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Hao EJ, Zhao Y, Yu M, Li XJ, Wang KX, Su FY, Liang YR, Wang Y, Guo HM. Discovery, Synthesis, and Activity Evaluation of Novel Five-Membered Sulfur-Containing Heterocyclic Nucleosides as Potential Anticancer Agents In Vitro and In Vivo. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39016216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
A series of novel five-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic nucleoside derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo. The structure-activity relationship studies revealed that some of them showed obvious antitumor activities in several cancer cell lines. Among them, compound 22o exhibited remarkable antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells and was more potent than cisplatin (IC50 = 2.80 vs 7.99 μM). Furthermore, mechanism studies indicated that 22o inhibited cell metastasis, induced cell apoptosis, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and activated autophagy through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, drug affinity responsive target stability and the cellular thermal shift assay revealed that 22o targeted RPS6 and inhibited its phosphorylation. Importantly, 22o inhibited the growth of the HeLa xenograft mouse model with a low systemic toxicity. These results indicated that 22o may serve as potent anticancer agents that merit further attention in future anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Jun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Min Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xian-Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ke-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Fu-Ying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu-Ru Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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2
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Chen Y, Li Y, Gao J, Yu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Perspectives and challenges in developing small molecules targeting purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116437. [PMID: 38701712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
As a cytosolic enzyme involved in the purine salvage pathway metabolism, purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) plays an important role in a variety of cellular functions but also in immune system, including cell growth, apoptosis and cancer development and progression. Based on its T-cell targeting profile, PNP is a potential target for the treatment of some malignant T-cell proliferative cancers including lymphoma and leukemia, and some specific immunological diseases. Numerous small-molecule PNP inhibitors have been developed so far. However, only Peldesine, Forodesine and Ulodesine have entered clinical trials and exhibited some potential for the treatment of T-cell leukemia and gout. The most recent direction in PNP inhibitor development has been focused on PNP small-molecule inhibitors with better potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic property. In this perspective, considering the structure, biological functions, and disease relevance of PNP, we highlight the recent research progress in PNP small-molecule inhibitor development and discuss prospective strategies for designing additional PNP therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanwei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Hu M, Scheffel J, Elieh-Ali-Komi D, Maurer M, Hawro T, Metz M. An update on mechanisms of pruritus and their potential treatment in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4177-4197. [PMID: 37555911 PMCID: PMC10725374 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL), which include mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS), are a group of lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by clonal accumulation of neoplastic T-lymphocytes in the skin. Severe pruritus, one of the most common and distressing symptoms in primary CTCL, can significantly impair emotional well-being, physical functioning, and interpersonal relationships, thus greatly reducing quality of life. Unfortunately, effectively managing pruritus remains challenging in CTCL patients as the underlying mechanisms are, as of yet, not fully understood. Previous studies investigating the mechanisms of itch in CTCL have identified several mediators and their corresponding antagonists used for treatment. However, a comprehensive overview of the mediators and receptors contributing to pruritus in primary CTCL is lacking in the current literature. Here, we summarize and review the mediators and receptors that may contribute to pruritus in primary CTCL to explore the mechanisms of CTCL pruritus and identify effective therapeutic targets using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Studies were included if they described itch mediators and receptors in MF and SS. Overall, the available data suggest that proteases (mainly tryptase), and neuropeptides (particularly Substance P) may be of greatest interest. At the receptor level, cytokine receptors, MRGPRs, and TRP channels are most likely important. Future drug development efforts should concentrate on targeting these mediators and receptors for the treatment of CTCL pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hu
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Elieh-Ali-Komi
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomasz Hawro
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Institute and Comprehensive Center for Inflammation Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Martin Metz
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
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Vitiello P, Sagnelli C, Ronchi A, Franco R, Caccavale S, Mottola M, Pastore F, Argenziano G, Creta M, Calogero A, Fiorelli A, Casale B, Sica A. Multidisciplinary Approach to the Diagnosis and Therapy of Mycosis Fungoides. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040614. [PMID: 36833148 PMCID: PMC9957453 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides is the most common primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, characterized by skin-homing CD4+ T cells derivation, indolent course, and low-grade of malignancy. Mycosis fungoides's classic type typically onsets with cutaneous erythematous patches, plaque, and tumor. In WHO-EORTC classification, folliculotropic mycosis fungoides, pagetoid reticulosis, and granulomatous slack skin are recognized as distinct variants of mycosis fungoides, because of their clinical and histological features, behavior, and /or prognosis. Mycosis fungoides often shows diagnostic difficulties, due to its absence of specific features and lesional polymorphism. A patient's treatment requires staging. In about 10% of cases, mycosis fungoides can progress to lymph nodes and internal organs. Prognosis is poor at advanced stage and management needs a multidisciplinary team approach. Advanced stage disease including tumors, erythroderma, and nodal, visceral, or blood involvement needs skin directed therapy associated with systemic drugs. Skin directed therapy includes steroids, nitrogen mustard, bexarotene gel, phototherapy UVB, and photochemiotherapy, i.e., total skin electron radiotherapy. Systemic therapies include retinoids, bexarotene, interferon, histone deacetylase inhibitors, photopheresis, targeted immunotherapy, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Complexity of mycosis fungoides associated with long-term chronic evolution and multiple therapy based on disease stage need a multidisciplinary team approach to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vitiello
