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Park SY, Love P, Zheng M, Campbell KJ, Lacy KE. Breakfast consumption trends among young Australian children aged up to 5 years: results from InFANT program. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1154844. [PMID: 37635972 PMCID: PMC10448523 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1154844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakfast is considered a healthy dietary habit which can track over time from childhood to adulthood. The breakfast meal has the potential to improve daily dietary quality, particularly if it includes a range of food groups and adequate nutrient intakes. However, research on breakfast consumption trends among young Australian children aged up to 5 years is currently limited. This study assessed children's usual breakfast food group and nutrient intakes at ages 1.5 (n = 369), 3.5 (n = 242), and 5.0 (n =240) years using three 24-hour dietary recalls from the Melbourne InFANT program. Tracking of food groups at breakfast across the three ages was assessed by Pearson correlation of energy-adjusted food intake residuals. The main food groups consumed at breakfast were grains, milk/alternatives and discretionary items, with vegetables rarely consumed at any age. Our study found that while breakfast contributed about 20% of total daily energy, this provided 20%-29.1% of total daily intake across all ages for carbohydrates, total sugars, calcium and potassium. For the contribution to daily recommendations, breakfast contributed more than about a third of daily recommended intakes for some micronutrients (e.g., iron, calcium and zinc), and a large proportion (over 40%) of sodium intake. Children consumed 11.9% -15.2% of their energy at breakfast from saturated fat, which is higher than the recommended total energy contribution of saturated fat (no more than 10% from saturated fat). For tracking of most food groups and nutrients, tracking was found to be low or moderate over time. Given the contribution that breakfast can make to ensure children achieve their daily dietary intakes, early interventions for young Australian children should focus on practical strategies to increase vegetable intake while reducing sodium and saturated fat intake at breakfast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Y. Park
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences (SENS), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Burnett AJ, Russell CG, Lacy KE, Worsley A, Spence AC. Mothers' descriptions of their feeding strategies in response to fussy eating with children of different levels of trait fussiness. Appetite 2023; 187:106581. [PMID: 37120068 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Parent feeding practices influence a child's dietary intake. Many studies examining how parents react to children's fussy eating behaviours have been limited to questionnaire measures, which assess a limited number of feeding practices. There is a lack of research exploring the range of strategies parents use when their child is being fussy and/or refusing to eat. Therefore, the aims of this study are to describe the strategies used by mothers when their child is being fussy or refusing to eat, and to assess differences in the strategies depending on the child's trait fussiness levels. In 2018, 1504 mothers of children aged 2-5 years completed an online survey. Trait fussiness was assessed using the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Mothers were also asked the open-ended question "What are the strategies you use when your child is being fussy or refusing to eat?". Inductive thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo. Themes were compared by child trait fussiness levels. Seven main themes were identified: child-led feeding/trust in child's appetite, spectrum of pressure, home or family strategies, different types of food offerings, communication, avoid certain strategies, and never or rarely fussy. Mothers of children with severe trait fussiness levels reported more pressuring or persuasive strategies. This study provides novel information regarding the diverse range of feeding practices parents use in response to children's fussy eating behaviours. Mothers used more feeding strategies typically associated with unhealthy dietary intake for children of high levels of trait fussiness. It is important that future interventions tailor the information to provide support to parents of children with high levels of trait fussiness regarding the use of feeding practices recommended to support healthy dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa J Burnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Catherine G Russell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Alison C Spence
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Leech RM, Spence AC, Lacy KE, Zheng M, Timperio A, McNaughton SA. Correction: Characterizing children's eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:5. [PMID: 36631906 PMCID: PMC9835363 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Leech
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria Australia
| | - Alison C. Spence
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria Australia
| | - Kathleen E. Lacy
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria Australia
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria Australia
| | - Sarah A. McNaughton
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria Australia
