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Lee NE, Yoo DM, Han KM, Kang HS, Kim JH, Kim JH, Bang WJ, Choi HG, Kim NY, Park HY, Kwon MJ. Investigating the Connection between Chronic Periodontitis and Parkinson's Disease: Findings from a Korean National Cohort Study. Biomedicines 2024; 12:792. [PMID: 38672147 PMCID: PMC11048377 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests a potential relevance between chronic periodontitis (CP) and Parkinson's disease (PD), raising concerns about comorbid PD among elderly CP patients. However, the epidemiologic basis for this association remains unclear. Employing a nested case-control design, this study explored the association between CP and subsequent PD occurrences in Korean adults, leveraging a validated national population-based dataset covering the period from 2002 to 2019. It included 8794 PD patients and 35,176 matched control individuals, established through propensity score matching for age, sex, residential area, and income. Baseline characteristics were compared using standardized differences, and logistic regression was employed to assess the impact of CP histories on PD likelihood while controlling for covariates. We performed a thorough examination of CP events within both 1-year and 2-year intervals preceding the index date, incorporating subgroup analyses. Our analysis revealed no statistically significant association between CP history and PD development overall. However, subgroup analysis revealed a slightly increased likelihood of PD development among CP individuals with a high disease burden (Charlson Comorbidity Index score ≥ 2). In conclusion, although our study did not find a significant overall association between CP history and PD development, the elevated likelihood of PD in subgroups with high disease burden may suggest that comorbidities influence PD probability among certain CP patients. Considering comorbid conditions in PD screening for some individuals with CP may be also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Eun Lee
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (N.-E.L.); (D.M.Y.); (K.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Myoung Yoo
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (N.-E.L.); (D.M.Y.); (K.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Min Han
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea; (N.-E.L.); (D.M.Y.); (K.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Suk Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Hee Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joo-Hee Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea;
| | - Woo Jin Bang
- Department of Urology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyo Geun Choi
- Suseo Seoul E.N.T. Clinic, 10, Bamgogae-ro 1-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06349, Republic of Korea;
| | - Nan Young Kim
- Hallym Institute of Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ha Young Park
- Department of Pathology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mi Jung Kwon
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
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Rose KN, Schwarzschild MA, Gomperts SN. Clearing the Smoke: What Protects Smokers from Parkinson's Disease? Mov Disord 2024; 39:267-272. [PMID: 38226487 PMCID: PMC10923097 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The link between smoking and a lower risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the strongest environmental or lifestyle associations in neuroepidemiology. Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that the association is based on a neuroprotective effect of smoking on PD, despite the plausible alternative that smoking serves as a marker for a proximal protective influence without itself conferring benefit. But how smoking could protect against neurodegeneration in PD is not well understood. Of several candidate molecules and mechanisms that have been nominated, nicotine has received the most attention. However, randomized controlled clinical trials of nicotine in PD have failed to demonstrate benefit on motor endpoints, including the NIC-PD study in which recently diagnosed participants were randomly assigned to placebo or nicotine treatment for 1 year. Given these results, the time is right to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of other molecules and biochemical cascades triggered by smoking. Here, we review the evidence supporting smoking's possible protective effect on PD, compounds in tobacco and smoke that might mediate such benefit, and non-causal classes of explanation, including reverse causation and the prospect of shared genetic determinants of smoking and PD resistance. The therapeutic potential of non-nicotine components of smoke is suggested by studies supporting multiple alternative mechanisms ranging from monoamine oxidase inhibitors to gut microbiome disruption to antioxidant response induction by chronic exposure to low levels of carbon monoxide. Rigorous investigation is warranted to evaluate this molecule and others for disease-preventing and disease-modifying activity in PD models and, if warranted, in clinical trials. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N. Rose
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Stephen N. Gomperts
