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Haselager MV, Kater AP, Eldering E. Proliferative Signals in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia; What Are We Missing? Front Oncol 2020; 10:592205. [PMID: 33134182 PMCID: PMC7578574 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.592205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells cycle between lymphoid tissue sites where they actively proliferate, and the peripheral blood (PB) where they become quiescent. Strong evidence exists for a crucial role of B cell receptor (BCR) triggering, either by (self-)antigen or by receptor auto-engagement in the lymph node (LN) to drive CLL proliferation and provide adhesion. The clinical success of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors is widely accepted to be based on blockade of the BCR signal. Additional signals in the LN that support CLL survival derive from surrounding cells, such as CD40L-presenting T helper cells, myeloid and stromal cells. It is not quite clear if and to what extent these non-BCR signals contribute to proliferation in situ. In vitro BCR triggering, in contrast, leads to low-level activation and does not result in cell division. Various combinations of non-BCR signals delivered via co-stimulatory receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and/or soluble cytokines are applied, leading to comparatively modest and short-lived CLL proliferation in vitro. Thus, an unresolved gap exists between the condition in the patient as we now understand it and applicable knowledge that can be harnessed in the laboratory for future therapeutic applications. Even in this era of targeted drugs, CLL remains largely incurable with frequent relapses and emergence of resistance. Therefore, we require better insight into all aspects of CLL growth and potential rewiring of signaling pathways. We aim here to provide an overview of in vivo versus in vitro signals involved in CLL proliferation, point out areas of missing knowledge and suggest future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco V. Haselager
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arnon P. Kater
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Ji YS, Park SK, Ryu S. Whole leukemia cell vaccines: Past progress and future directions. Vaccine 2020; 38:3811-3820. [PMID: 32280046 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can reduce the risk of leukemia relapse by inducing the graft-versus-leukemia effect. However, allogeneic stem cell transplantation is also known to be able to cause graft-versus-host disease, which can cause considerable morbidity and even mortality in patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therefore, to elicit leukemia-specific immune responses without alloimmune reaction, the possibilities of active immunotherapy methods such as leukemia vaccines have been studied for decades. Among various types of leukemia vaccines, whole leukemia cell vaccines are known to be able to induce immune responses against multiple unknown antigens without the need for adoptive transfer of dendritic cells. In this review, we will discuss the past progress of whole leukemia cell vaccines, with a focus on strategies to enhance their immunogenicity. We will also present the future directions of whole leukemia cell vaccines along with addressing newly emerging concepts, such as immunogenic cell death and necroptosis. We will not discuss in detail other factors that can reduce the therapeutic efficacy of whole leukemia cell vaccines such as various immunosuppressive mechanisms of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sok Ji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 25 Bongjeong-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Kyu Park
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14584, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seongho Ryu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 25 Bongjeong-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea; Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Sciences (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, 25 Bongjeong-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Fowler NH, Cheah CY, Gascoyne RD, Gribben J, Neelapu SS, Ghia P, Bollard C, Ansell S, Curran M, Wilson WH, O'Brien S, Grant C, Little R, Zenz T, Nastoupil LJ, Dunleavy K. Role of the tumor microenvironment in mature B-cell lymphoid malignancies. Haematologica 2017; 101:531-40. [PMID: 27132279 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.139493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is the cellular and molecular environment in which the tumor exists and with which it continuously interacts. In B-cell lymphomas, this microenvironment is intriguing in that it plays critical roles in the regulation of tumor cell survival and proliferation, fostering immune escape as well as the development of treatment resistance. The purpose of this review is to summarize the proceedings of the Second Annual Summit on the Immune Microenvironment in Hematologic Malignancies that took place on September 11-12, 2014 in Dublin, Ireland. We provide a timely overview of the composition and biological relevance of the cellular and molecular microenvironment interface and discuss the role of interactions between the microenvironment and neoplastic cells in a variety of B-cell lymphomas. In addition, we focus on various novel therapeutic strategies that target the tumor microenvironment, including agents that modulate B-cell receptor pathways and immune-checkpoints, chimeric antigen receptor T cells and immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Fowler
