HA, White MJ, Byrne RA. Food Parenting Practices and Child Eating Behaviors in Australian Families: A Cross-Sectional Sibling Design. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024; 124:42-57.e8. [PMID: 37661083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2023.08.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on feeding in early childhood has focused primarily on parent-child dyadic interactions, despite parents enacting these practices within the complex dynamic of the family system. OBJECTIVE Using a sibling design, this study aimed to assess how parents may adapt their food parenting practices for siblings in response to differences in their eating behaviors. DESIGN A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between October and December 2022. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Data were collected from parents (97.5% women) in Australia with 2 children aged 2 to 5 years (n = 336 parents and n = 672 children). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Survey items were completed for each sibling, and included four subscales of the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire and seven subscales of the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire-28. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Multiple linear regression models examined associations between within-sibling pair differences in child eating behaviors and food parenting practices, adjusting for differences in child body mass index z score, age, gender, and early feeding method. RESULTS Within-sibling pair differences in eating behaviors were associated with differences in some food parenting practices. For the fussier sibling, parents reported using more control-based practices, including persuasive feeding, reward for eating, and reward for behavior, and less of the structure-based practice, family meal settings (P values < 0.001). Similar directions of associations were found for persuasive feeding, reward for eating, and family meal settings with siblings who were slower eaters or more satiety responsive (P values < 0.007); however, no significant differences in reward for behavior were observed in relation to sibling differences in these eating behaviors. For the more food responsive sibling, parents reported using more control-based practices, including reward for behavior and overt restriction (P values < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Within families, parents may adapt certain practices in response to differences in their children's eating behaviors. Interventions promoting responsive feeding should be designed to acknowledge the integral role of siblings in shaping parents' feeding decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah K Ayre
- Centre for Childhood Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Holly A Harris
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie J White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca A Byrne
- Centre for Childhood Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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Kininmonth AR, Herle M, Haycraft E, Farrow C, Tommerup K, Croker H, Pickard A, Edwards K, Blissett J, Llewellyn C. Reciprocal associations between parental feeding practices and child eating behaviours from toddlerhood to early childhood: bivariate latent change analysis in the Gemini cohort. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1432-1445. [PMID: 37183771 PMCID: PMC10953001 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental feeding practices (PFPs) are a key component of a child's food environment. Parent-child feeding relationships are hypothesised to be bidirectional; however, to date, few large prospective studies have examined this, instead focussing on unidirectional relationships. As such, the direction of relationships between PFPs and children's eating behaviours remains unclear. METHODS Data were from Gemini, a population-based sample of children born in England and Wales in 2007. Children's eating behaviours and PFPs were measured at 15/16 months and 5 years using validated psychometric measures (n = 1,858 children). Bivariate Latent Change Score Modelling was used to examine the nature of relationships between PFPs and children's eating behaviours at 15/16 months and 5 years. Models were adjusted to account for clustering of twins within families and for sex of the child, socioeconomic status, gestational age and age of the child at measurement time points. RESULTS A reciprocal relationship was observed between instrumental feeding and emotional overeating, with greater instrumental feeding predicting greater increases in emotional overeating (β = .09; 0.03-0.15; p = .004) and vice versa (β = .09; 0.03-0.15; p = .005). Reciprocity was also observed between encouragement to eat nutritious foods and children's enjoyment of food, with greater encouragement predicting greater increases in enjoyment of food (β = .08; 0.02-0.13; p = .006) and vice versa (β = .07; 0.02-0.11; p = .003). Parent-child associations and child-parent associations were also observed. CONCLUSION These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that certain feeding practices are used as a 'natural' response to a child expressing a greater interest in and enthusiasm for food, but at the same time, such practices impact the development of eating behaviours by nurturing and encouraging the expression of higher emotional overeating and greater enjoyment of food in preschool years. The findings provide important insights into the PFPs and eating behaviour traits that could be targeted as part of a tailored feeding intervention to support parents of children during the preschool formative years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R. Kininmonth
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health CareUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Moritz Herle
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Clare Farrow
- School of Psychology, Institute of Health and NeurodevelopmentAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| | - Kristiane Tommerup
