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van de Weijer T, Bemer F, de Vos-Geelen J, Hermans B, Mitea C, van der Pol JAJ, Lodewick T, Wildberger JE, Mottaghy FM. Altered biodistribution of [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC during somatostatin analogue treatment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:2420-2427. [PMID: 38403723 PMCID: PMC11178651 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The need for an interval between the administration of long-acting Somatostatin Receptor Analogues (SSA) and the [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE PET has been questioned based on recent literature in the new EANM guidelines. Here an earlier studies showed that SSA injection immediately before SSTR PET had minimal effect on normal organ and tumor uptake (1). However, data are scarce and there are (small) differences between [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC binding affinity, and it remains unknown whether these findings can be directly translated to scans with [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC as well. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of SSA use on the biodistribution in a subsequent [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC PET/CT and compare this intra-individually across several cycles of SSA treatments. METHODS Retrospectively, 35 patients with NENs were included. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC PET at staging and after the 1st and 2nd cycle of SSA were included. SUVmean and SUVmax of blood, visceral organs, primary tumor and two metastases were determined. Also, the interval between SSA therapy and the PET scan was registered. RESULTS Treatment with SSA resulted in a significantly higher bloodpool activity and lower visceral tracer uptake. This effect was maintained after a 2nd cycle of SSA therapy. Furthermore, there was an inverse relationship between bloodpool tracer availability and visceral tracer binding and a positive correlation between bloodpool tracer availability and primary tumor tracer uptake. With an interval of up to 5 days, there was a significantly higher bloodpool activity than at longer intervals. CONCLUSION Absolute comparison of the SUV on [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC PET should be done with caution as the altered biodistribution of the tracer after SSA treatment should be taken into account. We recommend not to perform a scan within the first 5 days after the injection of lanreotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T van de Weijer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, ENETS Center of Excellence, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht (UM), P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F Bemer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, ENETS Center of Excellence, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J de Vos-Geelen
- Department of Medical Oncology, ENETS Center of Excellence, MUMC+, P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), UM, P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B Hermans
- Department of Medical Oncology, ENETS Center of Excellence, MUMC+, P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), UM, P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C Mitea
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, ENETS Center of Excellence, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), UM, P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J A J van der Pol
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, ENETS Center of Excellence, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), UM, P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T Lodewick
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, ENETS Center of Excellence, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J E Wildberger
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, ENETS Center of Excellence, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), UM, P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F M Mottaghy
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, ENETS Center of Excellence, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), UM, P. Debeylaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, 6229 HX, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Melhorn P, Mazal P, Wolff L, Kretschmer-Chott E, Raderer M, Kiesewetter B. From biology to clinical practice: antiproliferative effects of somatostatin analogs in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2024; 16:17588359241240316. [PMID: 38529270 PMCID: PMC10962050 DOI: 10.1177/17588359241240316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin analogs (SSA), specifically octreotide and lanreotide, have demonstrated antiproliferative effects in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NET), a group of rare malignancies of diverse origin and presentation. A prominent feature of NET cells is the expression of G protein-coupled receptors called somatostatin receptors (SSTR). Although these SSTR are not uniformly present in NET, they can be instrumental in the diagnosis and treatment of NET. Apart from their application in nuclear imaging and radionuclide therapy, SSA have proven invaluable in the treatment of hormonal syndromes associated with certain NET (antisecretory effects of SSA), but it took more than two decades to convincingly demonstrate the antiproliferative effects of SSA in metastatic NET with the two pivotal studies PROMID and CLARINET. The current review summarizes three decades of SSA treatment and provides an overview of the clinical trial landscape for SSA monotherapy and combination therapy, including clinical implications and quality of life aspects, as well as ongoing fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Melhorn
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Mazal
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ladislaia Wolff
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Kretschmer-Chott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Raderer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Barbara Kiesewetter
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Fan S, Zheng H, Zhan Y, Luo J, Zang H, Wang H, Wang W, Xu Y. Somatostatin receptor2 (SSTR2) expression, prognostic implications, modifications and potential therapeutic strategies associates with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 193:104223. [PMID: 38036157 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) constitute a heterogeneous cluster of tumors celebrated for their predisposition to metastasize and exhibit local recurrence. Recent explorations have illuminated the intricate involvement of Somatostatin Receptor 2 (SSTR2), a growth-regulatory receptor traditionally classified as a tumor suppressor, yet concurrently implicated in bolstering specific tumor phenotypes. Advances in the realm of SSTR2 investigation within HNSCC, with a specific spotlight on laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCC), tongue squamous cell carcinomas (TSCC), and nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC), have been established. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of SSTR2 expression patterns, prognostic implications, distinctive signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, and potential therapeutic strategies associated with SSTR2 in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer Pathogenic Genes Testing and Diagnosis, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer Pathogenic Genes Testing and Diagnosis, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yuting Zhan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer Pathogenic Genes Testing and Diagnosis, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jiadi Luo
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer Pathogenic Genes Testing and Diagnosis, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hongjing Zang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer Pathogenic Genes Testing and Diagnosis, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Huilin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer Pathogenic Genes Testing and Diagnosis, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Weiyuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer Pathogenic Genes Testing and Diagnosis, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Syguła A, Ledwon A, Hasse-Lazar K, Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Michalik B, Paliczka-Cieślik E, Zeman M, Chmielik E, Sczasny J, Jarzab B, Handkiewicz-Junak D. In patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours, there is no apparent benefit of somatostatin analogues after disease control by peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3841-3851. [PMID: 35503379 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) and somatostatin analogues (SSAs) are commonly combined as primary treatment for neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN), and SSAs given as maintenance. We sought to evaluate whether sequential therapy with PRRT followed by SSAs has progression or survival benefits in patients with NEN after disease control by PRRT. METHODS This prospective, randomised, single-centre study had as principal eligibility criteria: unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic, histologically confirmed well-differentiated NEN; no symptoms/biochemical diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome; no SSAs or ≤ 3 months of SSAs before PRRT; and stable disease or partial or complete response after PRRT. Altogether, 115 patients were randomised 2:1 to an SSA group (n = 74) given octreotide acetate LAR every 4 weeks, or a control group (n = 41) receiving only best supportive care. Octreotide treatment was to stop upon intolerable toxicity or patient refusal, or, at physician/patient discretion, upon NEN progression. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), the secondary endpoint, and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Median (25th-75th percentile) follow-up from the first PRRT activity to death or latest observation was 6.6 (3.18-10.22) years. During that time, 71/115 patients (62%) progressed, 52/74 (70%) in the SSA group, and 19/41 (46%) in the control group (p = 0.01). Eighty-eight/115 patients (76%) died, 58/74 (78%) in the SSA group, and 30/41 (73%) in the control group (p = 0.52). Median (95% CI) PFS was 4.7 (2.8-7.7) years in the SSA group, and 6.4 (4.1-not reached) years in controls. Overall, median OS was 6.6 years. Neither PFS nor OS differed between groups (p = 0.129, p = 0.985, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In patients with disease control after PRRT, subsequent SSA treatment appeared not to be associated with better PFS or OS. Whether to continue SSA administration upon progression after PRRT requires evaluation in a prospective, randomised, controlled multicentre study with a relatively homogeneous sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Syguła
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 16, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ledwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 16, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Kornelia Hasse-Lazar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 16, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 16, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Michalik
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 16, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Paliczka-Cieślik
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 16, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marcin Zeman
- The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Chmielik
- Tumor Pathology Department, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Sczasny
- Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging Department, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Jarzab
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 16, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Daria Handkiewicz-Junak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 16, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland.
