1
|
Yan S, Ji J, Zhang Z, Imam M, Chen H, Zhang D, Wang J. Targeting the crosstalk between estrogen receptors and membrane growth factor receptors in breast cancer treatment: Advances and opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116615. [PMID: 38663101 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Estrogens play a critical role in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER)α, ERβ, and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor are the primary receptors for estrogen in breast cancer. These receptors are mainly activated by binding with estrogens. The crosstalk between ERs and membrane growth factor receptors creates additional pathways that amplify the effects of their ligands and promote tumor growth. This crosstalk may cause endocrine therapy resistance in ERα-positive breast cancer. Furthermore, this may explain the resistance to anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) treatment in ERα-/HER2-positive breast cancer and chemotherapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer. Accordingly, it is necessary to understand the complex crosstalk between ERs and growth factor receptors. In this review, we delineate the crosstalk between ERs and membrane growth factor receptors in breast cancer. Moreover, this review highlights the current progress in clinical treatment and discusses how pharmaceuticals target the crosstalk. Lastly, we discuss the current challenges and propose potential solutions regarding the implications of targeting crosstalk via pharmacological inhibition. Overall, the present review provides a landscape of the crosstalk between ERs and membrane growth factor receptors in breast cancer, along with valuable insights for future studies and clinical treatments using a chemotherapy-sparing regimen to improve patient quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunchao Yan
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China.
| | - Jiale Ji
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Murshid Imam
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lyon A, Tripathi R, Meeks C, He D, Wu Y, Liu J, Wang C, Chen J, Zhu H, Mukherjee S, Ganguly S, Plattner R. ABL1/2 and DDR1 Drive MEKi Resistance in NRAS-Mutant Melanomas by Stabilizing RAF/MYC/ETS1 and Promoting RAF Homodimerization. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:954. [PMID: 36765910 PMCID: PMC9913232 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanomas harboring NRAS mutations are a particularly aggressive and deadly subtype. If patients cannot tolerate or the melanomas are insensitive to immune checkpoint blockade, there are no effective 2nd-line treatment options. Drugs targeting the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, which are used for BRAF-mutant melanomas, do little to increase progression-free survival (PFS). Here, using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches, we show that ABL1/2 and DDR1 are critical nodes during NRAS-mutant melanoma intrinsic and acquired MEK inhibitor (MEKi) resistance. In some acquired resistance cells, ABL1/2 and DDR1 cooperate to stabilize RAF proteins, activate ERK cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling, repress p27/KIP1 expression, and drive RAF homodimerization. In contrast, other acquired resistance cells depend solely on ABL1/2 for their survival, and are sensitive to highly specific allosteric ABL1/2 inhibitors, which prevent β-catenin nuclear localization and destabilize MYC and ETS1 in an ERK-independent manner. Significantly, targeting ABL1/2 and DDR1 with an FDA-approved anti-leukemic drug, reverses intrinsic MEKi resistance, delays acquisition of acquired resistance, and doubles the survival time in a NRAS-mutant mouse model. These data indicate that repurposing FDA-approved drugs targeting ABL1/2 and DDR1 may be a novel and effective strategy for treating patients with treatment-refractory NRAS-driven melanomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Lyon
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Rakshamani Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Christina Meeks
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Daheng He
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, College of Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, College of Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, College of Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, College of Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sujata Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Saptadwipa Ganguly
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Rina Plattner
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andrade de Oliveira K, Sengupta S, Yadav AK, Clarke R. The complex nature of heterogeneity and its roles in breast cancer biology and therapeutic responsiveness. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1083048. [PMID: 36909339 PMCID: PMC9997040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1083048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity is a complex feature of cells and tissues with many interacting components. Depending on the nature of the research context, interacting features of cellular, drug response, genetic, molecular, spatial, temporal, and vascular heterogeneity may be present. We describe the various forms of heterogeneity with examples of their interactions and how they play a role in affecting cellular phenotype and drug responses in breast cancer. While cellular heterogeneity may be the most widely described and invoked, many forms of heterogeneity are evident within the tumor microenvironment and affect responses to the endocrine and cytotoxic drugs widely used in standard clinical care. Drug response heterogeneity is a critical determinant of clinical response and curative potential and also is multifaceted when encountered. The interactive nature of some forms of heterogeneity is readily apparent. For example, the process of metastasis has the properties of both temporal and spatial heterogeneity within the host, whereas each individual metastatic deposit may exhibit cellular, genetic, molecular, and vascular heterogeneity. This review describes the many forms of heterogeneity, their integrated activities, and offers some insights into how heterogeneity may be understood and studied in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Andrade de Oliveira
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Piaui, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Surojeet Sengupta
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States
| | - Anil Kumar Yadav
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States
| | - Robert Clarke
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert Clarke,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choo JRE, Jan YH, Ow SGW, Wong A, Lee MX, Ngoi N, Yadav K, Lim JSJ, Lim SE, Chan CW, Hartman M, Tang SW, Goh BC, Tan HL, Chong WQ, Yvonne ALE, Chan GHJ, Chen SJ, Tan KT, Lee SC. Serial Tumor Molecular Profiling of Newly Diagnosed HER2-Negative Breast Cancers During Chemotherapy in Combination with Angiogenesis Inhibitors. Target Oncol 2022; 17:355-368. [PMID: 35699834 PMCID: PMC9217774 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-022-00886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Breast cancers are heterogeneous with variable clinical courses and treatment responses. Objective We sought to evaluate dynamic changes in the molecular landscape of HER2-negative tumors treated with chemotherapy and anti-angiogenic agents. Patients and Methods Newly diagnosed HER2-negative breast cancer patients received low-dose sunitinib or bevacizumab prior to four 2-weekly cycles of dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Tumor biopsies were obtained at baseline, after 2 weeks and after 8 weeks of chemotherapy. Next-generation sequencing was performed to assess for single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number alterations (CNAs) of 440 cancer-related genes (ACTOnco®). Observed genomic changes were correlated with the Miller-Payne histological response to treatment. Results Thirty-four patients received sunitinib and 18 received bevacizumab. In total, 77% were hormone receptor positive (HER2−/HR+) and 23% were triple negative breast cancers (TNBC). New therapy-induced mutations were infrequent, occurring only in 13%, and appeared early after a single cycle of treatment. Seventy-two percent developed changes in the variant allele frequency (VAF) of pathogenic SNVs; the majority (51%) of these changes occurred early at 2 weeks and were sustained for 8 weeks. Changes in VAF of SNVs were most commonly seen in the PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway; 13% developed changes in pathogenic mutations, which potentially confer sensitivity to PIK3CA inhibitors. Tumors with poor Miller-Payne response to treatment were less likely to experience changes in VAF of SNVs compared with those with good response (50% [7/14] vs 15% [4/24] had no changes observed at any timepoint, p = 0.029). Conclusions Serial molecular profiling identifies early therapy-induced genomic alterations, which may guide future selection of targeted therapies in breast cancer patients who progress after standard chemotherapy. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02790580 (first posted June 6, 2016). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11523-022-00886-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan R E Choo