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health CareUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Helen Croker
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | - Abigail Pickard
- School of Psychology, Institute of Health and NeurodevelopmentAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| | - Katie Edwards
- School of Psychology, Institute of Health and NeurodevelopmentAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| | - Jacqueline Blissett
- School of Psychology, Institute of Health and NeurodevelopmentAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| | - Clare Llewellyn
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health CareUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Chen Y, Fogel A, Bi Y, Yen CC. Factors associated with eating rate: a systematic review and narrative synthesis informed by socio-ecological model. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37749936 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows associations between rapid eating and overweight. Modifying eating rate might be a potential weight management strategy without imposing additional dietary restrictions. A comprehensive understanding of factors associated with eating speed will help with designing effective interventions. The aim of this review was to synthesise the current state of knowledge on the factors associated with eating rate. The socio-ecological model (SEM) was utilised to scaffold the identified factors. A comprehensive literature search of eleven databases was conducted to identify factors associated with eating rate. The 104 studies that met the inclusion criteria were heterogeneous in design and methods of eating rate measurement. We identified thirty-nine factors that were independently linked to eating speed and mapped them onto the individual, social and environmental levels of the SEM. The majority of the reported factors pertained to the individual characteristics (n = 20) including demographics, cognitive/psychological factors and habitual food oral processing behaviours. Social factors (n = 11) included eating companions, social and cultural norms, and family structure. Environmental factors (n = 8) included food texture and presentation, methods of consumption or background sounds. Measures of body weight, food form and characteristics, food oral processing behaviours and gender, age and ethnicity were the most researched and consistent factors associated with eating rate. A number of other novel and underresearched factors emerged, but these require replication and further research. We highlight directions for further research in this space and potential evidence-based candidates for interventions targeting eating rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Division of Industrial Design, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Keio-NUS CUTE Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Fogel
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Yue Bi
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching Chiuan Yen
- Division of Industrial Design, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Keio-NUS CUTE Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Burnett AJ, Russell CG, Lacy KE, Worsley A, Spence AC. Mothers' descriptions of their feeding strategies in response to fussy eating with children of different levels of trait fussiness. Appetite 2023; 187:106581. [PMID: 37120068 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Parent feeding practices influence a child's dietary intake. Many studies examining how parents react to children's fussy eating behaviours have been limited to questionnaire measures, which assess a limited number of feeding practices. There is a lack of research exploring the range of strategies parents use when their child is being fussy and/or refusing to eat. Therefore, the aims of this study are to describe the strategies used by mothers when their child is being fussy or refusing to eat, and to assess differences in the strategies depending on the child's trait fussiness levels. In 2018, 1504 mothers of children aged 2-5 years completed an online survey. Trait fussiness was assessed using the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Mothers were also asked the open-ended question "What are the strategies you use when your child is being fussy or refusing to eat?". Inductive thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo. Themes were compared by child trait fussiness levels. Seven main themes were identified: child-led feeding/trust in child's appetite, spectrum of pressure, home or family strategies, different types of food offerings, communication, avoid certain strategies, and never or rarely fussy. Mothers of children with severe trait fussiness levels reported more pressuring or persuasive strategies. This study provides novel information regarding the diverse range of feeding practices parents use in response to children's fussy eating behaviours. Mothers used more feeding strategies typically associated with unhealthy dietary intake for children of high levels of trait fussiness. It is important that future interventions tailor the information to provide support to parents of children with high levels of trait fussiness regarding the use of feeding practices recommended to support healthy dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa J Burnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Catherine G Russell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Alison C Spence