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Xiao C, Wang C, Zhang Q, Yang X, Huang S, Luo Y, Feng Y, Zheng Q. Transcriptomic analysis of adult zebrafish heart and brain in response to 2, 6-dichloro-1, 4-benzoquinone exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112835. [PMID: 34600292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are emerging and widespread disinfection byproducts (DBPs), but their toxicological mechanisms to aquatic organisms remain elusive. Herein, we evaluated oxidative stress, cardiac toxicity, and cerebral toxicity after 2, 6-dichloro-1, 4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) exposure in zebrafish. Adult zebrafish were respectively exposed to 0.25, 0.5, and 1 μM 2,6-DCBQ for 96 h. The mortality rate of 2,6-DCBQ (1 μM) was 10%, while the LC50 value was 1.532 μM. Besides, 2,6-DCBQ exposure caused irregularity and elimination of myocardial fiber in the heart, and the pyknosis of nuclears and the agglutination of chromatin in the brain. We measured the 2,6-DCBQ-induced oxidative stresses in the heart and brain. Additionally, the glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were significantly inhibited. To better understand the potential toxicity of 2,6-DCBQ, transcriptomic analysis was performed in the control and 1 μM group after 96 h exposure. As a result, 545 and 1228 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the heart and brain, respectively. GO analysis revealed that these DEGs were primarily enriched in blood vessel development, vasculature development, and oxidoreductase activity in the heart; response to stimulus, nervous system development, and oxidoreductase activity in the brain. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs were mainly enriched in VEGF signaling pathway and vascular smooth muscle contraction pathway in the heart; neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway in the brain. These findings exposed the underlying toxicity mechanism of 2,6-DCBQ exposure on zebrafish cardiovascular and brain systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yinjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yunfeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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Si Y, Kim S, Ou J, Lu Y, Ernst P, Chen K, Whitt J, Carter AM, Markert JM, Bibb JA, Chen H, Zhou L, Jaskula-Sztul R, Liu XM. Anti-SSTR2 antibody-drug conjugate for neuroendocrine tumor therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:799-812. [PMID: 32684623 PMCID: PMC7854894 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) tumors include a diverse spectrum of hormone-secreting neoplasms that arise from the endocrine and nervous systems. Current chemo- and radio-therapies have marginal curative benefits. The goal of this study was to develop an innovative antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) to effectively treat NE tumors (NETs). First, we confirmed that somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) is an ideal cancer cell surface target by analyzing 38 patient-derived NET tissues, 33 normal organs, and three NET cell lines. Then, we developed a new monoclonal antibody (mAb, IgG1, and kappa) to target two extracellular domains of SSTR2, which showed strong and specific surface binding to NETs. The ADC was constructed by conjugating the anti-SSTR2 mAb and antimitotic monomethyl auristatin E. In vitro evaluations indicated that the ADC can effectively bind, internalize, release payload, and kill NET cells. Finally, the ADC was evaluated in vivo using a NET xenograft mouse model to assess cancer-specific targeting, tolerated dosage, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor efficacy. The anti-SSTR2 ADC exclusively targeted and killed NET cells with minimal toxicity and high stability in vivo. This study demonstrates that the anti-SSTR2 ADC has a high-therapeutic potential for NET therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Si
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Seulhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jianfa Ou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Patrick Ernst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jason Whitt
- Department of Surgery, UAB, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Angela M Carter
- Department of Surgery, UAB, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, UAB, 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - James A Bibb
- Department of Surgery, UAB, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Herbert Chen
- Department of Surgery, UAB, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Medicine, UAB, 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Renata Jaskula-Sztul
- Department of Surgery, UAB, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Eychenne R, Bouvry C, Bourgeois M, Loyer P, Benoist E, Lepareur N. Overview of Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analogs for Cancer Imaging and Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E4012. [PMID: 32887456 PMCID: PMC7504749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identified in 1973, somatostatin (SST) is a cyclic hormone peptide with a short biological half-life. Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are widely expressed in the whole body, with five subtypes described. The interaction between SST and its receptors leads to the internalization of the ligand-receptor complex and triggers different cellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, the expression of SSTRs is significantly enhanced in many solid tumors, especially gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET). Thus, somatostatin analogs (SSAs) have been developed to improve the stability of the endogenous ligand and so extend its half-life. Radiolabeled analogs have been developed with several radioelements such as indium-111, technetium-99 m, and recently gallium-68, fluorine-18, and copper-64, to visualize the distribution of receptor overexpression in tumors. Internal metabolic radiotherapy is also used as a therapeutic strategy (e.g., using yttrium-90, lutetium-177, and actinium-225). With some radiopharmaceuticals now used in clinical practice, somatostatin analogs developed for imaging and therapy are an example of the concept of personalized medicine with a theranostic approach. Here, we review the development of these analogs, from the well-established and authorized ones to the most recently developed radiotracers, which have better pharmacokinetic properties and demonstrate increased efficacy and safety, as well as the search for new clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Eychenne
- UPS, CNRS, SPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique)—UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (R.E.); (E.B.)
- Groupement d’Intérêt Public ARRONAX, 1 Rue Aronnax, F-44817 Saint Herblain, France;
- CNRS, CRCINA (Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes—Angers)—UMR 1232, ERL 6001, Inserm, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christelle Bouvry
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, F-35000, France;
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mickael Bourgeois
- Groupement d’Intérêt Public ARRONAX, 1 Rue Aronnax, F-44817 Saint Herblain, France;
- CNRS, CRCINA (Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes—Angers)—UMR 1232, ERL 6001, Inserm, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Loyer
- INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer)—UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Eric Benoist
- UPS, CNRS, SPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique)—UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (R.E.); (E.B.)
| | - Nicolas Lepareur
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, F-35000, France;
- INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer)—UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
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8
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Maas M, Mayer L, Hennenlotter J, Stühler V, Walz S, Scharpf M, Kühs U, Neumann T, Stenzl A, Todenhöfer T. Prognostic impact of somatostatin receptor expression in advanced bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:935.e17-935.e28. [PMID: 32773234 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Somatostatin receptors (SSTR) recently have been identified as potential targets for treatment of solid tumors. Furthermore, they have been shown to be of high relevance for tumor biology and prognosis in various types of cancer. However, there is a lack of clinical data for SSTR in bladder cancer (BC). Aim of this study was to determine the expression of all relevant somatostatin receptor subtypes in benign urothelium and tumor tissue of patients with muscle invasive BC. Furthermore, their potential role as prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) was evaluated. METHODS The collective included BC and benign urothelium tissue of 103 patients (Median age 69; range 32-84, 79 male, 24 female) who underwent a radical cystectomy. A tissue microarray with subsequent immunohistochemical staining was used to assess membranous expression of SSTR1-5. Results were correlated to clinical and histopathological data as well as CSS and OS. RESULTS Expressions of SSTR1-4 were significantly decreased in BC compared to benign urothelium (P < 0.002 each), whereas SSTR5 expression was increased (P = 0.0017). Expression of SSTR1 was associated with organ-confined disease (≤pT2) (P = 0.0477). No correlation between SSTR1-5 expression and N- and M-stage was observed. Univariate analyses showed a significantly longer CSS and OS in patients with high expression of SSTR3 (P = 0.0316 and 0.0044). Multivariate analyses confirmed SSTR3 expression as independent marker of improved CSS and OS (P = 0.0324 and 0.0076). CONCLUSIONS The majority of somatostatin receptor subtypes exhibit decreased expression in BC compared to benign bladder tissue. Expression of SSTR3 is an indicator for favorable prognosis in patients with muscle-invasive BC. These results support preclinical investigations using somatostatin receptor analogues such as octreotide to influence BC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Maas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Mayer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Viktoria Stühler
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Walz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Scharpf
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kühs
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim Neumann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Clinical Trial Unit, Studienpraxis Urologie, Nürtingen, Germany; Medical School, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Inafuku K, Yokose T, Ito H, Eriguchi D, Samejima J, Nagashima T, Nakayama H, Suzuki M, Yamada K, Masuda M. Two cases of lung neuroendocrine carcinoma with carcinoid morphology. Diagn Pathol 2019; 14:104. [PMID: 31511024 PMCID: PMC6739931 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-019-0886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The category of grade 3 neuroendocrine tumor (NET G3) was newly introduced in the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO 2017) classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the pancreas. Pancreatic NET G3 shows a carcinoid-like morphology with high proliferative activity and the prognosis is intermediate between NET G2 and neuroendocrine carcinoma. There is no category corresponding to NET G3 in the current WHO 2015 classification of lung tumors. Herein, we report two cases of lung neuroendocrine carcinoma with carcinoid morphology that correspond to NET G3. CASE PRESENTATION Case 1: An abnormal chest shadow was detected in a 78-year-old female never-smoker during a routine medical examination. She was asymptomatic. The radiological assessment revealed a mass in the peripheral S4 segment of the right lung. She underwent right middle lobectomy for the mass preoperatively diagnosed as non-small cell lung carcinoma. Postoperative histological examination revealed a neuroendocrine tumor with carcinoid morphology and a mitotic count of 15/2 mm2. Case 2: An abnormal chest shadow was detected in a 74-year-old female never-smoker undergoing follow-up for another disease. She was asymptomatic. The radiological assessment revealed a mass in the peripheral S3 segment of the right lung. She underwent right upper lobectomy for the mass suspected to be lung carcinoma. Postoperative histological examination revealed a neuroendocrine tumor with carcinoid morphology with mitotic count of 13/2 mm2. Both of these tumors showed carcinoid morphology but with a mitotic count exceeding 10/2 mm2; thus, we diagnosed them as small cell lung carcinomas according to the current WHO 2015 classification. CONCLUSIONS Our tumors occurred in female never-smokers and their histology showed carcinoid morphology without extensive necrosis. Moreover, proliferative abilities of them were extremely low compared to small cell lung carcinoma. The clinical and pathological features of our tumors appeared to be different from those of small cell lung carcinoma. Although there is no category corresponding to NET G3 in the current classification of lung tumors, we consider that our tumors may correspond to NET G3 and identification of this subset is relevant for therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Inafuku
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Yokose
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ito
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Daisuke Eriguchi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Joji Samejima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagashima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Nakayama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Masaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Kouzo Yamada
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Munetaka Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
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10