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | | | - Samuel G W Ow
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Andrea Wong
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Matilda Xinwei Lee
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Natalie Ngoi
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Kritika Yadav
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joline S J Lim
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Siew Eng Lim
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Ching Wan Chan
- Department of Surgery, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mikael Hartman
- Department of Surgery, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siau Wei Tang
- Department of Surgery, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hon Lyn Tan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Wan Qin Chong
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Ang Li En Yvonne
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Gloria H J Chan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | | | | | - Soo Chin Lee
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS) National University Health System, 1E Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. .,Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diverse roles of tumor-stromal PDGFB-to-PDGFRβ signaling in breast cancer growth and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 154:93-140. [PMID: 35459473 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last couple of decades, it has become increasingly apparent that the tumor microenvironment (TME) mediates every step of cancer progression and solid tumors are only able to metastasize with a permissive TME. This intricate interaction of cancer cells with their surrounding TME, or stroma, is becoming more understood with an ever greater knowledge of tumor-stromal signaling pairs such as platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) and their cognate receptors. We and others have focused our research efforts on understanding how tumor-derived PDGFB activates platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) signaling specifically in the breast cancer TME. In this chapter, we broadly discuss PDGF and PDGFR expression patterns and signaling in normal physiology and breast cancer. We then detail the expansive roles played by the PDGFB-to-PDGFRβ signaling pathway in modulating breast tumor growth and metastasis with a focus on specific cellular populations within the TME, which are responsive to tumor-derived PDGFB. Given the increasingly appreciated importance of PDGFB-to-PDGFRβ signaling in breast cancer progression, specifically in promoting metastasis, we end by discussing how therapeutic targeting of PDGFB-to-PDGFRβ signaling holds great promise for improving current breast cancer treatment strategies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Magesh P, Thankachan S, Venkatesh T, Suresh PS. Breast cancer fibroblasts and cross-talk. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 521:158-169. [PMID: 34270953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The breast tumor microenvironment is one of the crucial elements supporting breast cancer tumor progression and metastasis. The fibroblasts are the chief cellular component of the stromal microenvironment and are pathologically activated and differentiated into breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The catabolic phenotype of breast CAFs arises due to metabolic reprogramming of these fibroblasts under pseudo-hypoxic conditions. The metabolic intermediates and ATP produced by the breast CAFs are exploited by the neighboring cancer cells for energy generation. The growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines secreted by the CAFs help fuel tumor growth, invasion, and dissemination. Moreover, the interplay between breast CAFs and cancer cells, mediated by the growth factors, ROS, metabolic intermediates, exosomes, and catabolite transporters, aids in building a favorable microenvironment that promotes cancer cell proliferation, tumor progression, and metastasis. Therefore, identifying effective means to target the reprogrammed metabolism of the breast CAFs and the cross-communication between CAFs and cancer cells serve as promising strategies to develop anti-cancer therapeutics. Henceforth, the scope of the present review ranges from discussing the underlying characteristics of breast CAFs, mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in breast CAFs, and the nature of interactions between breast CAFs and cancer cells to studying the intricacies of reprogrammed metabolism targeted cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanila Magesh
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Sanu Thankachan
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Thejaswini Venkatesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671316, India
| | - Padmanaban S Suresh
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu K, Wu H, Lyu W, Kim Y, Furdui CM, Anderson KS, Koleske AJ. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta activates Abl2 via direct binding and phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100883. [PMID: 34144039 PMCID: PMC8259415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abl family kinases are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases activated by diverse cellular stimuli that regulate cytoskeleton organization, morphogenesis, and adhesion. The catalytic activity of Abl family kinases is tightly regulated in cells by a complex set of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions and post-translational modifications. For example, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ), important for cell proliferation and chemotaxis, is a potent activator of Abl family kinases. However, the molecular mechanism by which PDGFRβ engages and activates Abl family kinases is not known. We show here that the Abl2 Src homology 2 domain directly binds to phosphotyrosine Y771 in the PDGFRβ cytoplasmic domain. PDGFRβ directly phosphorylates multiple novel sites on the N-terminal half of Abl2, including Y116, Y139, and Y161 within the Src homology 3 domain, and Y299, Y303, and Y310 on the kinase domain. Y116, Y161, Y272, and Y310 are all located at or near the Src homology 3/Src homology 2-kinase linker interface, which helps maintain Abl family kinases in an autoinhibited conformation. We also found that PDGFRβ-mediated phosphorylation of Abl2 in vitro activates Abl2 kinase activity, but mutation of these four tyrosines (Y116, Y161, Y272, and Y310) to phenylalanine abrogated PDGFRβ-mediated activation of Abl2. These findings reveal how PDGFRβ engages and phosphorylates Abl2 leading to activation of the kinase, providing a framework to understand how growth factor receptors engage and activate Abl family kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuanlin Wu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hanzhi Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wanqing Lyu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Youngjoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Giannoudis A, Malki MI, Rudraraju B, Mohhamed H, Menon S, Liloglou T, Ali S, Carroll JS, Palmieri C. Activating transcription factor-2 (ATF2) is a key determinant of resistance to endocrine treatment in an in vitro model of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:126. [PMID: 33198803 PMCID: PMC7667764 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating transcription factor-2 (ATF2), a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA binding proteins, has been implicated as a tumour suppressor in breast cancer. However, its exact role in breast cancer endocrine resistance is still unclear. We have previously shown that silencing of ATF2 leads to a loss in the growth-inhibitory effects of tamoxifen in the oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive, tamoxifen-sensitive MCF7 cell line and highlighted that this multi-faceted transcription factor is key to the effects of tamoxifen in an endocrine sensitive model. In this work, we explored further the in vitro role of ATF2 in defining the resistance to endocrine treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We knocked down ATF2 in TAMR, LCC2 and LCC9 tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell lines as well as the parental tamoxifen sensitive MCF7 cell line and investigated the effects on growth, colony formation and cell migration. We also performed a microarray gene expression profiling (Illumina Human HT12_v4) to explore alterations in gene expression between MCF7 and TAMRs after ATF2 silencing and confirmed gene expression changes by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS By silencing ATF2, we observed a significant growth reduction of TAMR, LCC2 and LCC9 with no such effect observed with the parental MCF7 cells. ATF2 silencing was also associated with a significant inhibition of TAMR, LCC2 and LCC9 cell migration and colony formation. Interestingly, knockdown of ATF2 enhanced the levels of ER and ER-regulated genes, TFF1, GREB1, NCOA3 and PGR, in TAMR cells both at RNA and protein levels. Microarray gene expression identified a number of genes known to mediate tamoxifen resistance, to be differentially regulated by ATF2 in TAMR in relation to the parental MCF7 cells. Moreover, differential pathway analysis confirmed enhanced ER activity after ATF2 knockdown in TAMR cells. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that ATF2 silencing may overcome endocrine resistance and highlights further the dual role of this transcription factor that can mediate endocrine sensitivity and resistance by modulating ER expression and activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Giannoudis