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-39-3810-7860
| | - Andrea Ronchi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Caccavale
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Mottola
- Department of Heart Surgery and Transplantations, AORN Dei Colli-V Monaldi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Argenziano
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Creta
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Calogero
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Fiorelli
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Beniamino Casale
- Department of Pneumology and Tisiology, AO Dei Colli-V. Monaldi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Sica
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
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5
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Frost CF, Balasubramani SG, Antoniou D, Schwartz SD. Connecting Conformational Motions to Rapid Dynamics in Human Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:144-150. [PMID: 36538016 PMCID: PMC9873402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of protein motions on enzyme catalysis remains a topic of active discussion. Protein motions occur across a variety of time scales, from vibrational fluctuations in femtoseconds, to collective motions in milliseconds. There have been numerous studies that show conformational motions may assist in catalysis, protein folding, and substrate specificity. It is also known through transition path sampling studies that rapid promoting vibrations contribute to enzyme catalysis. Human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is one enzyme that contains both an important conformational motion and a rapid promoting vibration. The slower motion in this enzyme is associated with a loop motion, that when open allows substrate entry and product release but closes over the active site during catalysis. We examine the differences between an unconstrained PNP structure and a PNP structure with constraints on the loop motion. To investigate possible coupling between the slow and fast protein dynamics, we employed transition path sampling, reaction coordinate identification, electric field calculations, and free energy calculations reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara F Frost
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | | | - Dimitri Antoniou
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
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6
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Targeting nucleotide metabolism: a promising approach to enhance cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:45. [PMID: 35477416 PMCID: PMC9044757 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting nucleotide metabolism can not only inhibit tumor initiation and progression but also exert serious side effects. With in-depth studies of nucleotide metabolism, our understanding of nucleotide metabolism in tumors has revealed their non-proliferative effects on immune escape, indicating the potential effectiveness of nucleotide antimetabolites for enhancing immunotherapy. A growing body of evidence now supports the concept that targeting nucleotide metabolism can increase the antitumor immune response by (1) activating host immune systems via maintaining the concentrations of several important metabolites, such as adenosine and ATP, (2) promoting immunogenicity caused by increased mutability and genomic instability by disrupting the purine and pyrimidine pool, and (3) releasing nucleoside analogs via microbes to regulate immunity. Therapeutic approaches targeting nucleotide metabolism combined with immunotherapy have achieved exciting success in preclinical animal models. Here, we review how dysregulated nucleotide metabolism can promote tumor growth and interact with the host immune system, and we provide future insights into targeting nucleotide metabolism for immunotherapeutic treatment of various malignancies.
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7
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Bothrops Jararaca Snake Venom Modulates Key Cancer-Related Proteins in Breast Tumor Cell Lines. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080519. [PMID: 34437390 PMCID: PMC8402457 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide in an uncontrolled way and may spread into other tissues where they may infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue. Several previous reports have described biochemical anti-tumorigenic properties of crude snake venom or its components, including their capability of inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell death. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no work describing cancer cell proteomic changes following treatment with snake venoms. In this work we describe the quantitative changes in proteomics of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cell lines following treatment with Bothrops jararaca snake venom, as well as the functional implications of the proteomic changes. Cell lines were treated with sub-toxic doses at either 0.63 μg/mL (low) or 2.5 μg/mL (high) of B. jararaca venom for 24 h, conditions that cause no cell death per se. Proteomics analysis was conducted on a nano-scale liquid chromatography coupled on-line with mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). More than 1000 proteins were identified and evaluated from each cell line treated with either the low or high dose of the snake venom. Protein profiling upon venom treatment showed differential expression of several proteins related to cancer cell metabolism, immune response, and inflammation. Among the identified proteins we highlight histone H3, SNX3, HEL-S-156an, MTCH2, RPS, MCC2, IGF2BP1, and GSTM3. These data suggest that sub-toxic doses of B. jararaca venom have potential to modulate cancer-development related protein targets in cancer cells. This work illustrates a novel biochemical strategy to identify therapeutic targets against cancer cell growth and survival.