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Leech RM, Spence AC, Lacy KE, Zheng M, Timperio A, McNaughton SA. Characterizing children's eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:165. [PMID: 34923993 PMCID: PMC8684678 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recommendations to define eating occasions (EO) currently exist for research in adults, but not for children or adolescents. We examined how varying EO definitions affect the characterization of eating patterns in children and adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional dietary data collected using a 24-h recall data during the 2011-12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (1364 boys and 1337 girls aged 2-18 years) were analyzed. Eight definitions were applied: participant-identified, time-of-day, and 6 neutral definitions (EO separated by 15- or 60-min and/or an additional energy criterion of 21 or 210 kJ). Frequency of and total energy intake from meals, snacks, and all EO were estimated. F tests stratified by gender and age-group, were used to assess differences between definitions. Agreement between definitions of meal and snack frequencies was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Linear regression was used to estimate the proportion of variance in total energy intake (kJ) and BMI z-score predicted by each definition. RESULTS Mean frequencies of meals and snacks differed between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, in boys and girls and for all age groups (P < 0.01). Across the six neutral definitions, there were differences between mean frequencies of EO with the largest mean difference observed for children aged 2-3 y (boys: 2.3, girls: 2.5; P < 0.003). Between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, there was good agreement for frequencies of snacks (ICC for both genders: 0.93) but not meals (boys: 0.36; girls: 0.38). The 15-min time interval plus 210 kJ definition of an EO consistently predicted the most variance in total energy intake (R2 range = 8.1-34.8). Definitions that delineated meals and snacks better predicted variance in BMI z-score, when compared to the neutral definitions. CONCLUSIONS How eating patterns are characterized vary depending on the EO definitions employed, particularly in young children. Variance in total energy intake was best predicted by a variation of the neutral definition whereas definitions that delineated meals and snacks performed better in relation to predicting BMI variance. Further international research that compares EO definitions in children will help inform a standard approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Leech
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alison C Spence
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah A McNaughton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Burnett AJ, Lamb KE, Spence AC, Lacy KE, Worsley A. Associations between feeding practices and child dietary quality, and the moderating effect of child eating behaviours on these associations. Eat Behav 2021; 43:101569. [PMID: 34571374 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents' feeding practices are associated with children's food intake. Little is known about how children's eating behaviours (fussiness, enjoyment of food, food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness) moderate these associations. This study examines the relationships between feeding practices and pre-school children's dietary quality and whether children's eating behaviours moderate these relationships. METHODS In 2018, 1349 Australian mothers of children aged 2-5 years completed an online survey including validated measures of feeding practices (n = 9), child eating behaviours (n = 4) and dietary quality. Thirteen items from a food frequency questionnaire were summed as a measure of dietary quality. Linear regression assessed associations between feeding practices and dietary quality, including interactions between feeding practices and child eating behaviours. RESULTS The feeding practices positively associated with dietary quality were structured meal timing, monitoring, covert restriction, modelling healthy eating and structured meal setting (B coefficients: 0.63 to 2.70). The feeding practices inversely associated with dietary quality were overt restriction, persuasive feeding, reward for eating and reward for behaviour (B coefficients: -0.88 to -1.85). Child eating behaviours moderated associations between three feeding practices and dietary quality. CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study showed that some associations between feeding practices and child dietary quality were moderated by children's eating behaviours. The potential for tailoring nutrition promotion strategies for parents of children with differing eating behaviours should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa J Burnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Karen E Lamb
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Alison C Spence
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Burnett AJ, Lacy KE, Russell CG, Spence AC, Worsley A, Lamb KE. Groups of mothers based on feeding practices and their associations with dietary quality of pre-school children: A latent profile analysis. Appetite 2021; 168:105754. [PMID: 34666138 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parents' feeding practices are associated with children's food intake. However, little is known about the patterns of feeding practices used by groups of mothers or how these groupings of practices influence children's dietary intake. Therefore, the aims of this study are to classify and describe groups of mothers according to their patterns of feeding practices and to examine the associations between the groups of maternal feeding practices and pre-school children's dietary quality. In 2018, 1349 mothers based in Australia of children aged 2-5 years completed an online survey including validated measures of nine feeding practices and dietary quality, measured using thirteen summed dietary items. Latent profile analysis was used to identify distinct groups of mothers who shared similar feeding practices. Linear regression models were fitted to examine associations between the feeding practice profiles and child dietary quality. A three-profile model was chosen based on interpretation, profile size and statistical model fit criteria. Profile 1 had lower mean scores of structure-related feeding practices than the other profiles; profile 2 had mean scores reflecting slightly higher use of most structure-related feeding practices and lower mean scores of some non-responsive feeding practices; profile 3 had higher mean scores of non-responsive feeding practices than the other profiles. Profile 1 (-2.95, CI: 3.97; -1.92) and profile 3 (-2.81, CI: 3.49; -2.13) had lower mean child dietary quality scores compared with profile 2. Profile 2, which reflected the most engagement in structure-related feeding practices combined with least non-responsive feeding practices, was associated with higher child diet quality, compared with the other two profiles. The identification of these unique profiles could help to tailor future interventions to consider patterns of feeding practices used by groups of mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa J Burnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Catherine G Russell
