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Kan Z, Zhao KX, Jiang C, Liu DY, Guo Y, Liu LY, Wang WJ, He ZQ, Zhang ZF, Wang SY. Respiratory exposure to graphene oxide induces pulmonary fibrosis and organ damages in rats involving caspase-1/p38MAPK/TGF-β1 signaling pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135181. [PMID: 35667501 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that graphene oxide (GO) respiratory exposure led to severe lung injury, but whether pulmonary fibrosis caused by GO respiratory exposure is related to the activation of the caspase-1/p38MAPK/TGF-β1 remains unclear. In this study, rats were administrated GO by intratracheal instillation and fed for three months, and the molecular mechanisms of GO on the pulmonary fibrosis and other organ damage caused by GO respiratory exposure were examined. The results showed that the expression of caspase-1/p38MAPK/TGF-β1 pathway-related factors were significantly elevated with the increase of exposure concentrations of GO. Those data proved that the caspase-1/p38MAPK/TGF-β1 signaling pathway was involved in the pulmonary fibrosis caused by GO respiratory exposure. The trends of related factors also proved that the caspase-1/p38MAPK/TGF-β1 pathway was likely to play a dominant role in the sub-acute and sub-chronic stages. The other organ damage examination found that the liver and spleen were damaged initially by the GO respiratory exposure. Meanwhile for the testicle, although the acute injury was severe, signs of recovery were found during the three-month trial period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Kan
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases/The Second Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150028, PR China
| | - Ke-Xin Zhao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases/The Second Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150028, PR China
| | - Da-Yang Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases/The Second Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150028, PR China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, And School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Heilongjiang Pony Testing Technical Co.,Ltd, Harbin, 150028, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang He
- Heilongjiang Pony Testing Technical Co.,Ltd, Harbin, 150028, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Su-Yi Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases/The Second Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150028, PR China
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Hedmer M, Lovén K, Martinsson J, Messing ME, Gudmundsson A, Pagels J. OUP accepted manuscript. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 66:878-894. [PMID: 35297480 PMCID: PMC9357347 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hedmer
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +46-46173193; e-mail:
| | - Karin Lovén
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Martinsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria E Messing
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Lovén K, Franzén SM, Isaxon C, Messing ME, Martinsson J, Gudmundsson A, Pagels J, Hedmer M. Emissions and exposures of graphene nanomaterials, titanium dioxide nanofibers, and nanoparticles during down-stream industrial handling. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:736-752. [PMID: 32546827 PMCID: PMC8263341 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Today, engineered nanomaterials are frequently used. Nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been extensively used for many years and graphene is one type of emerging nanomaterial. Occupational airborne exposures to engineered nanomaterials are important to ensure safe workplaces and to extend the information needed for complete risk assessments. The main aim of this study was to characterize workplace emissions and exposure of graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, TiO2 nanofibers (NFs) and nanoparticles (NPs) during down-stream industrial handling. Surface contaminations were also investigated to assess the potential for secondary inhalation exposures. In addition, a range of different sampling and aerosol monitoring methods were used and evaluated. The results showed that powder handling, regardless of handling graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, TiO2 NFs, or NPs, contributes to the highest particle emissions and exposures. However, the exposure levels were below suggested occupational exposure limits. It was also shown that a range of different methods can be used to selectively detect and quantify nanomaterials both in the air and as surface contaminations. However, to be able to make an accurate determination of which nanomaterial that has been emitted a combination of different methods, both offline and online, must be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lovén
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sara M Franzén
- Solid State Physics, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria E Messing
- Solid State Physics, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Martinsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-22100, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedmer
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