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Ohmoto A, Fuji S. Clinical feasibility of oral low-dose etoposide and sobuzoxane for conventional chemotherapy-intolerant lymphoma patients. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:715-722. [PMID: 33656972 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1898376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In Japan, etoposide or sobuzoxane, a type of topoisomerase II inhibitor, is orally administered in patients with lymphoma who cannot tolerate conventional combination chemotherapy. However, the related clinical data remain to be fully summarized.Areas covered: We evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of etoposide and sobuzoxane.Expert opinion: Previous studies on etoposide or sobuzoxane monotherapy, including those among patients who could not tolerate conventional chemotherapy, suggested a favorable overall response rate (ORR) with moderate gastrointestinal or liver/renal toxicity. As for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, a clinical trial with a limited sample size exhibited an ORR of >70%. Remarkably, the percentage of patients with a poor performance status was high among those receiving etoposide/sobuzoxane. Given a lack of randomized studies, etoposide/sobuzoxane might be a therapeutic option for lymphoma in a palliative setting. In the future, prospective trials with a homologous treatment schedule are warranted, in which the association between clinical efficacy and characteristics of lymphomas, such as specific gene alterations, should be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ohmoto
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fuji
- Department of Hematology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Ohmoto A, Fuji S. Clinical features and treatment strategies for post-transplant and iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood Rev 2021; 49:100807. [PMID: 33579543 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A specific category termed immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) exists in the 2016 revised WHO classification concerning lymphoid neoplasms. This category is defined by etiology and includes LPD developing in association with organ transplantation or immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory agents including methotrexate. The functional mechanism is chiefly explained by the autonomous proliferation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected lymphocytes induced by host-immune suppression. This category ranges from reactive lymphocyte hyperplasia to monomorphic lymphoma. Its clinical behavior varies depending on host immunity and pathological features; pathological confirmation by biopsy is thus important for deciding treatment strategies. Owing to the spontaneous regression observed in some patients, uniform chemotherapy is not recommended. The main initial treatment options include the reduction in immunosuppressive drugs, immunotherapy with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Other novel treatments such as adoptive immunotherapy with EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells, could be an alternative for relapsed/refractory diseases in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ohmoto
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 1358550, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fuji
- Department of Hematology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 5418567, Japan.
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10
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Davenne T, Klintman J, Sharma S, Rigby RE, Blest HTW, Cursi C, Bridgeman A, Dadonaite B, De Keersmaecker K, Hillmen P, Chabes A, Schuh A, Rehwinkel J. SAMHD1 Limits the Efficacy of Forodesine in Leukemia by Protecting Cells against the Cytotoxicity of dGTP. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107640. [PMID: 32402273 PMCID: PMC7225753 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-leukemia agent forodesine causes cytotoxic overload of intracellular deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) but is efficacious only in a subset of patients. We report that SAMHD1, a phosphohydrolase degrading deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), protects cells against the effects of dNTP imbalances. SAMHD1-deficient cells induce intrinsic apoptosis upon provision of deoxyribonucleosides, particularly deoxyguanosine (dG). Moreover, dG and forodesine act synergistically to kill cells lacking SAMHD1. Using mass cytometry, we find that these compounds kill SAMHD1-deficient malignant cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Normal cells and CLL cells from patients without SAMHD1 mutation are unaffected. We therefore propose to use forodesine as a precision medicine for leukemia, stratifying patients by SAMHD1 genotype or expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Davenne
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Klintman
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sushma Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rachel E Rigby
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Henry T W Blest
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Chiara Cursi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hillmen
- St James' Institute of Oncology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Andrei Chabes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Schuh
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 7JL, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Dalal M, Mitchell S, McCloskey C, Zagadailov E, Gautam A. The clinical and humanistic burden of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and response to conventional and novel therapies: results of a systematic review. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:405-419. [DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1717945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehul Dalal
- Global Outcomes Research, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Erin Zagadailov
- Global Outcomes Research, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ashish Gautam
- Global Outcomes Research, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, USA
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12
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Oka T, Miyagaki T. Novel and Future Therapeutic Drugs for Advanced Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:116. [PMID: 31192214 PMCID: PMC6548851 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) are the most common subtypes of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The majority of MF cases present with only patches and plaques and the lesions are usually limited to the skin. On the other hand, in some cases, patients show skin tumors or erythroderma followed by lymph node involvement and rarely visceral organ involvement. SS is a rare, aggressive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma marked by exfoliative erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, and leukemic blood involvement. Because patients with relapsed or refractory MF/SS display a poor prognosis and the current treatment options are characterized by high rates of relapse, there is unmet need for the efficient treatment. This review provides a discussion of the recent and future promising therapeutic approaches in the management of advanced MF/SS. These include mogamulizumab, brentuximab vedotin, alemtuzumab, immune checkpoint inhibitors, IPH4102 (anti-KIR3DL2 antibody), histone deacetylase inhibitors (vorinostat, romidepsin, panobinostat, belinostat, and resminostat), pralatrexate, forodesine, denileukin diftitox, duvelisib, lenalidomide, and everolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Oka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyagaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Hamada T, Tokura Y, Sugaya M, Ohtsuka M, Tsuboi R, Nagatani T, Kiyohara E, Tani M, Setoyama M, Matsushita S, Kawai K, Yonekura K, Saida T, Iwatsuki K. Long-term efficacy and safety of bexarotene for Japanese patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: The results of a phase 