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Gonzalez-Guarda RM. Commentary on "Racial and ethnic diversity in academic nursing leadership: A cross-sectional analysis" by Travers and colleagues (2024). Nurs Outlook 2024; 72:102270. [PMID: 39197336 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2024.102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this commentary is to highlight key points made by Travers and colleagues (2024) in their study entitled, "Racial and ethnic diversity in academic nursing leadership: A cross-sectional analysis" and provide additional recommendations for future research and policy related to diversity in academic nursing leadership. While there is a significant underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minoritized populations in academic leadership in nursing, the level of underrepresentation and contributors to underrepresentation are not the same across racial and ethnic minoritized populations. As we design strategies to promote diversity in academic nursing it is important to benchmark efforts to ensure representation from groups who experience the most significant health inequities, create tailored strategies that consider the unique historical and contemporary barriers to leadership in academic nursing across and within minoritized groups, and build upon evidence-based strategies, especially the important role that minority serving institutions have played.
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Smith SB, Abshire DA, Magwood GS, Herbert LL, Tavakoli AS, Jenerette C. Unlocking Population-Specific Treatments to Render Equitable Approaches and Management in Cardiovascular Disease: Development of a Situation-Specific Theory for African American Emerging Adults. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2024; 39:E103-E114. [PMID: 37052582 PMCID: PMC10564967 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging adulthood (18-25 years old) is a distinct developmental period in which multiple life transitions pose barriers to engaging in healthy lifestyle behaviors that reduce cardiovascular disease risk. There is limited theory-based research on African American emerging adults. OBJECTIVE This article introduces a synthesized empirically testable situation-specific theory for cardiovascular disease prevention in African American emerging adults. METHODOLOGY Im and Meleis' integrative approach was used to develop the situation-specific theory. RESULTS Unlocking Population-Specific Treatments to Render Equitable Approach and Management in Cardiovascular Disease is a situation-specific theory developed based on theoretical and empirical evidence and theorists' research and clinical practice experiences. DISCUSSION African American emerging adults have multifaceted factors that influence health behaviors and healthcare needs. Unlocking Population-Specific Treatments to Render Equitable Approaches and Management in Cardiovascular Disease has the potential to inform theory-guided clinical practice and nursing research. Recommendations for integration in nursing practice, research, and policy advocacy are presented. Further critique and testing of the theory are required.
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Swilley-Martinez ME, Coles SA, Miller VE, Alam IZ, Fitch KV, Cruz TH, Hohl B, Murray R, Ranapurwala SI. "We adjusted for race": now what? A systematic review of utilization and reporting of race in American Journal of Epidemiology and Epidemiology, 2020-2021. Epidemiol Rev 2023; 45:15-31. [PMID: 37789703 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Race is a social construct, commonly used in epidemiologic research to adjust for confounding. However, adjustment of race may mask racial disparities, thereby perpetuating structural racism. We conducted a systematic review of articles published in Epidemiology and American Journal of Epidemiology between 2020 and 2021 to (1) understand how race, ethnicity, and similar social constructs were operationalized, used, and reported; and (2) characterize good and poor practices of utilization and reporting of race data on the basis of the extent to which they reveal or mask systemic racism. Original research articles were considered for full review and data extraction if race data were used in the study analysis. We extracted how race was categorized, used-as a descriptor, confounder, or for effect measure modification (EMM)-and reported if the authors discussed racial disparities and systemic bias-related mechanisms responsible for perpetuating the disparities. Of the 561 articles, 299 had race data available and 192 (34.2%) used race data in analyses. Among the 160 US-based studies, 81 different racial categorizations were used. Race was most often used as a confounder (52%), followed by effect measure modifier (33%), and descriptive variable (12%). Fewer than 1 in 4 articles (22.9%) exhibited good practices (EMM along with discussing disparities and mechanisms), 63.5% of the articles exhibited poor practices (confounding only or not discussing mechanisms), and 13.5% were considered neither poor nor good practices. We discuss implications and provide 13 recommendations for operationalization, utilization, and reporting of race in epidemiologic and public health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E Swilley-Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, United States
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Serita A Coles
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, United States
