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Nucera F, Bonina L, Cipolla A, Pirina P, Hansbro PM, Adcock IM, Caramori G. Poxviridae Pneumonia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:183-204. [PMID: 38801579 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxviridae family includes several viruses that infecting humans usually causes skin lesions only, but in some cases their clinical course is complicated by viral pneumonia (with or without bacterial superinfections). Historically variola virus has been the poxviridae most frequently associated with the development of pneumonia with many large outbreaks worldwide before its eradication in 1980. It is still considered a biological threat for its potential in biological warfare and bioterrorism. Smallpox pneumonia can be severe with the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Vaccinia virus, used for vaccination against smallpox exceptionally, in immunocompromised patients, can induce generalized (with also lung involvement) severe disease after vaccination. MPXV virus occasionally can cause pneumonia particularly in immunocompromised patients. The pathophysiology of poxviridae pneumonia is still an area of active research; however, in animal models these viruses can cause both direct damage to the lower airways epithelium and a hyperinflammatory syndrome, like a cytokine storm. Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion have also been described. The treatment of poxviridae pneumonia is mainly based on careful supportive care. Despite the absence of randomized clinical trials in patients with poxviridae pneumonia there are antiviral drugs, such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir, FDA-approved for use in smallpox and also available under an expanded access protocol for treatment of MPXV. There are 2 (replication-deficient modified vaccinia Ankara and replication-competent vaccinia virus) smallpox vaccines FDA-approved with the first one also approved for prevention of MPXV in adults that are at high risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nucera
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Letterio Bonina
- Virologia, Dipartimento di Patologia delle Malattie Umane "G. Barresi", Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Cipolla
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Pirina
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Koh SS, Youssef SM, Baghchechi M, Chang CT, Kolev J, Shay AC, Lau SK, Cassarino DS. Disseminated and penile mpox with histopathologic correlation: Two separate case reports. J Cutan Pathol 2023; 50:873-877. [PMID: 37519087 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The 2022-2023 mpox outbreak is a global worldwide concern, especially since the virus was previously mainly localized regionally in Central and West Africa. The infection is typically self-limiting and transmitted by close contact/exposure with infected material. Recent cases have been known to present atypically without prodromal symptoms and initially with skin lesions. The histopathology of mpox lesions is rarely reported. Here, we present two middle-aged males presenting initially with painless skin lesions confirmed for mpox by nucleic acid amplification assay. Skin biopsies of the lesion were available for clinicopathologic correlation. Histopathology demonstrated ulceration with viral cytopathologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Koh
- Department of Pathology and Dermatopathology, Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sherry M Youssef
- Department of Dermatology, Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Mohsen Baghchechi
- Department of Dermatology, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles Medical Centers, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Crystal T Chang
- Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Johann Kolev
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Anthony C Shay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sean K Lau
- Department of Pathology and Dermatopathology, Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - David S Cassarino
- Department of Pathology and Dermatopathology, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles Medical Centers, Pasadena, California, USA
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Bustanji Y, Shihab KHA, El-Huneidi W, Semreen MH, Abu-Gharbieh E, Alzoubi KH, Alqudah MAY, Abuhelwa AY, Abu-Rish EY, Bajes H, Obaideen K, Hamad I, Soares NC, Faris ME. Analysis and mapping of global scientific research on human monkeypox over the past 20 years. Vet World 2023; 16:693-703. [PMID: 37235145 PMCID: PMC10206959 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.693-703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Human monkeypox is an emerging global threat. Hundreds of publications were disseminated in the last few months. This study aimed to map, analyze, and evaluate the bibliometric indicators of the global monkeypox research output. Materials and Methods All documents published in the past 20 years were retrieved using the Scopus database. Papers published in English and peer-reviewed journals were included. VOSviewer was used to create density and network visualization maps. Results A total of 1725 published documents were retrieved. Of these, 53% were published in 2022. The average number of authors per document was 4.2. Authors from the USA were the most active and published about 42.1% of the total documents. International collaboration was evident between the USA and both UK and Congo. Keywords mapping identified the main research lines in this field that correlate monkeypox with public health, smallpox, vaccination, and antiviral treatment. Conclusion This study analyzed and mapped the expanding field of monkeypox research across the world. The bibliometric analysis revealed that the United States has contributed greatly in terms of both individual researchers and academic institutions. There was less cooperation on a global scale than was anticipated. Fostering international cooperation is essential for countering this worldwide danger. Additional scientific research should be conducted to investigate the link between smallpox immunization and monkeypox epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Bustanji
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Katia H. Abu Shihab
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waseem El-Huneidi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272 United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Abu-Gharbieh
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A. Y. Alqudah
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Y. Abu-Rish
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Hana Bajes
- Atlantic Cape Community College, Atlantic County, New Jersey, USA
| | - Khaled Obaideen
- Department of Sustainable Energy and Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Islam Hamad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av.a Padre Cruz, Lisbon, 1649-016, Portugal
| | - MoezAlIslam E. Faris
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272 United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Jarrell L, Perryman K. Mpox (monkeypox): Diagnosis, prevention, and management in adults. Nurse Pract 2023; 48:13-20. [PMID: 36975744 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mpox (formerly "monkeypox") is a viral zoonosis that presents similarly to smallpox but is less contagious and causes less severe disease. Mpox may be transmitted from infected animals to humans through direct contact or a scratch or bite. Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact, respiratory droplets, and fomites. Two vaccines, JYNNEOS® and ACAM2000®, are currently available for postexposure prophylaxis as well as for prevention in certain populations at high risk for mpox. Most cases of mpox are self-limited; however, tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir are available as treatments for at-risk populations.
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