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chan Yoon Cheah
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Department of Haematology, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA and Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia University of Western Australia, Perth, Canada
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John Gribben
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Sattva S Neelapu
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy Department of Onco-Hematology, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Michael Curran
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wyndham H Wilson
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Richard Little
- Cancer Therapeutic Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Loretta J Nastoupil
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kieron Dunleavy
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Mansouri L, Papakonstantinou N, Ntoufa S, Stamatopoulos K, Rosenquist R. NF-κB activation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A point of convergence of external triggers and intrinsic lesions. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 39:40-8. [PMID: 27491692 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway is constitutively activated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients, and hence plays a major role in disease development and evolution. In contrast to many other mature B-cell lymphomas, only a few recurrently mutated genes involved in canonical or non-canonical NF-κB activation have been identified in CLL (i.e. BIRC3, MYD88 and NFKBIE mutations) and often at a low frequency. On the other hand, CLL B cells seem 'addicted' to the tumor microenvironment for their survival and proliferation, which is primarily mediated by interaction through a number of cell surface receptors, e.g. the B-cell receptor (BcR), Toll-like receptors and CD40, that in turn activate downstream NF-κB. The importance of cell-extrinsic triggering for CLL pathophysiology was recently also highlighted by the clinical efficacy of novel drugs targeting microenvironmental interactions through the inhibition of BcR signaling. In other words, CLL can be considered a prototype disease for studying the intricate interplay between external triggers and intrinsic aberrations and their combined impact on disease evolution. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of mechanisms underlying NF-κB deregulation in CLL, including micro-environmental, genetic and epigenetic events, and summarize data generated in murine models resembling human CLL. Finally, we will also discuss different strategies undertaken to intervene with the NF-κB pathway and its upstream mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nikos Papakonstantinou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavroula Ntoufa
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Fang T, Duarte JN, Ling J, Li Z, Guzman JS, Ploegh HL. Structurally Defined αMHC-II Nanobody-Drug Conjugates: A Therapeutic and Imaging System for B-Cell Lymphoma. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2416-20. [PMID: 26840214 PMCID: PMC4820396 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) of defined structure hold great promise for cancer therapies, but further advances are constrained by the complex structures of full-sized antibodies. Camelid-derived single-domain antibody fragments (VHHs or nanobodies) offer a possible solution to this challenge by providing expedited target screening and validation through switching between imaging and therapeutic activities. We used a nanobody (VHH7) specific for murine MHC-II and rendered "sortase-ready" for the introduction of oligoglycine-modified cytotoxic payloads or NIR fluorophores. The VHH7 conjugates outcompeted commercial monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for internalization and exhibited high specificity and cytotoxicity against A20 murine B-cell lymphoma. Non-invasive NIR imaging with a VHH7-fluorophore conjugate showed rapid tumor targeting on both localized and metastatic lymphoma models. Subsequent treatment with the nanobody-drug conjugate efficiently controlled tumor growth and metastasis without obvious systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Joao N Duarte
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jingjing Ling
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zeyang Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan S Guzman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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6
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Fang T, Duarte JN, Ling J, Li Z, Guzman JS, Ploegh HL. Structurally Defined αMHC-II Nanobody-Drug Conjugates: A Therapeutic and Imaging System for B-Cell Lymphoma. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; 9 Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Joao N. Duarte
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; 9 Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Jingjing Ling