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Yi X, Li C, Wang S, Shang H. Association between Self-Reported Oral Health and Parkinson's Disease: Evidence from UK Biobank. Neuroepidemiology 2023; 58:151-155. [PMID: 38035555 DOI: 10.1159/000535495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral health problem is prevalent in the elderly population which is also at high risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the association between self-reported oral health and PD is still unclear. We aimed to explore the association between baseline self-reported oral health (mouth ulcers, painful gums, bleeding gums, loose teeth, toothache, dentures) and future incidence of PD. METHODS AND PARTICIPANTS Participants were enrolled in the UK Biobank from 2006 to 2010 and those without PD at baseline were included in the current study. We used Cox regression analysis to explore the question and adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, drinking, ethnicity, education, socioeconomic status, and average total household income before tax. RESULTS We included 421,180 participants with a mean age of 56.26 years old, and 46.5% of them were male. And 2,339 participants were diagnosed with PD in the follow-up. Mouth ulcers, loose teeth, dentures, toothache, and bleeding gums were not related to the risk of PD. Painful gums were related to a higher risk of PD (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.12-1.72, p = 0.003), and similar results were reached after adjusting for gene risk (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.12-1.73, p = 0.003), or source of diagnosis (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.12-1.72, p = 0.002), and time of diagnosis (HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03-1.63, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our study has demonstrated a substantial correlation between painful gums and elevated susceptibility to PD, underscoring the potential advantages of implementing oral health interventions for decreasing the risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yi
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shichan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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He F, Luo H, Yin L, Roosaar A, Axéll T, Zhao H, Ye W. Poor Oral Health as a Risk Factor for Dementia in a Swedish Population: A Cohort Study with 40 Years of Follow-Up. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:171-181. [PMID: 36710668 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether poor oral health is associated with dementia risk remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We conducted a cohort study of 14,439 participants who were followed up for up to 40 years in Uppsala County, central Sweden, aiming to explore the association between poor oral health, namely the number of tooth loss, dental plaque status, and oral mucosal lesions, and the risk of dementia. METHODS We used Cox proportional hazards regression model to derive cause-specific hazard ratios (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), while adjusting for baseline potential confounders as well as a time-varying covariate, Charlson's Comorbidity Index score. RESULTS Dementia risk was substantially higher among those with a higher number of tooth loss; compared to the group with tooth loss 0-10, the HRs were 1.21 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.42), 1.17 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.40), and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.54) respectively for groups with increasing number of tooth loss. There was some evidence of dose-risk association in this study, with a HR of 1.10 (1.04, 1.18) comparing adjacent groups (ptrend = 0.001). In a stratified analysis by attained age, tooth loss was more pronouncedly associated with the risk of dementia onset before age 80 (those with 21-32 versus 0-10 lost teeth, HR = 1.82, (95% CI: 1.32, 2.51); HR = 1.22 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.35) comparing adjacent groups, ptrend < 0.001). CONCLUSION In summary, there are some indications that poor oral health, as indicated by more tooth loss, is positively associated with an increased risk of dementia, especially for dementia onset before age 80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huizi Luo
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Roosaar
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tony Axéll
- Maxillofacial Unit, Halland Hospital Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chen Y, Jin Y, Li K, Qiu H, Jiang Z, Zhu J, Chen S, Xie W, Chen G, Yang D. Is There an Association Between Parkinson's Disease and Periodontitis? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:1107-1125. [PMID: 37899063 PMCID: PMC10657691 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple observational studies have yielded controversial results regarding the association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and periodontitis. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to ascertain their bidirectional relationship. METHODS A literature search for relevant studies was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from inception to December 19, 2022. Effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals were pooled under the random-effects model. Then, leave-one-out sensitivity analysis and contour-enhanced funnel plot were applied to assess the stability of the results. RESULTS A total of 34 studies and 24 studies were included for systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis, respectively. Pooled ES indicated that periodontitis was not significantly associated with PD risk (HR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.88-1.45, n = 3; OR = 1.94, 95% CI 0.55-6.90, n = 7), while the Mendelian randomization study revealed no association between PD and periodontitis risk (coefficient [B] = -0.0001, standard error = 0.0001, p = 0.19). Furthermore, PD patients exhibited higher levels of periodontal pocket depth (SMD = 1.10, 95% CI 0.53-1.67), clinical attachment level (SMD = 1.40, 95% CI 0.55-2.26), plaque index (SMD = 0.81, 95% CI 0.22-1.39), and Oral Health Impact Profile-14 score (SMD = 0.91, 95% CI 0.33-1.49) compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis identified no bidirectional association between PD risk and periodontitis risk, though the prevalence of periodontitis and poorer oral status was higher in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Chen