2 study (B-1201). J Dermatol 2019; 46:557-563. [PMID: 31090237 PMCID: PMC6899816 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study (B‐1201 clinical trial) was conducted as a multicenter, open‐label, single‐arm phase II study to evaluate the long‐term safety, tolerability and efficacy of bexarotene. This study enrolled 10 Japanese adults aged more than 20 years with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) who completed the 24‐week study period of the B‐1101 trial. The objective response rate (ORR) was 53.8% (95% confidence interval, 25.1–80.8). In the early stage (IB), the ORR was 60% (3/5 cases). In the advanced stage (IIB and IIIA), the ORR was 57.1% (4/7 cases). The median time to response was 58 days (range, 27–168). The median treatment duration was 380 days (range, 33–1674). The median duration of response (DOR) could not be reached during the study period. The longest DOR reached 1618 days at the end of the B‐1201 trial. Nine patients (56.3%) in the full analysis set (FAS) population experienced dose reduction of bexarotene. Common drug‐related adverse events in the FAS population included hypothyroidism (93.8%), hypertriglyceridemia (81.3%), hypercholesterolemia (81.3%), leukopenia (68.8%) and neutropenia (56.3%). Dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) was present in five (38.5%) of the 13 patients in the 300 mg/m2 cohort. Of the five patients, four developed grade 3 neutropenia and one developed grade 4 hypertriglyceridemia. All DLT cases recovered after the discontinuation of bexarotene. None of the five patients discontinued this trial because of DLT. The B‐1201 trial shows the long‐term safety of oral bexarotene for Japanese patients with CTCL, despite frequent dose reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Hamada
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Takamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mikio Ohtsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tsuboi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagatani
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kiyohara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamori Tani
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Setoyama
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shigeto Matsushita
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.,Department of Dermato-Oncology/Dermatology, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kawai
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yonekura
- Department of Dermatology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Saida
- Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Keiji Iwatsuki
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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14
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Dereure O. [Primary skin lymphomas: Current therapy]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2019; 146:92-99. [PMID: 30709635 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic progress in primary cutaneous lymphomas continues to be largely dominated by the T-cell lymphomas, towards which the great majority of recent therapeutic innovations have been directed. The latter include local treatments consisting either of relatively classical but "revamped" approaches involving different pharmaceutical forms (example: chlormethine gel) or else lower but seemingly equally effective dosages (electron therapy), or of more innovative approaches (example: UVA-1, dynamic phototherapy, imiquimod, resimiquimod). However, significant progress has been made chiefly in terms of systemic treatments with the emergence of "targeted" drugs that directly and specifically target tumour cells (monoclonal antibodies directed against CD30, CCR4 or CD158k) and the further development of "small" molecules such as histone deacetylase inhibitors and new cytostatics. Immunotherapies, which have proven so effective in other areas of oncodermatology, are also of great interest, while allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation has clearly shown its superiority over autologous transplantation and now constitutes a significant component of the therapeutic arsenal in advanced disease. While the innovations in terms of B-cell lymphomas are certainly less significant, mention must also be made of the value of rituximab combined with polychemotherapy (CHOP) and of lenalidomide (as second-line therapy) in primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type, along with the development of localized (very) low-dose radiotherapy in unilesional or paucilesional indolent forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dereure
- Unité Inserm U1058, département de dermatologie, université Montpellier, hôpital Saint-Éloi, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a relatively rare, heterogeneous group of mature T-cell neoplasms generally associated with poor prognosis, partly because of refractoriness against conventional cytotoxic chemotherapies. To improve the outcome of patients with PTCL, the clinical development of several novel agents is currently under investigation. AREAS COVERED Since the first approval of pralatrexate (dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor) by the US Food and Drug Administration, belinostat, romidepsin (histone deacetylase inhibitors), and brentuximab vedotin (anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate) have been approved in the US, and many other countries. In addition, mogamulizumab (anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 antibody), chidamide (histone deacetylase inhibitor), and forodesine (purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor) have been approved in Asian countries, including China, and Japan. In this review, we have summarized the available data regarding these approved agents and new agents currently under development for PTCL. EXPERT OPINION Novel agents will be a promising therapeutic option in selected patients with relapsed/refractory PTCL and will change the daily clinical practice in the treatment of PTCL. However, these are not a curative option when used as a single agent. Further clinical developments are expected, comprising 1) combination therapies of new agents with cytotoxic chemotherapies; 2) 'novel-novel' combinations; 3) immune therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy; and 4) predictive marker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ito
- a Department of Hematology , National Cancer Center Hospital , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shinichi Makita
- a Department of Hematology , National Cancer Center Hospital , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kensei Tobinai
- a Department of Hematology , National Cancer Center Hospital , Tokyo , Japan
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Kutane Lymphome. MEDIKAMENTÖSE TUMORTHERAPIE IN DER DERMATO-ONKOLOGIE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121154 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-58012-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kutane Lymphome (cutaneous lymphomas: CL) umfassen die Gruppe der kutanen T-Zell-Lymphome (cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: CTCL), kutanen B-Zell-Lymphome (cutaneous B-cell lymphomas: CBCL) und die sog. hämatodermischen Neoplasien (HN). CL gehören zur Gruppe der Non-Hodgkin-Lymphome (NHL) und stellen in der Subgruppe der extranodalen NHL die zweithäufigste Gruppe hinter den gastrointestinalen Lymphomen dar (Jaffe et al. 2009). Man unterscheidet zwischen primären und sekundären CL. Primäre CL haben ihren Ursprung in der Haut und bleiben in der Regel darauf auch längere Zeit beschränkt, während sekundäre CL kutane Manifestationen von primär nodalen oder extranodalen Lymphomen darstellen (Willemze 2005). Die primären CL unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich klinischem Verlauf, Therapieoptionen und Prognose erheblich von nodalen und extrakutanen Lymphomen. So zeigen z. B. die primär kutanen CD30+-T-Zell-Lymphome einen gutartigen Verlauf, wogegen die nodalen Varianten als aggressiv eingestuft werden. Da die CL zumeist weniger aggressiv sind, werden sie auch weniger aggressiv behandelt.