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; 9 Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Zeyang Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; 9 Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jonathan S. Guzman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; 9 Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Biology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; 9 Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Biology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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Delgado J, Baumann T, Santacruz R, Montserrat E. New treatment options for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:823-32. [PMID: 24559127 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.891017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemoimmunotherapy is the gold standard of therapy for patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), resulting in high and durable complete response rates. However, all patients eventually relapse and CLL remains incurable. Newer and more rationally developed compounds are needed to improve CLL therapy, particularly in cases of refractory disease. AREAS COVERED Following a literature search on PubMed using 'chronic', 'lymphocytic', 'treatment' and 'therapy' as keywords, results obtained with novel agents were critically analyzed. Abstracts presented during 2013 at ASH, EHA, ICML, IWCLL and ASCO meetings were also included in the search. EXPERT OPINION New monoclonal antibodies, lenalidomide, B-cell receptor-signal transduction inhibitors and pro-apoptotic molecules have shown efficacy in patients with relapsed or refractory disease. Hopefully, the combined use of these molecules in risk-adapted treatment strategies will improve the outcome of patients with CLL and pave the way for their long-term control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Delgado
- University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institute of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Department of Hematology , Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona , Spain +34 93 227 54 75 ; +34 93 227 98 11 ;
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8
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Bhadra R, Cobb DA, Khan IA. CD40 signaling to the rescue: A CD8 exhaustion perspective in chronic infectious diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2013; 33:361-78. [PMID: 23971530 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2013007444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infectious diseases such as HIV, HBV, and HCV, among others, cause severe morbidity and mortality globally. Progressive decline in CD8 functionality, survival, and proliferative potential-a phenomenon referred to as CD8 exhaustion-is believed to be responsible for poor pathogen control in chronic infectious diseases. While the role of negative inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 in augmenting CD8 exhaustion has been extensively studied, the role of positive costimulatory receptors remains poorly understood. In this review, we discuss how one such costimulatory pathway, CD40-CD40L, regulates CD8 dysfunction and rescue. While the significance of this pathway has been extensively investigated in models of autoimmunity, acute infectious diseases, and tumor models, the role played by CD40-CD40L in regulating CD8 exhaustion in chronic infectious diseases is just beginning to be understood. Considering that monotherapy with blocking antibodies targeting inhibitory PD-1-PD-L1 pathway is only partially effective at ameliorating CD8 exhaustion and that humanized CD40 agonist antibodies are currently available, a better understanding of the role of the CD40-CD40L pathway in chronic infectious diseases will pave the way for the development of more robust immunotherapeutic and prophylactic vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Bhadra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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9
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Anderson KS, Zeng W, Sasada T, Choi J, Riemer AB, Su M, Drakoulakos D, Kang YJ, Brusic V, Wu C, Reinherz EL. Impaired tumor antigen processing by immunoproteasome-expressing CD40-activated B cells and dendritic cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:857-67. [PMID: 21400024 PMCID: PMC3547125 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Professional APCs, such as dendritic cells, are routinely used in vitro for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for tumor antigens. In addition to dendritic cells, CD40-activated B cells and variant K562 leukemic cells can be readily transfected with nucleic acids for in vitro and in vivo antigen presentation. However, the expression of immunoproteasome components in dendritic cells may preclude display of tumor antigens such as Mart1/MelanA. Here, we use three target epitopes, two derived from tumor antigens [Mart1(26-34) (M26) and Cyp1B1(239-247) (Cyp239)] and one derived from the influenza A viral antigen [FluM1(58-66) (FluM58)], to demonstrate that CD40-activated B cells, like dendritic cells, have a limited capability to process certain tumor antigens. In contrast, the K562 HLA-A*0201 transfectant efficiently processes and presents M26 and Cyp239 as well as the influenza FluM58 epitopes to T cells. These results demonstrate that the choice of target APC for gene transfer of tumor antigens may be limited by the relative efficacy of proteasome components to process certain tumor epitopes. Importantly, K562 can be exploited as an artificial APC, efficient in processing both M26 and Cyp239 epitopes and presumably, by extension, other relevant tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Anderson
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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10