| | - Vanessa E Miller
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Ishrat Z Alam
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, United States
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Kate Vinita Fitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, United States
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Theresa H Cruz
- Prevention Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Bernadette Hohl
- Penn Injury Science Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, United States
| | - Regan Murray
- Center for Public Health and Technology, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Shabbar I Ranapurwala
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, United States
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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Lam-Hine T, Riddell CA, Bradshaw PT, Omi M, Allen AM. Racial differences in associations between adverse childhood experiences and physical, mental, and behavioral health. SSM Popul Health 2023; 24:101524. [PMID: 37860706 PMCID: PMC10583167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor adulthood health. Multiracial people have elevated mean ACEs scores and risk of several outcomes. We aimed to determine whether this group should be targeted for prevention efforts. Methods We analyzed three waves (1994-2009) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 12,372) in 2023, estimating associations between four or more ACEs and physical (metabolic syndrome, hypertension, asthma), mental (anxiety, depression), and behavioral (suicidal ideation, drug use) outcomes. We estimated adjusted risk ratios for each outcome in modified Poisson models interacting race and ACEs. We used the interaction contrast to estimate race-specific excess cases per 1000 relative to Multiracial participants. Results Excess case estimates of asthma were smaller for White (-123 cases, 95% CI: -251, -4), Black (-141, 95% CI: -285, -6), and Asian (-169, 95% CI: -334, -7) participants compared to Multiracial participants. Black (-100, 95% CI: -189, -10), Asian (-163, 95% CI: -247, -79) and Indigenous (-144, 95% CI: -252, -42) participants had fewer excess cases of and weaker relative scale association with anxiety compared to Multiracial participants. Conclusions Adjusted associations with asthma and anxiety appear stronger for Multiracial people. Existing ACEs prevention strategies should be tailored to support Multiracial youth and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lam-Hine
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology & Population Health, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Corinne A. Riddell
- University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, 2121 Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA, USA
- University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, 2121 Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T. Bradshaw
- University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, 2121 Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael Omi
- University of California Berkeley Department of Ethnic Studies, 506 Social Science Building, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amani M. Allen
- University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, 2121 Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA, USA
- University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Division of Community Health Sciences, 2121 Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Lam-Hine T, Riddell CA, Bradshaw PT, Omi M, Allen AM. Racial Differences in Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Physical, Mental, and Behavioral Health. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.02.23290905. [PMID: 37333236 PMCID: PMC10274984 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.23290905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor adulthood health, with individuals experiencing multiple ACEs at greatest risk. Multiracial people have high mean ACEs scores and elevated risk of several outcomes, but are infrequently the focus of health equity research. This study aimed to determine whether this group should be targeted for prevention efforts. Methods We analyzed Waves 1 (1994-95), 3 (2001-02), and 4 (2008-09) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 12,372) in 2023, estimating associations between four or more ACEs and physical (metabolic syndrome, hypertension, asthma), mental (anxiety, depression), and behavioral (suicidal ideation, drug use) outcomes. We estimated risk ratios for each outcome in modified Poisson models with a race × ACEs interaction, adjusted for hypothesized confounders of the ACE-outcome relationships. We used the interaction contrast to estimate excess cases per 1,000 individuals for each group relative to Multiracial participants. Results Excess case estimates of asthma were significantly smaller for White (-123 cases, 95% CI: -251, -4), Black (-141, 95% CI: -285, -6), and Asian (-169, 95% CI: -334, -7) participants compared to Multiracial participants. Black (-100, 95% CI: -189, -10), Asian (-163, 95% CI: -247, -79) and Indigenous (-144, 95% CI: -252, -42) participants had significantly fewer excess cases of and weaker (p < 0.001) relative scale association with anxiety compared to Multiracial participants. Conclusions Adjusted associations between ACEs and asthma or anxiety appear stronger for Multiracial people than other groups. ACEs are universally harmful but may contribute disproportionately to morbidity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lam-Hine