- The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yining Jin
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kun Li
- The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haojie Qiu
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zihan Jiang
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinrong Zhu
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Xie
- The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangyong Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dehao Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Mitchell E, Chohan H, Bestwick JP, Noyce AJ. Alcohol and Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:2369-2381. [PMID: 36442208 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial body of research has examined the relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE To provide an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies examining the relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of PD. METHODS Eligible studies comparing PD risk in ever vs. never alcohol drinkers were sourced from six databases. Outcomes were pooled using standard meta-analysis techniques. Separate female and male estimates were generated from studies reporting sex-specific data. Additionally, cohort studies stratifying participants by quantity of alcohol intake were integrated in a dose-response analysis. RESULTS 52 studies were included, totaling 63,707 PD patients and 9,817,924 controls. Our meta-analysis supported a statistically significant overrepresentation of never drinkers among PD subjects; odds ratio (OR) for ever drinking alcohol 0.84 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76 - 0.92). A subgroup analysis revealed similar effect estimates in females and males. A further synthesis of seven cohort studies suggested a negative, dose-dependent association between alcohol and risk of PD. CONCLUSION In the absence of a known neuroprotective pathway, there may be reason to doubt a true biological effect. The role of survivor bias, selection and recall bias, misclassification, and residual confounding requires consideration. Alternatively, observations might be attributable to reverse causation if those predestined for PD alter their alcohol habits during the preclinical phase. Major limitations of our study include high between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 93.2%) and lack of adjustment for key confounders, namely smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Mitchell
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Harneek Chohan
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Jonathan P Bestwick
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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Zhang RQ, Kuo K, Liu FT, Chen SD, Yang YX, Guo Y, Dong Q, Tan L, Zhang C, Yu JT. Shared polygenic risk and causal inferences in Parkinson's disease. BRAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Furukawa M, Tada H, Wang J, Yamada M, Kurosawa M, Satoh A, Ogiso N, Shikama Y, Matsushita K. Molar loss induces hypothalamic and hippocampal astrogliosis in aged mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6409. [PMID: 35437315 PMCID: PMC9016068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10321-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related tooth loss impedes mastication. Epidemiological and physiological studies have reported that poor oral hygiene and occlusion are associated with cognitive decline. In the present study, we analyzed the mechanism by which decreased occlusal support following bilateral extraction of the maxillary first molars affects cognitive functions in young and aged mice and examined the expression of brain-function-related genes in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. We observed decreased working memory, enhanced restlessness, and increased nocturnal activity in aged mice with molar extraction compared with that in mice with intact molars. Furthermore, in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of molar-extracted aged mice, the transcript-level expression of Bdnf, Rbfox3, and Fos decreased, while that of Cdkn2a and Aif1 increased. Thus, decreased occlusal support after maxillary first molar extraction may affect cognitive function and activity in mice by influencing aging, neural activity, and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Furukawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.
| | - Hirobumi Tada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu, Japan.,Department of Inflammation and Immunosenescence, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yamada
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mie Kurosawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Akiko Satoh
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noboru Ogiso
- Department of Laboratory of Experimental Animals, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shikama
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.