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Rossi V, Di Zazzo E, Galasso G, De Rosa C, Abbondanza C, Sinisi AA, Altucci L, Migliaccio A, Castoria G. Estrogens Modulate Somatostatin Receptors Expression and Synergize With the Somatostatin Analog Pasireotide in Prostate Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 30828298 PMCID: PMC6384260 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Western society. Current PC therapies prevalently target the functions of androgen receptor (AR) and may only be effective within short time periods, beyond which the majority of PC patients progress to castration-resistant PC (CRPC) and metastatic disease. The role of estradiol/estradiol receptor (ER) axis in prostate transformation and PC progression is well established. Further, considerable efforts have been made to investigate the mechanism by which somatostatin (SST) and somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) influence PC growth and progression. A number of therapeutic strategies, such as the combination of SST analogs with other drugs, show, indeed, strong promise. However, the effect of the combined treatment of SST analogs and estradiol on proliferation, epithelial mesenchyme transition (EMT) and migration of normal- and cancer-derived prostate cells has not been investigated so far. We now report that estradiol plays anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect in non-transformed EPN prostate cells, which express both ERα and ERβ. A weak apoptotic effect is observed in transformed CPEC cells that only express low levels of ERβ. Estradiol increases, mainly through ERα activation, the expression of SSTRs in EPN, but not CPEC cells. As such, the hormone enhances the anti-proliferative effect of the SST analog, pasireotide in EPN, but not CPEC cells. Estradiol does not induce EMT and the motility of EPN cells, while it promotes EMT and migration of CPEC cells. Addition of pasireotide does not significantly modify these responses. Altogether, our results suggest that pasireotide may be used, alone or in combination with other drugs, to limit the growth of prostate proliferative diseases, provided that both ER isoforms (α and β) are present. Further investigations are needed to better define the cross talk between estrogens and SSTRs as well as its role in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio A Sinisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Neurologiche, Metaboliche e dell'Invecchiamento, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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11
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Somatostatin receptor SSTR2A and SSTR5 expression in neuroendocrine breast cancer. Ann Diagn Pathol 2018; 38:62-66. [PMID: 30476894 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine breast cancer (NEBC) is a group of rare tumors, which could benefit from therapy targeting the somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). In particular, SSTR2A and SSTR5 are potential targets given their consistent expression in gastrointestinal and pancreatic primary and metastatic neuroendocrine cancers. Currently, there are no studies describing the expression of SSTRs in NEBC. The purpose of our study was to characterize the immunohistochemical expression of SSTR2A and SSTR5 in a cohort of NEBC. Thirty-one primary NEBC cases were analyzed, and SSTR2A and SSTR5 immunohistochemistry performed and scored using the modified immunoreactive score proposed by Remmele and Stanger. All patients were females with a mean age of 66.6 years (SD = 14). 77% of cases were histological grade 2. SSTR2A showed a weak positivity in 11 cases (35.5%), moderate positivity in 6 cases (19.4%) and strong positivity in 5 cases (16.1%). Nine cases were negative for SSTR2A (29%). SSTR5 showed a weak positivity in 16 cases (51.6%), moderate positivity in 6 cases (19.4%), while no cases showed strong positivity. Nine cases were negative for SSTR5 (29%). Five cases were negative for both SSTR2A and SSTR5. A weak to moderate SSTR2A and SSTR5 expression was observed in 50-70% of the cases. A subset of NEBCs with strong SSR2A expression may benefit from SSTRs targeted therapy. These results need further validation in a larger series including metastatic NEBC, to provide potential therapeutic targets for patients with advanced disease.
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12
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Treatment of female rhesus macaques with a somatostatin receptor antagonist that increases oocyte fertilization rates without affecting post-fertilization development outcomes. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 36:229-239. [PMID: 30430314 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of PGL1001, a somatostatin receptor isoform-2 (SSTR-2) antagonist, on ovarian follicle development, oocyte fertilization, and subsequent embryo developmental potential in the rhesus macaque. METHODS Cycling female rhesus macaques (N = 8) received vehicle through one menstrual (control) cycle, followed by daily injections of PGL1001, a SSTR-2 antagonist, for three menstrual (treatment) cycles. Main endpoints include overall animal health and ovarian hormones (e.g., estradiol [E2], progesterone [P4], and anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH]), ovarian circumference, numbers of oocytes and their maturation status following controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), as well as oocyte fertilization and subsequent blastocyst rates that were assessed in control and PGL1001 treatment cycles. Circulating PGL1001 levels were assessed at baseline as well as 6, 60, and 90 days during treatment. RESULTS PGL1001 treatment did not impact overall animal health, menstrual cycle length, or circulating levels of ovarian hormones (E2, P4, and AMH) in comparison to vehicle treatment during natural cycles. PGL1001 treatment increased (p ˂ 0.05) ovarian circumference and the day 8 to day 1 ratio of AMH levels (p ˂ 0.05) during a COS protocol, as well as oocyte fertilization rates compared to the vehicle treatment interval. Blastocyst development rates were not significantly different between vehicle and PGL1001 treatment groups. CONCLUSION Prolonged treatment with PGL1001 appears to be safe and does not affect rhesus macaque general health, menstrual cycle length, or ovarian hormone production. Interestingly, PGL1001 treatment increased the fertilization rate of rhesus macaque oocytes collected following ovarian stimulation.
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13
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Lehman JM, Hoeksema MD, Staub J, Qian J, Harris B, Callison JC, Miao J, Shi C, Eisenberg R, Chen H, Chen SC, Massion PP. Somatostatin receptor 2 signaling promotes growth and tumor survival in small-cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1104-1114. [PMID: 30152518 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) is overexpressed in a majority of neuroendocrine neoplasms, including small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs). SSTR2 was previously considered an inhibitory receptor on cell growth, but its agonists had poor clinical responses in multiple clinical trials. The role of this receptor as a potential therapeutic target in lung cancer merits further investigation. We evaluated the expression of SSTR2 in a cohort of 96 primary tumors from patients with SCLC and found 48% expressed SSTR2. Correlation analysis in both CCLE and an SCLC RNAseq cohort confirmed high-level expression and identified an association between NEUROD1 and SSTR2. There was a significant association with SSTR2 expression profile and poor clinical outcome. We tested whether SSTR2 expression might contribute to tumor progression through activation of downstream signaling pathways, using in vitro and in vivo systems and downregulated SSTR2 expression in lung cancer cells by shRNA. SSTR2 downregulation led to increased apoptosis and dramatically decreased tumor growth in vitro and in vivo in multiple cell lines with decreased AMPKα phosphorylation and increased oxidative metabolism. These results demonstrate a role for SSTR2 signaling in SCLC and suggest that SSTR2 is a poor prognostic biomarker in SCLC and potential future therapeutic signaling target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Lehman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Megan D Hoeksema
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeremy Staub
- Division of Medical Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jun Qian
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bradford Harris
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - J Clay Callison
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Jennifer Miao
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Rosana Eisenberg
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Heidi Chen
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biostatistics, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Sheau-Chiann Chen
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biostatistics, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
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14
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Gailhouste L, Liew LC, Hatada I, Nakagama H, Ochiya T. Epigenetic reprogramming using 5-azacytidine promotes an anti-cancer response in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:468. [PMID: 29700299 PMCID: PMC5920091 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Curative management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is limited because this malignancy remains resistant to most chemotherapeutic drugs. Strategies that reverse epigenetic alterations offer a unique opportunity for cancer cell reprogramming, which is valuable for development of new treatments. The aim of this work was to reprogram pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells toward a less aggressive and drug-responsive phenotype. The process applied is called "epigenetic reprogramming". To evaluate the efficiency of PDAC epigenetic reprogramming, we assessed tumor growth and drug response in PANC-1 cells after exposure to non-cytotoxic doses of the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-AZA). Here, we showed that an epigenetic regimen using 5-AZA promoted an anti-cancer response by inhibiting PDAC tumor growth in vivo after the engraftment of treated cells. Remarkably, the subsequent addition of gemcitabine (GEM) to the 5-AZA-mediated reprogramming resulted in a marked growth inhibition effect in GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer cells. We observed that various characteristic peptides expressed in the pancreas, which included the antiproliferative hormone somatostatin (SST) and the SST receptor 2 (SSTR2), were significantly upregulated in the epigenetically reprogrammed PDAC cells. The inhibitory effect of octreotide (OCT), an SST analog, was tested on PDAC cells and found to be improved after cell reprogramming. Furthermore, we found that SST gene expression restoration following 5-AZA treatment or following knockdown of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 enzyme was associated with the reversion of SST epigenetic silencing through regional CpG demethylation. Lastly, we confirmed the efficacy of 5-AZA-based epigenetic reprogramming in vivo using a PDAC tumor growth model. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that epigenetic reprogramming using the demethylating compound 5-AZA shows anti-cancer effects in PANC-1 cells and is potentially attractive for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Gailhouste
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Lee Chuen Liew
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izuho Hatada
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Xi T, Zhang G. Integrated analysis of tumor differentiation genes in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193427. [PMID: 29596435 PMCID: PMC5875763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor differentiation is an important process in the development of cancer. It is valuable to identify key differentiation related genes in the prognosis and therapy of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS The mRNA expression data were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Then, differentially expressed tumor differentiation related genes were identified. Additionally, Gene Ontology functional categories and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes biochemical pathway was used to explore the function. In addition, receiver operating characteristic and survival analysis were carried out to assess the diagnosis and prognosis value. Finally, the electronic validation of selected tumor differentiation related genes was performed. RESULTS A total of 932 genes were identified. Among which, 8 genes including JUB, ERLIN1, HMGA2, FAM110B, EGFR, MCM2, TCTA and SSTR1 were differentially expressed in all different tumor differentiation grades. Functional analysis revealed those genes between highly differentiated and other differentiation were remarkably enriched in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and cell cycle pathway. Finally, ERLIN1, HMGA2, FAM110B, EGFR, MCM2, BCL2L1, E2F1 and RAC1 were associated with the survival time of pancreatic adenocarcinoma patient. Among these genes, JUB, ERLIN1, FAM110B, MCM2 and BCL2L1 also had a diagnosis value for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Additionally, the expression trend of JUB, HMGA2 and MCM2 was increased along with the tumor differentiation grades. And the expression trend of FAM110B was decreased along with the tumor differentiation grades. The electronic validation result was consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSIONS 12 tumor differentiation related genes including JUB, ERLIN1, HMGA2, FAM110B, EGFR, MCM2, TCTA, SSTR1, BCL2L1, E2F1, RAC1 and STAT1 played crucial roles in the differentiation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xi