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Isaxon C, Lovén K, Ludvigsson L, Sivakumar S, Gudmundsson A, Messing ME, Pagels J, Hedmer M. Workplace Emissions and Exposures During Semiconductor Nanowire Production, Post-production, and Maintenance Work. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 64:38-54. [PMID: 31819949 PMCID: PMC6935015 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nanowires are a high-aspect-ratio material of increasing interest for a wide range of applications. A new and promising method to produce nanowires is by aerotaxy, where the wires are grown in a continuous stream of gas. The aerotaxy method can grow nanowires much faster than by more conventional methods. Nanowires have important properties in common with asbestos fibers, which indicate that there can be potential health effects if exposure occurs. No conclusive exposure (or emission) data from aerotaxy-production of nanowires has so far been published. Methods Different work tasks during semiconductor nanowire production, post-production, and maintenance were studied. A combination of direct-reading instruments for number concentration (0.007–20 µm) and filter sampling was used to assess the emissions (a couple of centimeter from the emission sources), the exposure in the personal breathing zone (max 30 cm from nose–mouth), and the concentrations in the background zone (at least 3 m from any emission source). The filters were analyzed for metal dust composition and number concentration of nanowires. Various surfaces were sampled for nanowire contamination. Results The particle concentrations in the emission zone (measured with direct-reading instruments) were elevated during cleaning of arc discharge, manual reactor cleaning, exchange of nanowire outflow filters, and sonication of substrates with nanowires. In the case of cleaning of the arc discharge and manual reactor cleaning, the emissions affected the concentrations in the personal breathing zone and were high enough to also affect the concentrations in the background. Filter analysis with electron microscopy could confirm the presence of nanowires in some of the air samples. Conclusions Our results show that a major part of the potential for exposure occurs not during the actual manufacturing, but during the cleaning and maintenance procedures. The exposures and emissions were evaluated pre- and post-upscaling the production and showed that some work tasks (e.g. exchange of nanowire outflow filters and sonication of substrates with nanowires) increased the emissions post-upscaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Isaxon
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Lovén
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linus Ludvigsson
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sudhakar Sivakumar
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria E Messing
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedmer
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Samiei F, Shirazi FH, Naserzadeh P, Dousti F, Seydi E, Pourahmad J. Toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes inhalation on the brain of rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:12096-12111. [PMID: 31984464 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the brain toxicity following the respiratory contact with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in male Wistar rats. Rats were exposed to 5 mg/m3 MWCNT aerosol in different sizes and purities for 5 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks in a whole-body exposure chamber. After 2-week exposure, mitochondrial isolation was performed from different parts of rat brain (hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum) and parameters of mitochondrial toxicity including mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, mitochondrial swelling, and cytochrome c release, ATP level, mitochondrial GSH, and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Our results demonstrated that MWCNTs with different characteristics, in size and purity, significantly (P < 0.05) decreased SDH activity, GSH, and ATP level, and increased mitochondrial ROS production, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial swelling, MMP collapse, and cytochrome c release in the brain mitochondria. In conclusion, we suggested that MWCNTs with different characteristics, in size and purity, induce damage in varying degrees on the mitochondrial respiratory chain and increase mitochondrial ROS formation in different parts of rat brain (hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Samiei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Hosseini Shirazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Dousti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Enayatollah Seydi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran.
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Nanomaterial Effects on Viral Infection. INTERACTION OF NANOMATERIALS WITH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 2020. [PMCID: PMC7122331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33962-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential for environmental and occupational exposures of populations to nanomaterials (NMs) has fostered concerns of associated adverse health effects, with a particular emphasis on pulmonary injury and disease. Many studies have revealed that several types of NMs can evoke a variety of biological responses, such as pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress, which contribute to allergy, fibrosis, and granuloma formation. Less attention has been paid to health effects that may result from exposure to NMs and additional stressors such as pathogens, with a particular focus on susceptibility to viral infection. This chapter will summarize the current body of literature related to NMs and viral exposures with a primary focus on immune modulation. A summary of the studies performed and major findings to date will be discussed, highlighting proposed molecular mechanisms behind NM-driven host susceptibility, challenges, limitations, and future research needs. Specific mechanisms discussed include direct interaction between NMs and biological molecules, activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and related signaling pathways, production of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammasome activation, and modulation of lipid signaling networks.