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Alison C Spence
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Karen E Lamb
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
High dietary energy density (ED) is linked to childhood obesity and poor diet quality. The Australian Health Star Rating (HSR) system aims to assist consumers in making healthful food choices. This cross-sectional study used 2014-2018 data from the Mintel Global New Products Database to describe the ED of new food products targeted to children (5-12 years) released after the introduction of HSR and examine relationships between ED and HSR. Products were categorised by ED (low < 630 kJ/100 g, medium 630-950 kJ/100 g, high > 950 kJ/100 g) and HSR (no, HSR < 2.5 low, HSR ≥ 2.5 high). Non-parametric statistics were used to examine ED and HSR. A total of 548 products targeted children: 21% low, 5% medium, 74% high ED. One hundred products displayed an HSR: 24% low, 76% high; 53 products with both high HSR and ED. The EDs of products differed by HSR (p < 0.05), but both group's medians (HSR < 2.5: 1850 kJ/100 g, HSR ≥ 2.5: 1507 kJ/100 g) were high. A high proportion of new products had a high ED, and the HSR of these foods did not consistently discriminate between ED levels, particularly for high ED foods. Policies to promote lower ED foods and better alignment between ED and HSR may improve childhood obesity and diet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J. Azzopardi
- Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Kathleen E. Lacy
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Julie L. Woods
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
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Burnett AJ, Lamb KE, McCann J, Worsley A, Lacy KE. Parenting styles and the dietary intake of pre-school children: a systematic review. Psychol Health 2020; 35:1326-1345. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2020.1743842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa J. Burnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen E. Lamb
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jennifer McCann
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathleen E. Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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9
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Burnett A, Lamb KE, McCann J, Worsley T, Lacy KE. Parenting styles and the dietary intake of pre-school children: a systematic review. Obes Res Clin Pract 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2018.11.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Low JY, Lacy KE, McBride RL, Keast RS. The Associations Between Oral Complex Carbohydrate Sensitivity, BMI, Liking, and Consumption of Complex Carbohydrate Based Foods. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2227-2236. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y.Q. Low
- Deakin Univ., Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Burwood VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Kathleen E. Lacy
- Deakin Univ., Inst. for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Robert L. McBride
- Deakin Univ., Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Burwood VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Russell S.J. Keast
- Deakin Univ., Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Burwood VIC 3125 Australia
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11
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Fletcher EA, Salmon J, McNaughton SA, Orellana L, Wadley GD, Bruce C, Dempsey PC, Lacy KE, Dunstan DW. Effects of breaking up sitting on adolescents' postprandial glucose after consuming meals varying in energy: a cross-over randomised trial. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:280-285. [PMID: 28625540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the impact of uninterrupted sitting versus sitting with resistance-type activity breaks on adolescents' postprandial glucose responses while consuming a diet varying in energy. DESIGN Cross-over randomised trial. METHODS Thirteen healthy participants (16.4±1.3years) completed a four-treatment cross-over trial: (1) uninterrupted sitting+high-energy diet; (2) sitting with breaks+high-energy diet; (3) uninterrupted sitting+standard-energy diet; and (4) sitting with breaks+standard-energy diet. For all four conditions, two identical meals were consumed; at 0h and 3h. A continuous glucose monitoring system (CGM) recorded interstitial glucose concentrations every five minutes. Linear mixed models examined differences in glucose positive incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and total AUC between the sitting and diet conditions for the first meal, second meal and entire trial period. RESULTS Compared to the uninterrupted sitting conditions, the breaks condition elicited a 36.0mmol/L/h (95%CI 6.6-65.5) and 35.9mmol/L/h (95%CI 6.6-65.5) lower iAUC response after the first and second meal, respectively, but not for the entire trial period or for total AUC. Compared to the standard-energy diet, the high-energy diet elicited a 55.0mmol/L/h (95%CI 25.8-84.2) and 75.7mmol/L/h (95%CI 8.6-142.7) higher iAUC response after the first meal and entire trial, respectively. Similar response to the high-energy diet were observed for total AUC. CONCLUSIONS According to iAUC, interrupting sitting had a significant effect on lowering postprandial glucose for both dietary conditions, however, it was not significant when examining total AUC. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12615001145594.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly A Fletcher
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia.