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology & Population Health, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Corinne A Riddell
- University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics and Division of Epidemiology, Berkeley, CA
| | - Patrick T Bradshaw
- University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Berkeley, CA
| | - Michael Omi
- University of California Berkeley Department of Ethnic Studies, Berkeley, CA
| | - Amani M Allen
- University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Division of Community Health Sciences and Division of Epidemiology, Berkeley, CA
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Thyden NH, McGuire C, Slaughter-Acey J, Widome R, Warren JR, Osypuk TL. Estimating the Long-Term Causal Effects of Attending Historically Black Colleges or Universities on Depressive Symptoms. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:356-366. [PMID: 36331286 PMCID: PMC10372863 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Racism is embedded in society, and higher education is an important structure for patterning economic and health outcomes. Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) were founded on antiracism while predominantly White institutions (PWIs) were often founded on white supremacy. This contrast provides an opportunity to study the association between structural racism and health among Black Americans. We used the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to estimate the long-term causal effect of attending an HBCU (vs. PWI) on depressive symptoms among Black students in the United States from 1994-2018. While we found no overall association with attending an HBCU (vs. PWI) on depressive symptoms, we found that this association varied by baseline mental health and region, and across time. For example, among those who attended high school outside of the South, HBCU attendance was protective against depressive symptoms 7 years later, and the association was strongest for those with higher baseline depressive symptoms. We recommend equitable state and federal funding for HBCUs, and that PWIs implement and evaluate antiracist policies to improve mental health of Black students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Harada Thyden
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health
- University of Minnesota, Minnesota Population Center
- University of Illinois – Chicago, Community Health Sciences, Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health
| | - Cydney McGuire
- University of Minnesota, Division of Health Policy and Management
- University of Indiana, Paul H. O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs
| | - Jaime Slaughter-Acey
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health
| | - Rachel Widome
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health
| | - John Robert Warren
- University of Minnesota, Minnesota Population Center
- University of Minnesota, Department of Sociology
| | - Theresa L Osypuk
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health
- University of Minnesota, Minnesota Population Center
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Frederick H, Wade J, Parker S, Wilson D, Wiley B, Taylor K. Understanding Openness to Involvement in Sexual Health Care Research: Narratives from a Sample of Black College Women in the United States. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:1122-1132. [PMID: 34874790 PMCID: PMC9170834 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1994515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about Black college women's openness to participating in sexual health care research. Guided by literature on Black feminism, the current study involved qualitative interviews with 39 Black Women (aged 19-25, mean age 20.7) from one historically Black university and one predominantly white university who answered questions about participating in research on the sexual health of Black women. Results from our thematic analysis found that participants were willing to participate in research when they were recruited by trusted community members, particularly Black female researchers. The women were willing to participate because they saw the value in having Black women's perspectives on sexual health research and improving Black women's lives. We found that participants believed that non-Black women researchers should receive training to increase understanding of the issues facing Black women and create safe and judgment-free spaces to engage Black Women in sexual health research. Participants wanted non-Black female and all male researchers to demonstrate a genuine interest in their lives as Black women. The findings highlight the importance of listening to the perspectives of participants and their experiences with sexual health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helyne Frederick
- Human Development & Family Studies, School of Education, UNC-Chapel Hill
| | - Jeannette Wade
- Department of Social Work and Sociology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
| | - Sharon Parker
- Department of Social Work and Sociology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
| | - Dorrian Wilson
- School of Education, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Brianna Wiley
- Department of Social Work and Sociology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
| | - Kwani Taylor