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A nationwide study of the incidence, prevalence and mortality of Parkinson's disease in the Norwegian population. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:19. [PMID: 35236852 PMCID: PMC8891365 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) show variable and partially conflicting findings with regard to incidence, prevalence, and mortality. These differences are commonly attributed to technical and methodological factors, including small sample sizes, differences in diagnostic practices, and population heterogeneity. We leveraged the Norwegian Prescription Database, a population-based registry of drug prescriptions dispensed from Norwegian pharmacies to assess the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of PD in Norway. The diagnosis of PD was defined based on the prescription of dopaminergic drugs for the indication of PD over a continuous time. During 2004-2017, 12,229 males and 9831 females met our definition for PD diagnosis. PD prevalence increased over the observation period, with larger changes observed in the older age groups. Incidence and prevalence of PD increased with age, peaking at 85 years. The male/female prevalence ratio was 1.5 across all ages, whereas the incidence ratio increased with age, from 1.4 in those 60 years, to 2.03 among those >90 years. While PD mortality was generally higher than that of the general population, mortality odds ratios decreased with age, approaching 1.0 among individuals >90 years old. When adjusted for the sex-specific mortality of the general population, the mortality among females with PD was equal to or higher than the mortality among males with PD. Our findings demonstrate that the epidemiological features of PD, including sex-differences, are age and time-period dependent and indicate that sex differences in PD mortality are unlikely to stem from disease-specific negative impact of survival in males.
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Jeong E, Park JB, Park YG. Evaluation of the association between periodontitis and risk of Parkinson's disease: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16594. [PMID: 34400731 PMCID: PMC8367946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the association between periodontitis and risk of incident Parkinson’s disease using large-scale cohort data on the entire population of South Korea. Health checkup data from 6,856,180 participants aged 40 and older were provided by the National Health Insurance Service of South Korea between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2009, and the data were followed until December 31, 2017. The hazard ratio (HR) of Parkinson’s disease and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for potential confounders. The incidence probability of Parkinson’s disease was positively correlated with the presence of periodontitis. The HR of Parkinson’s disease for the participants without the need of further dentist visits was 0.96 (95% CI 0.921–1.002); the HR of Parkinson’s disease increased to 1.142 (95% CI 1.094–1.193) for the individuals who needed further dentist visits. Compared to individuals without periodontitis and without metabolic syndrome, the HR of incident Parkinson’s disease gradually increased for individuals with periodontitis, with metabolic syndrome, and with both periodontitis and metabolic syndrome. People with periodontitis and metabolic syndrome had the highest HR of incident Parkinson’s disease, at 1.167 (95% CI 1.118–1.219). In conclusion, a weak association between periodontitis and Parkinson’s disease was suggested after adjusting for confounding factors from the population-based large-scale cohort of the entire South Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Jeong
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Beom Park
- Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Gyu Park
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Novel Pharmacotherapies in Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1381-1390. [PMID: 34003454 PMCID: PMC8129607 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), an age-related progressive neurodegenerative condition, is associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which results in motor deficits characterized by the following: akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability, as well as nonmotor symptoms such as emotional changes, particularly depression, cognitive impairment, gastrointestinal, and autonomic dysfunction. The most common treatment for PD is focused on dopamine (DA) replacement (e.g., levodopa = L-Dopa), which unfortunately losses its efficacy over months or years and can induce severe dyskinesia. Hence, more efficacious interventions without such adverse effects are urgently needed. In this review, following a general description of PD, potential novel therapeutic interventions for this devastating disease are examined. Specifically, the focus is on nicotine and nicotinic cholinergic system, as well as butyrate, a short chain fatty acid (SCFA), and fatty acid receptors.