- Department of Gastroenterology, First People’s Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
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16
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Chen X, Zhang XY, Shen Y, Fan LL, Ren ML, Wu YP. Synthetic paclitaxel-octreotide conjugate reversing the resistance of A2780/Taxol to paclitaxel in xenografted tumor in nude mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:83451-83461. [PMID: 27825139 PMCID: PMC5347781 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormone-based targeted therapy to tumors has been studied extensively. Our previous study shows that somatostatin receptor expresses high level on drug-resistant human ovarian cancer. The paclitaxel-octreotide conjugate (POC) exhibits enhanced growth inhibition, as well as reduced toxicity, in paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian cancer cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of targeted cytotoxicity and potential reversal mechanism of resistance in paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian cancer cells xenografted into nude mice. The SSTR2 shows higher expression levels in tumor tissue. Moreover, fluorescein-labeled POC displays favorable targeting in tumor cells. POC presents the perfect efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth and exerts lower or no toxic effects on normal tissues. Real-time PCR and Western Blotting has demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expressions of SSTR2 in POC group were significantly higher, while MDR1, α-tubulin, βIII-tubulin, VEGF and MMP-9 were significantly lower than in the other treatment groups and controls. Combined with the previous study in vitro, this study evaluates an effective approach on the treatment of paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer which expresses somatostatin receptor SSTR. Our investigation has also revealed the possible molecular mechanism of POC in treating the ovarian cancer, and therefore, provided a theoretical basis for the clinical application of this newly-invented compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-Li Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mu-Lan Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yong-Ping Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Materia Medica, Nanjing 210009, China
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17
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Feun LG, Wangpaichitr M, Li YY, Kwon D, Richman SP, Hosein PJ, Savaraj N. Phase II trial of SOM230 (pasireotide LAR) in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2018; 5:9-15. [PMID: 29392123 PMCID: PMC5769585 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s153672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A phase II trial of pasireotide was performed to assess its efficacy and safety in advanced or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients and methods Patients with advanced HCC and Child-Pugh score ≤7 received pasireotide LAR 60 mg intramuscularly every 28 days. Primary endpoint was disease control rate. Secondary endpoints were time to tumor progression, response rate, treatment-related adverse events, and overall survival. Serum insulin growth factor-1 was measured before and after pasireotide. Results Twenty patients were treated and evaluable. Eighteen patients (90%) had prior therapy; 16 patients (80%) had multiple therapies. Median age was 65, 75% had Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C, and 55% had metastatic disease. The main toxicity was hyperglycemia. Rare adverse effects included reversible grade 4 elevation in alanina transaminase/aspartate transaminase in one patient. The best response was stable disease in 9 patients (45%). Median time to tumor progression for the 20 patients was 3 months, and median survival was 9 months. Conclusion Pasireotide had limited clinical benefit as second-line or third-line treatment in patients with advanced or metastatic HCC. Low baseline insulin growth factor-1 level may be indicative when SOM230 treatment may be ineffective, and decreasing levels after treatment may be indicative of disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn G Feun
- Department of Medicine, Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami
| | | | - Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Medicine, Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami
| | - Deukwoo Kwon
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stephen P Richman
- Department of Medicine, Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami
| | - Peter J Hosein
- Department of Medicine, Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Medicine, Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami.,Department of Surgery, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service
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18
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Abstract
Peptides have been used as drugs to treat various health conditions, and they are also being developed as diagnostic agents. Due to their receptor selectivity, peptides have recently been utilized for drug delivery to target drug molecules to specific types of cells (i.e. cancer cells, immune cells) to lower the side effects of the drugs. In this case, the drug is conjugated to the carrier peptide for directing the drug to the target cells (e.g. cancer cells) with higher expression of a specific receptor that recognizes the carrier peptide. As a result, the drug is directed to the target diseased cells without affecting the normal cells. Peptides are also being developed for improving drug delivery through the intestinal mucosa barrier (IMB) and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These peptides were derived from intercellular junction proteins such as occludins, claudins, and cadherins and improve drug delivery through the IMB and BBB via the paracellular pathways. It is hypothesized that the peptides modulate protein-protein interactions in the intercellular junctions of the IMB and BBB to increase the porosity of paracellular pathways of the barriers. These modulator peptides have been shown to enhance brain delivery of small molecules and medium-sized peptides as well as a large protein such as 65 kDa albumin. In the future, this method has the potential to improve oral and brain delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic peptides and proteins.
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Abstract
Chemotherapy represents the cornerstone of treatment for patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC); however, standard therapy has reached a plateau in improving patient survival with overall disappointing results. The demonstration that SCLC expresses neuroendocrine markers, such as somatostatin (SST) receptors, has led to use SST analogs or radiolabeled SST analogs in the treatment of SCLC patients. In the current review, we would focus on the possible role of SST analogs in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Tartarone
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy.
| | - Rosa Lerose
- Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Michele Aieta
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
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20
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Clinical studies in humans targeting the various components of the IGF system show lack of efficacy in the treatment of cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 772:105-122. [PMID: 28528684 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) system regulates cell growth, differentiation and energy metabolism and plays crucial role in the regulation of key aspects of tumor biology, such as cancer cell growth, survival, transformation and invasion. The current focus for cancer therapeutic approaches have shifted from the conventional treatments towards the targeted therapies and the IGF system has gained a great interest as anti-cancer therapy. The proliferative, anti-apoptotic and transformation effects of IGFs are mainly triggered by the ligation of the type I IGF receptor (IGF-IR). Thus, aiming at developing novel and effective cancer therapies, different strategies have been employed to target IGF system in human malignancies, including but not limited to ligand or receptor neutralizing antibodies and IGF-IR signaling inhibitors. In this review, we have focused on the clinical studies that have been conducted targeting the various components of the IGF system for the treatment of different types of cancer, providing a description and the challenges of each targeting strategy and the degree of success.
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Docetaxel in combination with octreotide shows synergistic apoptotic effect by increasing SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression levels in prostate and breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:1273-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Domvri K, Bougiouklis D, Zarogoulidis P, Porpodis K, Xristoforidis M, Liaka A, Eleutheriadou E, Lampaki S, Lazaridis G, Organtzis J, Kyriazis G, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Tsirgogianni K, Karavasilis V, Baka S, Darwiche K, Freitag L, Trakada G, Zarogoulidis K. Could Somatostatin Enhance the Outcomes of Chemotherapeutic Treatment in SCLC? J Cancer 2015; 6:360-6. [PMID: 25767606 PMCID: PMC4349876 DOI: 10.7150/jca.11308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatostatin is a peptide with a potent and broad antisecretory action, which makes it an invaluable drug target for the pharmacological management of pituitary adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors. Furthermore, somatostatin (SST) receptors (SSTR1, 2A and B, 3, 4 and 5) belong to the G protein coupled receptor family and are overexpressed in tumors. Since, human small-cell lung cancer overexpresses somatostatin receptors (STTR), they could be legitimate targets for treating SCLC.The aim of this study was the evaluation of cytotoxicity of somatostatin in combination with several anticancer drugs in HTB-175 cell line (Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell line that expresses neuron specific enolase). METHODS Docetaxel, Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, Cisplatin, Etoposide, Gemzar, Navelbine, Fluorouracil, Farmorubicin are the chemotherapeutic drugs that we used for the combination before and after adding somatostatin in SCLC cell culture. HTB-175 cell line was purchased from ATCC LGC Standards.At indicated time-point, 48h after the combination, cell viability and apoptosis were measured with Annexin V staining by flow cytometry. RESULTS Flow cytometry showed that Docetaxel, Paclitaxel, Gemzar and Cisplatin induced apoptosis more when they were added before somatostatin, whereas etoposide induced apoptosis more after somatostatin treatment. Navelbine alone or in combination with somatostatin showed no differences in apoptosis. Farmorubicin showed equal toxicity in all combinations. Fluorouracil and Carboplatin induced apoptosis more when added alone in HTB-175 cell line. However, increased apoptosis was also observed when Carboplatin was administered before somatostatin in higher concentrations. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that depending on the drug, somatostatin treatment before or after chemotherapeutic drugs increased apoptosis in small cell lung cancer cells. We suggest that long acting somatostatin analogues could be used as additive and maintenance therapy in combination to antineoplastic agents in SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Domvri
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Bougiouklis
- 2. Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology - BMT Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Porpodis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Manolis Xristoforidis
- 3. Surgical Department “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Liaka
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ellada Eleutheriadou
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Lampaki
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Lazaridis
- 4. Oncology Department, “G. Papageorgiou” Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John Organtzis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Kyriazis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Katerina Tsirgogianni
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilis Karavasilis
- 6. Oncology Department, “G. Papageorgiou” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Baka
- 7. Oncology Department, “Interbalkan” European Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kaid Darwiche
- 8. University Pulmonary Department-Interventional Unit, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lutz Freitag
- 8. University Pulmonary Department-Interventional Unit, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Georgia Trakada
- 9. Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Division of Pulmonology, Medical School, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Successful treatment of metastasized pancreatic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-secreting tumor unresponsive to high-dose octreotide by peptide receptor radionuclide therapy using 90Y DOTATATE. Clin Nucl Med 2014; 38:996-7. [PMID: 24212444 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0b013e3182a7596b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a successful treatment of a patient with heavily metastasized pancreatic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-secreting tumor, which was unresponsive to high doses of octreotide analog using peptide receptor radionuclide therapy applying a radiolabeled somatostatin analog. After the peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, there was a decrease in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels, a significant reduction in somatostatin receptor expression and in molecular tumor volume on 68Ga DOTANOC PET/CT scan, and a complete long-term resolution of symptoms of the patient.