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Evans GB, Schramm VL, Tyler PC. The transition to magic bullets - transition state analogue drug design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1983-1993. [PMID: 30627387 PMCID: PMC6295874 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00372f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of industry partnerships, most academic groups lack the infrastructure to rationally design and build drugs via methods used in industry. Instead, academia needs to work smarter using mechanism-based design. Working smarter can mean the development of new drug discovery paradigms and then demonstrating their utility and reproducibility to industry. The collaboration between Vern Schramm's group at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA and Peter Tyler at the Ferrier Research Institute at The Victoria University of Wellington, NZ has refined a drug discovery process called transition state analogue design. This process has been applied to several biomedically relevant nucleoside processing enzymes. In 2017, Mundesine®, conceived using transition state analogue design, received market approval for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma in Japan. This short review looks at a brief history of transition state analogue design, the fundamentals behind the development of this process, and the success of enzyme inhibitors produced using this drug design methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Evans
- The Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Rd , Lower Hutt , 5010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 463 0048
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY 10461 , USA
| | - Peter C Tyler
- The Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Rd , Lower Hutt , 5010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 463 0048
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Multicenter phase 1/2 study of forodesine in patients with relapsed peripheral T cell lymphoma. Ann Hematol 2018; 98:131-142. [PMID: 29974231 PMCID: PMC6334730 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral T cell lymphomas are an aggressive group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with poor outcomes for most subtypes and no accepted standard of care for relapsed patients. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of forodesine, a novel purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, in patients with relapsed peripheral T cell lymphomas. Patients with histologically confirmed disease, progression after ≥ 1 prior treatment, and an objective response to last treatment received oral forodesine 300 mg twice-daily. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included duration of response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. Forty-eight patients (median age, 69.5 years; median of 2 prior treatments) received forodesine. In phase 1 (n = 3 evaluable), no dose-limiting toxicity was observed during the first 28 days of forodesine treatment. In phase 2 (n = 41 evaluable), the ORR for the primary and final analyses was 22% (90% CI 12–35%) and 25% (90% CI 14–38%), respectively, including four complete responses (10%). Median PFS and OS were 1.9 and 15.6 months, respectively. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were lymphopenia (96%), leukopenia (42%), and neutropenia (35%). Dose reduction and discontinuation due to adverse events were uncommon. Secondary B cell lymphoma developed in five patients, of whom four were positive for Epstein-Barr virus. In conclusion, forodesine has single-agent activity within the range of approved therapies in relapsed peripheral T cell lymphomas, with a manageable safety profile, and may represent a viable treatment option for this difficult-to-treat population.
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19
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Inverse enzyme isotope effects in human purine nucleoside phosphorylase with heavy asparagine labels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6209-E6216. [PMID: 29915028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805416115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition path-sampling calculations with several enzymes have indicated that local catalytic site femtosecond motions are linked to transition state barrier crossing. Experimentally, femtosecond motions can be perturbed by labeling the protein with amino acids containing 13C, 15N, and nonexchangeable 2H. A slowed chemical step at the catalytic site with variable effects on steady-state kinetics is usually observed for heavy enzymes. Heavy human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is slowed significantly (kchemlight/kchemheavy = 1.36). An asparagine (Asn243) at the catalytic site is involved in purine leaving-group activation in the PNP catalytic mechanism. In a PNP produced with isotopically heavy asparagines, the chemical step is faster (kchemlight/kchemheavy = 0.78). When all amino acids in PNP are heavy except for the asparagines, the chemical step is also faster (kchemlight/kchemheavy = 0.71). Substrate-trapping experiments provided independent confirmation of improved catalysis in these constructs. Transition path-sampling analysis of these partially labeled PNPs indicate altered femtosecond catalytic site motions with improved Asn243 interactions to the purine leaving group. Altered transition state barrier recrossing has been proposed as an explanation for heavy-PNP isotope effects but is incompatible with these isotope effects. Rate-limiting product release governs steady-state kinetics in this enzyme, and kinetic constants were unaffected in the labeled PNPs. The study suggests that mass-constrained femtosecond motions at the catalytic site of PNP can improve transition state barrier crossing by more frequent sampling of essential catalytic site contacts.