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7
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Clemente A, Jiménez R, Encabo MM, Lobera MP, Balas F, Santamaria J. Fast and simple assessment of surface contamination in operations involving nanomaterials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 363:358-365. [PMID: 30321840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of airborne nanosized matter onto surfaces could pose a potential risk in occupational and environmental scenarios. The incorporation of fluorescent labels, namely fluorescein isotiocyanate (FITC) or tris-1,3-phenanthroline ruthenium (II) chloride (Ru(phen)3Cl2), into spherical 80-nm silica nanoparticles allowed the detection after the illumination with LED light of suitable wavelength (365 or 405 nm respectively). Monodisperse nanoparticle aerosols from fluorescently labeled nanoparticles were produced under safe conditions using powder generators and the deposition was tested into different surfaces and filtering media. The contamination of gloves and work surfaces that was demonstrated by sampling and SEM analysis becomes immediately clear under laser or LED illumination. Furthermore, nanoparticle aerosols of about 105 nanoparticles/cm3 were alternatively fed through a glass pipe and personal protective masks to identify the presence of trapped nanoparticles under 405 nm or 365 nm LED light. This testing procedure allowed a fast and reliable estimation of the contamination of surfaces with nanosized matter, with a limit of detection based on the fluorescence emission of the accumulated solid nanoparticles of 40 ng of Ru(phen)3@SiO2 of silica per mg of non-fluorescent matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Clemente
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) - Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Jiménez
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) - Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Mar Encabo
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) - Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Pilar Lobera
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) - Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Centre for Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), c/Monforte de Lemos 28, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Balas
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) - Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Centre for Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), c/Monforte de Lemos 28, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesus Santamaria
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) - Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Centre for Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), c/Monforte de Lemos 28, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Dahm MM, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Evans DE, Birch ME, Bertke S, Beard JD, Erdely A, Fernback JE, Mercer RR, Grinshpun SA. Exposure assessments for a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of US carbon nanotube and nanofiber workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:429-440. [PMID: 29339022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent animal studies have suggested the potential for wide-ranging health effects resulting from exposure to carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F). To date, no studies in the US have directly examined the relationship between occupational exposure and potential human health effects. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to measure CNT/F exposures among US workers with representative job types, from non-exposed to highly exposed, for an epidemiologic study relating exposure to early biologic effects. METHODS 108 participants were enrolled from 12 facilities across the US. Personal, full-shift exposures were assessed based on the mass of elemental carbon (EC) at the respirable and inhalable aerosol particle size fractions, along with quantitatively characterizing CNT/F and estimating particle size via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, sputum and dermal samples were collected and analyzed to determine internal exposures and exposures to the hands/wrists. RESULTS The mean exposure to EC was 1.00 μg/m3 at the respirable size fraction and 6.22 μg/m3 at the inhalable fraction. Analysis by TEM found a mean exposure of 0.1275 CNT/F structures/cm3, generally to agglomerated materials between 2 and 10 μm. Internal exposures to CNT/F via sputum analysis were confirmed in 18% of participants while ∼70% had positive dermal exposures. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the occurrence of a broad range of exposures to CNT/F within 12 facilities across the US. Analysis of collected sputum indicated internal exposures are currently occurring within the workplace. This is an important first step in determining if exposures in the workforce have any acute or lasting health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Dahm
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA; Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Mary K Schubauer-Berigan
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Douglas E Evans
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - M Eileen Birch
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Stephen Bertke
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - John D Beard
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Joseph E Fernback
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Sergey A Grinshpun
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Rahman L, Jacobsen NR, Aziz SA, Wu D, Williams A, Yauk CL, White P, Wallin H, Vogel U, Halappanavar S. Multi-walled carbon nanotube-induced genotoxic, inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses in mice: Investigating the mechanisms of pulmonary carcinogenesis. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 823:28-44. [PMID: 28985945 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified one type of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as possibly carcinogenic to humans. However, the underlying mechanisms of MWCNT- induced carcinogenicity are not known. In this study, the genotoxic, mutagenic, inflammatory, and fibrotic potential of MWCNTs were investigated. Muta™Mouse adult females were exposed to 36±6 or 109±18μg/mouse of Mitsui-7, or 26±2 or 78±5μg/mouse of NM-401, once a week for four consecutive weeks via intratracheal instillations, alongside vehicle-treated controls. Samples were collected 90days following the first exposure for measurement of DNA strand breaks, lacZ mutant frequency, p53 expression, cell proliferation, lung inflammation, histopathology, and changes in global gene expression. Both MWCNT types persisted in lung tissues 90days post-exposure, and induced lung inflammation and fibrosis to similar extents. However, there was no evidence of DNA damage as measured by the comet assay following Mitsui-7 exposure, or increases in lacZ mutant frequency, for either MWCNTs. Increased p53 expression was observed in the fibrotic foci induced by both MWCNTs. Gene expression analysis revealed perturbations of a number of biological processes associated with cancer including cell death, cell proliferation, free radical scavenging, and others in both groups, with the largest response in NM-401-treated mice. The results suggest that if the two MWCNT types were capable of inducing DNA damage, strong adaptive responses mounted against the damage, resulting in efficient and timely elimination of damaged cells through cell death, may have prevented accumulation of DNA damage and mutations at the post-exposure time point investigated in the study. Thus, MWCNT-induced carcinogenesis may involve ongoing low levels of DNA damage in an environment of persisting fibres, chronic inflammation and tissue irritation, and parallel increases or decreases in the expression of genes involved in several pro-carcinogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Rahman