| | - Jo Salmon
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
| | - Sarah A McNaughton
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
| | - Liliana Orellana
- Deakin University, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
| | - Clinton Bruce
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
| | - Paddy C Dempsey
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
| | - David W Dunstan
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology, Australia; Monash University, Department of Medicine, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Australia; Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Australia; The University of Western Australia, School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, Australia; Australian Catholic University, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australia
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12
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Fernando NNT, Campbell KJ, McNaughton SA, Zheng M, Lacy KE. Predictors of Dietary Energy Density among Preschool Aged Children. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020178. [PMID: 29415480 PMCID: PMC5852754 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a global problem with many contributing factors including dietary energy density (DED). This paper aims to investigate potential predictors of DED among preschool aged children in Victoria, Australia. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data for 209 mother–child pairs from the Melbourne Infant Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial was conducted. Data for predictors (maternal child feeding and nutrition knowledge, maternal dietary intake, home food availability, socioeconomic status) were obtained through questionnaires completed by first-time mothers when children were aged 4 or 18 months. Three 24-h dietary recalls were completed when children were aged ~3.5 years. DED was calculated utilizing three methods: “food only”, “food and dairy beverages”, and “food and all beverages”. Linear regression analyses were conducted to identify associations between predictors and these three measures of children’s DED. Home availability of fruits (β: −0.82; 95% CI: −1.35, −0.29, p = 0.002 for DEDfood; β: −0.42; 95% CI: −0.82, −0.02, p = 0.041 for DEDfood+dairy beverages) and non-core snacks (β: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.20, p = 0.016 for DEDfood; β: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.15, p = 0.010 for DEDfood+dairy beverages) were significantly associated with two of the three DED measures. Providing fruit at home early in a child’s life may encourage the establishment of healthful eating behaviors that could promote a diet that is lower in energy density later in life. Home availability of non-core snacks is likely to increase the energy density of preschool children’s diets, supporting the proposition that non-core snack availability at home should be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilmani N T Fernando
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Sarah A McNaughton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
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13
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Low JY, Lacy KE, McBride RL, Keast RS. Carbohydrate Taste Sensitivity Is Associated with Starch Intake and Waist Circumference in Adults. J Nutr 2017; 147:2235-2242. [PMID: 29070710 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.254078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have proposed that humans may perceive complex carbohydrates and that sensitivity to simple carbohydrates is independent of sensitivity to complex carbohydrates. Variation in oral complex carbohydrate sensitivity may influence food consumption.Objective: This study aimed to investigate the associations between oral complex carbohydrate sensitivity, anthropometry, and dietary intake in adults.Methods: We assessed oral sensitivity to complex carbohydrates (maltodextrin and oligofructose) by measuring detection thresholds (DTs) and suprathreshold intensity perceptions (STs) for 34 participants, including 16 men (mean ± SEM age : 26.2 ± 0.4 y; range: 24-30 y) and 18 women (age: 29.4 ± 2.1 y; range: 24-55 y). We also measured height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) and participants completed a 4-d food diary and a food-frequency questionnaire.Results: Measurements of oral sensitivity to complex carbohydrates were significantly correlated with WC and dietary energy and starch intakes (DT: r = -0.38, P < 0.05; ST: r = 0.36-0.48, P < 0.05). When participants were grouped into tertiles, there were significant differences in WC and total energy or starch intakes for those who were more sensitive or experienced high intensity compared with those who were less sensitive or experienced low intensity. Being more sensitive or experiencing high intensity was associated with greater energy (7968-8954 kJ/d) and starch (29.1-29.8% of energy) intakes and a greater WC (88.2-91.4 cm) than was being less sensitive or experiencing low intensity (6693-7747 kJ/d, 20.9-22.2% of energy, and 75.5-80.5 cm, respectively).Conclusion: Complex carbohydrate sensing is associated with WC and consumption of complex carbohydrates and energy in adults. This trial was registered at anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12616001356459.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Yq Low
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L McBride
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Russell Sj Keast
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia; and
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14