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24
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Tartarone A, Lerose R, Ardito R, Troiani L, Tedesco B, Bozza G, Cangiano R, Aieta M. Long-term survival in small cell lung cancer: a case report and review of the literature. Future Oncol 2014; 10:523-8. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents approximately 13% of all newly diagnosed lung cancers. SCLC is a very aggressive disease characterized by early locoregional and distant metastases. The median survival is 14–16 months for patients with limited disease and 8–11 months for those with extensive disease, with 20–40% of patients with limited disease and 5% of patients with extensive disease alive at 2 years. This report discusses the case of a long-term SCLC survivor treated with radiotherapy, several lines of chemotherapy and long-acting somatostatin analogs who is alive 7 years after diagnosis, with no evidence of further relapse. In the near future, better identification of prognostic and predictive factors based on models that integrate clinical data and multiple gene expression profiles and the use of novel treatments could increase the number of long-term SCLC survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Tartarone
- Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata, I.R.C.C.S., via Padre Pio 1, 85028 Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Rosa Lerose
- Hospital Pharmacy, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata, I.R.C.C.S., Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Raffaele Ardito
- Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata, I.R.C.C.S., via Padre Pio 1, 85028 Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Laura Troiani
- Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata, I.R.C.C.S., via Padre Pio 1, 85028 Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Beatrice Tedesco
- Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata, I.R.C.C.S., via Padre Pio 1, 85028 Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Giovanni Bozza
- Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata, I.R.C.C.S., via Padre Pio 1, 85028 Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Rodolfo Cangiano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata, I.R.C.C.S., via Padre Pio 1, 85028 Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Michele Aieta
- Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata, I.R.C.C.S., via Padre Pio 1, 85028 Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the current understanding of the biology of somatostatin receptor (sst), role of immunotherapy in neuroendocrine tumor (NET), new agents for PPRT, and methods to assess response and clinical benefit in NET. One of the most interesting aspects of sst biology is the recent discovery of truncated variants of the sst5 receptor subtype with unique tissue distribution and response to somatostatin (SST). These truncated receptors are associated with bad patient prognosis, decreased response to SST analogs, and may be new targets for diagnoses and treatment. IFN remains a cost-effective agent, particularly in classic mid gut carcinoids, and there is interest to continue examining immunotherapy's in this disease. PRRT remains a key strategy for treatment and imaging. In addition to the classic agents, there are a series of new agents targeting other receptors such as the incretin receptors (GLP-1R; GIPR) and other G-protein coupled receptors with great potential. With regards to therapy monitoring, the most commonly used criteria are Response Criteria Evaluation in Solid Tumors (RECIST). However, for different reasons, these criteria are not very useful in NET. Incorporation of other criteria such as Choi as well as functional imaging assessment with PET would be of great interest in this area.
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26
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Abdel-Rahman O, Lamarca A, Valle JW, Hubner RA. Somatostatin receptor expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic considerations. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R485-93. [PMID: 25336571 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib is the only systemic therapy to demonstrate a significant survival benefit over supportive care in robust randomised controlled trials for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the context of an intense search for prognostic and predictive factors for response and efficacy of different systemic therapies (including sorafenib), a number of molecular targets have been identified, paving new avenues for potential therapeutic opportunities. Such molecular targets include somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-related alterations. In this review, we provide an overview of the various considerations relating to SSTRs as potentially novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers for HCC with special emphasis on the therapeutic potential of somatostatin analogues in HCC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Clinical Oncology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Medical OncologyThe Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UKUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Angela Lamarca
- Clinical Oncology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Medical OncologyThe Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UKUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Juan W Valle
- Clinical Oncology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Medical OncologyThe Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UKUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK Clinical Oncology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Medical OncologyThe Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UKUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Richard A Hubner
- Clinical Oncology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Medical OncologyThe Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UKUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
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27
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Reubi JC, Schonbrunn A. Illuminating somatostatin analog action at neuroendocrine tumor receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:676-88. [PMID: 24183675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin analogs for the diagnosis and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have been used in clinical applications for more than two decades. Five somatostatin receptor subtypes have been identified and molecular mechanisms of somatostatin receptor signaling and regulation have been elucidated. These advances increased understanding of the biological role of each somatostatin receptor subtype, their distribution in NETs, as well as agonist-specific regulation of receptor signaling, internalization, and phosphorylation, particularly for the sst2 receptor subtype, which is the primary target of current somatostatin analog therapy for NETs. Various hypotheses exist to explain differences in patient responsiveness to somatostatin analog inhibition of tumor secretion and growth as well as differences in the development of tumor resistance to therapy. In addition, we now have a better understanding of the action of both first generation (octreotide, lanreotide, Octreoscan) and second generation (pasireotide) FDA-approved somatostatin analogs, including the biased agonistic character of some agonists. The increased understanding of somatostatin receptor pharmacology provides new opportunities to design more sophisticated assays to aid the future development of somatostatin analogs with increased efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Reubi
- Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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28
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Theodoropoulou M, Stalla GK. Somatostatin receptors: from signaling to clinical practice. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:228-52. [PMID: 23872332 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a peptide with a potent and broad antisecretory action, which makes it an invaluable drug target for the pharmacological management of pituitary adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors. Somatostatin receptors (SSTR1, 2A and B, 3, 4 and 5) belong to the G protein coupled receptor family and have a wide expression pattern in both normal tissues and solid tumors. Investigating the function of each SSTR in several tumor types has provided a wealth of information about the common but also distinct signaling cascades that suppress tumor cell proliferation, survival and angiogenesis. This provided the rationale for developing multireceptor-targeted somatostatin analogs and combination therapies with signaling-targeted agents such as inhibitors of the mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR). The ability of SSTR to internalize and the development of rabiolabeled somatostatin analogs have improved the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marily Theodoropoulou
- Department of Endocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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29
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Hashimoto K, Masumori N, Tanaka T, Maeda T, Kobayashi K, Kitamura H, Hirata K, Tsukamoto T. Zoledronic acid but not somatostatin analogs exerts anti-tumor effects in a model of murine prostatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:500-11. [PMID: 22996996 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since neuroendocrine (NE) cells play an important role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), target therapy to NE cells should be considered for treating CRPC. We investigated the effects zoledronic acid (ZOL) and two somatostatin analogs (octreotide: SMS, and pasireotide: SOM) on an NE allograft (NE-10) and its cell line (NE-CS), which were established from the prostate of the LPB-Tag 12T-10 transgenic mouse. METHODS We examined the in vivo effects of ZOL, SMS and SOM as single agents and their combinations on subcutaneously inoculated NE-10 allografts and the in vitro effects on NE-CS cells. Apoptosis and cell cycle activity were assessed by immunohistochemistry using TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and a Ki-67 antibody, respectively. RESULTS In vivo growth of NE-10 tumors treated with ZOL, ZOL plus SMS, or ZOL plus SOM was significantly inhibited compared to the control as a consequence of induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. ZOL induced time- and dose-dependent inhibition of in vitro proliferation of NE-CS cells, but the somatostatin analogs (SMS and SOM) did not. ZOL also inhibited migration of NE-CS cells. These effects were caused by inhibition of Erk1/2 phosphorylation via impairment of prenylation of Ras. CONCLUSIONS ZOL, but not SMS or SOM, induced apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation and migration through impaired prenylation of Ras in NE carcinoma models. Our findings support the possibility that ZOL could be used in the early phase for controlling NE cells, which may trigger progression to CRPC.