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Makita S, Maeshima AM, Maruyama D, Izutsu K, Tobinai K. Forodesine in the treatment of relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: an evidence-based review. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2287-2293. [PMID: 29719411 PMCID: PMC5916385 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell lymphoma is a rare hematologic malignancy with an incidence rate between 10% and 20% of that of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) generally have a poor prognosis when treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP)/CHOP-like chemotherapy; once relapse occurs, it is mostly regarded as an incurable disease. To overcome the chemorefractoriness of PTCL, several novel agents have been developed. Since the first approval of pralatrexate, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, for relapsed/refractory PTCL by the US Food and Drug Administration, several new agents, such as romidepsin (histone deacetylase inhibitor), brentuximab vedotin (antibody–drug conjugate targeting CD30), chidamide (histone deacetylase inhibitor), and mogamulizumab (anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 monoclonal antibody), have been approved as a therapeutic option for relapsed/refractory PTCL in several countries, including the US, Europe, China, and Japan. Forodesine is a novel, potent purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor that is effective against T-cell malignancies. Although the clinical development of forodesine was discontinued in the US and Europe, a multicenter Phase I/II study of oral forodesine for relapsed PTCL was recently completed in Japan. The overall response rate was 24% (10 of 41 patients), which included four patients with complete response. In general, the toxicity of forodesine is manageable. As the study met the primary end point, forodesine was approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory PTCL in Japan in March 2017, which was the first approval of forodesine in the world. As forodesine is an oral formulation, it is more convenient than other novel intravenous agents approved for PTCL. However, it is necessary to appropriately manage opportunistic infections and secondary lymphomas possibly associated with long-lasting lymphocytopenia caused by forodesine. In this manuscript, we have summarized the currently available evidence for forodesine and discussed the clinical implications for PTCL treatment.
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21
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In-silico gene essentiality analysis of polyamine biosynthesis reveals APRT as a potential target in cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14358. [PMID: 29084986 PMCID: PMC5662602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Constraint-based modeling for genome-scale metabolic networks has emerged in the last years as a promising approach to elucidate drug targets in cancer. Beyond the canonical biosynthetic routes to produce biomass, it is of key importance to focus on metabolic routes that sustain the proliferative capacity through the regulation of other biological means in order to improve in-silico gene essentiality analyses. Polyamines are polycations with central roles in cancer cell proliferation, through the regulation of transcription and translation among other things, but are typically neglected in in silico cancer metabolic models. In this study, we analysed essential genes for the biosynthesis of polyamines. Our analysis corroborates the importance of previously known regulators of the pathway, such as Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase 1 (AMD1) and uncovers novel enzymes predicted to be relevant for polyamine homeostasis. We focused on Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) and demonstrated the detrimental consequence of APRT gene silencing on different leukaemia cell lines. Our results highlight the importance of revisiting the metabolic models used for in-silico gene essentiality analyses in order to maximize the potential for drug target identification in cancer.
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Argnani L, Broccoli A, Zinzani PL. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: Focusing on novel agents in relapsed and refractory disease. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 61:61-69. [PMID: 29102679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) display a dismal prognosis and their therapy represents an unmet medical need, as the best treatment strategy is yet to be determined. Exciting data on novel targeted agents are now emerging from recently concluded and ongoing clinical trials in patients with relapsed and refractory CTCL. Three FDA approved compounds are used as single agents including the oral retinoid bexarotene and histone deacetylase inhibitors romidepsin and vorinostat. Brentuximab vedotin, an anti-CD30 drug-conjugated monoclonal antibody, has received from European Commission the orphan designation but has not been approved by EMA yet. Several other molecules have demonstrated their activity in the same context and combination strategies are being explored. Participation in a well designed clinical trial is encouraged, as the introduction of novel agents will continue to expand the therapeutics options available in the management of CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Argnani
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Broccoli
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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23
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Catalytic-site design for inverse heavy-enzyme isotope effects in human purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6456-6461. [PMID: 28584087 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704786114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy-enzyme isotope effects (15N-, 13C-, and 2H-labeled protein) explore mass-dependent vibrational modes linked to catalysis. Transition path-sampling (TPS) calculations have predicted femtosecond dynamic coupling at the catalytic site of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Coupling is observed in heavy PNPs, where slowed barrier crossing caused a normal heavy-enzyme isotope effect (kchemlight/kchemheavy > 1.0). We used TPS to design mutant F159Y PNP, predicted to improve barrier crossing for heavy F159Y PNP, an attempt to generate a rare inverse heavy-enzyme isotope effect (kchemlight/kchemheavy < 1.0). Steady-state kinetic comparison of light and heavy native PNPs to light and heavy F159Y PNPs revealed similar kinetic properties. Pre-steady-state chemistry was slowed 32-fold in F159Y PNP. Pre-steady-state chemistry compared heavy and light native and F159Y PNPs and found a normal heavy-enzyme isotope effect of 1.31 for native PNP and an inverse effect of 0.75 for F159Y PNP. Increased isotopic mass in F159Y PNP causes more efficient transition state formation. Independent validation of the inverse isotope effect for heavy F159Y PNP came from commitment to catalysis experiments. Most heavy enzymes demonstrate normal heavy-enzyme isotope effects, and F159Y PNP is a rare example of an inverse effect. Crystal structures and TPS dynamics of native and F159Y PNPs explore the catalytic-site geometry associated with these catalytic changes. Experimental validation of TPS predictions for barrier crossing establishes the connection of rapid protein dynamics and vibrational coupling to enzymatic transition state passage.