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohammed Imad Malki
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Bharath Rudraraju
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hisham Mohhamed
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute School of Medicine, Portland, USA
| | - Suraj Menon
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlo Palmieri
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Iwase T, Harano K, Masuda H, Kida K, Hess KR, Wang Y, Dirix L, Van Laere SJ, Lucci A, Krishnamurthy S, Woodward WA, Layman RM, Bertucci F, Ueno NT. Quantitative hormone receptor (HR) expression and gene expression analysis in HR+ inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) vs non-IBC. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:430. [PMID: 32423453 PMCID: PMC7236459 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic role of hormone receptor (HR) on inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) to elucidate its aggressive biological behavior. Methods We evaluated the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) by immunohistochemical staining and determined the predictive and prognostic role of HR expression on 189 patients with HR+/HER2– IBC and 677 patients with HR+/HER2– stage III non-IBC. Furthermore, we performed gene expression (GE) analyses on 137 patients with HR+/HER2– IBC and 252 patients with HR+/HER2– non-IBC to detect genes that are specifically overexpressed in IBC. Results The expression of ER% was significantly associated with longer distant disease-free survival and overall survival. However, there was no significant relationship between ER% and neoadjuvant chemotherapy outcome. In the GE study, 84 genes were identified as significantly distinguishing HR+ IBC from non-IBC. Among the top 15 canonical pathways expressed in IBC, the ERK/MAPK, PDGF, insulin receptor, and IL-7 signaling pathways were associated with the ER signaling pathway. Upregulation of the MYC gene was observed in three of these four pathways. Furthermore, HR+/HER2– IBC had significantly higher MYC amplification, and the genetic alteration was associated with poor survival outcome. Conclusions Higher ER expression was significantly associated with improved survival in both HR+/HER2– IBC and HR+/HER2– stage III non-IBC patients. HR+/HER2– IBC had several activated pathways with MYC upregulation, and the genetic alteration was associated with poor survival outcome. The results indicate that MYC may be a key gene for understanding the biology of HR+/HER2– IBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Iwase
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kenichi Harano
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hiroko Masuda
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kumiko Kida
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth R Hess
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Luc Dirix
- Department of Oncology, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Steven J Van Laere
- Department of Oncology, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Anthony Lucci
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Savitri Krishnamurthy
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wendy A Woodward
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rachel M Layman
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - François Bertucci
- Laboratory of Predictive Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13009, Marseille, France
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grizzi G, Ghidini M, Botticelli A, Tomasello G, Ghidini A, Grossi F, Fusco N, Cabiddu M, Savio T, Petrelli F. Strategies for Increasing the Effectiveness of Aromatase Inhibitors in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: An Evidence-Based Review on Current Options. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:675-686. [PMID: 32099464 PMCID: PMC6996551 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s202965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NEO-HT) is a possible treatment option for breast cancer (BC) patient with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) and HER2 negative (HER2-) disease. The absence of solid data on the type of drugs to be used and duration of treatment as well as lack of clear evidence of effectiveness of NEO-HT compared to chemotherapy (CT) reserve its use for patients with old age or frail conditions. However, the low pathologic complete response rate (pCR) obtained with tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors (AIs) alone does not make NEO-HT as a suitable option for the neoadjuvant treatment of HR+ HER2-. The use of the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK 4/6) inhibitors palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus and of the phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor taselisib together with endocrine therapy (ET) has become a standard in advanced breast cancer, showing clinical effectiveness and significantly prolonging median progression-free survival compared to ET only. In the early phase disease, the use of ET together with CDK 4/6, mTOR and PI3K inhibitors is still investigational. Data from recent studies are promising even though less impressive than in metastatic setting. In this context, the use of genomic-transcriptomic tools (such as ONCOTYPE, PAM50) and the identification of novel biomarkers (ESR1, PI3Kca, PDGF-R) on tissue or with liquid biopsy could help to select patient prone to respond to endocrine-combined therapy and able to achieve pCR. With our review, we aimed at evaluating the current state of the art in the treatment of locally advanced breast cancer with NEO-HT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Grizzi
- Oncology Unit, Oncology Department, ASST of Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Oncology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Botticelli
- Medical Oncology Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tomasello
- Oncology Unit, Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Grossi
- Oncology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mary Cabiddu
- Oncology Unit, Medical Sciences Department, ASST of Bergamo Ovest, Treviglio, Italy
| | - Tommaso Savio
- Breast Unit, ASST of Bergamo Ovest, Treviglio, Italy
| | - Fausto Petrelli
- Oncology Unit, Medical Sciences Department, ASST of Bergamo Ovest, Treviglio, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Biological heterogeneity and versatility of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 2019; 38:4887-4901. [PMID: 30816343 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing lines of evidence show that the malignant behavior of cancer is not exclusively attributable to cancer cells but also radically influenced by cancerous stroma activity and controlled through various mechanisms by the microenvironment. In addition to structural components, such as the extracellular matrix, stromal cells, such as macrophages, endothelial cells, and specifically cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), have attracted substantial attention over recent decades. CAFs provide routes for aggressive carcinomas and contribute to invasion and metastasis through the biochemical alteration and regulation of cancer-related pathways. However, another facet of CAFs that has been neglected by numerous studies is that CAFs might serve as a negative regulator of cancer progression under certain circumstances. The various origins of CAFs, the diverse tissues in which they reside and their interactions with different cancer cells appear to be responsible for this inconsistency. This review summarizes the latest knowledge regarding CAF heterogeneity and offers a novel perspective and a beneficial approach for obtaining an improved understanding of CAFs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Long J, Liao G, Wang Y, Tang DD. Specific protein 1, c-Abl and ERK1/2 form a regulatory loop. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs222380. [PMID: 30559247 PMCID: PMC6340136 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.222380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase c-Abl participates in the regulation of various cellular functions including cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, smooth muscle contraction and cancer progression. However, knowledge regarding transcriptional regulation of c-Abl is surprisingly limited. Sp1 is a founding member of the Sp1 transcription factor family that has been implicated in housekeeping gene expression, tumor cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we show that knockdown and rescue of Sp1 affected growth factor-mediated c-Abl expression in cells. c-Abl promoter activity was also affected by Sp1 knockdown. This is the first evidence to suggest that Sp1 is an important transcription factor to regulate c-Abl expression. In addition, Sp1 phosphorylation at Thr-453 and Thr-739 has been proposed to regulate its activity in Drosophila cells. We unexpectedly found that growth factors did not induce Sp1 phosphorylation at these two residues. In contrast, growth factor stimulation upregulated Sp1 expression. Intriguingly, inhibition of ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2, also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively) reduced expression of Sp1 and c-Abl. Furthermore, c-Abl knockdown diminished ERK1/2 phosphorylation and Sp1 expression. Taken together, these studies suggest that Sp1 can modulate c-Abl expression at transcription level. Conversely, c-Abl affects ERK1/2 activation and Sp1 expression in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyue Long