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O'Halloran SA, Lacy KE, Grimes CA, Woods J, Campbell KJ, Nowson CA. A novel processed food classification system applied to Australian food composition databases. J Hum Nutr Diet 2017; 30:534-541. [PMID: 28124481 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent of food processing can affect the nutritional quality of foodstuffs. Categorising foods by the level of processing emphasises the differences in nutritional quality between foods within the same food group and is likely useful for determining dietary processed food consumption. The present study aimed to categorise foods within Australian food composition databases according to the level of food processing using a processed food classification system, as well as assess the variation in the levels of processing within food groups. METHODS A processed foods classification system was applied to food and beverage items contained within Australian Food and Nutrient (AUSNUT) 2007 (n = 3874) and AUSNUT 2011-13 (n = 5740). The proportion of Minimally Processed (MP), Processed Culinary Ingredients (PCI) Processed (P) and Ultra Processed (ULP) by AUSNUT food group and the overall proportion of the four processed food categories across AUSNUT 2007 and AUSNUT 2011-13 were calculated. RESULTS Across the food composition databases, the overall proportions of foods classified as MP, PCI, P and ULP were 27%, 3%, 26% and 44% for AUSNUT 2007 and 38%, 2%, 24% and 36% for AUSNUT 2011-13. Although there was wide variation in the classifications of food processing within the food groups, approximately one-third of foodstuffs were classified as ULP food items across both the 2007 and 2011-13 AUSNUT databases. CONCLUSIONS This Australian processed food classification system will allow researchers to easily quantify the contribution of processed foods within the Australian food supply to assist in assessing the nutritional quality of the dietary intake of population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A O'Halloran
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - K E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - C A Grimes
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - J Woods
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - K J Campbell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - C A Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Sweetness is one of the 5 prototypical tastes and is activated by sugars and non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS). The aim of this study was to investigate measures of sweet taste function [detection threshold (DT), recognition threshold (RT), and suprathreshold intensity ratings] across multiple sweeteners. Sixty participants, 18–52 years of age (mean age in years = 26, SD = ±7.8), were recruited to participate in the study. DT and RT were collected for caloric sweeteners (glucose, fructose, sucrose, erythritol) and NNS (sucralose, rebaudioside A). Sweetness intensity for all sweeteners was measured using a general Labeled Magnitude Scale. There were strong correlations between DT and RT of all 4 caloric sweeteners across people (r = 0.62–0.90, P < 0.001), and moderate correlations between DT and RT for both of the NNS (r = 0.39–0.48, P < 0.05); however, weaker correlations were observed between the DT or RT of the caloric sweeteners and NNS (r = 0.26–0.48, P < 0.05). The DT and RT of glucose and fructose were not correlated with DT or RT of sucralose (P > 0.05). In contrast, there were strong correlations between the sweetness intensity ratings of all sweeteners (r = 0.70–0.96, P < 0.001). This suggests those caloric sweeteners and NNS access at least partially independent mechanisms with respect to DT and RT measures. At suprathreshold level, however, the strong correlation between caloric sweeteners and NNS through weak, moderate, and strong intensity indicates a commonality in sweet taste mechanism for the perceived intensity range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Q Low
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science (CASS), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia and
| | - Robert L McBride
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science (CASS), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia and
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3126, Australia
| | - Russell S J Keast
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science (CASS), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia and
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16
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O'Halloran SA, Grimes CA, Lacy KE, Campbell KJ, Nowson CA. Dietary Intake and Sources of Potassium and the Relationship to Dietary Sodium in a Sample of Australian Pre-School Children. Nutrients 2016; 8:E496. [PMID: 27529278 PMCID: PMC4997409 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the intake and food sources of potassium and the molar sodium:potassium (Na:K) ratio in a sample of Australian pre-school children. Mothers provided dietary recalls of their 3.5 years old children (previous participants of Melbourne Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial). The average daily potassium intake, the contribution of food groups to daily potassium intake, the Na:K ratio, and daily serves of fruit, dairy, and vegetables, were assessed via three unscheduled 24 h dietary recalls. The sample included 251 Australian children (125 male), mean age 3.5 (0.19) (SD) years. Mean potassium intake was 1618 (267) mg/day, the Na:K ratio was 1.47 (0.5) and 54% of children did not meet the Australian recommended adequate intake (AI) of 2000 mg/day for potassium. Main food sources of potassium were milk (27%), fruit (19%), and vegetable (14%) products/dishes. Food groups with the highest Na:K ratio were processed meats (7.8), white bread/rolls (6.0), and savoury sauces and condiments (5.4). Children had a mean intake of 1.4 (0.75) serves of fruit, 1.4 (0.72) dairy, and 0.52 (0.32) serves of vegetables per day. The majority of children had potassium intakes below the recommended AI. The Na:K ratio exceeded the recommended level of 1 and the average intake of vegetables was 2 serves/day below the recommended 2.5 serves/day and only 20% of recommended intake. An increase in vegetable consumption in pre-school children is recommended to increase dietary potassium and has the potential to decrease the Na:K ratio which is likely to have long-term health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan A O'Halloran