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MESH Headings
- Androgens/deficiency
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Bone Density Conservation Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Diphosphonates/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Octreotide/pharmacology
- Orchiectomy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics
- Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives
- Somatostatin/pharmacology
- Zoledronic Acid
- ras Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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30
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Yan L, Xing Z, Guo Z, Fang Z, Jiao W, Guo X, Xu Z, Fang Z, Holmberg A, Nilsson S, Liu Z. Somatostatin derivative (smsDX) targets cellular metabolism in prostate cancer cells after androgen deprivation therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55790. [PMID: 23409045 PMCID: PMC3567093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism responsive to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may be involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer and the ultimate failure of androgen-deprivation therapy. To investigate the metabolism regulation effects on androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer, an established LNCaP-s cell model that resembles the clinical scenario of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), was used in this current study. This cell line was cultured from androgen-sensitive LNCaP parental cells, in an androgen-reduced condition, resembling clinical androgen deprivation therapy. To assess the effects of smsDX on the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells we used wound healing assay and Matrigel™ invasion assay. We evaluated differentially expressed proteins of the parental LNCaP cells and LNCaP-s cells after ADT by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis. The covered area in the wound and the number of cells invading through a Matrigel chamber were significantly smaller for cells treated with smsDX than they were for control cells treated with vehicle. 56 proteins were found differentially expressed in LNCaP-s cells compared to LNCaP cells, majority of them were down-regulated after ADT treatment. 104 proteins of LNCaP cells and 86 in LNCaP-s cells, separately, were found differentially expressed after treatment with smsDX, When we explored these protein functions within the website UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, surprisingly, most of the proteins were found to be involved in the cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function regulation. LNCaP-s as potential metastatic androgen-independent cancer cells, its metabolism and mitochondrial functions could be altered by a new somatostatin derivative smsDX, the smsDX regulatory effects on metabolism in LNCaP-s deliver more therapeutic information with the treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoquan Xing
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoxin Guo
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiqing Fang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Jiao
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Aging and Health Center, School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenghui Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Anders Holmberg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Nilsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhaoxu Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Aging and Health Center, School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Abstract
The IGF axis is a tightly controlled endocrine system that regulates cell growth and development, known to have an important function in cancer biology. IGF1 and IGF2 can promote cancer growth in a GH-independent manner both through paracrine and autocrine secretion and can also confer resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Many alterations of this system have been found in neoplasias, including increased expression of ligands and receptors, loss of heterozygosity of the IGF2 locus and increased IGF1R gene copy number. The IGF1 network is an attractive candidate for targeted therapy, including receptor blockade with monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors of receptor downstream signaling. This article reviews the role of the IGF axis in the initiation and progression of cancer, and describes the recent advances in IGF inhibition as a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda I Arnaldez
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 CRC Room 1-3816, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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32
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Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which represent the largest gene family in the human genome, play a crucial role in multiple physiological functions as well as in tumor growth and metastasis. For instance, various molecules like hormones, lipids, peptides and neurotransmitters exert their biological effects by binding to these seven-transmembrane receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G-proteins, which are highly specialized transducers able to modulate diverse signaling pathways. Furthermore, numerous responses mediated by GPCRs are not dependent on a single biochemical route, but result from the integration of an intricate network of transduction cascades involved in many physiological activities and tumor development. This review highlights the emerging information on the various responses mediated by a selected choice of GPCRs and the molecular mechanisms by which these receptors exert a primary action in cancer progression. These findings provide a broad overview on the biological activity elicited by GPCRs in tumor cells and contribute to the identification of novel pharmacological approaches for cancer patients.
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Kharmate G, Rajput PS, Watt HL, Somvanshi RK, Chaudhari N, Qiu X, Kumar U. Role of somatostatin receptor 1 and 5 on epidermal growth factor receptor mediated signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1172-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
It is important to determine whether an increase in Chromogranin A levels and neuroendocrine (NE) cell activation are associated with progression towards on hormone-independent prostate-cancer. We proposed a combination of estrogens and somatostatin analogues as therapy of NE activation in hormone-independent prostate cancer. The combined therapy with ethinyl estradiol and lanreotide offered objective and symptomatic responses in patients with limited treatment options and refractoriness to conventional hormonal therapy strategies; in particular, it offered a median overall survival that was superior to the 10-month median survival in patients with hormone refractory disease. This combined therapy also sustains the new concept in cancer treatment in which therapies may target not only cancer cells but also its microenvironment, which can yield protection against apoptosis.
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Li D, Tanaka M, Brunicardi FC, Fisher WE, Gibbs RA, Gingras MC. Association between somatostatin receptor 5 gene polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk and survival. Cancer 2011; 117:2863-72. [PMID: 21692047 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin (SST) inhibited cell proliferation and negatively regulated the release of growth hormones by means of specific receptors (SSTR). Genetic variation in SSTR had been associated with risk of human cancers but had never been investigated in pancreatic cancer. METHODS In this retrospective study the SSTR5 gene in paired tumor and blood samples from 33 pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients using the Sanger method were sequenced. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in samples from 863 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 876 healthy controls using the TaqMan method were analyzed. The associations between gene polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk and survival were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models, respectively. RESULTS No somatic mutations were identified, but 3 nonsynonymous SSTR5 SNPs (P109S, L48M, and P335L) in pancreatic tumors were identified. The SSTR5 P109S variant allele was associated with a 1.62-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-2.43, P = 0.019). Furthermore, the SSTR5 L48M AC variant and smoking had a joint effect on pancreatic cancer risk (p(interaction) = 0.035). The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.58 (0.34-0.97), 1.49 (1.18-1.89), and 2.27 (1.35-3.83) for the variant genotype alone, smoking alone, and both factors, respectively, compared with no factors. Finally, SSTR5 P335L CC and P109S CC combined were associated with lower overall survival durations in patients with resectable disease. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that SSTR5 genetic variants play a role in pancreatic cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Somatostatin Receptors in Lung Cancer: From Function to Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 10:69-76. [PMID: 25663834 DOI: 10.6058/jlc.2011.10.2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a deadly disease that is difficult to diagnose and even more difficult to treat effectively. Many pathways are known to affect tumor growth, and targeting these pathways provides the cornerstone by which cancer is treated. Somatostatin receptors (SSTR) are a family of G protein coupled receptors that signal to alter hormonal secretion, increase apoptosis, and decrease cellular proliferation. These receptors are expressed in many normal and malignant cells, including both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Synthetic analogs of SSTRs are commercially available, but their effects in lung cancer are still largely uncertain. Signaling pathway studies have shown that SSTRs signal through phosphotyrosine phosphatases to induce apoptosis as well as to decrease cell proliferation. Radiolabeled SSTR2 analogs are utilized for radiographic imaging of tumors, which, when combined with positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) may improve detection of lung cancer. These radiolabeled SSTR2 analogs also hold promise for targeted chemotherapy as well as radiotherapy. In this review, we summarize what is known about SSTRs and focus our discussion on the knowledge as it relates to lung cancer biology, as well as discuss current and future uses of these receptors for imaging and therapy of lung cancer.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This supplement represents the proceedings of a panel of investigators whose goal was to assess the quality of evidence pertaining to current therapeutic approaches in the management of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). It will examine the differences in opinions between expert faculty and community physicians. METHODS The Neuroendocrine Tumors Summit convened in December 2009 to address 6 statements prepared by panel members that reflect important questions in the management of NETs. RESULTS Panel members were polled on their acceptance of each statement, and those results were compared with community-based oncologists, gastroenterologists, and endocrinologists. CONCLUSIONS More education regarding the treatment of NETs, including pertinent studies, is needed for physicians. Additional multicenter, prospective, placebo-controlled trials are necessary to demonstrate the benefits of somatostatin analogs, including their ability to control symptoms and affect tumor growth, and their synergistic effect with other therapies. New trials should be reported consistently and include time to tumor progression and progression-free survival as primary or secondary end points.