- Department of Social Work and Sociology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Walsemann KM, Pearson J, Abbruzzi E. Education in the Jim Crow South and Black-White inequities in allostatic load among older adults. SSM Popul Health 2022; 19:101224. [PMID: 36124258 PMCID: PMC9482141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In the U.S., Black adults consistently have higher allostatic load – an indicator of physiological dysregulation – than White adults. Education is considered a likely mechanism given racial differences in attainment, but evidence is mixed. This may be due, in part, to data limitations that have made it difficult for scholars to account for the structurally rooted systemic racism that shaped the U.S. education system and led to large racial inequities in school term length and school attendance among older adults who grew up in the Jim Crow South. Our study addresses this limitation by linking historical data on Black and White segregated school systems in the U.S. South from 1919 to 1954 to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to determine if a new measure of educational attainment that accounts for structural racism that led to differences in the number of school days attended by Black and White students across years and states better explains Black-White inequities in allostatic load among older adults who attended school during Jim Crow. We restrict our sample to HRS respondents racialized as White or Black, who resided in the South when they were school-aged, completed primary/secondary school between 1919 and 1954, and provided a measure of allostatic load (n = 1932). We find that our new measure of schooling – duration in school – reduced the Black-White inequity in allostatic load more so than self-reported years of schooling whether we measured allostatic load continuously (34% vs 16%) or categorically (45% vs 20%). Our findings highlight the importance of identifying and using historically informed measures of schooling that account for structurally rooted systemic racism when trying to understand how education shapes the health of individuals racialized as Black in the United States. U.S. Black adults show greater physiological dysregulation than White adults. Mixed evidence as to whether education explains this inequity. May be due to unmeasured structurally rooted systematic racism in early schooling. Our education measure accounts for race inequity in term length and days attended. This measure explains Black-White inequity in allostatic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M. Walsemann
- University of Maryland, School of Public Policy & Maryland Population Research Center, United States
- Corresponding author. School of Public Policy 2101 Van Munching Hall College Park, Maryland 20742-1821, United States.
| | - Jay Pearson
- Duke University, Sanford School of Public Policy, United States
| | - Emily Abbruzzi
- University of Maryland, School of Public Policy & Maryland Population Research Center, United States
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Ester TV, Tucker-Lively FL, Smith C, Taylor GW, Ware TK, Inglehart MR. The status of climate studies in the United States and Canadian dental schools: Deans' perspectives. J Dent Educ 2021; 85:1616-1626. [PMID: 34173234 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Institutions with a positive cultural climate make community members from all backgrounds valued and included, and treated equitably. Such an environment is optimally suited to prepare future dentists well for leading a diverse team of staff members and addressing the oral health care needs of increasingly more diverse patient populations. The objectives were to assess how many United States and Canadian dental schools had participated in a climate study at their parent institution and/or had conducted their own climate study, which topics these studies had addressed, how they collected their data, from whom they collected data, and how the findings affected these academic units. METHODS In January 2020, 54 of the 78 dental school deans in the United States and Canada responded to a web-based survey (response rate: 69%). RESULTS Forty-six parent institutions (85%) and 27 dental schools (50%) had conducted climate studies. Eighty-seven percent of parent institutions assessed the climate overall and the climate for specific groups (70%), such as for persons from underrepresented minority backgrounds (67%) or different religious backgrounds (59%). Most parent institution and dental school studies utilized surveys to collect data from faculty (parent institutions: 76%/dental schools: 96%), staff (74%/93%), administrators (72%/93%), and students (72%/89%). Overall, climate study results positively affected parent institutions' and dental schools' humanistic environment (61%/63%) and the recruitment of faculty (46%/50%), students (46%/46%), and staff (41%/43%). CONCLUSIONS Climate studies are a widely accepted practice at dental schools and their parent institutions. Their results can play a vital role in shaping the climate of these academic units by fostering efforts to increase diversity, equity, and inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd V Ester
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Carlos Smith
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - George W Taylor
- University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tawana K Ware
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Marita R Inglehart
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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