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12118, USA
| | - Guoning Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12118, USA
| | - Yinna Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12118, USA
| | - Dale D Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He C, Plattner R, Rangnekar V, Zhou B, Liu C, Stewart RL, Huang B, Wang C, Tucker TC. Potential protein markers for breast cancer recurrence: a retrospective cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2018; 30:41-51. [PMID: 30488343 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-018-1099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated five key proteins involved in various cancer-related pathways and assessed their relation to breast cancer recurrence. METHODS We used the Kentucky Cancer Registry to retrospectively identify primary invasive breast cancer cases (n = 475) that were diagnosed and treated at University of Kentucky Medical Center between 2000 and 2007. Breast cancer recurrence was observed in 62 cases during the 5-year follow-up after diagnosis. Protein expression or activity level was analyzed from surgery tissue using immuno-histochemical assays. RESULTS Compared to ER+/PR+/HER2- patients without recurrence, those with recurrence had higher TWIST expression (p = 0.049) but lower ABL1/ABL2 activity (p = 0.003) in primary tumors. We also found that triple-negative breast cancer patients with recurrence had higher SNAI1 expression compared to those without recurrence (p = 0.03). After adjusting for potential confounders, the higher ABL1/ABL2 activity in primary tumors was associated with a decreased risk of recurrence (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.85-0.90) among ER+/PR+/HER2- patients. In addition, among patients with recurrence we observed that the activity level of ABL1/ABL2 was significantly increased in recurrent tumors compared to the matched primary tumors regardless of the subtype (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that the expression/activity level of various proteins may be differentially associated with risk of recurrence of breast tumor subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan He
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 744 Rose Street, Combs 206, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Rina Plattner
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 744 Rose Street, Combs 206, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Vivek Rangnekar
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 744 Rose Street, Combs 206, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Binhua Zhou
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 744 Rose Street, Combs 206, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chunming Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 744 Rose Street, Combs 206, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rachel L Stewart
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bin Huang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 744 Rose Street, Combs 206, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 744 Rose Street, Combs 206, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Thomas C Tucker
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 744 Rose Street, Combs 206, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 2365 Harrodsburg Road, Suite A230, Lexington, KY, 40504, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tripathi R, Liu Z, Plattner R. EnABLing Tumor Growth and Progression: Recent progress in unraveling the functions of ABL kinases in solid tumor cells. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 4:367-379. [PMID: 30746323 PMCID: PMC6368175 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-018-0149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to summarize our current knowledge regarding how ABL family kinases are activated in solid tumors and impact on solid tumor development/progression, with a focus on recent advances in the field. RECENT FINDINGS Although ABL kinases are known drivers of human leukemia, emerging data also implicates the kinases in a large number of solid tumor types where they promote diverse processes such as proliferation, survival, cytoskeletal reorganization, cellular polarity, EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal-transition), metabolic reprogramming, migration, invasion and metastasis via unique signaling pathways. ABL1 and ABL2 appear to have overlapping but also unique roles in driving these processes. In some tumor types, the kinases may act to integrate pro- and anti-proliferative and -invasive signals, and also may serve as a switch during EMT/MET (mesenchymal-epithelial) transitions. CONCLUSIONS Most data indicate that targeting ABL kinases may be effective for reducing tumor growth and preventing metastasis; however, ABL kinases also may have a tumor suppressive role in some tumor types and in some cellular contexts. Understanding the functions of ABL kinases in solid tumors is critical for developing successful clinical trials aimed at targeting ABL kinases for the treatment of solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakshamani Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Zulong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Rina Plattner
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Khandia R, Pattnaik B, Rajukumar K, Pateriya A, Bhatia S, Murugkar H, Prakash A, Pradhan HK, Dhama K, Munjal A, Joshi SK. Anti-proliferative role of recombinant lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis on primary mammary ductal carcinoma cells revealing its therapeutic potential. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35835-35847. [PMID: 28415766 PMCID: PMC5482621 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis secretes three secretary proteins; lethal factor (LF), protective antigen (PA) and edema factor (EF). The LF has ability to check proliferation of mammary tumors, chiefly depending on mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Evaluation of therapeutic potential of recombinant LF (rLF), recombinant PA (rPA) and lethal toxin (rLF + rPA = LeTx) on the primary mammary ductal carcinoma cells revealed significant (p < 0.01) reduction in proliferation of tumor cells with mean inhibition indices of 28.0 ± 1.37% and 19.6 ± 1.47% respectively. However, treatment with rPA alone had no significant anti-proliferative effect as evident by low mean inhibition index of 3.4 ± 3.87%. The higher inhibition index observed for rLF alone as compared to LeTx is contrary to the existing knowledge on LF, which explains the requirement of PA dependent endocytosis for its enzymatic activity. Therefore, the plausible existence of PA independent mode of action of LF including direct receptor mediated endocytosis or modulation of signal transduction cascade via unknown means is hypothesized. In silico protein docking analysis of other cellular receptors for any plausibility to play the role of receptor for LF revealed c-Met receptor showing strongest affinity for LF (H bond = 19; Free energy = −773.96), followed by nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-1. The study summarizes the use of rLF or LeTx as therapeutic molecule against primary mammary ductal carcinoma cells and also the c-Met as potential alternative receptor for LF to mediate and modulate PA independent signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Khandia
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Atul Pateriya
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Harshad Murugkar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Prakash
- Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hare Krishna Pradhan