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
| | - Carley A Grimes
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Fletcher EA, McNaughton SA, Lacy KE, Dunstan DW, Carson V, Salmon J. Mediating effects of dietary intake on associations of TV viewing, body mass index and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Obes Sci Pract 2016; 2:232-240. [PMID: 27708839 PMCID: PMC5043492 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence suggests that TV viewing is associated with body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents. However, it is unclear whether dietary intake mediates these relationships. Methods A cross‐sectional analysis was conducted in adolescents (12–19 years) participating in the 2003–2006 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. BMI z scores (zBMI) (n = 3,161) and MetS (n = 1,379) were calculated using age‐ and sex‐specific criteria for adolescents. TV viewing (h/day) was measured via a self‐reported questionnaire, and dietary intake was assessed using two 24‐h recalls. Using the MacKinnon method, a series of mediation analyses were conducted examining five dietary mediators (total energy intake, fruit and vegetable intake, discretionary snacks, sugar‐sweetened beverages and diet quality) of the relationships between TV viewing and zBMI and MetS. Results Small positive relationships were observed between TV viewing and zBMI (β = 0.99, p < 0.001) and TV viewing and MetS (OR = 1.18, p = 0.046). No dietary element appeared to mediate the relationship between TV viewing and zBMI. However, sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption and fruit and vegetable intake partially mediated the relationship between TV viewing and MetS, explaining 8.7% and 4.1% of the relationship, respectively. Conclusions These findings highlight the complexity of the relationships between TV viewing, dietary intake and cardiometabolic health outcomes, and that TV viewing should remain a target for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Fletcher
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - S A McNaughton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - K E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - D W Dunstan
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Australia; School of Public Health The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia; Department of Medicine Monash University Melbourne Australia; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health The University of Western Australia Perth Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research Australian Catholic University Melbourne Australia
| | - V Carson
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - J Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
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18
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Low JYQ, Lacy KE, McBride R, Keast RSJ. The Association between Sweet Taste Function, Anthropometry, and Dietary Intake in Adults. Nutrients 2016; 8:241. [PMID: 27120614 PMCID: PMC4848709 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in ability to detect, recognize, and perceive sweetness may influence food consumption, and eventually chronic nutrition-related conditions such as overweight and obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between sweet taste function, anthropometry, and dietary intake in adults. Participants’ (n = 60; mean age in years = 26, SD = ±7.8) sweet taste function for a range of sweeteners (glucose, fructose, sucrose, sucralose, erythritol, and Rebaudioside A) was assessed by measuring detection and recognition thresholds and sweetness intensity. Height, weight, and waist circumference were also measured, and participants also completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire. There was large inter-individual variation in detection, recognition and sweetness intensity measures. Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed no robust correlations between measures of sweet taste function, anthropometry, and dietary intake, with the exception of suprathreshold intensity, which was moderately correlated with total energy intake (r = 0.23–0.40). One-way analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between the most and least sensitive participants in terms of BMI, waist circumference, and dietary intake for all measures of sweet taste function and sweeteners (all p > 0.01). When stratified into BMI categories, there were no significant differences in any measure of sweet taste function between the normal weight and overweight/obese participants (all p > 0.01). Results show that that sweet taste function is not associated with anthropometry and sweetness intensity measures are the most appropriate measure when assessing links between sweet taste and food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Q Low
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Robert McBride
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Russell S J Keast