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12
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Evidence-Based Recommendations for the Oral Health of Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Neurol Ther 2021; 10:391-400. [PMID: 33738711 PMCID: PMC8140025 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-021-00237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) present a variety of oral disease that can be worsened by xerostomia and sialorrhea. The patients’ physical limitations, for example rigidity and tremor, add to the difficulty of oral care by the general dental surgeon. The objective of the present review was to organize a list of evidence-based recommendations for the oral care of patients with PD. Methods A systematic review of the literature was carried out by specialists who selected the relevant papers and created a list of recommendations based upon the literature. Results Fourteen papers (data reported in 16 articles) were included in this review. Patients with PD had reduced quality of oral health and hygiene, and high prevalence of gingival recession, periodontal disease, dental calculus, tooth decay, tooth mobility and loss, drooling, xerostomia, dysphagia and temporomandibular disorders. Most studies offered class IV evidence, while one paper had class II evidence. Conclusion Patients with PD present poor oral health with conditions that are mostly preventable. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40120-021-00237-4.
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13
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Fernandes LC, Santos AG, Sampaio TB, Sborgi S, Prediger R, Ferro MM, Franco G, Lipinski L, Miyoshi E. Exposure to paraquat associated with periodontal disease causes motor damage and neurochemical changes in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:81-89. [PMID: 32748713 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120938851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to paraquat is possibly involved with the development of several conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). This condition is mainly characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and the development of classical motor symptoms. Etiology includes exposure to environmental factors, such as the paraquat exposure, and inflammatory diseases may exacerbate paraquat neurotoxicity. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the exposure to paraquat associated with the presence of periodontal disease is able to induce motor and biochemical changes in rats similar to that observed in PD. Adult male Wistar rats were sent to ligature. After 48 h, they were sent to daily treatment paraquat (1 mg/kg/day; 2 mL/kg; intragastric) or vehicle for 4 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, the open field test was performed. The rats were euthanized and the left hemimandibles and striatum were dissected for the analysis of dopaminergic and inflammatory markers. Only the combination of periodontal disease model plus paraquat exposure induced motor impairments. Remarkably, the paraquat exposure increased the ligature-induced alveolar bone loss in hemimandibles. Moreover, only the combination of periodontal disease and paraquat exposure induced the loss of dopaminergic neurons and astrocyte activation in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Fernandes
- 549253Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - A G Santos
- 549253Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - T B Sampaio
- Department of Pharmacology, 28117Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sms Sborgi
- 549253Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Rds Prediger
- Department of Pharmacology, 28117Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - M M Ferro
- Department of Biology, 67883State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Gcn Franco
- Department of Odontology, 67883State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - L Lipinski
- Department of Medicine, 67883State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - E Miyoshi
- 549253Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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14
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Abstract
Despite recent successes in understanding the genetics of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the causes of late-onset sporadic PD remain elusive. Many of the epidemiologic findings on PD etiology have been challenged by alternative explanations such as reverse causation. This is mainly because PD often takes decades to develop before it can be diagnosed late in life. Convincing evidence shows that this prodromal stage of PD is characterized by various prodromal symptoms such as olfactory impairment and rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). As they likely reflect PD pathogenesis years, if not decades, before nigrostriatal involvement, research on these symptoms may represent an unprecedented opportunity to dissect the etiology of PD. Using PD prodromal symptoms as intermediate phenotypes, we may be able to identify factors that contribute to the development of these symptoms and factors that modify their progression to clinical PD. Further, this line of research will also enable examinations of novel etiological hypotheses of PD development such as the microbiome and prion hypotheses. In this article, the author used olfactory impairment and RBD as examples to illustrate the promises and challenges of epidemiologic research on prodromal symptoms to understand PD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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15