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Hodgson K, Ferrer G, Montserrat E, Moreno C. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and autoimmunity: a systematic review. Haematologica 2011; 96:752-61. [PMID: 21242190 PMCID: PMC3084923 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.036152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is frequently associated with immune disturbances. The relationship between chronic lymphocytic leukemia and autoimmune cytopenias, particularly autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia, is well established. The responsible mechanisms, particularly the role of leukemic cells in orchestrating the production of polyclonal autoantibodies, are increasingly well understood. Recent studies show that autoimmune cytopenia is not necessarily associated with poor prognosis. On the contrary, patients with anemia or thrombocytopenia due to immune mechanisms have a better outcome than those in whom these features are due to bone marrow infiltration by the disease. Moreover, fears about the risk of autoimmune hemolysis following single agent fludarabine may no longer be appropriate in the age of chemo-immunotherapy regimens. However, treatment of patients with active hemolysis may pose important problems needing an individualized and clinically sound approach. The concept that autoimmune cytopenia may precede the leukemia should be revisited in the light of recent data showing that autoimmune cytopenia may be observed in monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, a condition that can only be detected by using sensitive flow cytometry techniques. On the other hand, there is no evidence of an increased risk of non-hemic autoimmune disorders in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Likewise, there is no epidemiological proof of an increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients with non-hemic autoimmunity. Finally, since immune disorders are an important part of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, studies aimed at revealing the mechanisms linking the neoplastic and the immune components of the disease should help our understanding of this form of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hodgson
- Institute of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Tapirdamaz Ö, Mancham S, van der Laan LJW, Kazemier G, Thielemans K, Metselaar HJ, Kwekkeboom J. Detailed kinetics of the direct allo-response in human liver transplant recipients: new insights from an optimized assay. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14452. [PMID: 21206923 PMCID: PMC3012075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional assays for quantification of allo-reactive T-cell precursor frequencies (PF) are relatively insensitive. We present a robust assay for quantification of PF of T-cells with direct donor-specificity, and establish the kinetics of circulating donor-specific T cells after liver transplantation (LTx). B cells from donor splenocytes were differentiated into professional antigen-presenting cells by CD40-engagement (CD40-B cells). CFSE-labelled PBMC from LTx-recipients obtained before and at several time points after LTx, were stimulated with donor-derived or 3rd party CD40-B cells. PF of donor-specific T cells were calculated from CFSE-dilution patterns, and intracellular IFN-γ was determined after re-stimulation with CD40-B cells. Compared to splenocytes, stimulations with CD40-B cells resulted in 3 to 5-fold higher responding T-cell PF. Memory and naïve T-cell subsets responded equally to allogeneic CD40-B cell stimulation. Donor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell PF ranged from 0.5 to 19% (median: 5.2%). One week after LTx, PF of circulating donor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased significantly, while only a minor increase in numbers of T cells reacting to 3rd party allo-antigens was observed. One year after LTx numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells reacting to donor antigens, as well as those reacting to 3rd party allo-antigens, were slightly lower compared to pre-transplant values. Moreover, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells responding to donor-derived, as well as those reacting to 3rd party CD40-B cells, produced less IFN-γ. In conclusion, our alternative approach enables detection of allo-reactive human T cells at high frequencies, and after application we conclude that donor-specific T-cell PF increase immediately after LTx. However, no evidence for a specific loss of circulating T-cells recognizing donor allo-antigens via the direct pathway up to 1 year after LTx was obtained, underscoring the relative insensitiveness of previous assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Tapirdamaz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shanta Mancham
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Geert Kazemier
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herold J. Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Furman RR, Forero-Torres A, Shustov A, Drachman JG. A phase I study of dacetuzumab (SGN-40, a humanized anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:228-35. [PMID: 20038235 DOI: 10.3109/10428190903440946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia remains an incurable disease and novel, effective therapies are needed. In this open-label, dose-escalation, phase I study, dacetuzumab (IgG1 humanized monoclonal antibody) was administered to 12 adults, all of whom had received several prior systemic therapies (median, 4; range, 2-11). Intrapatient dose escalation (maximum weekly doses of 3-8 mg/kg) was used to diminish first-dose-related inflammatory symptoms. No dose-limiting toxicities or dose-dependent trends in adverse events (AEs) were observed. The most common AEs (in >/=2 patients) were fatigue, headache, anorexia, conjunctivitis, hyperhidrosis, and night sweats, all of which were mild or moderate. No deaths, serious AEs, or discontinuations due to AEs occurred. Although no patient achieved an objective response, five patients demonstrated stable disease after 1 cycle of therapy, with no discernable correlation between dacetuzumab dose and outcome. This modest single-agent activity may warrant further testing of dacetuzumab in combination with other chronic lymphocytic leukemia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Furman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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13