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic CD4+ T lymphocytes in the skin. Given the lack of curative treatments for CTCL, there is a significant need for new, superior therapies. Forodesine is a transition-state analogue that inhibits purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Because it selectively targets T lymphocytes, it represents a drug of interest for the treatment of CTCL. Areas covered: Phase I/II dose-ranging studies of intravenous (IV) and oral forodesine demonstrated its activity, safety, and tolerability for refractory CTCL. Response rates were 31% and 27%, respectively. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. These studies were followed by a phase II trial of oral forodesine 200 mg daily. This oral formulation showed only partial activity, with a response rate of 11%, likely attributable to underdosing. Common adverse events in these trials included infection, fatigue, peripheral edema, nausea, pruritus, headache, and insomnia. Expert opinion: IV and oral formulations of forodesine have demonstrated partial activity and an acceptable safety profile in patients with refractory CTCL. A higher oral dose, or sequential therapy consisting of IV forodesine followed by maintenance oral forodesine, may be more effective. With proper dosing, forodesine may emerge as a safe and effective treatment for refractory CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lewis
- a School of Medicine , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,b Department of Dermatology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Madeleine Duvic
- b Department of Dermatology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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25
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Patent highlights: February-March 2016. Pharm Pat Anal 2016; 5:203-9. [PMID: 27336587 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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26
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Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of extranodal lymphomas involving the skin. Diagnosis of the two main subtypes of CTCL-mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS)-is based on the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (ISCL/EORTC) classification system, which utilizes clinical, histopathological, molecular biologic, and immunopathologic features. Risk stratification, based on TNMB (tumor, node, metastasis, and blood) staging, provides prognostic information, with limited-stage disease conferring the longest median overall survival. Skin-directed therapies are preferred in the management of limited-stage disease, whereas advanced-stage disease requires systemic therapies. As the mechanisms of CTCL pathogenesis are increasingly understood, new monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and small molecules are under investigation and may provide additional therapeutic options for those with advanced CTCL. This review examines the current landscape of targeted therapies in the treatment of CTCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Devata
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3A17 N. Ingalis Bldg, 300 N. Ingalis St. SPC 5419, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5419, USA.
| | - Ryan A Wilcox
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, 4310 CC, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5936, USA
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27
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Zhang Y, Xu W, Liu H, Li J. Therapeutic options in peripheral T cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:37. [PMID: 27071634 PMCID: PMC4830033 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a rare and heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with a very poor prognosis. The standard first-line treatments have resulted in unsatisfactory patient outcomes. With the exception of low-risk anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), the majority of patients relapse rapidly; the current 5-year overall survival rates are only 10–30 %. Novel targeted therapies and combination chemotherapies are required for the treatment of patients with PTCL. In recent years, some retrospective and prospective studies have been performed concerning PTCL. Consequently, a number of novel agents and their relevant combination therapies have been identified, including histone deacetylase inhibitors, immunoconjugates, antifolates, monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulatory agents, nucleoside analogs, proteasome inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, bendamustine, l-asparaginase, and other targeted agents. It is hoped that these innovative approaches will finally improve outcomes in patients with PTCL. This review summarizes the currently available approaches for the treatment of PTCL with an emphasis on potential new agents, including the role of stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Panoptic clinical review of the current and future treatment of relapsed/refractory T-cell lymphomas: Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 99:228-40. [PMID: 26811014 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs), such as mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, are a rare group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, usually treated using a multimodal approach. Unfortunately, many patients go on to develop relapsed/refractory disease. Systemic treatment for relapsed/refractory CTCL has historically relied on chemotherapies and interferons, and while active, responses are often short-lived. Three drugs are now approved in the US to treat relapsed/refractory CTCL including the oral retinoid, bexarotene, and histone deacetylase inhibitors, romidepsin and vorinostat. Although response rates are typically <35%, romidepsin and vorinostat can induce some durable responses in heavily pretreated patients and alleviate bothersome symptoms, such as pruritus. New studies indicate that the anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin, anti-CCR4 antibody mogamulizumab, and fusion protein immunotoxin A-dmDT390-bisFv(UCHT1) may be particularly active in this setting. In this paper, we present an exhaustive review of the clinical data on current and possible future drug treatment options for relapsed/refractory CTCL.