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Martinez-Alonso M, Llecha N, Mayorga ME, Sorolla A, Dolcet X, Sanmartin V, Abal L, Casanova JM, Baradad M, Yeramian A, Egido R, Puig S, Vilella R, Matias-Guiu X, Marti RM. Expression of somatostatin receptors in human melanoma cell lines: effect of two different somatostatin analogues, octreotide and SOM230, on cell proliferation. J Int Med Res 2010; 37:1813-22. [PMID: 20146879 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin analogues (SAs) are potential anticancer agents. This study was designed to investigate the expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in melanoma cells and the effect of two SAs on cell proliferation and viability. Eighteen primary and metastatic human cutaneous melanoma cell lines were treated with octreotide and SOM230. Expression of SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3 and SSTR5 was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Proliferation, viability and cell death were assessed using standard assays. Inhibition was modelled by mixed-effect regression. Melanoma cells expressed one or more SSTR. Both SAs inhibited proliferation of most melanoma cell lines, but inhibition was < 50%. Neither SA affected cell viability or induced cell death. The results suggest that melanoma cell lines express SSTRs. The SAs investigated, under the conditions used in this study, did not, however, significantly inhibit melanoma growth or induce cell death. Novel SAs, combination therapy with SAs and their anti-angiogenic properties should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez-Alonso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRB-Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Lee C, Safdie FM, Raffaghello L, Wei M, Madia F, Parrella E, Hwang D, Cohen P, Bianchi G, Longo VD. Reduced levels of IGF-I mediate differential protection of normal and cancer cells in response to fasting and improve chemotherapeutic index. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1564-72. [PMID: 20145127 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor have been widely studied for their ability to enhance the killing of a variety of malignant cells, but whether IGF-I signaling differentially protects the host and cancer cells against chemotherapy is unknown. Starvation can protect mice, but not cancer cells, against high-dose chemotherapy [differential stress resistance (DSR)]. Here, we offer evidence that IGF-I reduction mediates part of the starvation-dependent DSR. A 72-hour fast in mice reduced circulating IGF-I by 70% and increased the level of the IGF-I inhibitor IGFBP-1 by 11-fold. LID mice, with a 70% to 80% reduction in circulating IGF-I levels, were protected against three of four chemotherapy drugs tested. Restoration of IGF-I was sufficient to reverse the protective effect of fasting. Sixty percent of melanoma-bearing LID mice treated with doxorubicin achieved long-term survival whereas all control mice died of either metastases or chemotherapy toxicity. Reducing IGF-I/IGF-I signaling protected primary glia, but not glioma cells, against cyclophosphamide and protected mouse embryonic fibroblasts against doxorubicin. Further, S. cerevisiae lacking homologs of IGF-I signaling proteins were protected against chemotherapy-dependent DNA damage in a manner that could be reversed by expressing a constitutively active form of Ras. We conclude that normal cells and mice can be protected against chemotherapy-dependent damage by reducing circulating IGF-I levels and by a mechanism that involves downregulation of proto-oncogene signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhan Lee
- Andrus Gerontology Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0191, USA
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Ruscica M, Arvigo M, Gatto F, Dozio E, Feltrin D, Culler MD, Minuto F, Motta M, Ferone D, Magni P. Regulation of prostate cancer cell proliferation by somatostatin receptor activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 315:254-62. [PMID: 19932151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although some evidence supports the antitumoral effects of somatostatin (SRIF) and related agonists, the available data in prostate cancer (PCa) model systems and clinical studies are few, conflicting and not conclusive. This study investigated the effects of lanreotide and new mono- and bi-specific SRIF agonists on proliferation, ligand-driven SRIF receptor (sst) dimerization and secretory pattern of the IGF system in LNCaP cells, a model of androgen-dependent PCa. LNCaP expressed all sst(s), but sst(4). Among them, sst(1) and sst(3) were inversely regulated by serum concentration. sst(1)/sst(2) and sst(2)/sst(5) dimers were constitutively present and further stabilized by treatment with BIM-23704 (sst(1)/sst(2)) and BIM-23244 (sst(2)/sst(5)), respectively. Dose-response studies showed that lanreotide and BIM-23244 were significantly more potent in inhibiting LNCaP cell proliferation than BIM-23120 (sst(2)) and BIM-23206 (sst(5)) alone or in combination. Treatment with BIM-23926 [corrected] (sst(1)) markedly reduced cell proliferation, whereas exposure to BIM-23704 resulted in a lower cell growth inhibition. The antiproliferative effects of BIM-23244, lanreotide and BIM-23704 were unchanged, reduced and abolished by the sst(2) antagonist BIM-23627, respectively. All SRIF analogs caused a significant induction in p27(KipI) and p21 and down-regulation of protein expression of cyclin E, as well as reduced IGF-I and IGF-II secretion. In particular, the administration of exogenous IGF-I, at variance to IGF-II, counteracted the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation of these compounds. Moreover, SRIF agonists reduced endogenous IGFBP-3 proteolysis. These results show that, in LNCaP cells, activation of sst(1) and sst(2)/sst(5) results in relevant antiproliferative/antisecretive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Endocrinology, Pathophysiology and Applied Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Thankamony GNA, Dunger DB, Acerini CL. Pegvisomant: current and potential novel therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 9:1553-63. [PMID: 19916734 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903449222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pegvisomant is a genetically engineered molecule, which exhibits specific growth hormone (GH) antagonism by directly interacting with the GH receptor. It is currently licensed for the treatment of acromegaly where surgery and medical therapy with somatostatin analogues have failed. OBJECTIVE To delineate the role of pegvisomant in the treatment of acromegaly and its novel application in other areas of clinical medicine where suppression of GH action may be of therapeutic benefit. METHODS A literature review from PubMed- and EMBASE-listed publications and the web-sites of licensing organisations for medicinal products. CONCLUSION Pegvisomant is currently used as a second line therapy in the management of acromegaly. It is highly effective in suppressing the metabolic effects of elevated GH levels when used alone or in combination with somatostatin analogues. However, its long term efficacy and safety for this indication has yet to be established. Preliminary data indicate that pegvisomant may have a role in management of type 1 diabetes with beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and in preventing the progression of microvascular complications. Additional roles as an adjunct to cancer chemotherapy regimens and for the diagnosis of GH deficiency have been proposed, but have yet to be confirmed.
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Brizzi MP, Berruti A, Ferrero A, Milanesi E, Volante M, Castiglione F, Birocco N, Bombaci S, Perroni D, Ferretti B, Alabiso O, Ciuffreda L, Bertetto O, Papotti M, Dogliotti L. Continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion plus long acting octreotide in advanced well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. A phase II trial of the Piemonte oncology network. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:388. [PMID: 19886987 PMCID: PMC2776604 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas are highly vascularized and may be sensitive to drugs administered on a metronomic schedule that has shown antiangiogenic properties. A phase II study was designed to test the activity of protracted 5-fluorouracil (5FU) infusion plus long-acting release (LAR) octreotide in patients with neuroendocrine carcinoma. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with metastatic or locally advanced well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma were treated with protracted 5FU intravenous infusion (200 mg/m2 daily) plus LAR octreotide (20 mg monthly). Patients were followed for toxicity, objective response, symptomatic and biochemical response, time to progression and survival. RESULTS Assessment by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria showed partial response in 7 (24.1%), stable disease in 20 (69.0%), and disease progression in 2 patients. Response did not significantly differ when patients were stratified by primary tumor site and proliferative activity. A biochemical (chromogranin A) response was observed in 12/25 assessable patients (48.0%); symptom relief was obtained in 9/15 symptomatic patients (60.0%). There was non significant decrease in circulating vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF) over time. Median time to progression was 22.6 months (range, 2.7-68.5); median overall survival was not reached yet. Toxicity was mild and manageable. CONCLUSION Continuous/metronomic 5FU infusion plus LAR octreotide is well tolerated and shows activity in patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. The potential synergism between metronomic chemotherapy and antiangiogenic drugs provides a rationale for exploring this association in the future. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00953394.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Brizzi
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Anna Ferrero
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Enrica Milanesi
- Centro Oncologico Ematologico Subalpino, Azienda Ospedaliera Molinette, Corso Bramante, 88, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Federico Castiglione
- Oncologia Medica, Ospedale San Lazzaro, Via Pierino Belli, 26, 12051 Alba (CN), Italy
| | - Nadia Birocco
- Centro Oncologico Ematologico Subalpino, Azienda Ospedaliera Molinette, Corso Bramante, 88, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Bombaci
- Oncologia Medica, Ospedale di Ivrea, P. Della Credenza, 2, 10015 Ivrea (TO), Italy
| | - Davide Perroni
- Oncologia Medica, Ospedale Civile di Saluzzo, Via Spielberg, 58, 12037 Saluzzo (CN), Italy
| | - Benedetta Ferretti
- Oncologia Medica, Ospedale "B. Eustacchio", Via Del Glorioso, 8, 62027 San Severino Marche (MC), Italy
| | - Oscar Alabiso
- Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera "Maggiore della Carità", Corso Mazzini, 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Libero Ciuffreda
- Centro Oncologico Ematologico Subalpino, Azienda Ospedaliera Molinette, Corso Bramante, 88, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Oscar Bertetto
- Centro Oncologico Ematologico Subalpino, Azienda Ospedaliera Molinette, Corso Bramante, 88, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Luigi Dogliotti
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
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Imaging in targeted delivery of therapy to cancer. Target Oncol 2009; 4:201-17. [PMID: 19838639 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-009-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We review the current status of imaging as applied to targeted therapy with particular focus on antibody-based therapeutics. Antibodies have high tumor specificity and can be engineered to optimize delivery to, and retention within, the tumor. Whole antibodies can activate natural immune effector mechanisms and can be conjugated to beta- and alpha-emitting radionuclides, toxins, enzymes, and nanoparticles for enhanced therapeutic effect. Imaging is central to the development of these agents and is used for patient selection, performing dosimetry and assessment of response. gamma- and positron-emitting radionuclides may be used to image the distribution of antibody-targeted therapeutics While some radionuclides such as iodine-131 emit both beta and gamma radiation and are therefore suitable for both imaging and therapy, others are more suited to imaging or therapy alone. Hence for radionuclide therapy of neuroendocrine tumors, patients can be selected for therapy on the basis of gamma-emitting indium-111-octreotide imaging and treated with beta-emitting yttrium-90-octreotate. Positron-emitting radionuclides can give greater sensitivity that gamma-emitters but only a single radionuclide can be imaged at one time and the range of radionuclides is more limited. The multiple options for antibody-based therapeutic molecules, imaging technologies and therapeutic scenarios mean that very large amounts of diverse data are being acquired. This can be most effectively shared and progress accelerated by use of common data standards for imaging, biological, and clinical data.