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Deaglio S, Malavasi F. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia microenvironment: shifting the balance from apoptosis to proliferation. Haematologica 2009; 94:752-6. [PMID: 19483151 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.006676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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14
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Induction of myeloma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes ex vivo by CD40-activated B cells loaded with myeloma tumor antigens. Ann Hematol 2009; 88:1113-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-009-0721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Jiang YF, Ma J, He Y, Zhang YH, Xu Y, Gong GZ. Cationic liposome-mediated transfection of CD40 ligand gene inhibits hepatic tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 10:7-13. [PMID: 19198017 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of cationic liposome-mediated CD40 ligand (CD40L) gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS 1x10(6) of parental H22 cells or H22 cells transfected with the expression vector containing murine CD40L cDNA encoding the entire coding region (pcDNA3.1(+)-mCD40L) were inoculated subcutaneously into the left flanks of syngenic BALB/C mice. The tumor-bearing mice (tumor nodules 10 mm in maximal diameter) received the treatment of the intratumoral injection of pcDNA3.1(+)-mCD40L/Transfectam, pcDNA3.1(+), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or no treatment. The mice were monitored for tumor growth weekly. We examined mCD40L messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the histologic changes in tumors at two weeks after intratumoral injection using immunohistochemical staining of tumor tissues. RESULTS All mice inoculated with parental H22 cells developed a tumor subcutaneously, and the tumor size increased progressively within three weeks. However, the mice receiving H22-CD40L cells exhibited complete regression of the tumor two weeks after tumor cell inoculation. The tumor-bearing animals with the treatment of pcDNA3.1(+) or PBS, or without treatment had progressive tumor growth, while those mice treated with pcDNA3.1(+)-mCD40L exhibited a significant inhibition of tumor growth. RT-PCR analysis showed that 783-bp fragments corresponding to the mCD40L mRNA were amplified only from pcDNA3.1(+)-mCD40L treated tumors. The tumor samples from pcDNA3.1(+)-mCD40L-treated mice showed significant lymphocyte infiltration, apoptotic bodies, and confluent necrosis in the tumor tissues. CONCLUSION The tumorigenicity of CD40L-expressing cells was abrogated when the cells were implanted subcutaneously. In vivo gene therapy of established liver tumor nodules in mice by the intratumoral injection of pcDNA3.1(+)-mCD40L led to significant tumor inhibition. There was mCD40L mRNA expression in the tissues from pcDNA3.1(+)-mCD40L-treated tumors. The intratumoral injection of pcDNA3.1(+)-mCD40L induced a strong inflammatory, mainly lymphocytic infiltration of the tumor, and increased the necrotic rate of the neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-fang Jiang
- Center for Liver Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Secchiero P, Corallini F, Barbarotto E, Melloni E, di Iasio MG, Tiribelli M, Zauli G. Role of the RANKL/RANK system in the induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207:158-64. [PMID: 16270354 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells express several members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, such as CD40L, CD30L, and TRAIL. By using the cDNA microarray technology, B-CLL samples were found to overexpress receptor activator of nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) ligand (RANKL), as compared to normal CD19(+) B cells. These findings were validated at the protein level by Western blot and flow cytometry analyses. Moreover, unlike primary normal B cells, leukemic B-CLL cells showed surface expression of RANK, the cognate transmembrane receptor of RANKL. When added in vitro to B-CLL cultures, either alone or in association with chlorambucil or fludarabine, recombinant RANKL did not significantly modulate cell viability, and it minimally affected the IL-8 expression/release. On the other hand, treatment with RANK-Fc chimera potently upregulated the release of IL-8 in the B-CLL culture supernatants, suggesting involvement of reverse signaling through transmembrane RANKL in IL-8 induction. In turn, exposure of B-CLL cells to recombinant IL-8 significantly decreased spontaneous apoptosis as well as chlorambucil- and fludarabine-mediated cytoxicity in B-CLL cells. Since IL-8 has been implicated in progression of B-CLL disease, our findings suggest that, by upregulating IL-8, the RANKL/RANK system may contribute to the pathogenesis of B-CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/pharmacology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chlorambucil/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Osteoprotegerin
- RANK Ligand
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, Human Anatomy Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, Ferrara, Italy.