- Ex-Avian Influenza National Consultant, Indian Office of WHO Consultant, Bhartiya Kala Kendra, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil K Joshi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Frank Reidy Research Center of Bioelectrics, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li Y, Liu C, Tang K, Chen Y, Tian K, Feng Z, Chen J. Novel multi‑kinase inhibitor, T03 inhibits Taxol‑resistant breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2373-2383. [PMID: 29207185 PMCID: PMC5783483 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of kinase-associated signaling pathways is one of the leading causes of various malignant phenotypes in breast tumors. Strategies of drug discovery and development have investigated approaches to target the inhibition of protein kinase signaling. In the current study, the anti‑tumor activities of a novel multi‑kinase inhibitor, T03 were evaluated in breast cancer. T03 inhibited Taxol‑resistant breast cancer cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The current results demonstrated that T03 downregulated c‑Raf, platelet‑derived growth factor receptor‑β and other kinases, thus inhibited Raf/mitogen‑activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal‑regulated kinase and Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin survival pathways in MCF‑7 and MCF‑7/Taxol xenograft tumors. At a dose of 100 mg/kg, T03 inhibited tumor growth by 62.90 and 59.98% in tumor weight in MX‑1 and MX‑1/T xenograft models, respectively and by 62.60 and 60.22% in MCF‑7 and MCF‑7/T tumors, respectively. These data indicate that the novel multi‑kinase inhibitor, T03, may present as a potential compound to develop novel treatments against breast cancer and Taxol‑resistant breast tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Kang Tian
- Department of Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Department of Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kast RE, Skuli N, Cos S, Karpel-Massler G, Shiozawa Y, Goshen R, Halatsch ME. The ABC7 regimen: a new approach to metastatic breast cancer using seven common drugs to inhibit epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and augment capecitabine efficacy. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2017; 9:495-514. [PMID: 28744157 PMCID: PMC5513700 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s139963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer metastatic to bone has a poor prognosis despite recent advances in our understanding of the biology of both bone and breast cancer. This article presents a new approach, the ABC7 regimen (Adjuvant for Breast Cancer treatment using seven repurposed drugs), to metastatic breast cancer. ABC7 aims to defeat aspects of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that lead to dissemination of breast cancer to bone. As add-on to current standard treatment with capecitabine, ABC7 uses ancillary attributes of seven already-marketed noncancer treatment drugs to stop both the natural EMT process inherent to breast cancer and the added EMT occurring as a response to current treatment modalities. Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery provoke EMT in cancer generally and in breast cancer specifically. ABC7 uses standard doses of capecitabine as used in treating breast cancer today. In addition, ABC7 uses 1) an older psychiatric drug, quetiapine, to block RANK signaling; 2) pirfenidone, an anti-fibrosis drug to block TGF-beta signaling; 3) rifabutin, an antibiotic to block beta-catenin signaling; 4) metformin, a first-line antidiabetic drug to stimulate AMPK and inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin, (mTOR); 5) propranolol, a beta-blocker to block beta-adrenergic signaling; 6) agomelatine, a melatonergic antidepressant to stimulate M1 and M2 melatonergic receptors; and 7) ribavirin, an antiviral drug to prevent eIF4E phosphorylation. All these block the signaling pathways - RANK, TGF-beta, mTOR, beta-adrenergic receptors, and phosphorylated eIF4E - that have been shown to trigger EMT and enhance breast cancer growth and so are worthwhile targets to inhibit. Agonism at MT1 and MT2 melatonergic receptors has been shown to inhibit both breast cancer EMT and growth. This ensemble was designed to be safe and augment capecitabine efficacy. Given the expected outcome of metastatic breast cancer as it stands today, ABC7 warrants a cautious trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- INSERM, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse - CRCT, UMR1037 Inserm/Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Samuel Cos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria and Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | | | - Yusuke Shiozawa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ran Goshen
- Eliaso Consulting Ltd., Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Simvastatin down-regulates differential genetic profiles produced by organochlorine mixtures in primary breast cell (HMEC). Chem Biol Interact 2017; 268:85-92. [PMID: 28263720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Women all over the world are exposed to an unavoidable contamination by organochlorine pesticides and other chemical pollutants. Many of them are considered as xenoestrogens and have been associated with the development and progression of breast cancer. We have demonstrated that the most prevalent pesticide mixtures found in healthy women and in women diagnosed with breast cancer modulates the gene expression in human epithelial mammary cells. Statins are well-known cholesterol-depleting agents acting as inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis. Since the early 1990s, it has been known that statins could be successfully used in cancer therapy, including breast cancer, but the exact mechanism behind anti-tumor activity of the statins remains unclear. In the present study we evaluated the effect of simvastatin in the gene expression pattern induced by realistic organochlorine mixtures found in breast cancer patients. The gene expression of 94 genes related with the cell signaling pathways were assessed. Our results indicate that simvastatin exerts a global down regulating effect on successfully determined genes (78.7%), thus attenuating the effects induced by organochlorine mixtures on the gene profile of human mammary epithelial cells. This effect was more evident on genes whose function is the ATP-binding process (that also were particularly up-regulated by pesticide mixtures). We also found that MERTK (a proto-oncogene which is overexpressed in several malignancies) and PDGFRB (a member of the platelet-derived growth factor family whose expression is high in breast-cancer cells that have become resistant to endocrine therapy) were among the genes with a higher differential regulation by simvastatin. Since resistance to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is closely related to MERKT, our findings would enhance the possible utility of statins in breast cancer treatment, i.e. improving therapeutic results combining statins with tyrosine Kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The Abelson tyrosine kinases were initially identified as drivers of leukemia in mice and humans. The Abl family kinases Abl1 and Abl2 regulate diverse cellular processes during development and normal homeostasis, and their functions are subverted during inflammation, cancer and other pathologies. Abl kinases can be activated by multiple stimuli leading to cytoskeletal reorganization required for cell morphogenesis, motility, adhesion and polarity. Depending on the cellular context, Abl kinases regulate cell survival and proliferation. Emerging data support important roles for Abl kinases in pathologies linked to inflammation. Among these are neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory pathologies. Unexpectedly, Abl kinases have also been identified as important players in mammalian host cells during microbial pathogenesis. Thus, the use of Abl kinase inhibitors might prove to be effective in the treatment of pathologies beyond leukemia and solid tumors. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and in the accompanying poster, we highlight the emerging roles of Abl kinases in the regulation of cellular processes in normal cells and diverse pathologies ranging from cancer to microbial pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaditya Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ann Marie Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Buchsbaum RJ, Oh SY. Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8020019. [PMID: 26828520 PMCID: PMC4773742 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers are heterogeneous tissues comprised of multiple components, including tumor cells and microenvironment cells. The tumor microenvironment has a critical role in tumor progression. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of various cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages and immune cells, as well as extracellular matrix and various cytokines and growth factors. Fibroblasts are the predominant cell type in the tumor microenvironment. However, neither the derivation of tissue-specific cancer-associated fibroblasts nor markers of tissue-specific cancer-associated fibroblasts are well defined. Despite these uncertainties it is increasingly apparent that cancer-associated fibroblasts have a crucial role in tumor progression. In breast cancer, there is evolving evidence showing that breast cancer-associated fibroblasts are actively involved in breast cancer initiation, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Breast cancer-associated fibroblasts also play a critical role in metabolic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment and therapy resistance. This review summarizes the current understanding of breast cancer-associated fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Buchsbaum