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Papaioannou MA, Power TG, O’Connor TM, Fisher JO, Micheli NE, Hughes SO. Child Weight Status: The Role of Feeding Styles and Highly Motivated Eating in Children. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030507. [PMID: 36980065 PMCID: PMC10047856 DOI: 10.3390/children10030507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Although parental feeding plays an important role in child eating and weight status, high food motivation among children may also be a factor shaping how feeding impacts child weight. This study explored whether individual differences in preschool children’s food motivation interacted with mothers’ feeding styles in predicting subsequent child weight status. Participants included 129 Hispanic Head Start mother/child dyads. Data were collected at ages 4–5 years (Time 1) and 7–9 (Time 3). Staff measured heights/weights and observed children in an eating in the absence of hunger task. Mothers reported on feeding styles/practices and children’s eating behaviors. A principal components analysis derived a measure of highly motivated eating in children. Multiple regressions predicted Time 3 child BMI z-scores. Time 3 BMI z-scores were positively predicted by authoritative and indulgent feeding styles and negatively predicted by monitoring. Since feeding style interacted with highly motivated eating, separate regressions were run for high and low food motivation in children. Unexpectedly, results showed that authoritative feeding positively predicted Time 3 child BMI z-scores only for children showing low levels of food motivation. Characterizing differential parental feeding and child eating phenotypes may assist in tailoring childhood obesity prevention programs for the target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Papaioannou
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas G. Power
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Teresia M. O’Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer O. Fisher
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Nilda E. Micheli
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sheryl O. Hughes
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-7017
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Costa A, Oliveira A. Parental Feeding Practices and Children's Eating Behaviours: An Overview of Their Complex Relationship. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030400. [PMID: 36766975 PMCID: PMC9914567 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have found an association between eating behaviours and weight status and obesity risk in childhood. Children's eating behaviours arise from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Parents appear to play a central role in their development as the main responsible for shaping children's feeding environment and eating experiences. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on parental influences on eating behaviours across childhood, mainly focusing on parental feeding practices. The associations between parental feeding practices and children's eating behaviours have been extensively studied. However, most of the findings come from cross-sectional studies, so the possibility of reverse causality cannot be ruled out (i.e., children's behaviours influencing parents). Most recently, a few longitudinal studies with a cross-lagged design have shown that the relationship between children's eating behaviours and parental feeding practices seems to be bidirectional, where it is not straightforward whether parental feeding practices are a predictor or a consequence of children's eating behaviours. Children's eating behaviours influence parents to adopt certain feeding practices, but these practices also influence children's behaviours over time. Parental feeding practices may have the potential to shape children's eating behaviours and should be targeted to promote the development of non-obesogenic traits. However, parent-child interactions are complex and therefore both parent and child characteristics and the family dynamics should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Costa
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Andreia Oliveira
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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11
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The correlation between different operationalisations of parental restrictive feeding practices and children's eating behaviours: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Appetite 2023; 180:106320. [PMID: 36210017 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strategies used by parents to restrict children's access to highly palatable but unhealthy foods have been described collectively as restrictive feeding practices. Ironically, evidence shows these practices may foster maladaptive eating behaviours and increase children's risk of obesity. This systematic review and series of meta-analyses aim to estimate the relationships between different operationalisations of parental restrictive feeding practices and children's eating behaviours measured by either the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (Wardle et al., 2001) or eating in the absence of hunger paradigm. PsycINFO, Medline Complete, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched on April 22nd 2021 for terms relating to restrictive feeding practices, children and eating behaviours. Eligible studies (n = 24) reported a correlation between restrictive feeding and children's (2-12-years) eating behaviours. Meta-analyses were conducted on different operationalisations of restrictive feeding practices and different eating behaviours where there were three or more effects to analyse. Studies that were not meta-analysed were synthesised qualitatively. All studies were quality assessed using a standard checklist. Restrictive feeding (Child Feeding Questionnaire; Birch et al., 2001), was significantly correlated with higher food responsiveness, food fussiness, emotional overeating, and lower slowness in eating. Overt restriction (Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire, E. Jansen et al., 2014) was significantly correlated with higher food responsiveness. The qualitative synthesis suggests overt restriction is related to maladaptive eating behaviours, but that other operationalisations of restrictive feeding, especially covert restriction, are not. Future research should examine whether covert restriction provides an alternative, non-harmful approach to restriction, by which parents can control children's diet quality without negatively impacting their eating behaviours.