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Palena C, Foon KA, Panicali D, Yafal AG, Chinsangaram J, Hodge JW, Schlom J, Tsang KY. Potential approach to immunotherapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): enhanced immunogenicity of CLL cells via infection with vectors encoding for multiple costimulatory molecules. Blood 2005; 106:3515-23. [PMID: 16081691 PMCID: PMC1895050 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease of CD5(+) B lymphocytes (designated as CLL cells) that are inefficient antigen-presenting cells. Their poor ability to present antigens to the T cells, largely due to an inadequate costimulatory capacity, is manifested as a failure to stimulate proliferation of both allogeneic and autologous T cells. We have investigated the ability of in vitro manipulated CLL cells, via hyperexpression of a triad of costimulatory molecules (B7-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1], and leukocyte-function-associated antigen 3 [LFA-3], designated TRICOM), to stimulate effective antitumor T-cell responses. A recombinant modified vaccinia virus strain Ankara (MVA), which is a highly attenuated, replication-impaired virus variant, was successfully used to infect and deliver the simultaneous expression of the 3 human costimulatory molecules in TRICOM on the surface of the CLL cells. Proliferation of allogeneic and autologous T cells was observed when MVA-TRICOM-infected CLL cells were used as stimulators in proliferation assays. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, generated in vitro by stimulation of autologous T cells with MVA-TRICOM-infected CLL cells, showed cytotoxicity against unmodified/uninfected CLL cells. Therefore, our findings suggest that the use of CLL cells infected ex vivo with MVA-TRICOM or direct injection of MVA-TRICOM in patients with CLL has potential for the immunotherapy of CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccinia virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Jiang YF, He Y, Gong GZ, Chen J, Yang CY, Xu Y. Construction of recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid containing murine CD40 ligand gene and its expression in H22 cells. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:182-6. [PMID: 15633212 PMCID: PMC4205398 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i2.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct a recombinant murine CD40 ligand (mCD40L) eukaryotic expression vector for gene therapy and target therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: mCD40L cDNA was synthesized by RT-PCR with the specific primers and directly cloned into T vector to generate middle recombinant. After digestion with restriction endonuclease, the target fragment was subcloned into the multi-clone sites of the eukaryotic vector. The constructed vector was verified by enzyme digestion and sequencing, and the product expressed was detected by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence methods.
RESULTS: The full-length mCD40L-cDNA was successfully cloned into the eukaryotic vector through electrophoresis, and mCD40L gene was integrated into the genome of infected H22 cells by RT-PCR. Murine CD40L antigen molecule was observed in the plasma of mCD40L-H22 by indirect immuno-fluorescence staining.
CONCLUSION: The recombined mCD40L eukaryotic expression vector can be expressed in H22 cell line. It provides experimental data for gene therapy and target therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Fang Jiang
- Center for Liver Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.
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