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Sun Young Oh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10467, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thomsen KG, Lyng MB, Elias D, Vever H, Knoop AS, Lykkesfeldt AE, Lænkholm AV, Ditzel HJ. Gene expression alterations associated with outcome in aromatase inhibitor-treated ER+ early-stage breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154:483-94. [PMID: 26585578 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AI), either alone or together with chemotherapy, have become the standard adjuvant treatment for postmenopausal, estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Although AIs improve overall survival, resistance is still a major clinical problem, thus additional biomarkers predictive of outcome of ER+ breast cancer patients treated with AIs are needed. Global gene expression analysis was performed on ER+ primary breast cancers from patients treated with adjuvant AI monotherapy; half experienced recurrence (median follow-up 6.7 years). Gene expression alterations were validated by qRT-PCR, and functional studies evaluating the effect of siRNA-mediated gene knockdown on cell growth were performed. Twenty-six genes, including TFF3, DACH1, RGS5, and GHR, were shown to exhibit altered expression in tumors from patients with recurrence versus non-recurrent (fold change ≥1.5, p < 0.05), and the gene expression alterations were confirmed using qRT-PCR. Ten of these 26 genes could be linked in a network associated with cellular proliferation, growth, and development. TFF3, which encodes for trefoil factor 3 and is an estrogen-responsive oncogene shown to play a functional role in tamoxifen resistance and metastasis of ER+ breast cancer, was also shown to be upregulated in an AI-resistant cell line model, and reduction of TFF3 levels using TFF3-specific siRNAs decreased the growth of both the AI-resistant and -sensitive parental cell lines. Moreover, overexpression of TFF3 in parental AI-sensitive MCF-7/S0.5 cells resulted in reduced sensitivity to the AI exemestane, whereas TFF3 overexpression had no effect on growth in the absence of exemestane, indicating that TFF3 mediates growth and survival signals that abrogate the growth inhibitory effect of exemestane. We identified a panel of 26 genes exhibiting altered expression associated with disease recurrence in patients treated with adjuvant AI monotherapy, including TFF3, which was shown to exhibit a growth- and survival-promoting effect in the context of AI treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina G Thomsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslowsvej 25, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria B Lyng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslowsvej 25, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Elias
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslowsvej 25, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henriette Vever
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslowsvej 25, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ann S Knoop
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne E Lykkesfeldt
- Breast Cancer Group, Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslowsvej 25, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Luo H, Tu G, Liu Z, Liu M. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: a multifaceted driver of breast cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:155-63. [PMID: 25700776 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancerous tissue is a complex mix of tumor cells, stromal cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), all of which make up a disordered and aggressive niche in comparison with organized and homeostatic normal tissue. It is well accepted that the tumor microenvironment plays an indispensable role in cancer development, and thus can be recognized as an additional cancer hallmark alongside those that are well established. In breast cancer, cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the predominant cellular components and play a centric role in the tumor microenvironment since they not only promote cancer initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis and therapeutic resistance but are also involved in microenvironmental events including angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis, ECM remodeling, cancer-associated inflammation and metabolism reprogramming, all of which are known to have pre-malignancy potency. At the molecular level, there is a sophisticated network underlying the interactions between CAFs and epithelial cells as well as other stromal components. Accordingly, targeting CAFs provides a novel strategy in cancer therapy. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of the role of CAFs in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Luo
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Gang Tu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Manran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pinto MP, Dye WW, Jacobsen BM, Horwitz KB. Malignant stroma increases luminal breast cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis through platelet-derived growth factor signaling. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:735. [PMID: 25274034 PMCID: PMC4190420 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Luminal, estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers represent more than 70% of cases. Despite initial good prognoses one third of Luminal cancers eventually recur locally or at distant sites and exhibit hormone resistance. Here we demonstrate that factors elaborated by malignant stromal cells can induce Luminal tumor cells proliferation and promote angiogenesis and hormone independence. We recently isolated a malignant mouse mammary gland stromal cell line named BJ3Z that increases proliferation and angiogenesis in estrogen-free xenografted Luminal MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methods BJ3Z and Normal mouse mammary Fibroblasts (NMFs) were expression profiled using microarray assays. Messenger RNA levels were confirmed by RT-PCR and by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Breast cancer MCF-7, BT-474, BT-20 and MDA-MB-231cell lines and stromal BJ3Z and NMFs were grown for in vitro assays: breast cancer cell lines were treated with stromal cells conditioned media, for three-dimensional (3D) mono and co-cultures in Matrigel, proliferation was measured by Bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation using IHC. Tubule formation in vitro, a proxy for angiogenesis, was assessed using 3D cultured Human Umbilical cord Vascular Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). Results We show that under estrogen-free conditions, BJ3Z cells but not NMFs increase proliferation of co-cultured Luminal but not basal-like human breast cancer cells in 2D or as 3D Matrigel colonies. Gene expression profiling, RT-PCR analysis and IHC of colony-derived BJ3Z cells and NMFs shows that Platelet Derived Growth Factor ligands (PDGF-A and -B) are elaborated by BJ3Z cells but not NMFs; while PDGF receptors are present on NMFs but not BJ3Z cells. As a result, in colony co-culture assays, BJ3Z cells but not NMFs increase MCF-7 cell proliferation. This can be mimicked by direct addition of PDGF-BB, and blocked by the PDGF receptor inhibitor Imatinib Mesylate. Both normal and malignant stromal cells enhance angiogenesis in an in vitro model. This effect is also due to PDGF and is suppressed by Imatinib. Conclusions We provide evidence that Luminal breast cancer cells can be targeted by the PDGF signaling pathway leading to estrogen-independent proliferation and angiogenesis. We speculate that stroma-directed therapies, including anti-PDGFR agents like Imatinib, may be useful in combination with other therapies for treatment of luminal cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-735) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Departments of Medicine, Mail Stop 8106, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stalker L, Pemberton J, Moorehead RA. Inhibition of proliferation and migration of luminal and claudin-low breast cancer cells by PDGFR inhibitors. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:89. [PMID: 25253994 PMCID: PMC4172847 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) bind to two receptors, PDGFRα and PDGFRβ to mediate cell proliferation, migration and survival. Although epithelial cells typically do not express high levels of PDGFRs, their expression has been reported to increase in breast cancer cells that have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition. METHODS PDGFR signaling was inhibited using Sunitinib malate, Imatinib mesylate or Regorafenib in murine and human luminal-like and claudin-low mammary tumor cell lines or Masitinib in only the human cell lines. A scratch wound assay was used to assess tumor cell migration while immunofluorescence for phosphorylated histone H3 or cleaved caspase 3 was used to determine tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. RESULTS Sunitinib and Regorafenib, but not Imatinib, were capable of significantly inhibiting the migration of both murine and human luminal-like and claudin-low breast cancer cells while Masitinib inhibited migration in both human breast cancer cell lines. Sunitinib but not Regorafenib or Imatinib also significantly suppressed tumor cell proliferation in all four cell lines tested while Masitinib had no significant effect on human breast cancer cell proliferation. None of the PDGFR inhibitors consistently regulated mammary tumor cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Sunitinib, Regorafenib and Masitinib may prove clinically useful in inhibiting breast cancer cell migration and metastasis while only Sunitinib (and possibly Regorafenib in some breast cancer subtypes) is effective at inhibiting both migration and proliferation of breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Stalker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1 Canada