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12
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Ribeiro C, Severo M, Oliveira A, Barros H, Ramos E. Are problematic eating behaviors from 4- to 7-year-old explained by genetic, shared factors or individual characteristics? A longitudinal twin study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023; 77:82-89. [PMID: 35945260 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies based on twins are ideal to disentangle the relative contribution of different factors in the development of eating behaviors. This study aims to evaluate if changes in problematic eating behaviors from 4 to 7 years old are more influenced by the genetics, the shared environment of twins, or by individual characteristics of each twin. A total of 86 caregivers (mostly mothers) of twins from the Generation XXI birth cohort provided information on eating behaviors at 4 and 7 years of age. A score of problematic eating behaviors was developed. The Common fate model and the ACE model were used to estimate the effect of shared, individual, and genetic characteristics on changes in eating behaviors. At the dyadic level (shared), the eating behavior score at 4 years old was significantly and positively associated with the eating behavior at 7 years of age (β = 0.402, 95% CI 0.063;0.657). At the individual level, no significant association was observed (β = 0.020, 95% CI -0.078;0.125). The ACE model also showed the shared environment as the major responsible for the changes in eating behaviors from 4 to 7 years old. It also showed that genetic characteristics decreased their relevance overtime. This study supports that changes in eating behaviors from 4 to 7 years of age are mostly associated with the shared environment rather than individual characteristics of each twin. These results are important to improve future strategies to promote healthy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Milton Severo
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Oliveira
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique Barros
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ramos
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
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13
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Burnett AJ, Jansen E, Appleton J, Rossiter C, Fowler C, Denney-Wilson E, Russell CG. Bidirectional associations between parental feeding practices, infant appetitive traits and infant BMIz: a longitudinal cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:153. [PMID: 36517797 PMCID: PMC9753278 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the pathways linking parent feeding practices with appetitive traits and BMIz throughout infancy. This study examined bidirectional associations between parental feeding practices, infant appetitive traits, and infant BMIz. METHODS Parents (n = 380) of infants aged less than 6 months at baseline reported their feeding practices (using the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ) for infants and toddlers), infant appetitive traits (using the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire) and infant BMIz (parent-reported) at three timepoints (< 6 months, ~ 9 months, ~ 12 months) up to 12 months of age. Cross-lagged models examined bidirectional associations between parent feeding practices, infant appetitive traits and infant BMIz. RESULTS There was strong continuity across the three timepoints for maternal feeding practices, infant appetitive traits, and infant BMIz. Infant food avoidance was prospectively associated with higher parental persuasive feeding. Infant BMIz was prospectively associated with higher parent-led feeding. Parent use of food to calm was prospectively associated with lower infant BMIz, and infant BMIz was prospectively associated with higher infant food approach. Feeding on demand was prospectively associated with lower infant food approach. CONCLUSION This study highlights the complex associations between parental feeding practices, infant appetitive traits and infant BMIz. The study demonstrated that both child and parent effects are important, suggesting a need for tailored programs beginning in infancy to promote and support infant appetitive traits and parent feeding practices that support healthy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa J Burnett
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079 Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Vic Australia
| | - Elena Jansen
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jessica Appleton
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XSusan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,Tresillian Family Care Centres, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris Rossiter
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XSusan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Cathrine Fowler
- Tresillian Family Care Centres, NSW, Australia ,grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Elizabeth Denney-Wilson
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XSusan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.410692.80000 0001 2105 7653Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Catherine G Russell
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079 Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Vic Australia
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Eagleton SG, Shriver LH, Buehler C, Wideman L, Leerkes EM. Bidirectional associations between maternal controlling feeding and food responsiveness during infancy. Front Public Health 2022; 10:975067. [PMID: 36299755 PMCID: PMC9589151 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.975067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parental controlling feeding styles and practices have been associated with greater food-approaching appetitive behaviors (i.e., food responsiveness) linked to childhood obesity. Recent longitudinal research suggests that this relationship may be reciprocal such that controlling feeding predicts child appetite and vice versa. However, to date no studies have considered these associations during infancy. The current study investigates prospective bidirectional associations between controlling feeding (restriction, pressure, and food to soothe) and infant food responsiveness. Mothers (N = 176) reported their controlling feeding and their infant's food responsiveness at infant age 2, 6, and 14 months. A 3-wave cross-lagged panel model was used to test the effect of controlling feeding at an earlier time point on infant food responsiveness at a later time point, and vice versa. Maternal controlling feeding and infant food responsiveness showed moderate stability across infancy. Net of covariates, we observed parent-driven