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
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19
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess dietary sodium intake and the food sources of sodium in a sample of Australian preschool children. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Mothers were followed up when children were approximately 3.5 years of age after participating in a cluster randomised controlled trial: the Melbourne Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial Program. PARTICIPANTS 251 Australian children aged 3.5 ± 0.19 (SD) years. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The average daily sodium intake was determined using three unscheduled 24 h dietary recalls. The contributions of food groups, core, discretionary and processed foods to daily sodium intake were assessed. RESULTS The average sodium intake was 1508 ± 495 (SD) mg/day, (salt equivalent 3.9 ± 1.3 (SD) g/day) and 87% of children exceeded the Australian Upper Level of Intake (UL) for sodium of 1000 mg/day (salt equivalent 2.6 g/day). Main food sources of sodium were cereal/cereal products (25%), milk products (19%), meat, poultry/game (17%) and cereal-based products (15%). Core foods contributed 65%, and discretionary foods 35% of total daily sodium intake, and within the total diet, minimally processed, processed, processed culinary ingredient and ultraprocessed foods contributed 16%, 35%, 1% and 48% of sodium, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Within this sample, most children exceeded the recommended UL for sodium. Core and ultraprocessed foods were key sources of sodium which suggests that reductions in the sodium content of these foods are required to reduce sodium intake in young children. These data also provide further support for public health campaigns that seek to reduce consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan A O'Halloran
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carley A Grimes
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Fletcher E, Leech R, McNaughton SA, Dunstan DW, Lacy KE, Salmon J. Is the relationship between sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic health in adolescents independent of dietary intake? A systematic review. Obes Rev 2015; 16:795-805. [PMID: 26098509 PMCID: PMC4657480 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Screen time, but not overall sedentary behaviour, is consistently related to cardiometabolic health in adolescents. Because of the associations screen time has with dietary intake, diet may be an important factor in the screen time and health relationship; however, evidence has not previously been synthesized. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to explore whether the associations between various sedentary behaviours and cardiometabolic risk markers are independent of dietary intake in adolescents. Online databases and personal libraries were searched for peer-reviewed original research articles published in English before March 2014. Included studies assessed associations between sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic markers in 12- to 18-year-olds and adjusted for dietary intake. Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. From the 21 studies examining sedentary behaviour and adiposity, the majority found significant positive associations between television viewing, screen time and self-reported overall sedentary behaviour with markers of adiposity, independent of dietary intake. No significant associations between screen time with blood pressure and cholesterol were reported. Sedentary behaviour appears to be associated with adiposity in adolescents, irrespective of dietary intake. However, the variability of dietary variables between studies suggests further work is needed to understand the role of dietary intake when examining these associations in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fletcher
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - R Leech
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - S A McNaughton
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - D W Dunstan
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - K E Lacy
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J Salmon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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21
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Lacy KE, Nichols MS, de Silva AM, Allender SE, Swinburn BA, Leslie ER, Jones LV, Kremer PJ. Critical design features for establishing a childhood obesity monitoring program in Australia. Aust J Prim Health 2015; 21:369-72. [DOI: 10.1071/py15052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to combat childhood obesity in Australia are hampered by the lack of quality epidemiological data to routinely monitor the prevalence and distribution of the condition. This paper summarises the literature on issues relevant to childhood obesity monitoring and makes recommendations for implementing a school-based childhood obesity monitoring program in Australia. The primary purpose of such a program would be to collect population-level health data to inform both policy and the development and evaluation of community-based obesity prevention interventions. Recommendations are made for the types of data to be collected, data collection procedures and program management and evaluation. Data from an obesity monitoring program are crucial for directing and informing policies, practices and services, identifying subgroups at greatest risk of obesity and evaluating progress towards meeting obesity-related targets. Such data would also increase the community awareness necessary to foster change.