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Johansson M, McKay JD, Wiklund F, Rinaldi S, Hallmans G, Bälter K, Adami HO, Grönberg H, Stattin P, Kaaks R. Genetic variation in the SST gene and its receptors in relation to circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I, IGFBP3, and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1644-50. [PMID: 19423539 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin (SST) and its receptors (SSTR1-5) may have a role in prostate cancer by influencing the IGFI hormone axis or through direct effects on prostate epithelia. We have investigated if genetic variation in the SST and SSTR1-5 genes influences prostate cancer risk and/or circulating IGFI and IGFBP3 hormone levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed 28 haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms in the SST and SSTR1-5 genes in a case-control/genetic association study to investigate the association between genetic variation and prostate cancer risk. The study included 2863 cases and 1737 controls from the Cancer Prostate in Sweden (CAPS) study. To investigate the genetic influence on circulating hormone levels, plasma concentrations of IGFI and IGFBP3 were analyzed in 874 controls of the CAPS study and 550 male subjects from the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Cohort (NSHDC). RESULTS No clear association between prostate cancer risk and genetic variation of the SST and SSTR1-5 genes was identified. The SSTR5 missense single nucleotide polymorphism rs4988483 was associated with circulating IGFI (P = 0.002) and IGFBP3 (P = 0.0003) hormone levels in CAPS controls, with a per allele decrease of approximately 11%. This decrease was replicated in NSHDC for circulating IGFBP3 (P = 0.01) but not for IGFI (P = 0.09). Combining CAPS and NSHDC subjects indicated evidence of association between rs4988483 and both IGFBP3 (P = 2 x 10(-5)) and IGFI (P = 0.0004) hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that genetic variation in the SSTR5 gene and, particularly, the rs4988483 single nucleotide polymorphism influence circulating IGFI and IGFBP3 hormone levels with no measurable effect on prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Johansson
- International Agency For Research on Cancer, F-69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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Octreotide for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1685-92. [PMID: 19536563 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of octreotide in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma participants on the basis of randomized controlled trials. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials in The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China Journal Full-text Database, Chinese Scientific Journals Database up to June 2008 in any language. Randomized controlled trials of octreotide for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma were selected and evaluated by two investigators. Any disagreement was solved by discussion. Analyses were performed using Review Manager 4.2. RESULTS Six randomized controlled trials totaling 352 participants were included. The median survival time was reported in four randomized controlled trials. The results between the octreotide group and the control group (the placebo or best supportive care group) were as follows: 13.0 versus 4.0 months, 1.93 versus 1.97 months, 4.7 versus 5.3 months, and 7.0 versus 2.5 months. Three randomized controlled trials reported 6-month survival rates and 12-month survival rates and meta-analysis results in these two outcomes [(RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.92-1.97); (RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.66-11.16) respectively] were not found to be statistically significant by random-effects model. When we analyzed 6-month survival rates by fixed-effect model (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.02-1.66), meta-analysis result reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS As for the limitations of the included trials, the result may not demonstrate a significant superiority of octreotide administration in participants with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma from the available evidence.
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Mitsogiannis IC, Skolarikos A, Deliveliotis C. Somatostatin analog lanreotide in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10:493-501. [PMID: 19191684 DOI: 10.1517/14656560802694689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common disease affecting males. Despite initial sensitivity to hormone treatment, prostate cancer eventually progresses to a castration-resistant stage (CRPC), which carries an ominous prognosis. Lanreotide is a long-acting somatostatin analog with the same properties with the native peptide. It has been shown to be highly efficacious in treating various hypersecretoty disorders and tumors. Lanreotide has been administered to patients with CRPC within a novel treatment concept, with the aim of targeting not only cancer cells but also various factors secreted in the tumor cell milieu that confer protection from apoptosis. Within this concept, lanreotide has been administered as part of the "antisurvival factor therapy" in combination with dexamethasone and a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analog. It has also been given combined with oestrogens in patients with CRPC. The so far published series have documented a clinical response in many patients treated along with significant improvement in parameters related to quality of life. In view of these promising results, large-scale, randomized, controlled trials are warranted to clearly define the exact role of lanreotide and other somatostatin analogs in the treatment of patients with CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraklis C Mitsogiannis
- University of Athens, School of Medicine, 2nd Department of Urology, 5 Proussis Street, 14232 Nea Ionia, Athens, Greece.
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Bodei L, Ferone D, Grana CM, Cremonesi M, Signore A, Dierckx RA, Paganelli G. Peptide receptor therapies in neuroendocrine tumors. J Endocrinol Invest 2009; 32:360-9. [PMID: 19636207 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are relatively rare tumors, mainly originating from the digestive system, able to produce bioactive amines and hormones. NETs tend to be slow growing and are often diagnosed when metastatic. The localization of a NETs and the assessment of the extent of disease are crucial for management. Commonly used diagnostic techniques include morphological imaging (ultrasound, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance), and functional imaging (somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, positron emission tomography techniques). Treatment is multidisciplinary and should be individualized according to the tumor type, burden, and symptoms. Therapeutic tools include surgery, interventional radiology, and medical treatments such as somatostatin analogues, interferon, chemotherapy, new targeted drugs and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with radiolabeled somatostatin analogues. NETs usually over-express somatostatin receptors, thus enabling the therapeutic use of somatostatin analogues, one of the basic tools, able to reduce signs and symptoms of hormone hypersecretion, improve quality of life, and slow tumor growth. PRRT with somatostatin analogues 90Y-DOTATOC and 177Lu-DOTATATE has been explored in NETs for more than a decade. Present knowledge and clinical studies indicate that it is possible to deliver high-absorbed doses to tumors expressing sst2 receptors, with partial and complete objective responses in up to 30% of patients. Side effects, involving the kidney and the bone marrow, are mild if adequate renal protection is used. Moreover, a consistent survival benefit is reported. As NETs may also express cholecystokinin 2, bombesin, neuropeptide Y or vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors even simultaneously, the potential availability and biological stability of radio-analogues will improve the multireceptor targeting of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bodei
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti, 435 - 20141 Milan, Italy.
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Erten C, Karaca B, Kucukzeybek Y, Gorumlu G, Cengiz E, Gul MK, Atmaca H, Uzunoglu S, Karabulut B, Sanli UA, Uslu R. Regulation of growth factors in hormone- and drug-resistant prostate cancer cells by synergistic combination of docetaxel and octreotide. BJU Int 2009; 104:107-14. [PMID: 19191785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of combined treatment with docetaxel and octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, on human hormone- and drug-refractory prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3 and DU-145, and on some growth factors related to tumour growth and angiogenesis in prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cell proliferation assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the drugs. To verify apoptosis, both DNA fragmentation (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and caspase 3/7 activity were measured. We also investigated the effect of combined docetaxel and octreotide on growth factors secreted from prostate cancer cells using a human growth factor antibody array. RESULTS The combination of docetaxel and octreotide resulted in significant synergistic cytotoxic activity and apoptosis, which was dose- and time-dependent. The combined treatment also resulted in significantly less secretion of stem cell factor and platelet-derived growth factor-AB in PC-3 cells, and transforming growth factor-beta and basic fibroblast growth factor in DU-145 cells, than in untreated controls. CONCLUSION Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, combined with docetaxel might provide a rationale treatment option for hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells, not only by direct inhibition of cell proliferation but also by inhibiting the secretion of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Erten
- Division of Medical Oncology, Tulay Aktas Oncology Hospital, Turkey
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Li M, Wang X, Li W, Li F, Yang H, Wang H, Brunicardi FC, Chen C, Yao Q, Fisher WE. Somatostatin receptor-1 induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits tumor growth in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:2218-23. [PMID: 18823376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional somatostatin receptors (SSTR) are lost in human pancreatic cancer. Transfection of SSTR-1 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro. We hypothesize that stable transfection of SSTR-1 may inhibit pancreatic cancer growth in vivo possibly through cell cycle arrest. In this study, we examined the expression of SSTR-1 mRNA in human pancreatic cancer tissue specimens, and investigated the effect of SSTR-1 overexpression on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and tumor growth in a subcutaneous nude mouse model. We found that SSTR-1 mRNA was downregulated in the majority of pancreatic cancer tissue specimens. Transfection of SSTR-1 caused cell cycle arrest at the G(0)/G(1) growth phase, with a corresponding decline of cells in the S (mitotic) phase. The overexpression of SSTR-1 significantly inhibited subcutaneous tumor size by 71% and 43% (n = 5, P < 0.05, Student's t-test), and inhibited tumor weight by 69% and 47% (n = 5, P < 0.05, Student's t-test), in Panc-SSTR-1 and MIA-SSTR-1 groups, respectively, indicating the potent inhibitory effect of SSTR-1 on pancreatic cancer growth. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of SSTR-1 significantly inhibits pancreatic cancer growth possibly through cell cycle arrest. This study suggests that gene therapy with SSTR-1 may be a potential adjuvant treatment for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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