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Syed Abdul Aziz
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Paul White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hakan Wallin
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas vei 8, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
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10
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Ding Y, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Van Tongeren M, Jiménez AS, Tuinman I, Chen R, Alvarez IL, Mikolajczyk U, Nickel C, Meyer J, Kaminski H, Wohlleben W, Stahlmecke B, Clavaguera S, Riediker M. Airborne engineered nanomaterials in the workplace-a review of release and worker exposure during nanomaterial production and handling processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 322:17-28. [PMID: 27181990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For exposure and risk assessment in occupational settings involving engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), it is important to understand the mechanisms of release and how they are influenced by the ENM, the matrix material, and process characteristics. This review summarizes studies providing ENM release information in occupational settings, during different industrial activities and using various nanomaterials. It also assesses the contextual information - such as the amounts of materials handled, protective measures, and measurement strategies - to understand which release scenarios can result in exposure. High-energy processes such as synthesis, spraying, and machining were associated with the release of large numbers of predominantly small-sized particles. Low-energy processes, including laboratory handling, cleaning, and industrial bagging activities, usually resulted in slight or moderate releases of relatively large agglomerates. The present analysis suggests that process-based release potential can be ranked, thus helping to prioritize release assessments, which is useful for tiered exposure assessment approaches and for guiding the implementation of workplace safety strategies. The contextual information provided in the literature was often insufficient to directly link release to exposure. The studies that did allow an analysis suggested that significant worker exposure might mainly occur when engineering safeguards and personal protection strategies were not carried out as recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaobo Ding
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), Universities of Lausanne and Geneva, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A J Kuhlbusch
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA), Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, Bliersheimer Straße 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Centre for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Martie Van Tongeren
- Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Araceli Sánchez Jiménez
- Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Ilse Tuinman
- TNO, Lange Kleiweg 137, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Rui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Iñigo Larraza Alvarez
- ACCIONA Infrastructure, Materials Area, Innovation Division, C/Valportillo II 8, 28108, Alcobendas, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Nickel
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA), Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, Bliersheimer Straße 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Meyer
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA), Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, Bliersheimer Straße 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Kaminski
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA), Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, Bliersheimer Straße 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Dept. Material Physics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Stahlmecke
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA), Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, Bliersheimer Straße 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Simon Clavaguera
- NanoSafety Platform, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38054, France
| | - Michael Riediker
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), Universities of Lausanne and Geneva, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland; SAFENANO, IOM Singapore, 30 Raffles Place #17-00, Chevron House, Singapore, 048622, Singapore.
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11
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Brouwer DH, Spaan S, Roff M, Sleeuwenhoek A, Tuinman I, Goede H, van Duuren-Stuurman B, Filon FL, Bello D, Cherrie JW. Occupational dermal exposure to nanoparticles and nano-enabled products: Part 2, exploration of exposure processes and methods of assessment. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:503-12. [PMID: 27283207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the primary focus of nanotoxicology and nanoenvironmental health and safety efforts has been largely on inhalation exposure to engineered nanomaterials, at the production stage, and much less on considering risks along the life cycle of nano-enabled products. Dermal exposure to nanomaterials and its health impact has been studied to a much lesser extent, and mostly in the context of intentional exposure to nano-enabled products such as in nanomedicine, cosmetics and personal care products. How concerning is dermal exposure to such nanoparticles in the context of occupational exposures? When and how should we measure it? In the first of a series of two papers (Larese Filon et al., 2016), we focused our attention on identifying conditions or situations, i.e. a combination of nanoparticle physico-chemical properties, skin barrier integrity, and occupations with high prevalence of skin disease, which deserve further investigation. This second paper focuses on the broad question of dermal exposure assessment to nanoparticles and attempts to give an overview of the mechanisms of occupational dermal exposure to nanoparticles and nano-enabled products and explores feasibility and adequacy of various methods of quantifying dermal exposure to NOAA. We provide here a conceptual framework for screening, prioritization, and assessment of dermal exposure to NOAA in occupational settings, and integrate it into a proposed framework for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derk H Brouwer