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22
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Akbar AN, Reed JR, Lacy KE, Jackson SE, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Rustin MHA. Investigation of the cutaneous response to recall antigen in humans in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:163-72. [PMID: 23607634 PMCID: PMC3722916 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we provide a detailed description of an experimental method for investigating the induction and resolution of recall immune response to antigen in humans in vivo. This involves the injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) into the skin, followed by inducing suction blisters at the site of injection, from which leucocytes and cytokines that are involved in the response can be isolated and characterized. Using this technique we found that although the majority of CD4(+) T cells in the skin that are present early in the response express cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA), the expression of this marker is reduced significantly in later phases. This may enable these cells to leave the skin during immune resolution. Furthermore, interleukin (IL)-2 production can be detected both in CD4(+) T cells and also in the blister fluid at the peak of the response at day 7, indicating that mediators found in the blister fluid are representative of the cytokine microenvironment in vivo. Finally, we found that older humans have defective ability to respond to cutaneous PPD challenge, but this does not reflect a global immune deficit as they have similar numbers of circulating functional PPD-specific CD4(+) T cells as young subjects. The use of the blister technology enables further characterization of the skin specific defect in older humans and also general mechanisms that govern immune regulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London W1T 4JF, UK.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lacy
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
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24
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Boyer JD, Chattergoon MA, Ugen KE, Shah A, Bennett M, Cohen A, Nyland S, Lacy KE, Bagarazzi ML, Higgins TJ, Baine Y, Ciccarelli RB, Ginsberg RS, MacGregor RR, Weiner DB. Enhancement of cellular immune response in HIV-1 seropositive individuals: A DNA-based trial. Clin Immunol 1999; 90:100-7. [PMID: 9884357 DOI: 10.1006/clim.1998.4616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A DNA-based vaccine containing HIV-1 Env and Rev genes was tested for safety and host immune response in 15 HIV-infected asymptomatic patients with CD4-positive lymphocyte counts >/=500/microl of blood and receiving no antiviral therapy. Successive groups of patients received three doses of vaccine at 30, 100, or 300 microg at 10-week intervals in a dose-escalation trial. Some changes were noted in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity against gp160-bearing targets. Importantly, enhanced specific lymphocyte proliferative activity against HIV-1 envelope was observed in multiple patients. Three of three patients in the 300-microg dose group also developed increased MIP-1alpha levels which were detectable in their serum. Interestingly patients in the lowest dose group showed no overall changes in the immune parameters measured. The majority of patients who exhibited increases in any immune parameters were contained within the 300 microg, which was the highest dose group. These studies support further investigation of this technology for the production of antigen-specific immune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Boyer
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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25
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MacGregor RR, Boyer JD, Ugen KE, Lacy KE, Gluckman SJ, Bagarazzi ML, Chattergoon MA, Baine Y, Higgins TJ, Ciccarelli RB, Coney LR, Ginsberg RS, Weiner DB. First human trial of a DNA-based vaccine for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: safety and host response. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:92-100. [PMID: 9652427 DOI: 10.1086/515613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A DNA-based vaccine containing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) env and rev genes was tested for safety and host immune response in 15 asymptomatic HIV-infected patients who were not using antiviral drugs and who had CD4+ lymphocyte counts of > or = 500 per microliter of blood. Successive groups received three doses of vaccine (30, 100, or 300 microg) at 10-week intervals in a dose-escalation trial. Vaccine administration induced no local or systemic reactions, and no laboratory abnormalities were detected. Specifically, no patient developed anti-DNA antibody or muscle enzyme elevations. No consistent change occurred in CD4 or CD8 lymphocyte counts or in plasma HIV concentration. Antibody against gp120 increased in individual patients in the 100- and 300-/microg groups. Some increases were noted in cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity against gp160-bearing targets and in lymphocyte proliferative activity. The safety and potential immunogenicity of an HIV-directed DNA-based vaccine was demonstrated, a finding that should encourage further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R MacGregor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6073, USA.
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