| | - James Pemberton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1 Canada
| | - Roger A Moorehead
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1 Canada ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N5A7Z1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang L, Xiao Y, Ping Y, Li J, Zhao H, Li F, Hu J, Zhang H, Deng Y, Tian J, Li X. Integrating multi-omics for uncovering the architecture of cross-talking pathways in breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104282. [PMID: 25137136 PMCID: PMC4138095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk among abnormal pathways widely occurs in human cancer and generally leads to insensitivity to cancer treatment. Moreover, alterations in the abnormal pathways are not limited to single molecular level. Therefore, we proposed a strategy that integrates a large number of biological sources at multiple levels for systematic identification of cross-talk among risk pathways in cancer by random walk on protein interaction network. We applied the method to multi-Omics breast cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), including somatic mutation, DNA copy number, DNA methylation and gene expression profiles. We identified close cross-talk among many known cancer-related pathways with complex change patterns. Furthermore, we identified key genes (linkers) bridging these cross-talks and showed that these genes carried out consistent biological functions with the linked cross-talking pathways. Through identification of leader genes in each pathway, the architecture of cross-talking pathways was built. Notably, we observed that linkers cooperated with leaders to form the fundamentation of cross-talk of pathways which play core roles in deterioration of breast cancer. As an example, we observed that KRAS showed a direct connection to numerous cancer-related pathways, such as MAPK signaling pathway, suggesting that it may be a central communication hub. In summary, we offer an effective way to characterize complex cross-talk among disease pathways, which can be applied to other diseases and provide useful information for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Xiao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanyan Ping
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ultrasonic medicine, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hongying Zhao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Hu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yulan Deng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiawei Tian
- Department of Ultrasonic medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (JT); (XL)
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (JT); (XL)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brufsky AM. Managing postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer who progress on endocrine therapies with inhibitors of the PI3K pathway. Breast J 2014; 20:347-57. [PMID: 24861776 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although endocrine therapies that interfere with estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling have revolutionized the management of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC), long-term management of these patients is suboptimal because of the eventual emergence of endocrine resistance. Intense research has elucidated a number of targets that act downstream or upstream of the ER, as well as those that crosstalk with the ER; however, clinical validation of inhibiting specific targets to overcome endocrine resistance has been lacking. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been implicated to mediate endocrine resistance, and a number of novel agents that target this pathway are in early- and late-stage clinical trials. Recently, everolimus, an inhibitor of mTOR, a critical component of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, in combination with endocrine therapy, was shown to prolong progression-free survival with a manageable adverse-event profile in postmenopausal patients with HR+ BC. Bolstered by the safety and efficacy observed with concomitant inhibition of the ER and the PI3K/mTOR pathway and the validation of dual inhibition approach in managing postmenopausal patients with HR+ BC, a number of novel agents that inhibit PI3K (pan-PI3K inhibitors) or PI3K and mTOR (dual PI3K/mTOR) are being evaluated in clinical trials. Thus, mTOR inhibitors have provided the much-needed ammunition to oncologists who manage postmenopausal women with BC and have paved the way for the development of novel therapies that target the PI3K/mTOR pathway. Use of these novel therapies in managing postmenopausal women with BC, in combination with endocrine therapies, is expected to improve overall outcomes by overcoming endocrine resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Brufsky
- Magee-Women's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Criscitiello C, Gelao L, Viale G, Esposito A, Curigliano G. Investigational platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors in breast cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:599-610. [PMID: 24597540 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.895323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant regulation of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFR) has been shown to be involved in many solid tumors, including breast cancer. PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β expressions were documented in breast cancer and are correlated with tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. Preclinical evidence further suggests tumor stimulatory roles of PDGFRs expressed by tumor stroma cells and indicates a deleterious effect of stromal PDGFRs on intratumoral drug uptake. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the present understanding of PDGF signaling in breast cancer based on experimental studies and available clinical trials. It also provides a critical discussion of selected ongoing clinical trials in patients with breast cancer involving PDGFR inhibition with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, specifically in endocrine responsive breast cancer. EXPERT OPINION An increased molecular understanding of response and resistance mechanisms to endocrine therapy will be essential for therapeutic advances in PDGFR-directed cancer therapy. Future developments in the field will rely on clinical studies where prospective analyses of target expression in breast cancer cells and in the tumor stroma are included. More selective PDGFR inhibitors with reduced side effects will be crucial for combinatorial therapies. Development of sensitive diagnostics is of critical importance for patient selection and monitoring of therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Criscitiello
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies , Via Ripamonti 435, 20133 Milano , Italy +39 02 57489788 ; +39 02 57489581 ;
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Austreid E, Lonning PE, Eikesdal HP. The emergence of targeted drugs in breast cancer to prevent resistance to endocrine treatment and chemotherapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:681-700. [PMID: 24579888 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.885952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deregulated signaling pathways are associated with resistance to chemotherapy and endocrine treatment, providing a rationale for the implementation of novel targeted therapies in breast cancer therapy. Key molecules targeted therapeutically in ongoing clinical breast cancer trials are phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Src, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, heat shock protein-90, histone deacetylases, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), Notch and human epidermal growth factor receptors (HERs). AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of novel targeted agents currently explored in clinical breast cancer trials and registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. The main focus will be on their ability to prevent or reverse endocrine resistance and chemoresistance in breast cancer. EXPERT OPINION HER2 targeted agents have extended survival substantially, both in the adjuvant and metastatic setting, pointing to a crucial dependency on this pathway in HER2-amplified breast cancer, including drug resistance reversal. While data on mTOR inhibitors are encouraging and preliminary results on CDK4/6 and Src inhibitors exciting, so far other targeted agents have been of limited benefit when added in concert with conventional therapies. Future clinical trials should systematically explore biomarkers and defects in functional gene cascades to identify relevant biological mechanisms to be targeted therapeutically in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eilin Austreid