- TNO Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Zeist, The Netherlands; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Suzanne Spaan
- TNO Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ilse Tuinman
- TNO Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Goede
- TNO Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dhimiter Bello
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Work Environment, and Biomedical Engineering & Biotechnology program, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - John W Cherrie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK; Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Ludvigsson L, Isaxon C, Nilsson PT, Tinnerberg H, Messing ME, Rissler J, Skaug V, Gudmundsson A, Bohgard M, Hedmer M, Pagels J. Carbon Nanotube Emissions from Arc Discharge Production: Classification of Particle Types with Electron Microscopy and Comparison with Direct Reading Techniques. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2016; 60:493-512. [PMID: 26748380 PMCID: PMC4815937 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: An increased production and use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is occurring worldwide. In parallel, a growing concern is emerging on the adverse effects the unintentional inhalation of CNTs can have on humans. There is currently a debate regarding which exposure metrics and measurement strategies are the most relevant to investigate workplace exposures to CNTs. This study investigated workplace CNT emissions using a combination of time-integrated filter sampling for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and direct reading aerosol instruments (DRIs). Material and Methods: Field measurements were performed during small-scale manufacturing of multiwalled carbon nanotubes using the arc discharge technique. Measurements with highly time- and size-resolved DRI techniques were carried out both in the emission and background (far-field) zones. Novel classifications and counting criteria were set up for the SEM method. Three classes of CNT-containing particles were defined: type 1: particles with aspect ratio length:width >3:1 (fibrous particles); type 2: particles without fibre characteristics but with high CNT content; and type 3: particles with visible embedded CNTs. Results: Offline sampling using SEM showed emissions of CNT-containing particles in 5 out of 11 work tasks. The particles were classified into the three classes, of which type 1, fibrous CNT particles contributed 37%. The concentration of all CNT-containing particles and the occurrence of the particle classes varied strongly between work tasks. Based on the emission measurements, it was assessed that more than 85% of the exposure originated from open handling of CNT powder during the Sieving, mechanical work-up, and packaging work task. The DRI measurements provided complementary information, which combined with SEM provided information on: (i) the background adjusted emission concentration from each work task in different particle size ranges, (ii) identification of the key procedures in each work task that lead to emission peaks, (iii) identification of emission events that affect the background, thereby leading to far-field exposure risks for workers other than the operator of the work task, and (iv) the fraction of particles emitted from each source that contains CNTs. Conclusions: There is an urgent need for a standardized/harmonized method for electron microscopy (EM) analysis of CNTs. The SEM method developed in this study can form the basis for such a harmonized protocol for the counting of CNTs. The size-resolved DRI techniques are commonly not specific enough to selective analysis of CNT-containing particles and thus cannot yet replace offline time-integrated filter sampling followed by SEM. A combination of EM and DRI techniques offers the most complete characterization of workplace emissions of CNTs today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Ludvigsson
- 1.Solid State Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; 2.Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Christina Isaxon
- 2.Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik T Nilsson
- 2.Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hakan Tinnerberg
- 3.Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria E Messing
- 1.Solid State Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rissler
- 2.Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Vidar Skaug
- 4.National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- 2.Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Bohgard
- 2.Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedmer
- 3.Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- 2.Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Rasmussen PE, Avramescu ML, Jayawardene I, Gardner HD. Detection of Carbon Nanotubes in Indoor Workplaces Using Elemental Impurities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12888-12896. [PMID: 26451679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated three area sampling approaches for using metal impurities in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to identify CNT releases in workplace environments: air concentrations (μg/m3), surface loadings (μg/cm2), and passive deposition rates (μg/m2/h). Correlations between metal impurities and CNTs were evaluated by collecting simultaneous colocated area samples for thermal-optical analysis (for CNTs) and ICP-MS analysis (for metals) in a CNT manufacturing facility. CNTs correlated strongly with Co (residual catalyst) and Ni (impurity) in floor surface loadings, and with Co in passive deposition samples. Interpretation of elemental ratios (Co/Fe) assisted in distinguishing among CNT and non-CNT sources of contamination. Stable isotopes of Pb impurities were useful for identifying aerosolized CNTs in the workplace environment of a downstream user, as CNTs from different manufacturers each had distinctive Pb isotope signatures. Pb isotopes were not useful for identifying CNT releases within a CNT manufacturing environment, however, because the CNT signature reflected the indoor background signature. CNT manufacturing companies and downstream users of CNTs will benefit from the availability of alternative and complementary strategies for identifying the presence/absence of CNTs in the workplace and for monitoring the effectiveness of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat E Rasmussen
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture 0803C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada , K1A 0K9
- University of Ottawa , Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Mary-Luyza Avramescu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture 0803C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada , K1A 0K9
| | - Innocent Jayawardene
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture 0803C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada , K1A 0K9
| | - H David Gardner
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture 0803C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada , K1A 0K9
- University of Ottawa , Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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