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The oral microbiome of early stage Parkinson's disease and its relationship with functional measures of motor and non-motor function. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218252. [PMID: 31247001 PMCID: PMC6597068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the function and microbiome of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract have been documented in Parkinson’s disease (PD), although most studies have examined merely fecal microbiome profiles and patients with advanced disease states. In the present study we sought to identify sensitive and specific biomarkers of changes in the oral microbiome of early stage PD through shotgun metatranscriptomic profiling. We recruited 48 PD subjects and 36 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Subjects completed detailed assessments of motor, cognitive, balance, autonomic and chemosensory (smell and taste) functions to determine their disease stage. We also obtained a saliva sample for profiling of microbial RNA and host mRNA using next generation sequencing. We found no differences in overall alpha and beta diversity between subject groups. However, changes in specific microbial taxa were observed, including primarily bacteria, but also yeast and phage. Nearly half of our findings were consistent with prior studies in the field obtained through profiling of fecal samples, with others representing highly novel candidates for detection of early stage PD. Testing of the diagnostic utility of the microbiome data revealed potentially robust performance with as few as 11 taxonomic features achieving a cross-validated area under the ROC curve of 0.90 and overall accuracy of 84.5%. Bioinformatic analysis of 167 different metabolic pathways supported shifts in a small set of distinct pathways involved in amino acid and energy metabolism among the organisms comprising the oral microbiome. In parallel with the microbial analysis, we also examined the evidence for changes in human salivary mRNAs in the same subjects. This revealed significant changes in a set of 9 host mRNAs, several of which mapped to various brain functions and showed correlations with some of the significantly changed microbial taxa. Unexpectedly, we also observed robust correlations between many of the microbiota and functional measures, including those reflecting cognition, balance, and disease duration. These results suggest that the oral microbiome may represent a highly-accessible and informative microenvironment that offers new insights in the pathophysiology of early stage PD.
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16
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Xu S, Yang B, Tao T, Zhang J, Liu Y, Hu J, Fan Y, Zhang G. Activation of α7-nAChRs protects SH-SY5Y cells from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptotic cell death via ERK/p53 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18480-18491. [PMID: 30912145 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown a reduced risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) among cigarette smokers. Nicotine, as a key component in tobacco products, is thought as a possible candidate for action of smoking in neuroprotection. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChRs) is one of the most abundant nAChRs in the mammalian brain. Although nicotine is thought to exert this protective action by acting on nicotinic receptors, including the α7-nAChRs; the mechanisms underlying how α7-nAChRs protect against dopaminergic neuron loss are highly complex. Using nicotine and a selective α7-nAChR agonist PNU-282987, we first confirmed that their addition to SH-SY5Y cells challenged with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+ ) could afford neuroprotection and result in a reduction in apoptotic cell death. Then, we found that the pretreatment with nicotine and PNU-282987 showed the neuroprotective antiapoptotic effects via activating the α7-nAChRs/MAPK/p53 axis. Furthermore, we used RNA interference to silence the expression of α7-nAChRs in SH-SY5Y cells and found that suppressing α7-nAChR expression diminished the antiapoptotic effects of nicotine and PNU-282987, not the toxic effects of MPP+ . Moreover, α7-nAChR knockdown could only decrease the inhibitory effects of nicotine and PNU-282987 on the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), not c-Jun amino-terminal kinase and p38. Therefore, our findings indicate the important roles of ERK/MAPK signaling in the neuroprotective effects of α7-nAChRs and suggest that α7-nAChR agonists may be validated as novel treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Beibei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangdong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Ma C, Liu Y, Neumann S, Gao X. Nicotine from cigarette smoking and diet and Parkinson disease: a review. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:18. [PMID: 28680589 PMCID: PMC5494127 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological studies suggest a relationship between cigarette smoking and low risk of Parkinson disease (PD). As a major component of tobacco smoke, nicotine has been proposed to be a substance for preventing against PD risk, with a key role in regulating striatal activity and behaviors mediated through the dopaminergic system. Animal studies also showed that nicotine could modulate dopamine transmission and reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesias. However, previous clinical trials yield controversial results regarding nicotine treatment. In this review, we updated epidemiological, preclinical and clinical data, and studies on nicotine from diet. We also reviewed interactions between genetic factors and cigarette smoking. As a small amount of nicotine can saturate a substantial portion of nicotine receptors in the brain, nicotine from other sources, such as diet, could be a promising therapeutic substance for protection against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Ma
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, University Park, PA USA
| | - Yesong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Samantha Neumann
- Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, University Park, PA USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, University Park, PA USA
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