prospective relations between pressuring feeding styles and food to soothe with infant food responsiveness. Pressuring to finish was a significant predictor of increases in food responsiveness from 2 to 6 months (p = 0.004) and pressuring with cereal was a significant predictor of increases in food responsiveness from 6 to 14 months (p = 0.02). Greater use of situational food to soothe was marginally associated with higher food responsiveness from 2 to 6 months (p = 0.07) and 6 to 14 months (p = 0.06). Prospective associations between restrictive feeding styles and infant food responsiveness were not observed. Findings point to pressuring feeding styles and food to soothe as potential early life intervention targets to prevent increases in food responsiveness in infancy. Longitudinal research with follow-up in the toddler and preschool years are needed to understand how these associations unfold over time and whether child-driven effects of food responsiveness become apparent as children get older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally G. Eagleton
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Sally G. Eagleton
| | - Lenka H. Shriver
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Cheryl Buehler
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Laurie Wideman
- Department of Kinesiology, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Esther M. Leerkes
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Papaioannou MA, Micheli N, Power TG, O'Connor TM, Fisher JO, Hughes SO. Maternal Feeding Styles and Child Appetitive Traits: Direction of Effects in Hispanic Families With Low Incomes. Front Public Health 2022; 10:871923. [PMID: 35719648 PMCID: PMC9201210 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.871923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding styles of parents have been associated with dietary quality/intake and weight outcomes; however, much of the research to date has been cross sectional and the direction of influence unclear. This prospective longitudinal study evaluated the direction of effects between feeding styles and child appetitive traits over time in a sample of 129 Hispanic parent/child dyads that participated in a larger study. Data analyzed for the current study were collected when the children were 4–5 years old and again at ages 7–9 years. Parents (all mothers) reported on their feeding styles and children's appetitive traits using well-established questionnaires. Cross-lagged panel analyses were used to examine the direction of effects. Fully adjusted models revealed that a number of children's appetitive traits at baseline predicted later feeding styles. A bi-directional relationship was found between authoritarian feeding and satiety responsiveness such that higher satiety responsiveness was associated with authoritarian feeding and vice versa. Lower satiety responsiveness was associated with indulgent feeding, whereas higher food responsiveness was associated with authoritarian feeding. Results show preliminary evidence that children's appetitive traits may shape mothers' approach to child feeding. There is also preliminary support for the protective role of an authoritarian feeding style in the self-regulatory processes around child appetitive traits among this population of Hispanic families with low-income levels. These results warrant continued research given that other studies have shown beneficial outcomes for authoritarian feeding among ethnically diverse families with low incomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Papaioannou
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nilda Micheli
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas G Power
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Teresia M O'Connor
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer Orlet Fisher
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sheryl O Hughes
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Wang J, Zhu B, Wu R, Chang YS, Cao Y, Zhu D. Bidirectional Associations between Parental Non-Responsive Feeding Practices and Child Eating Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Prospective Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091896. [PMID: 35565862 PMCID: PMC9103127 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Parental non-responsive feeding practices and child eating behaviors both play significant roles in childhood obesity. However, their longitudinal relationships are less clear. This systematic review aimed to examine their bidirectional associations. Methods: A systematic search of five databases was conducted from inception to February 2022. Data synthesis was performed using a semi-quantitative and quantitative approach. Results: A total of 14 studies with 15348 respondents were included. A total of 94 longitudinal effects from 14 studies of parental non-responsive feeding practices on child eating behaviors were investigated, and 19 statistically significant effects were discovered. Seventy-seven longitudinal effects from nine studies of child eating behaviors on parental feeding practices were examined, with fifteen being statistically significant. The pooled results of meta-analysis showed five statistically significant associations: parental restrictive feeding positively predicted child enjoyment of food (β = 0.044; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.085); use of food as a reward positively predicted child emotional eating (β = 0.09; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.15); child food responsiveness positively predicted restrictive feeding (β = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.06); use food as a reward (β = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.10). In addition, the pooled effects showed that child satiety responsiveness negatively predicted restrictive feeding (β = −0.05; 95% CI: −0.08, −0.01). Conclusions: The bidirectional relationships between parental non-responsive feeding practices and child eating behaviors are inconsistent and a few showed statistical significance. Theory-driven longitudinal studies using validated instruments and controlling for potential confounders are needed to unveil their relationships and provide evidence for obesity prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (R.W.)
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK;
| | - Bingqian Zhu
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Ruxing Wu
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Yan-Shing Chang
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK;
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (D.Z.); Tel.: +86-021-63846590 (D.Z.)
| | - Daqiao Zhu
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (D.Z.); Tel.: +86-021-63846590 (D.Z.)
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