- University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Science, Section of Oncology , Bergen , Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brubaker D, Difeo A, Chen Y, Pearl T, Zhai K, Bebek G, Chance M, Barnholtz-Sloan J. Drug Intervention Response Predictions with PARADIGM (DIRPP) identifies drug resistant cancer cell lines and pathway mechanisms of resistance. PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON BIOCOMPUTING. PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON BIOCOMPUTING 2014:125-35. [PMID: 24297540 PMCID: PMC4007508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The revolution in sequencing techniques in the past decade has provided an extensive picture of the molecular mechanisms behind complex diseases such as cancer. The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and The Cancer Genome Project (CGP) have provided an unprecedented opportunity to examine copy number, gene expression, and mutational information for over 1000 cell lines of multiple tumor types alongside IC50 values for over 150 different drugs and drug related compounds. We present a novel pipeline called DIRPP, Drug Intervention Response Predictions with PARADIGM7, which predicts a cell line's response to a drug intervention from molecular data. PARADIGM (Pathway Recognition Algorithm using Data Integration on Genomic Models) is a probabilistic graphical model used to infer patient specific genetic activity by integrating copy number and gene expression data into a factor graph model of a cellular network. We evaluated the performance of DIRPP on endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer related cell lines from the CCLE and CGP for nine drugs. The pipeline is sensitive enough to predict the response of a cell line with accuracy and precision across datasets as high as 80 and 88% respectively. We then classify drugs by the specific pathway mechanisms governing drug response. This classification allows us to compare drugs by cellular response mechanisms rather than simply by their specific gene targets. This pipeline represents a novel approach for predicting clinical drug response and generating novel candidates for drug repurposing and repositioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Brubaker
- Case Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, BRB 932, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The targeting of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) has been a major area for breast cancer therapy, exemplified by the targeting of HER2-amplified breast cancer. RECENT FINDINGS We review the data on the activation of RTKs in HER2-negative breast cancer, and discuss the clinical translational challenge of identifying cancers that are reliant on a specific kinase for growth and survival. Substantial evidence suggests that subsets of breast cancer may be reliant on specific kinases, and that this could be exploited therapeutically. The heterogeneity of breast cancer, however, and the potential for adaptive switching between RTKs after inhibition of a single RTK, present challenges to targeting individual RTKs in the clinic SUMMARY Targeting of RTKs in HER2-negative breast cancer presents a major therapeutic opportunity in breast cancer, although robust selection strategies will be required to identify cancers with activation of specific RTKs if this potential is to be realized.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Following their successful implementation for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, the 'third-generation' aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane) have now become standard adjuvant endocrine treatment for postmenopausal estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. These drugs are characterized by potent aromatase inhibition, causing >98% inhibition of estrogen synthesis in vivo. A recent meta-analysis found no difference in anti-tumor efficacy between these three compounds. As of today, aromatase inhibitor monotherapy and sequential treatment using tamoxifen followed by an aromatase inhibitor for a total of 5 years are considered equipotent treatment options. However, current trials are addressing the potential benefit of extending treatment duration beyond 5 years. Regarding side effects, aromatase inhibitors are not found associated with enhanced risk of cardiovascular disease, and enhanced bone loss is prevented by adding bisphosphonates in concert for those at danger of developing osteoporosis. However, arthralgia and carpal tunnel syndrome preclude drug administration among a few patients. While recent findings have questioned the use of aromatase inhibitors among overweight and, in particular, obese patients, this problem seems to focus on premenopausal patients treated with an aromatase inhibitor and an LH-RH analog in concert, questioning the efficacy of LH-RH analogs rather than aromatase inhibitors among overweight patients. Finally, recent findings revealing a benefit from adding the mTOR inhibitor everolimus to endocrine treatment indicate targeted therapy against defined growth factor pathways to be a way forward, by reversing acquired resistance to endocrine therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Eystein Lønning
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Greuber EK, Smith-Pearson P, Wang J, Pendergast AM. Role of ABL family kinases in cancer: from leukaemia to solid tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:559-71. [PMID: 23842646 PMCID: PMC3935732 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Abelson (ABL) family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, ABL1 and ABL2, transduces diverse extracellular signals to protein networks that control proliferation, survival, migration and invasion. ABL1 was first identified as an oncogene required for the development of leukaemias initiated by retroviruses or chromosome translocations. The demonstration that small-molecule ABL kinase inhibitors could effectively treat chronic myeloid leukaemia opened the door to the era of targeted cancer therapies. Recent reports have uncovered roles for ABL kinases in solid tumours. Enhanced ABL expression and activation in some solid tumours, together with altered cell polarity, invasion or growth induced by activated ABL kinases, suggest that drugs targeting these kinases may be useful for treating selected solid tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emileigh K Greuber
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, BOX 3813, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Morandi A, Martin LA, Gao Q, Pancholi S, Mackay A, Robertson D, Zvelebil M, Dowsett M, Plaza-Menacho I, Isacke CM. GDNF-RET signaling in ER-positive breast cancers is a key determinant of response and resistance to aromatase inhibitors. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3783-95. [PMID: 23650283 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most breast cancers at diagnosis are estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) and depend on estrogen for growth and survival. Blocking estrogen biosynthesis by aromatase inhibitors has therefore become a first-line endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with ER(+) breast cancers. Despite providing substantial improvements in patient outcome, aromatase inhibitor resistance remains a major clinical challenge. The receptor tyrosine kinase, RET, and its coreceptor, GFRα1, are upregulated in a subset of ER(+) breast cancers, and the RET ligand, glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is upregulated by inflammatory cytokines. Here, we report the findings of a multidisciplinary strategy to address the impact of GDNF-RET signaling in the response to aromatase inhibitor treatment. In breast cancer cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture, GDNF-mediated RET signaling is enhanced in a model of aromatase inhibitor resistance. Furthermore, GDNF-RET signaling promoted the survival of aromatase inhibitor-resistant cells and elicited resistance in aromatase inhibitor-sensitive cells. Both these effects were selectively reverted by the RET kinase inhibitor, NVP-BBT594. Gene expression profiling in ER(+) cancers defined a proliferation-independent GDNF response signature that prognosed poor patient outcome and, more importantly, predicted poor response to aromatase inhibitor treatment with the development of resistance. We validated these findings by showing increased RET protein expression levels in an independent cohort of aromatase inhibitor-resistant patient specimens. Together, our results establish GDNF-RET signaling as a rational therapeutic target to combat or delay the onset of aromatase inhibitor resistance in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Morandi
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Academic Biochemistry, The Royal Marsden Hospital; and London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|