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Freitas EO, Nico D, Alves-Silva MV, Morrot A, Clinch K, Evans GB, Tyler PC, Schramm VL, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Immucillins ImmA and ImmH Are Effective and Non-toxic in the Treatment of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004297. [PMID: 26701750 PMCID: PMC4689457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immucillins ImmA (IA), ImmH (IH) and SerMe-ImmH (SMIH) are synthetic deazapurine nucleoside analogues that inhibit Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi and Leishmania (L.) amazonensis multiplication in vitro without macrophage toxicity. Immucillins are compared to the Glucantime standard drug in the chemotherapy of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in mice and hamsters. These agents are tested for toxicity and immune system response. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS BALB/c mice were infected with 107 amastigotes, treated with IA, IH, SMIH or Glucantime (2.5mg/kg/day) and monitored for clinical variables, parasite load, antibody levels and splenocyte IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 expression. Cytokines and CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ lymphocyte frequencies were assessed in uninfected controls and in response to immucillins. Urea, creatinine, GOT and GPT levels were monitored in sera. Anti-Leishmania-specific IgG1 antibodies (anti-NH36) increased in untreated animals. IgG2a response, high levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and lower levels of IL-10 were detected in mice treated with the immucillins and Glucantime. Immucillins permitted normal weight gain, prevented hepato-splenomegaly and cleared the parasite infection (85-89%) without renal and hepatic toxicity. Immucillins promoted 35% lower secretion of IFN-γ in uninfected controls than in infected mice. IA and IH increased the CD4+ T and CD19+ B cell frequencies. SMIH increased only the proportion of CD-19 B cells. IA and IH also cured infected hamsters with lower toxicity than Glucantime. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Immucillins IA, IH and SMIH were effective in treating leishmaniasis in mice. In hamsters, IA and IH were also effective. The highest therapeutic efficacy was obtained with IA, possibly due to its induction of a TH1 immune response. Low immucillin doses were required and showed no toxicity. Our results disclose the potential use of IA and IH in the therapy of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisangela Oliveira Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Alves-Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Keith Clinch
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gary B. Evans
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter C. Tyler
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Vern L. Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Clarisa B. Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma: an Update on Pathogenesis and Systemic Therapy. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2015; 10:468-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11899-015-0293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chung CG, Poligone B. Other Chemotherapeutic Agents in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Dermatol Clin 2015; 33:787-805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Evans GB, Cameron SA, Luxenburger A, Guan R, Suarez J, Thomas K, Schramm VL, Tyler PC. Tight binding enantiomers of pre-clinical drug candidates. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5326-33. [PMID: 26260335 PMCID: PMC4567382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MTDIA is a picomolar transition state analogue inhibitor of human methylthioadenosine phosphorylase and a femtomolar inhibitor of Escherichia coli methylthioadenosine nucleosidase. MTDIA has proven to be a non-toxic, orally available pre-clinical drug candidate with remarkable anti-tumour activity against a variety of human cancers in mouse xenografts. The structurally similar compound MTDIH is a potent inhibitor of human and malarial purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) as well as the newly discovered enzyme, methylthioinosine phosphorylase, isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Since the enantiomers of some pharmaceuticals have revealed surprising biological activities, the enantiomers of MTDIH and MTDIA, compounds 1 and 2, respectively, were prepared and their enzyme binding properties studied. Despite binding less tightly to their target enzymes than their enantiomers compounds 1 and 2 are nanomolar inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Evans
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - Scott A Cameron
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andreas Luxenburger
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - Rong Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Javier Suarez
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Keisha Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Peter C Tyler
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
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Gáliková J, Trávníček Z. Structural Diversity of Copper(II) Complexes with 9-Deazahypoxanthine and Their in Vitro SOD-Like Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15954-70. [PMID: 26184182 PMCID: PMC4519932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two structurally different copper(II) complexes of the compositions [{Cu(9dhx)(H2O)3}2(µ-SO4)2] (1) and [Cu(9dhx)2(H2O)2(NO3)2]·H2O (2), involving 9-deazahypoxanthine (9dhx; 6-oxo-9-deazapurine; 9-deazahypoxanthine), have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and electronic spectroscopy, electrospray ionisation (ESI) mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal (DTA) analyses, and cyclic voltammetry. The X-ray structures of complexes 1 and [Cu(9dhx)2(H2O)2(NO3)2] (2a) revealed the distorted octahedral geometry in the vicinity of the copper(II) atoms, with the NO5 and N2O4 donor set, respectively. In the dimeric compound 1, the {Cu(9dhx)(H2O)3}2 units are bridged by sulfate groups with the Cu···Cu separation being 5.3446(2) Å. In both structures the 9dhx ligands are coordinated through the N3 atoms of the pyrimidine moieties. The SOD-like activity of complexes 1 and 2 was evaluated in vitro showing moderate effect, with the IC50 values equal to 18.20, and 53.33 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Gáliková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771-46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771-46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Polansky M, Talpur R, Daulat S, Hosing C, Dabaja B, Duvic M. Long-Term Complete Responses to Combination Therapies and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplants in Patients With Sézary Syndrome. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 15:e83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lack of durable disease control with chemotherapy for mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a comparative study of systemic therapy. Blood 2015; 125:71-81. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-588236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Chemotherapy results in a short median time to next treatment in patients with mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome. α-interferon achieves a superior time to next treatment compared with chemotherapy, regardless of stage.
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